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多年来,科学家怀疑造成自闭症、帕金森病、老年痴呆症、抑郁症等脑功能障碍疾病原因:1)先天性与后天性基因突变;2)基因表达时的表观遗传变异;3)环境污染;4)母亲怀孕期间的病原体感染;5)睡眠问题;6)胃肠道代谢功能障碍;7)免疫调节异常;8)肠道大脑连接失衡;9)氧化应激反应;10)线粒体功能障碍;11)内分泌干扰;12)发育过程中的神经炎症。然而,这些因素中,什么是这些脑功能障碍疾病在中国与美国皆剧增的主要病因?最近几年,国内外越来越多最新科学研究不仅揭示自闭症、帕金森病、老年痴呆症、抑郁症等与肠道菌群失衡密切关联,甚至揭示胎儿脑血屏障异常也与孕妇肠道菌群失衡密切关联,人的攻击行为也与肠道菌群失衡产生神经毒素关联。这一系列新的科学发现导致“神经科学的范式转移”:神经科学原先基于若干假设基础建立的基本理论正在发生颠覆性改变。
美国科学家:肠道微生物组与大脑:神经科学的范式转移
(2014) American scientists: Gut microbes and the brain: paradigm shift in neuroscience
人类微生物组规模与复杂性的发现,导致对健康与疾病许多概念正在重新评价,包括对于影响中枢神经系统疾病概念的重新评价。越来越多临床文献表明大脑和肠道微生物组之间存在双向信号,涉及多重神经内分泌和内分泌信号机制。心理和生理压力可以影响肠道微生物群组成和代谢活动,不仅如此,通过实验改变肠道微生物也可以影响大脑情感行为和相关系统。这些发现导致这样的猜测,改变肠道微生物组对于人类自闭症谱系障碍、焦虑、抑郁和慢性疼痛大脑等疾病中发挥病理生理作用。2014年11月15-19日,在美国神经生物学协会年会上,科学家们还专门发起了一个论坛叫“肠道微生物和大脑:神经科学的典范转移”,表明神经科学基本理论正在发生原先基于根本假设的改变。本文仅是对一次研讨会中包括的正在呈现一些专题进行的概述,而非对于这个问题的综合性审视。
The discovery of the size and complexity of the human microbiome has resulted in an ongoing reevaluation of many concepts of health and disease, including diseases affecting the CNS. A growing body of preclinical literature has demonstrated bidirectional signaling between the brain and the gut microbiome, involving multiple neurocrine and endocrine signaling mechanisms. While psychological and physical stressors can affect the composition and metabolic activity of the gut microbiota, experimental changes to the gut microbiome can affect emotional behavior and related brain systems. These findings have resulted in speculation that alterations in the gut microbiome may play a pathophysiological role in human brain diseases, including autism spectrum disorder, anxiety, depression, and chronic pain. On Nov. 15 - 19 2014, at the annual symposium of the the American Association of Neuroscience, the neuroscientists especially organized a forum titled "Gut microbes and the brain: paradigm shift in neuroscience", indicating changes are occurring to the fundamental assumptions of the basic theories to neuroscience. This article is a summary of emerging topics covered in a symposium and is not meant to be a comprehensive review of the subject.
中国学者仇艳光等人:肠道微生物菌群对脑及行为的影响
(2014) Chinese scholars CHOU Yan-guang et al.: Effects of gut microbiota on brain and behavior
【摘要】:肠道微生物菌群组成的变化对正常生理的影响及其在疾病中的作用逐渐成为研究热点。肠道微生物菌群通过脑肠轴影响宿主生理学的各个方面,包括脑-肠交流、脑功能甚至行为。对无菌动物、被致病细菌感染的、使用益生菌或用抗生素药物的动物研究表明,肠道微生物菌群可以调节宿主焦虑样症状及行为。研究表明对肠道微生物菌群的调节可能是治疗复杂中枢神经系统失调症的新策略。结语:越来越多的实验数据和临床观察表明了微生物-脑-肠轴的存在,而且也表明肠道微生物菌群通过脑肠轴可以调节脑功能、情绪及焦虑相关的行为。肠道微生物菌群与神经行为类疾病研究表明肠道微生物菌群与孤闭症、应激、焦虑等神经类行为类疾病相关,这是几十年以来精神医学研究中始料未及的进步。
Abstract: The influence of the composition of gut microbiota on normal physiology and diseases has been becoming major research interests in recent years. The gut microbiota has significantly influenced all aspects of physiology, including gut-brain communication, brain function and even behavior through the gut-brain axis. Studies on the germ-free animals, animals infected with pathogenic bacteria and those exposed to probiotic agents or antibiotics suggest a role of the gut microbiota in modulating anxiety and depress-like behavior. Most of the studies have suggested that modulation of the gut microbiota may be a strategy for developing novel therapeutics for complex disorders of central nervous system. In summary, more and more experimental data and clinical observation shows the existence of the microbial - brain - intestines axis, and also suggests that brain function, emotion and anxiety related behavior can be adjusted by the brain - intestinal microbial flora axis. The intestinal microbial flora and neurobehavioral diseases research shows that the intestinal microbial flora is related to autism, stress, anxiety and other neurological diseases, this is an unexpected progress decades of mental medicine research.
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