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RE: DSM-5 自闭症诊断标准
本帖最后由 blackeye 于 12-12-27 10:46 编辑
来源:http://www.socialthinking.com/what-is-social-thinking/michelles-blog/559-dsm-5-my-thoughts
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Must meet criteria A, B, C, and D:
A. Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across contexts, not accounted for by general developmental delays, and manifest by all 3 of the following:
1. Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity; ranging from abnormal social approach and failure of normal back and forth conversation through reduced sharing of interests, emotions, and affect and response to total lack of initiation of social interaction.
2. Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction; ranging from poorly integrated- verbal and nonverbal communication, through abnormalities in eye contact and body-language, or deficits in understanding and use of nonverbal communication, to total lack of facial expression or gestures.
3. Deficits in developing and maintaining relationships, appropriate to developmental level (beyond those with caregivers); ranging from difficulties adjusting behavior to suit different social contexts through difficulties in sharing imaginative play and in making friends to an apparent absence of interest in people
B. Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities as manifested by at least two of the following:
1. Stereotyped or repetitive speech, motor movements, or use of objects; (such as simple motor stereotypies, echolalia, repetitive use of objects, or idiosyncratic phrases).
2. Excessive adherence to routines, ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior, or excessive resistance to change; (such as motoric rituals, insistence on same route or food, repetitive questioning or extreme distress at small changes).
3. Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus; (such as strong attachment to or preoccupation with unusual objects, excessively circumscribed or perseverative interests).
4. Hyper-or hypo-reactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of environment; (such as apparent indifference to pain/heat/cold, adverse response to specific sounds or textures, excessive smelling or touching of objects, fascination with lights or spinning objects).
C. Symptoms must be present in early childhood (but may not become fully manifest until social demands exceed limited capacities)
D. Symptoms together limit and impair everyday functioning.
中文对照:(参考:http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/sabina-20060814/article?mid=7438 我修改了一下)
A. 在任何场合都表现出社会沟通及社会互动的持续性缺损,无法用一般性的发育迟缓来解释,必须在下列三个方面都有表现:
1. 社会-情感互惠功能有缺损。其表现包括:社交方式异常,不能维持回合式交谈,缺乏兴趣、情绪和感受的分享,缺乏对他人的回应,或完全不能主动发起社交互动。
2. 社会互动中的非语言沟通行为有缺损。其表现包括:非语言沟通行为与语言不协调,眼神注视及肢体语言异常,对非语言沟通的理解和运用有缺损,或完全没有面部表情和手势。
3. 发展及维持与发育阶段相当的(除监护人之外的)人际关系有缺损。其表现包括:根据社交情景调整行为有困难,分享想像性游戏有困难,交友困难,或明显对人没有兴趣。
B. 局限、重复的行为、兴趣和活动,在下列表现中至少满足两项:
1. 固定或重复的言语、动作、物品的使用(比如,做固定的动作,鹦鹉学舌,反复使用特定物品,怪异的用词)
2. 过度坚持常规,使用仪式化语言或非语言行为,极度抗拒变化(比如,仪式化动作,坚持走同样的路线或吃同样的食物,反复问问题,对微小变化极度焦虑)
3. 非常局限和过度着迷的兴趣,强度和专注程度均异常(比如,非常迷恋某个不寻常的物品,极其狭窄或极度执着的兴趣)
4. 对感官刺激反应过度或反应不足,或对环境中的某些感官刺激有异常的兴趣(比如,明显地对冷、热、疼痛没有反应,讨厌某些声音或某些物品的质地,特别喜欢某些气味或触摸某些东西,对灯光或旋转物品着迷)
C. 症状必须在童年早期出现( 但可能要到环境里的社交要求超出能力限度时才会充分表现出来)。
D. 症状在总体上构成对日常生活的限制和妨碍
DSM-5 还把ASD的严重程度分为三级(第三级最严重):
Severity Levels for ASD
Level 3: ‘Requiring very substantial support’
Social Communication: Severe deficits in verbal and nonverbal social communication skills cause severe impairments in functioning; very limited initiation of social interactions and minimal response to social overtures from others.
Restricted Interests & repetitive behaviors: Preoccupations, fixated rituals and/or repetitive behaviors markedly interfere with functioning in all spheres. Marked distress when rituals or routines are interrupted; very difficult to redirect from fixated interest or returns to it quickly.
Level 2: ‘Requiring substantial support’
Social Communication: Marked deficits in verbal and nonverbal social communication skills; social impairments apparent even with supports in place; limited initiation of social interactions and reduced or abnormal response to social overtures from others.
Restricted Interests & repetitive behaviors: RRBs and/or preoccupations or fixated interests appear frequently enough to be obvious to the casual observer and interfere with functioning in a variety of contexts. Distress or frustration is apparent when RRB’s are interrupted; difficult to redirect from fixated interest.
Level 1: ‘Requiring support’
Social Communication: Without supports in place, deficits in social communication cause noticeable impairments. Has difficulty initiating social interactions and demonstrates clear examples of atypical or unsuccessful responses to social overtures of others. May appear to have decreased interest in social interactions.
Restricted Interests & repetitive behaviors: Rituals and repetitive behaviors (RRB’s) cause significant interference with functioning in one or more contexts. Resists attempts by others to interrupt RRB’s or to be redirected from fixated interest. |
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