阿斯伯格综合症不再是一个单独的诊断
本帖最后由 blackeye 于 12-12-9 12:04 编辑12月1日,美国精神病协会(APA)正式通过了其精神类障碍诊断标准的修订,在新的诊断标准DSM-5中,阿斯伯格综合症被合并入自闭症谱系障碍,不再是一个单独的诊断。很多成人阿斯伯格症组织一直努力游说,希望能保留阿斯伯格标签,反对合并,但是DSM-5的通过使这一努力失败,阿斯伯格标签即将消失。
新的诊断手册将于明年5月出版。新诊断标准的细节要到那时候才会知道。
相关的英文报道:http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=166317079 有这样的感觉,这么一来AS就被正式归为残疾了。
无论如何,AS也确实在NT的世界活得很难过。 有这样的感觉,这么一来AS就被正式归为残疾了。
无论如何,AS也确实在NT的世界活得很难过。
明暗 发表于 12-12-6 20:06 http://www.sunofus.org/bbs/images/common/back.gif是件好事,说明如果是真的ASD那就是ASD,如果按照原先AS的定义符合AS但是还不符合ASD标准,那就是普通人,或者安别的标签去了。
这样不用吵架了吧。我反正一直觉得按照原先的定义AS和ASD是不同的两种东西。 从豆瓣“亚斯伯格症候群 | AS团小组”转来原先的AS诊断标准:
DSM-IV(美国精神障碍诊断统计手册-第4版)中亚斯伯格综合症的诊断标准
A. 社会互动有质的损害,表现下列各项至少两项:
(1)在使用多种非语言行为(如眼对眼凝视、面部表情、身体姿势、及手势)来协助社会互动上有明显障碍
(2)不能发展出与其发展水平相称的同侪关系
(3)缺乏自发地寻求与他人分享快乐、兴趣、或成就(如:对自己喜欢的东西不会炫耀、携带、或指给别人看)
(4)缺乏社交或情绪相互作用
B. 行为、兴趣、及活动的模式相当局限重复而刻板,表现下列各项至少一项:
(1)包含一或多种刻板而局限的兴趣模式,兴趣之强度或对象二者至少有一为异常
(2)明显无弹性地固着于特定而不具功能性的常规或仪式行为
(3)刻板而重复的运动性作态性运动(如:手掌或手指拍打或绞扭、或复杂的全身动作)
(4)持续专注于物体之一部分
C. 此障碍造成社会、职业、或其它重要领域的功能临床上重大损害
D. 并无临床上明显的一般性语言迟缓(如:到两岁能使用单字、三岁能使用沟通短句)
E. 在认知发展或与年龄相称的自我协助技能、适应性行为(有关社会互动则除外)、及儿童期对环境的好奇心等发展,临床上并无明显迟缓。
F. 不符合其它特定的广泛性发展疾病或精神分裂病的诊断准则。
英文对照:
(I) Qualitative impairment in social interaction, as manifested by at least two of the following:
(A) marked impairments in the use of multiple nonverbal behaviors such as eye-to-eye gaze, facial expression, body posture, and gestures to regulate social interaction
(B) failure to develop peer relationships appropriate to developmental level
(C) a lack of spontaneous seeking to share enjoyment, interest or achievements with other people, (e.g.. by a lack of showing, bringing, or pointing out objects of interest to other people)
(D) lack of social or emotional reciprocity
(II) Restricted repetitive & stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests and activities, as manifested by at least one of the following:
(A) encompassing preoccupation with one or more stereotyped and restricted patterns of interest that is abnormal either in intensity or focus
(B) apparently inflexible adherence to specific, nonfunctional routines or rituals
(C) stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms (e.g. hand or finger flapping or twisting, or complex whole-body movements)
(D) persistent preoccupation with parts of objects
(III) The disturbance causes clinically significant impairments in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
(IV) There is no clinically significant general delay in language (E.G. single words used by age 2 years, communicative phrases used by age 3 years)
(V) There is no clinically significant delay in cognitive development or in the development of age-appropriate self help skills, adaptive behavior (other than in social interaction) and curiosity about the environment in childhood.
(VI) Criteria are not met for another specific Pervasive Developmental Disorder or Schizophrenia." DSM-IV 自闭症诊断标准(http://health.sohu.com/2004/03/25/82/article219598297.shtml)
1994年美国精神障碍诊断统计手册第四版(DSM-IV)孤独症诊断标准
1. 在以下(1)、(2)、(3)三个项目中符合6条,其中在(1)项符合至少2条,在(2)和(3)项中至少符合1条。
(1) 在社会交往方面存在质的缺损,表现为下列中的至少两条:
1) 在诸如目光对视、面部表情、身体姿势和社交姿势等多种非语言交流行为方面存在显著缺损。
2) 不能建立适合其年龄水平的的伙伴关系。
3) 缺乏自发性地寻求与他人共享快乐、兴趣和成就的表现,例如不会向他人显示、携带或指向感兴趣的物品。
4) 与人的社会或感情交往缺乏,例如不会主动参与游戏活动,喜欢独自嬉玩。
(2) 在交往方面存在质的缺陷,表现为以下至少1条:
1) 口头语言发育延迟或完全缺乏,且并没有用其他交流形式例如身体姿势和哑语来代替的企图。
2) 在拥有充分语言能力的患者表现为缺乏主动发起或维持与他人对话的能力。
3) 语言刻板和重复或古怪语言。
4) 缺乏适合其年龄水平的装扮性游戏或模仿性游戏。
(3) 行为方式、兴趣和活动内容狭隘、重复和刻板,表现为以下至少1条:
1) 沉湎于一种或多种狭隘和刻板的兴趣中,在兴趣的强度或注意集中程度上是异常的。
2) 固执地执行某些特别的无意义的常规行为或仪式行为。
3) 刻板重复的装相行为,例如手的挥动、手指扑动或复杂的全身动作。
4) 持久地沉湎于物体的部件。
2. 在以下三个方面至少有一方面的功能发育迟滞或异常,而且起病在三岁以前。
(1) 社会交往
(2) 社交语言的运用
(3) 象征性或想象性游戏
3. 无法用Rett障碍或儿童瓦解性精神病解释。
英文对照:
(I) A total of six (or more) items from (A), (B), and (C), with at least two from (A), and one each from (B) and (C)
(A) qualitative impairment in social interaction, as manifested by at least two of the following:
1. marked impairments in the use of multiple nonverbal behaviors such as eye-to-eye gaze, facial expression, body posture, and gestures to regulate social interaction
2. failure to develop peer relationships appropriate to developmental level
3. a lack of spontaneous seeking to share enjoyment, interests, or achievements with other people, (e.g., by a lack of showing, bringing, or pointing out objects of interest to other people)
4. lack of social or emotional reciprocity ( note: in the description, it gives the following as examples: not actively participating in simple social play or games, preferring solitary activities, or involving others in activities only as tools or "mechanical" aids )
(B) qualitative impairments in communication as manifested by at least one of the following:
1. delay in, or total lack of, the development of spoken language (not accompanied by an attempt to compensate through alternative modes of communication such as gesture or mime)
2. in individuals with adequate speech, marked impairment in the ability to initiate or sustain a conversation with others
3. stereotyped and repetitive use of language or idiosyncratic language
4. lack of varied, spontaneous make-believe play or social imitative play appropriate to developmental level
(C) restricted repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior, interests and activities, as manifested by at least two of the following:
1. encompassing preoccupation with one or more stereotyped and restricted patterns of interest that is abnormal either in intensity or focus
2. apparently inflexible adherence to specific, nonfunctional routines or rituals
3. stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerisms (e.g hand or finger flapping or twisting, or complex whole-body movements)
4. persistent preoccupation with parts of objects
(II) Delays or abnormal functioning in at least one of the following areas, with onset prior to age 3 years:
(A) social interaction
(B) language as used in social communication
(C) symbolic or imaginative play
(III) The disturbance is not better accounted for by Rett's Disorder or Childhood Disintegrative Disorder 是件好事,说明如果是真的ASD那就是ASD,如果按照原先AS的定义符合AS但是还不符合ASD标准,那就是普通人,或者安别的标签去了。
这样不用吵架了吧。我反正一直觉得按照原先的定义AS和ASD是不同的两种东西。
niuniuma 发表于 12-12-8 18:55 http://www.sunofus.org/bbs/images/common/back.gif
从DSM-4的诊断标准上看,AS和ASD基本相同,只是AS没有语言发育迟缓和认知发育迟缓的问题。据说新的ASD诊断标准没有语言发育这一条了。诊断就是看两大特征,一是社会交流有缺陷,一是有重复行为或狭窄的兴趣。 有这样的感觉,这么一来AS就被正式归为残疾了。
明暗 发表于 12-12-6 12:06 http://www.sunofus.org/bbs/images/common/back.gif
在英国,有AS诊断就可以申请残疾人补助。但是,要满足补助条件也不容易,生活自理真的有困难才行。
大多数有AS诊断的人生活自理都没有问题,比如五项目视频里的那些AS成人,肯定都不够拿补助的条件。天宝算不算残疾?人家可是教授呢。
从DSM-4的诊断标准上看,AS和ASD基本相同,只是AS没有语言发育迟缓和认知发育迟缓的问题。据说新的ASD诊断标准没有语言发育这一条了。诊断就是看两大特征,一是社会交流有缺陷,一是有重复行为或狭窄的兴趣。
blackeye 发表于 12-12-9 04:20 http://www.sunofus.org/bbs/images/common/back.gif
ASD: “起病在三岁以前”。
AS: “在认知发展或与年龄相称的自我协助技能、适应性行为(有关社会互动则除外)、及儿童期对环境的好奇心等发展,临床上并无明显迟缓。”。
这样说,号称自己是自闭症的人,必须3岁以前有认知上的症状。
AS和ASD比,没有语言发育迟缓和认知发育迟缓的问题,这个差别已经够大了。所以,我一般把两个分开去想。 ASD: “起病在三岁以前”。
AS: “在认知发展或与年龄相称的自我协助技能、适应性行为(有关社会互动则除外)、及儿童期对环境的好奇心等发展,临床上并无明显迟缓。”。
niuniuma 发表于 12-12-9 17:31 http://www.sunofus.org/bbs/images/common/back.gif
新标准肯定也没有“起病在三岁以前”了。新标准里的自闭症是“谱系障碍”,谱系低端就是原来的典型自闭症,谱系高端就是原来的阿斯伯格综合症。谱系内的共性就是社会交往方面的问题和重复行为/狭窄兴趣,不管几岁能看出来,也不管是否有语言和认知的发育迟缓。
这说明目前科学上认为,典型自闭症和阿斯伯格症背后的机制差不多。
新标准肯定也没有“起病在三岁以前”了。新标准里的自闭症是“谱系障碍”,谱系低端就是原来的典型自闭症,谱系高端就是原来的阿斯伯格综合症。谱系内的共性就是社会交往方面的问题和重复行为/狭窄兴趣,不管几岁能 ...
blackeye 发表于 12-12-10 03:50 http://www.sunofus.org/bbs/images/common/back.gif新标准我还在找proposed的。
但是很多新闻上说,以前高端的ASD(包括AS)的,有60%将在新的标准下失去被诊断的资格。所以,根据这个,很多AS将不再有任何标签。就是普通人。所以,以前的AS和以前的ASD人群不同处大,以至于在新的标准下原来的AS有60%不能获得一统的ASD的标签。 DSM-5 says that a child has to show examples of unusual behavior in early childhood, with the idea that there is nothing sacrosanct about your third birthday."
三岁不提,但是早期儿童期还是有。这个会对阿斯伯格们再入围会有影响。
Citation: Disabled World News (2012-10-03) - Proposed changes to medical criteria defining autism diagnosis in children is not cause for concern: http://www.disabled-world.com/health/neurology/autism/dsm5.php#ixzz2EfrkffFw 但是很多新闻上说,以前高端的ASD(包括AS)的,有60%将在新的标准下失去被诊断的资格。
niuniuma 发表于 12-12-10 16:48 http://www.sunofus.org/bbs/images/common/back.gif
60%是太夸大了。新标准究竟效果如何,要几年后才能看到。高端的诊断会减少是肯定的,有些会被诊断为“社会交流障碍(social communication disorder)”,不需要ASD的支持服务,有些会被诊断为情感障碍。结果,自闭症的发病率会降低。我看到一个文章说,再过几年,人们会发现,怎么社会交流障碍的发病率大幅度上升了?于是人们就猜测是不是疫苗引起的呀?是不是汞中毒呀?等等。当然,这是在揶揄新标准。 三岁不提,但是早期儿童期还是有。这个会对阿斯伯格们再入围会有影响。
niuniuma 发表于 12-12-10 17:27 http://www.sunofus.org/bbs/images/common/back.gif
我儿子三岁基本看不出来什么特别,但是现在想想,他小时候的发育是有问题的,目光对视没有正常孩子好,共同注意力不强,触觉不正常(你抱他,他会推开),大动作和精细动作都落后,听觉有问题,但测试了几次,还是通过了。三四岁的时候,发脾气能发得很凶,让我觉得有点不正常。从做一个事情转换到做另一个事情(transition),他感到很困难,需要很多催促,有时候要强迫,造成冲突。但是明显的焦虑是6岁,更明显的焦虑和抗拒是7岁,到了8岁就完全崩溃。要说早期诊断能带来早期干预,那么对我来说就是:如果在3岁能诊断出来,我就会以完全不同的方式对待他,那么8岁的崩溃就可以避免。 如果三岁就有诊断,那么我就会早一点了解自闭症,就早一点理解他的行为,就不会那么逼他这样那样。如果那时候我还接触到了家庭教学,也许我会从一开始就做家庭教学,我现在很后悔让他上学,学校对于特殊孩子来说真不是什么好地方。
最近,我的一个朋友的女儿情况很不好,她比我儿子大一岁,有诵读障碍。小时候是个很可爱的孩子,中学上的是这里最好的公立中学,但是遇到了一个很凶的男老师,搞得她很紧张,有一次她自伤,结果医生开始给她吃抗抑郁药和利培酮。上周她出现幻听,被送去一个医院观察。昨天我见到她,简直变了个人,像个受惊的小猫,从前的自信一扫而光,动作迟缓。我心想,幸亏我儿子没在学校呆下去,否则还不知道现在什么样子呢。
RE: DSM-5 自闭症诊断标准
本帖最后由 blackeye 于 12-12-27 10:46 编辑来源:http://www.socialthinking.com/what-is-social-thinking/michelles-blog/559-dsm-5-my-thoughts
Autism Spectrum Disorder
Must meet criteria A, B, C, and D:
A.Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across contexts, not accounted for by general developmental delays, and manifest by all 3 of the following:
1.Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity; ranging from abnormal social approach and failure of normal back and forth conversation through reduced sharing of interests, emotions, and affect and response to total lack of initiation of social interaction.
2.Deficits in nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction; ranging from poorly integrated- verbal and nonverbal communication, through abnormalities in eye contact and body-language, or deficits in understanding and use of nonverbal communication, to total lack of facial expression or gestures.
3.Deficits in developing and maintaining relationships, appropriate to developmental level (beyond those with caregivers); ranging from difficulties adjusting behavior to suit different social contexts through difficulties in sharing imaginative play andin making friendsto an apparent absence of interest in people
B.Restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities as manifested by at least two of the following:
1.Stereotyped or repetitive speech, motor movements, or use of objects; (such as simple motor stereotypies, echolalia, repetitive use of objects, or idiosyncratic phrases).
2.Excessive adherence to routines, ritualized patterns of verbal or nonverbal behavior, or excessive resistance to change; (such as motoric rituals, insistence on same route or food, repetitive questioning or extreme distress at small changes).
3.Highly restricted, fixated interests that are abnormal in intensity or focus; (such as strong attachment to or preoccupation with unusual objects, excessively circumscribed or perseverative interests).
4.Hyper-or hypo-reactivity to sensory input or unusual interest in sensory aspects of environment; (such as apparent indifference to pain/heat/cold, adverse response to specific sounds or textures, excessive smelling or touching of objects, fascination with lights or spinning objects).
C.Symptoms must be present in early childhood (but may not become fully manifest until social demands exceed limited capacities)
D.Symptoms together limit and impair everyday functioning.
中文对照:(参考:http://tw.myblog.yahoo.com/sabina-20060814/article?mid=7438 我修改了一下)
A.在任何场合都表现出社会沟通及社会互动的持续性缺损,无法用一般性的发育迟缓来解释,必须在下列三个方面都有表现:
1. 社会-情感互惠功能有缺损。其表现包括:社交方式异常,不能维持回合式交谈,缺乏兴趣、情绪和感受的分享,缺乏对他人的回应,或完全不能主动发起社交互动。
2. 社会互动中的非语言沟通行为有缺损。其表现包括:非语言沟通行为与语言不协调,眼神注视及肢体语言异常,对非语言沟通的理解和运用有缺损,或完全没有面部表情和手势。
3. 发展及维持与发育阶段相当的(除监护人之外的)人际关系有缺损。其表现包括:根据社交情景调整行为有困难,分享想像性游戏有困难,交友困难,或明显对人没有兴趣。
B. 局限、重复的行为、兴趣和活动,在下列表现中至少满足两项:
1. 固定或重复的言语、动作、物品的使用(比如,做固定的动作,鹦鹉学舌,反复使用特定物品,怪异的用词)
2. 过度坚持常规,使用仪式化语言或非语言行为,极度抗拒变化(比如,仪式化动作,坚持走同样的路线或吃同样的食物,反复问问题,对微小变化极度焦虑)
3. 非常局限和过度着迷的兴趣,强度和专注程度均异常(比如,非常迷恋某个不寻常的物品,极其狭窄或极度执着的兴趣)
4. 对感官刺激反应过度或反应不足,或对环境中的某些感官刺激有异常的兴趣(比如,明显地对冷、热、疼痛没有反应,讨厌某些声音或某些物品的质地,特别喜欢某些气味或触摸某些东西,对灯光或旋转物品着迷)
C. 症状必须在童年早期出现( 但可能要到环境里的社交要求超出能力限度时才会充分表现出来)。
D. 症状在总体上构成对日常生活的限制和妨碍
DSM-5 还把ASD的严重程度分为三级(第三级最严重):
Severity Levels for ASD
Level 3:‘Requiring very substantial support’
Social Communication:Severe deficits in verbal and nonverbal social communication skills cause severe impairments in functioning; very limited initiation of social interactions and minimal response to social overtures from others.
Restricted Interests & repetitive behaviors:Preoccupations, fixated rituals and/or repetitive behaviors markedly interfere with functioning in all spheres.Marked distress when rituals or routines are interrupted; very difficult to redirect from fixated interest or returns to it quickly.
Level 2:‘Requiring substantial support’
Social Communication:Marked deficits in verbal and nonverbal social communication skills; social impairments apparent even with supports in place; limited initiation of social interactions and reduced or abnormal response to social overtures from others.
Restricted Interests & repetitive behaviors:RRBs and/or preoccupations or fixated interests appear frequently enough to be obvious to the casual observer and interfere with functioning in a variety of contexts.Distress or frustration is apparent when RRB’s are interrupted; difficult to redirect from fixated interest.
Level 1:‘Requiring support’
Social Communication:Without supports in place, deficits in social communication cause noticeable impairments.Has difficulty initiating social interactions and demonstrates clear examples of atypical or unsuccessful responses to social overtures of others.May appear to have decreased interest in social interactions.
Restricted Interests & repetitive behaviors:Rituals and repetitive behaviors (RRB’s) cause significant interference with functioning in one or more contexts.Resists attempts by others to interrupt RRB’s or to be redirected from fixated interest.