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本帖最后由 般若白莲 于 13-1-24 03:44 编辑
北外高翻笔记
The barbed, opinionated female columnist, rushing to judgment on everything and everybody, was a uniquely American contribution to the craft of journalism, untill it crossed the Atlantic in the late 1960s.
说话尖酸刻薄又固执己见，能迅速对任何事情和任何事物做出自己的评论的女性专栏作家，一直都是美国人为新闻事业做的贡献的独特贡献。直到20世纪60年代后期，这一职业才从美国传到了大西洋彼岸。
She thrived in the celebrity culture that emerged in the late 20th century because it gave her a large and rapicly changing cast of heroes and villains to write about.
她的事业繁荣于20世纪末的名人文化时期,因为这种文化给了她大量快速更新的英雄和恶棍来供他评论.
She railed against hypocrisy, pretentiousness and self-regard, while lauding modesty, fidelity, decency, and achievement.
她不喜欢虚伪,矫饰和自大,而崇尚谦逊，忠诚，正派和成就。
我国改革开放25年来的成就
China's 25-Year Achievement Of The Economic Reform Program And The Opening Up To The Outside World
中国虽然取得了很大的发展成就，但中国人口多，底子薄，生产力不发达，发展很不平衡，生态环境、自然资源与经济社会发展的矛盾比较突出。虽然中国人均国内生产总值已经突破１０００美元，但仍排在世界一百位以后。中国要实现现代化，使全体人民都过上富裕生活，还需要进行长期不懈的艰苦奋斗。
Though China has scored impressive achievements in its development, we must not lose sight of our problems: overpopulation, a weak economic foundation, underdeveloped productivity, highly uneven development, and the fairly sharp contradictions between the country's ecological environment and natural resources on the one hand and its economic and social development on the other.
China's per capita GDP, though reaching the record high of 1,000 US dollars last year, still ranks well behind the 100th place in the world. To realize China's modernization program and offer all the Chinese people a prosperous life there is yet an uphill battle to fight.
我们已经明确了本世纪头２０年的奋斗目标，这就是全面建设惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会，到２０２０年实现国内生产总值比２０００年翻两番，达到４万亿美元，人均国内生产总值达到３０００美元，使经济更加发展、民主更加健全、科教更加进步、文化更加繁荣、社会更加和谐、人民生活更加殷实。
We have already set our vision for the first 20 years of this century, which involves the building of a moderately prosperous society of a higher standard in an all-round way for the benefit of well over one billion Chinese people. By 2020 the GDP will be quadrupled from the figure of 2000 to 4 trillion US dollars, with the per capita level averaging at 3,000 US dollars. By then the nation will be immersed in an ambience of greater social harmony with an improved quality of life for the people, featuring a more developed economy, more sound democracy, more thriving culture and more advanced science and education.
中国虽然取得了很大的发展成就，但中国人口多，底子薄，生产力不发达，发展很不平衡，生态环境、自然资源与经济社会发展的矛盾比较突出。虽然中国人均国内生产总值已经突破１０００美元，但仍排在世界一百位以后。中国要实现现代化，使全体人民都过上富裕生活，还需要进行长期不懈的艰苦奋斗。
Though China has scored impressive achievements in its development, we must not lose sight of our problems: overpopulation, a weak economic foundation, underdeveloped productivity, highly uneven development, and the fairly sharp contradictions between the country's ecological environment and natural resources on the one hand and its economic and social development on the other.
China's per capita GDP, though reaching the record high of 1,000 US dollars last year, still ranks well behind the 100th place in the world. To realize China's modernization program and offer all the Chinese people a prosperous life there is yet an uphill battle to fight.
我们已经明确了本世纪头２０年的奋斗目标，这就是全面建设惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会，到２０２０年实现国内生产总值比２０００年翻两番，达到４万亿美元，人均国内生产总值达到３０００美元，使经济更加发展、民主更加健全、科教更加进步、文化更加繁荣、社会更加和谐、人民生活更加殷实。
We have already set our vision for the first 20 years of this century, which involves the building of a moderately prosperous society of a higher standard in an all-round way for the benefit of well over one billion Chinese people. By 2020 the GDP will be quadrupled from the figure of 2000 to 4 trillion US dollars, with the per capita level averaging at 3,000 US dollars. By then the nation will be immersed in an ambience of greater social harmony with an improved quality of life for the people, featuring a more developed economy, more sound democracy, more thriving culture and more advanced science and education.
日记3
I've got more sentences from a passage entitled Aragat, Father and Leader of Palestinian Nationalism
1. Yasir Arafat, who died this morning in Paris, was the wily and enigmatic father of Palestinian nationalism. He was 75
2. Mr Afafat assumed many poses, but the image that endures was that of the Arab fighter , the guerrilla in olive-green military fatigues and his tradewark checkered head scarf.
1.wily: Full of wiles; cunning, sly 老谋深算的,诡计多端的
2.enigmatic: Of or resembling an enigma; puzzling 谜一般的
1.老谋深算，如谜一般的巴勒斯坦民族主义之父西尔.阿拉法特今晨在巴黎病逝，享年75岁。
2 阿拉法特一生中有过很多的形象，但永不磨灭的那个是作为阿拉伯战士的形象，一个穿着橄榄绿军装和戴着他那标志性的方格头巾的游击队员的形象。
同声传译是各种翻译活动中最难作的一种翻译。
在国际会议那种紧张环境里，译员要能不间断地边听边译，是很不容易的。
要学好这样的技能，需要具备一定的条件，如：扎实的英、汉语言基础，英语的听说能力要强，英汉两种语言的语音、语调要好，要思维敏捷，反应快，对国际问题兴趣，知识面要广。
所以录取时以考生的复试成绩为主。
考生可根据自身情况及专业对考生的要求，有针对性地进行准备。
关于考试，英汉互译笔译试卷是由本院命题的。不考理论，只考实践，目的是考察学生实际翻译能力。
基础英语试卷与英语学院其他专业相同。
Among all categories of translation, simultaneous interpretation is the hardest.
Amid the tense atmosphere of international conference, it is difficult to listen to the speaker and interpret his words simultaneously.
To acquire such skills, one is required to have the following qualifications: solid foundation of both Chinese and English, proficient English listening and speaking, good pronunciation and intonation of both languages, quick-wittedness, quick response, a genuine interest in international affairs, and encyclopedic knowledge.
So Students will be admitted mainly based on their performance in the second round of the test.
Examinees can prepare for the exam on their own according to the requirement.
The test of Translation from English to Chinese and from Chinese to English is given by GSTI. The test aims at testing examinees' translation ability. Translation theories will not be tested.
The English proficiency test is given by the English Department. Candidates for GSTI and the English Department will take the same proficiency test.
1. As in Asia and Africa, China is rapidly expanding its economic and diplomatic presence in Latin America.
正像在亚洲和非洲一样，中国正迅速扩大其在拉丁美洲的经济和外交影响。
2. China is, of course, not popular everywhere in the region. Hundreds of thousands of jobs have been lost in the sectors such as textiles and electronics in Mexico and elsewhere in Central America due to Chinese competition in manufacturing exports. But this is increasingly being offset, especially in the South, by the booming commodity trade.
当然，中国在拉美也不是处处受欢迎的。由于中国在制造业出口方面的竞争，墨西哥和中美其他地区的纺织，电子等行业就已经失去了几十万的工作机会。
3. China is expected to eclipse Argentina as Brazil's second-largest export destination by next year.
明年中国有望赶超阿根廷成为巴西的第二大出口目的国
4. "You can't arrive to do business in Beijing and trot out English--- that won't do."
“你到北京做生意不能老是只说英语，那根本行不通。”
5. "When your culture has 5,000 years under your belt, you've got the patience to move slowly."
“要是你们国家也已经有了5000年的文化，你也会有这种耐性。”（上面说了中国乐于缓慢推进贸易关系，以便不和美国激烈争抢生意所以这里不必译出 to move slowly.”
Still water runs deep. 大智若愚。
四．Background knowledge of interpretation
Advice to Students Wishing to Become Conference Interpreters
We live in an age of international communication. International contacts are on the increase, and as a result more people than ever, from different backgrounds and cultures and who speak different languages, find themselves coming together to discuss issues of all kinds - economic, political, legal, cultural, technical. If they are to communicate effectively these people must feel able to express themselves in complete confidence that they will be understood by others.
This is where conference interpreters have an invaluable role to play, facilitating communication between people who speak a different language and serving as a bridge between different cultures. But what exactly is conference interpretation? How is it practiced? How does one become an interpreter? These are some of the questions which this publication sets out to answer.
五．经典例句欣赏（每次10句）
1. She is the last person to trust with a secret.
怎么也不能把秘密告诉她。
2. I want to talk to you about your late husband.
我想跟你谈谈你前任（或已过世）丈夫的情况。
3. The late mayor is still working actively in politics.
前任市长仍然活跃于政坛。
4. You are killing me.
你把我逗死了。
5. The story about him became smaller and faded from the public eye by and by.
关于他的传闻逐渐从公众的视野中消失了。
6. We should seek settlement in the context of that incident.
我们应该根据这一事件的前因后果寻求解决办法。
7. It has been said that the individual American is generous, but that the American nation is hard.
据说作为个人美国人非常慷慨，而作为一个民族则十分刻薄。
8. IBM has a quite handsome increase of productivity this year.
IBM今年生产力有了很大增长。
9. The expansion of educational opportunities promoted the American ideal of equal opportunity for all.
由于教育不断普及，推动了机遇面前人人平等的美国理想的实现。
10. The diverse population presents great challenges to the society; racism and discrimination remain problems.
多民族的人口结构也给社会带来一定的问题，种族歧视和偏见依然存在。
A flow of words is no proof of wisdom. 口若悬河，不能证明真有才智。
四， background knowledge
1. What is conference interpretation?
To interpret a speech is not to translate it word for word. To interpret a speech from its source language is to transfer its semantic, connotative and aesthetic content into another language, using the lexical, syntactic and stylistic resources of the second, or "target" language for that purpose. To interpret is first and foremost to understand the intended message perfectly. It can then be "detached" from the words used to convey it in the original and reconstituted, in all its subtlety, in words of the target language. Interpreting is a constant to-ing and fro-ing between different ways of thinking and cultural universes.
There are two modes of interpreting:
• Simultaneous interpretation: the interpreter sits in a booth, in front of a microphone, listens through headphones to the incoming message in the source language and communicates it over the microphone to whoever is listening in the target language. In other words, simultaneous interpretation is an intensive information processing task and in a six-hour working day the interpreter will "process" the equivalent of about 65 typewritten pages.
• Consecutive interpretation: the interpreter sits at the conference table with the delegates, listening to whoever is speaking in the source language and making notes as the speech progresses. When the speaker has finished, the interpreter reproduces (consecutively) the message in the target language, in its entirety and as though s/he were making the original speech.
Whereas simultaneous interpretation is advisable for meetings in which a number of languages are spoken and with a large number of participants or in the media, consecutive interpretation is often more suitable for smaller meetings which are technical or confidential, or for formal occasions such as banquets and official visits, where two or a maximum of three languages are being used.
五， 经典例句欣赏
11. Both newspapers and periodicals are heavily dependent on advertising for financial support.
报纸和杂志的经费来源主要是依靠广告收入。
12. 一个国家一定要有稳定的形势，才能把经济建设搞上去。
The stability is essential for the promotion of economic growth in a country.
13. 中国不搞扩张。
China does not pursue expansion.
14. 我们要搞好信息基础网络建设。
We will build information network infrastructure.
15. 大力加强社会主义精神文明建设。
We should vigorously promote socialist cultural and ethic progress.
16. The percentage of US children living without their father present has ballooned.
美国没有父亲的单亲孩子比例激增。
17. E-commerce has not yet been enthusiastically embraced.
电子商务至今没有受到人们热情的拥护支持。
18. 千方百计扩大就业。
We should expand employment by all possible means.
19. 今后五到十年，是中国经济和社会发展的重要时期，也是我国改革的攻坚阶段。
The coming five to ten years will be an important period for China’s economic and social development and also a crucial period for its reform.
20. 参加上海全球财富论坛的代表一致看好中国市场。
Participants in the Shanghai Fortune Global Forum agree that China’s economy has great potential/holds great promise.
Participants in the Shanghai Fortune Global Forum agree that China’s market promises to be thriving.
六， 每天一个口译常用词汇
Be compatible with
1．Their marriage came to an end because they were simply not compatible with each other.
他俩简直无法相处所以就离婚了。
2．Compatible family relations
和睦的家庭关系
3．compatible blood.
不会产生排斥的血
4．Incompatible
性质相反的, 矛盾的, 不调和的
5, incompatible blood types.
不相容的血型
6. incompatible views on religion.
在宗教问题上无法达成共识的观点
7. the incompatible offices of prosecutor and judge.
检察官和法官的职位不能由一个人兼任
8, a medication that is incompatible with alcohol.
一种不能与酒同时服用的药物
The one that is incompatible.
无法共处的人
Zeal without knowledge is the sister of folly.
无知的热情近乎愚蠢
Folly
愚蠢, 荒唐事, 轻松歌舞剧, 讽刺剧, 傻念头, 傻话, 耗费巨大而又无益的事, <古>放荡
He regretted the follies of his youth.
为他年轻时的愚蠢行为而后悔
2. The interpreter's professional status
A conference interpreter can be self-employed (free lance) or employed as a permanent or staff interpreter by a national or international organization in the public or the private sector. There are pros and cons to each of these professional statuses.
Depending on language combination, a freelance has considerable freedom of choice and greater mobility: the interpreter's working life can be organized according to preference, accepting or refusing offers of work. Certain language combinations may involve more travel than others. As a freelance, the interpreter works for a range of organizations, public and private, is likely to cover a wide variety of topics and to come into contact with very diverse groups. An interpreter's reputation rests on the quality of her/his work. Such a reputation takes a number of years to establish but once solidly established, colleagues and organizations will call on that person.
A very important consideration in any freelance's career is the choice of location from which the interpreter operates, which in turn will depend on her/his language combination. The large international organizations tend increasingly to recruit locally - at a time of tight budgets, costs, including travel allowances, must be contained. So an interpreter with a language combination of interest to the European Union will have more chance of getting work if based in Brussels than if located in Geneva or Rome.
The staff interpreter, on the other hand, has a steady job and the various benefits that go with it. Having only one employer s/he becomes part of a group and can become involved in the organization's activities. Life as a staff interpreter is more predictable.
This notwithstanding, it should be clearly understood that being a freelance or a staff interpreter is not simply a matter of choice. The great majority of conference interpreters work free lance; becoming a staff or permanent interpreter depends on a variety of factors, language combination being one. Even so, it is a fact that interpreters may and do change status - permanents become freelancers and vice versa. In the interpreting teams of international organizations, the two work side by side without distinction, a fact that is a defining feature of the profession. Both kinds of interpreters share the same responsibility, regardless of status, seniority or gender.
Section 4 classic sentences 经典例句欣赏
词义的褒贬：
21. The popularity of television and the difficulty of financing plays have helped to close many theatres. But now it seems the theatre is about to pick up again after a period of decline.
电视普及，加上戏剧筹资困难，许多剧院被迫关门。然而经过一段时期的衰落后，现在剧院似乎又将重新焕发生机。
22. Great knowledge, experience and wisdom will help a man in a top position to achieve his ambition.
广博的知识、丰富的经验和无穷的智慧对处于高位的人实现自己的抱负将大有裨益。
词性的转译：
23. Americans are great joiners, as the huge number of organizations available in the United States attests.
美国人最热衷于参加各种活动，看看不胜枚举的各种组织就足以证明这一点。
24. The American airline industry has enjoyed significant expansion in the last twenty years.
过去的20年当中，美国的航空运输业迅速发展。
25. The growing concentration of wealth in the hands of a few people raised social and political issues.
财富逐渐集中在少数人手中，引发了许多社会问题和政治问题。
26. Antiwar demonstrations, black civil rights protests, women’s rights activities, and rebellion by young people against traditional authority characterized the 1960s.
反战示威运动、黑人民权运动、妇女权益保护运动和青年人反对传统势力等一系列运动是美国60年代的特点。
27. Population grew both as a result of natural increase and of continued immigration.
人口的增长是自然增长和不断移民的结果。
28. They are waiting for a sight of the Queen passing by.
他们在等候观看女王经过那儿。
29. He personified the evil that was in the world.
他是世上一切邪恶的化身。
30. We can house/accommodate you if the hotels are full.
如果旅馆都客满了，我们可以给你提供住处。
Section 5. Bilingual news
Administration officials say Powell presented the broad outlines of a possible U.N. resolution, which the U.S. hopes could give reluctant3 countries like India, France, and Germany necessary political cover to send troops to Iraq. The resolution could also include a call for countries to donate4 money, to unfreeze Iraqi assets and a warning to Iraq’s neighbors to keep Jihads out. But a key stumbling block continues to be U.S. reluctance to cede5 any power in Iraq.
政府官员说，鲍威尔提交了一项很可能成为联合国决议的概要，美国希望它能够为很不情愿向伊拉克派兵的印度、法国和德国提供必要的政治保护。该决议还会包括如下内容：要求其它国家捐钱、解冻伊拉克的资产，并警告伊拉克邻国要抵制杰哈德圣战。但是美国不愿意放弃在伊拉克的任何权力，这仍然是这一决议得以实施的一块很大的绊脚石。
Section 6 a word to the wise
Embodiment 体现，化身，具体化
1． An embodiment of democracy
民主的化身
2． The new highway is the embodiment of the very latest designing ideas.
这座新的高速公路体现了最新设计思想。
3．“As John Adams embodied the old style, Andrew Jackson embodied the new”(Richard Hofstadter)
“正象约翰•阿达姆斯体现了旧风格，安德鲁•杰克逊体现了新风格”(理查德•霍夫施塔特)
Section 7. Hot words
无绳来电显示电话
cordless telephone with caller ID
无线应用协议
WAP （ wireless application protocol ）
下海 plunge into the commercial sea
下网 off line
小康之家 well-off family; comfortably-off family
新秀 up-and-coming star, rising star
新新人类 New Human Being ； X Generation
信息港 inforport
形象小姐 / 先生 image representative of a product or a brand
证券营业部 stock exchange; security exchange 虚拟网 virtual net
学生处 students' affairs division
研究生毕业证 / 学位证 graduate diploma/graudate degree's diploma
摇钱树 cash cow
以人为本 people oriented; people foremost
易拉罐 pop can
舆论导向 direction of public opinion
运球 dribble
在职博士生 on-job doctorate
早恋 puppy love
招生就业指导办公室 enrolment and vocation guidance office
1. A lawyer would make a better statesman than a soldier.
(律师比军人更易成为政治家）
A lawyer would make a better statesman than soldier.
（律师更易成为政治家而不是战士）
2. He is a child of ten.
He is a father of ten.（十岁孩子的父亲）
3. He served me with a kind of coffee.
He served me with coffee of a kind.（象是咖啡的东西）
4. You love me better than he.(和you平行）
You love me better than him.（和me平行)
5. This is a photo of me.(本人的）
This is a photo of mine.（我所有的）
6. They are an industrious people.（民族）
They are industrious people.（人）
7. He is not a fool.
He is no fool.（很聪明）
8. He has no more than ten books.（只有十本）
He has not more than ten books.（不足十本）
9. He is not a little afraid of it.（很怕）
He is not a bit afraid of it.（一点不怕）
10. I ask you nothing.（没问你什么）
I ask you for nothing.（没求你什么）
11. We hadn't anything to eat.（没吃的东西了）
We didn't have anything to eat.（没吃什么）
12. This is the same knife as I have lost.(和我丢刀子一样)
This is the same knife that I have lost.(就是我丢的刀子)
13. Ask him when he comes back.(他回来时问他)
Ask him if he will come back.(问他是否回来)
14. He is afraid to go out.(不敢出去)
He is afraid of going out.(怕出去)
15. He is the only son of a poor man.（独生子）
He is only a son of a poor man.（不过）
16. I am busy at the moment.（眼下）
I am busy for the moment.（暂时）
17. He went to Beijing for pleasure.（游玩）
He went to Beijing with pleasure.（高兴地）
He went to Beijing at pleasure.（随心所欲地）
18. He presented a pistol to me.（送我一支手枪）
He presented a pistol at me.（拿手枪对着我）
19. His English is anything but correct.（错误百出）
His English is nothing but correct.（不错）
20. He is a man of family.(出身豪门）
He is a family man.（有家室的人）
21. He is too glad to do so.
He is only glad to do so.（极高兴）
22. I know him.
I know of him.（听说过他）
23. I hope he will come.
I wish he would come.（多希望他来）
24. I sent him to the doctor.
I sent him for the doctor.(请医生）
25. He threw a bone to the dog.
He threw a bone at the dog.（用石头砸狗）26. He has nothing to write.（没写什么）
He has nothing to write with.（没笔写）
27. He has no one help him.（不让人帮他）
He has no one to help him.（没有帮他的人）
28. Have you finished your work yet?
Have you finished your work already?（已完，表示吃惊）
29. Did you do any work last night?
Did you do some work last night?（表示知道，肯定）
30. I left the window open.（忘了关窗户）
I kept the window open.（表示故意）
31. Your request is out of question.（没问题）
Your request is out of the question.（不可能）
32. The old man is in charge of the children.（照料孩子）
The old man is in the charge of the children.（被孩子照料）
33. He is a worker and writer.（是工人兼作家）
He is a worker and a writer.（是工人又是作家）
34. He asked her to keep house.（管家）
He asked her to keep the house.（看家）
35. He is a woman with child.（怀孕）
He is a woman with a child.
36. They are sitting at table.（吃饭）
They are sitting at the table.
37. He has words with me.（争吵）
He has a word with me.（说两句话）
38. They are of age.（成人）
They are of an age.（同龄）
39. We are not behind time.（落后）
We are not behind the times.（落伍）
40. They began to run in sight of this.（看见这个）
They began to run in the sight of this.（鉴于这个）
41. Anyhow, he works.(不管怎样）
He works anyhow.（马马乎乎）
42. You may as well take this.(还是收下）
You may take this as well.（也收下）
43. His speech was reported at length in the newspapers.(详细地）
At length, his speech was reported in the newspapers.（终于）
44. He kept her company.（陪着她）
He kept company with her.（交朋友）
45. He simply spoke.(只不过）
He spoke simply.（简单地）
46. They saw him through.（帮他到底）
They saw through him.（看透他了）
47. May we meet again!(愿我们再见）
We may meet again.
48. He had something to say.
He had to say something.（必须发言）
49. Aren't you ashamed to talk like that?(规劝，表示事情没发生）
Aren't you ashamed of talking lie that?（责备，表示事情已发生）
50. The soil is fit to plant cotton.(可以种）
The soil is fit for cotton planting.（适宜种）
51. We asked him to speak from experience.（经验）
We asked him to speak about his experiences.(经历）
52. It is his manner that annoys me.(举止）
It is his manners that annoy me.（礼貌）
53. He is my boy friend.(男朋友）
He is my boy's friend.（男孩的朋友）
54. You helped him, as well as I.（象我一样）
You helped him, as well as me.（你帮我，也帮他）
55. What's the time?
How's the time?(还有多少时间）
56. He went to sea.(当水手）
He went to the sea.（到海滨）
57. What kind of doctor is he?(什么博士）
What kind of a doctor is he?(他算什么博士啊）
58. She bought a red and green dress.（一件）
She bought a red and a green dress.（两件）
59. He thought about the problem.（考虑）
He thought of the problem.（想到）
60. He doesn't think much about that suggestion.（他没怎么考虑那条建议）
He doesn't think much of that suggestion.(评价不高）
61. He worked at a table.(伏案工作）
He worked on a table.（做桌子）
62. We shall not be home by six.(6点不能到家）
We shall not be home till six.（6点才能到家）
63. The teacher began by telling them a story.(故事作引子）
The teacher began with a story.（先讲了个故事）
64. Give me a glass for wine.(酒杯）
Give me a glass of wine.（一杯酒）
65. He was familiar to me.(很熟）
He was familiar with me.（很随便）
66. He escaped prison.(没进监狱）
He escaped from prison.（越狱）
67. He quotes Shakespeare.（莎士比亚的话）
He quotes from Shakespeare（莎士比亚的作品）
68. We camped there for the summer.(整个夏天）
We camped there in the summer.（夏天）
69. Cloth is made from cotton.(棉花加工成）
Cloth is made of cotton.（棉纱织成）
70. He sat on my left.(挨着左边）
He sat to my left.（坐在左手）
71. He is one of the boys who has seen the film.
He is the one of the boys who has seen the film.(唯一个）
72. He opened the door to me.(给我开门）
He opened the door for me.（替我开门）
73. It is very useful to him.(他觉得）
It is very useful for him.（对他来说）
1． 收入分配关系尚未理顺
Things have to be straightened out in the distribution of income.
2． 市场经济秩序有待继续整顿和规范。
The order of the market economy has to be further rectified and standardized.
3． 有些地方治安不太好。
Public order is poor in some places.
4． 一些党员领导干部的形势主义，官僚主义作风，和弄虚作假，铺张浪费的行为相当严重，有些地方腐败现象还很严重。
Formalism, bureaucratic style of work, falsification, extravagance and waste are still serious problems among some leading cadres in our Party, and corruption is still conspicuous in some places.
5． 党的领导方式和执政方式与新形势新任务的要求还不完全适应，有的党组织软弱涣散。
The Party’s way of leadership and governance still is still unable to meet the requirements of the new situation and new tasks. Some Party organizations are feeble and lax.
6． 我们必须高度重视存在的问题，继续采取有效的措施加以解决。
We must attach great importance to these problems and continue to solve these problems though effective measures.
7． 五年来的成就，是在改革开放特别是一九八九年十三届四中全会以来的实践基础上取得的。
Our achievements over the past 5 years have been scored through reform and opening up especially since the Fourth Plenary Session of the Thirteenth Central Committee in 1989.
8． 这十三年来，国际风云变幻，我国改革开放和现代化进程波澜壮阔。
These thirteen years have witnessed a highly volatile international situation and a magnificent upsurge in China’s reform, opening up and modernization.
9． 二十世纪八十年代末九十年代初，国内发生严重政治风波，东欧剧变，苏联解体，世界社会主义出现严重曲折，我国社会主义事业的发展面临空前巨大的困难和压力。
From the late 1980s and the early 1990s, there occurred serious political disturbances in China, drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Socialism in the world has suffered serious setbacks. China was faced with unprecedented difficulties and pressure in developing the socialist cause.
10．在这个决定党和国家命运的重大历史关头，：）紧紧依靠全党同志和全国各族人民，坚持十一届三中全会议来的路线不动摇，成功地稳住了改革和发展的大局，捍卫了中国特色社会主义伟大事业。
At this critical juncture bearing on the destiny of the Party and state, the Party Central Committee relied firmly on all the comrades in the Party and the Chinese people of all ethnic groups and unswervingly adhered to the line prevailing since the third plenary session of the eleventh Central Committee and thus brought the overall situation of reform and development under control, and safeguarded the great socialist cause with Chinese characteristics
11．邓小平同志南方谈话以后，十四大确立社会主义市场经济体制的改革目标，改革开放和现代化建设进入了新的阶段。
After comrade Deng Xiaoping made remarks on his tour of the south, the Fourteenth Congress decided to establish a socialist market economy as the goal of reform, thus ushering in a new stage for reform, opening up, and modernization.
12．在社会主义条件下发展市场经济，是前无古人的伟大创举，是中国：）人对马克思主义发展做出的历史性贡献，体现了我们党坚持理论创新，与时俱进的巨大勇气。
To develop a market economy under socialism is a great pioneering undertaking never tried before in history. It is a historic contribution of the Chinese communists to the development of Marxism. It has given expression to our Party’s tremendous courage to persist in making theoretical innovation and keeping pace with the times.
13．由于计划经济体制向社会主义市场经济体制的转变，实现了改革开放新的历史性突破，打开了我国经济，政治和文化发展的崭新局面。
The shift from the planned economy to the socialist market economy represented a new historic breakthrough in reform and opening up and brought about entirely new prospects
14．邓小平同志逝世以后，我们高举邓小平同志的伟大旗帜，开拓进取，把中国特色社会主义事业全面推向21世纪。 After the demise of comrade Deng Xiao Ping, we held high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory and made pioneering efforts to advance the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics into the 21st century in an all-round way.
15．十三年来，我们思想统一，目标明确，工作扎实，取得了重大的历史性成就。 Over the past 13 years, with clearly defined objectives, we worked with one heart and one mind and scored historic achievements.
16． 2001年，我国国内生产总值达到九万五千九百三十三亿元，比一九八九年增长近两倍，年均增长百分之九点三，经济总量已居世界第六位。
In 2001, China’s GDP reached 9.5933 trillion yuan, almost tripling that of 1989, representing an average annual increase of 9.3 percent. China came up to the sixth place in the world in terms of economic aggregate.
17．人民生活总体上实现了由温饱到小康的历史性跨越。
On the whole, the people made a historic leap from having only adequate food and clothing to leading a well-off life.
18. 人们公认，这十三年是我国综合国力大幅度跃升，人民得到实惠最多的时期，是我国社会长期保持安定团结，政通人和的时期，是我国国际影响显著扩大，民族凝聚力级大增强的时期。
As is universally recognized, the 13 years have been a period in which China’s overall national strength has risen by a big margin, the people have received more tangible benefits than ever before, and China has enjoyed long-term social stability and solidarity and had a good government and a united people. China’s influence in the word has grown notably and the cohesion of the nation has increased remarkably.
19．我们党和我国人民做出的艰苦努力和取得的伟大成就举世瞩目，必将载入中华民族伟大复兴的光辉史册。
The hard work of our Party and people and their great achievements have attracted worldwide attention and will surely go down as a glorious page in the annals of the great rejuvenations of the Chinese nation.
20．回首这十三年来，我们走过的道路很不平坦，成绩来之不易。
A review of the past 13 years shows that we have traversed a tortuous course and that our achievements are hard won.
[英文]：Life is a great big canvas, and you should throw all the paint on it you can.
[中文]：人生是一幅大画布,你应该努力绘出绚丽多彩的画面.
英译汉中四字词组运用
汉语的四字词组，广义而论，既包括结构严密，不能随意拆开的四言成语，如“雪中送炭”，也包括任意组合而成的四字词组，如“悲喜人生”。这种以“四字格”为基本形式的四字词组，言简意赅，形象生动，音节优美，韵律协调，是汉语的一大特点。英译汉时，若使用恰当，则既能保存原作的丰姿，又使译文大为生色。现代翻译学认为，译文与原文在意义上应动态对应，不要形式对等。因此，从原文的深层意义出发，英语句中的单词，短语，习语，甚至整句，都可译成相应的汉语四字词组。例如：
The girls arrayed themselves in their finest clothes．
这些姑娘打扮得花枝招展。
The truth comes out．
真相大白。
The two theories vary， but they are compossible.
这两种理论虽然各有千秋，但它们是并行不悖的。
Misery loves company.
同病相怜。
I congratulate myself on my narrow escape.
我庆幸自己死里逃生。
All things conspired to make him happy.
事事巧合使他心满意足。
She is richly endowed by nature.
她有极高天分，得天独厚。
She exulted to find that she had succeeded.
她为自己大功告成而狂喜。
He contrived to make a mess of the whole thing.
他挖空心思反而把事情全盘弄糟了。
You can't come round with such yarns．
你别想用这套花言巧语来哄骗我。
It has no counterpart in the world．
举世无双。
The storm clouds gathered darkly.
乌云密布。
The data is not enough to be convincing.
资料不足，尚难令人信服。
He was daunted by the amount of work still to be done.
还有那么多工作要做，弄得他灰心丧气。
He was silent in default by any excuse.
他无可推委，哑口无言。
There is no denying the fact．事实无可否认。
Her eyes became dimmed with tears. 她 泪眼蒙眬。
Defeat after defeat filled us with despair.接二连三的失败，使我们深感绝望。
His speech was dreary.他的演讲枯燥乏味。
The state was in disruption.这个国家处于分崩离析之中。
由此可见，熟练掌握汉语的四字词组，充分理解、挖掘英语原文的深刻含义，就能在翻译中得心应手、运用自如。
Play truant: 逃学
Mend one’s way : improve one’s habits repent: 悔过
Brocade curtains :织锦帘子
Weave: 用手工或机器编织
Sneak out of the classroom,: 悄悄溜出教室
愤慨的，愤怒的：indignant
The quest for knowledge/ gold/ happiness:探求
Cast an eye /a glance on: literarily means look
Make one’s hair stand on end ：使人毛骨悚然
Shake with anger: 气得发抖
A pair of scissors : scissors won’t cut through wire.
Confound 使迷惑
语重心长的说：say sth with feelings
Feeling: showing strong emotion , heartfelt
Serve: divide or break or separate sth by cutting
Conscience-stricken: filled with remorse 于心不安的；受良心责备的
羞愧的；羞怯的： shamefaced Regretful: 痛惜的，遗憾的
钻研各家学说： study the doctrines of various schools
Arrange for sb to do sth: 安排某人做
捅：poke sb with sth/give sb a slight push
聋哑人：deaf mute
手语：sign language
自愿：on one’s own account
帝国主义：imperialist
The Northern Warlord government: 北洋军阀
巴黎和会：the Paris Peace Conference
无产阶级，小资产阶级 民族资产阶级：
the proletariat the petty bourgeoisie the national bourgeoisie
罢工：to go on stike
Step up: increase the amount of sth or speed up the process of sth in order to improve the situation
帝国主义加紧侵略 ： step the aggression \invasion against china
Met out sth to sb: 给予（ 处罚，奖赏等）
Dismiss from office: 撤职
作为促成某事的手段： be instrumental in doing sth
Pave the way for sth 为 ~~~ 开路
第二国际成立大会：the congress marking the founding of the Second International
Streamer 横标
专刊：special issue
平民教育：popular education
八小时工作制：the eight-hour day
Americans working hong hours often look jealously upon Europeans's month-long vacations. While, Europeans envy Americans' high salaries. An opinion piece from the US New Yorker magazine explains how one side of the Atlantic ended up with more free time while the other got more cash.
整天繁忙工作的美国人总嫉妒欧洲人那足足有一月之久的假期，而与此同时欧洲人则嫉妒美国人的高薪。美国纽约人杂志上的一篇杂文就阐述了为什么大西洋两岸相距不远却十分迥异，欧洲人有更多的空闲，而美国人则更有钱。
All presidents, whatever their confession or denomination, are closet numerologists. Numbers are how they read the mood and track the progress of the nation they govern, For George Bush, the numbers-rising casualty rates in Iraq, falling approval ratings at home-have not been good of late. Hence he is turning with some enthusiasm to a happier set of figures: those tracking the American economy's resilience and resurgence.
所有的总统，不管他们是什么教派的，也不管他们承认与否，私下里都是数字命理学者。他们利用数字来猜测大众的心理，监测本国的发展状况。
最近,伊拉克美军伤亡人数的不断增加, 国内支持率不断下降, 这些都对布什总统不利。因此他就尽量避开这些负面的数字,转而谈及一些正面的数字---也就是那些能显示出美国经济有着较强的适应能力以及美国经济复苏的那些数字。
Ariel Sharon has spent more of his life as a soldier than a politician, and it has often been said that he is better at tactics than strategy.
This familiar point is highly relevant today because even he cannot foresee the outcome of his dramatic decision to resign as leader of the Likud and form a new party to fight early elections
沙龙一生当兵的时间要比做政客还要长，人们一直认为相对于他的政治战略来说,他更擅长军事战术。这个众所周知的看法和当前的形势密切相关，因为即使他不能遇见他辞去利库德党首领的职位，并成立一个新的党派在提前的大选中竞选会有什么后果。
What a noble medium the English language is. It is not possible to write a page without experiencing positive pleasure at the richness and variety, the flexibility and the profoundness of our mother-tongue.
If an English writer cannot say what he has to say in English, and in simple English, it is probably not worth saying. What a pity that English is not more generally studied. I am not going to attack classical education. No one who has the slightest pretension to literary tastes can be insensible to its attraction. But I confess our present educational system excites in my mind grave misgivings, which I cannot believe is the best or even reasonable, a system that thrusts upon reluctant and uncomprehending multitudes treasures which can only be appreciated by the privileged and gifted few. To the vast majority of children who attend our public schools, classical education is from beginning to end long, useless and meaningless. If I am told that classical subjects are the best preparation for the study of English, I reply that by far this preparatory stage is incomplete and without deriving and of the benefits which are promised as its result.
英语是不愧为一种高贵的传播媒介。
每当用我们母语英语写一页文字的时候，我们都无一例外的为其语言的灵活, 丰富和奥妙而感到欣慰。要是有个作家无法用英语，而且是用简单英语来表达一件事的话，
那么那件事很可能就是不值一提。英语还没有被更广泛推广真,这可真是莫大的遗憾阿！我不是要专门抨击古典文学教育，只要你有一点点学习文学的愿望，你就会被它所吸引。可是我得承认我们目前的教育体制让我对它产生了深深的疑虑，我认为这种体制还有很多地方需要改进，甚至有时可以说它有点不可理喻，它强迫那些缺乏领悟能力的普通人不情愿地去读那些古典文学著作，而那些文学著作是如此晦涩难懂，只有少数天才才能欣赏。古典文学教育对大多数进入公立学校上学的孩子们来说十分冗长，而且毫无价值，毫无意义。要是有人告诉我古典文学的科目是学习英语最好的准备，我会告诉他到目前为止，这种准备既不全面也没有根据，还达不到预计的效果。
1.小青对白素贞说:"姐姐,你的剑术已经达到了炉火纯青的地步。”
Greenie said: “My sister, you have surely achieved perfection in sword dancing."
2."姐姐,法海之事,我们还不能麻匹大意呀!"
we really should not slacken our vigilance against Fa Hai
This is the last time I log on to the internet before the postgraduate entrance exam.
I am well prepared and I am embattled to try my best in the exam.
God bless me!
There is a well-versed sentence by Ms Liu Xin. I want to share it with all of you, hoping that you and me and all others who are striving for our goal could finally make it!
" Well ten years ago, when I was competing in this competition, I spoke about choice. Well I really do think we are making choices all the time, but sometimes some choices turn out to be so significant that they actually set the course for the next phase of your life. For that I feel deeply grateful for China Daily and all the others who together make this competition a big success."
2006年同传试卷
1. A radical change in mentalities is under way both in the public sector, which has now been forced to admit that its own means of action are insufficient to meet their development targets, and the private sector, which is becoming aware of its capacity to contribute to the developing countries’ emergence on the world stage in the role of future partners in local and global markets.
Dialogue can be established within the framework of an already increasing number of forums, as well as in project formulation. The presence of other civil society actors and support from the international organizations – as much in the thinking and debate as in the actions undertaken– are crucial factors or enabling people to make sense of the new prospects for cooperation.
The new twenty-first century world order demands that decision-making be opened up to dialogue with new actors. Civil society’s innovative energy has already produced a good number of important initiatives and proposals in many areas. And the business world offers economic resources and know-how that can greatly contribute to development strategy deployment and the promotion of cultural diversity. These are the reasons behind the United Nations Secretary-General's decision to launch the “Global Compact” programme, which outlines a basic code of ethics for private sector partnership. UNESCO intends to establish cultural patronage agreements with businesses aimed, inter alia, at supporting the initiatives of countries in the South.
2. Economists have long been a natural constituency in favor of growth. Since even the richest country has limited resources, the central economic problem is choice: Shall we fund tax cuts for the rich or investment in infrastructure and research and development, war in Iraq or assistance for the poor in developing countries and our own? By providing more total resources, growth should, in theory, make these choices less painful.
The United States, however, has powerfully demonstrated that while growth increases supply, it also raises aspirations. Choices that rich countries have to make thus seem to be no easier than those confronting poor countries, even though the tradeoffs are more heart-wrenching in the case of the poor. Brazil, for example, must choose whether to use its limited health budget to pay full-market price for AIDS drugs; some AIDS victims may live as a result, but people in need of other health care will die, because money that could have been spent on their needs is simply not there. More growth-provided resources, in this instance, mean the difference between life and death.
Still, growth has had its critics. There is a well-developed populist antigrowth literature concerned with, among other things, the impact of growth on the environment and on poverty.
Historically, economists have questioned whether, at least in the early stages of development, growth is accompanied by societal goods such as greater equality and a better environment. Nobel Prize-winning economist Simon Kuznets argued, based on experiences largely before World War II, that there is an increase in inequality in the early stages of development. Arthur Lewis, another Nobel economist, went further: greater inequality, he argued, is necessary to generate the savings that growth requires. A later generation of economists has posited the existence of an environmental Kuznets curve: the early stages of growth cause environmental degradation, not environmental health.
Kuznets and his descendants held out the prospect that eventually growth would bring more social justice (greater equality, less poverty) and a better environment. But there is nothing inevitable about this -- which means that even if it has been true in the past, it may not be in the future. Inequality did seem to fall in the United States after the Great Depression, but in the last 30 years it has increased enormously. Many forms of pollution have gone down as richer countries have turned their mind to air-quality issues, but greenhouse gas emissions -- with all the dangers they present for global warming -- have continued to increase with economic growth, especially in the United States.
3. 中国是欧亚地区重要的国家。中国的发展离不开世界，更离不开欧亚地区。同样，世界的发展、欧亚地区的发展也离不开中国。中国的发展给世界各国尤其是欧亚地区国家带来重要机遇。中国稳定和谐的政治社会环境、丰富优秀的劳动力资源和潜力巨大的市场，为与世界各国尤其是欧亚地区国家开展互利互惠的经济合作提供了理想的场所。我们高兴地看到，通过这些年的不懈努力，中国的中西部地区和东北等老工业基地有了长足进步，呈现美好的发展前景。我们欢迎欧亚地区国家积极参与中国西部大开发和东北老工业基地振兴，增强中国与欧亚地区各国互利合作的生机与活力。欧亚地区国家与中国有传统友谊，经济互补性强，中国政府将鼓励、支持中国企业与欧亚地区发展贸易、投资办厂，实现共同发展。
4. 中国公司想创造世界品牌，外国公司想增加在中国的销量，这些都正改变着中国的设计产业。中国制造商意识到，若他们想在本国市场脱颖而出，在外国市场崭露头角，就必须设计更好的产品。索尼这样的外国公司也开始明白，从前海外公司常把随便什么地方设计的产品拿到中国来卖，而现在，中国消费者变得更加挑剔，他们不再那样容易满足了。
尽管全球大量的电子产品和鞋等都是中国制造，但这些产品的设计都是在欧美或日本完成的。中国公司制造自己品牌的产品时，通常是模仿国外。但如今不同了，他们都想开创自己的品牌。随着中国公司在设计上的改进，跨国公司意识到，他们的产品需要专门针对中国消费者的品味进行“量身定做”了。这些使中国设计产业开始繁荣起来。中国公司开始建立设计中心或雇人帮他们打造自己的品牌。成百上千的设计顾问公司在上海、北京和广州涌现。国外年轻设计师也开始拥入中国，想在这个全球最有活力的消费市场上一试身手。
现在，中国约有400所学院提供设计课程，每年有1万名毕业生。一些中国设计师获得国际大奖，许多人开始到米兰、东京、纽约等地工作。设计成为中国最热门的专业之一，甚至已渗入到社会生活中。
Climate change
If people mean anything at all by the expression “untimely death”, they must believe that some deaths run on a better schedule than others. Death in old age is rarely called untimely—a long life is thought to be a full one. But with the passing of a young person, one assumes that the best years lay ahead and the measure of that life was still to be taken.
History denies this, of course. Among prominent summer deaths, one recalls those of Marilyn Monroe and James Dean, whose lives seemed equally brief and complete. Writers cannot bear the fact that poet John Keats died at 26, and only half playfully judge their own lives as failures when they pass that year. The idea that the life cut shor t is unfilled is illogical because lives are measured by the impressions they leave on the world and by their intensity and virtue.
如果人们说起“英年早逝”的却有什么意味的话，他们一定时认为相比之下，某些死亡更合天意。年迈而终很少被称作未尽天年，人们便认为长寿即，意味着生命的圆满。 但是，如果一个年轻人与世长辞，人们便认为他最好的年华尚在后头，其前途无可限量。
然而历史否定了 这种。 在有名的“英年早逝”者中， 我们会想起马丽莲。梦露和詹姆斯。迪恩，他们的生命极短促又圆满。约翰济慈26岁就逝世了。虽难作家难以接受这个实事，但他们过了26岁，就会半开玩笑地说他们此生是失败的。 视英年早逝为不圆满的观念是不和逻辑的，因为衡量生命的尺度是生命给世界留下 的印记，是生命的力度和美德。
中国现行的语言教育体制导致其实际的教育目的发生了一定的偏差，偏离的文化交流的语言教育的主体目标，而向单纯以考为纲以分数为本的错误方向发展，因此，学生因为一味追求能够达到国家指定的语言考试标准，而忽略了对各种文化的了解学习，进而导致学生对枯燥的语言工具学习的厌倦，同时也因为没有语言学习目标而对文化交流缺乏兴趣，这样就对我国未来的国际化发展产生了巨大的影响。这种教育误区长久以来已经造成了很严重的负面效应，国人因为对各种文化知之甚少，产生了对外来文明或不理性的盲目追求或心怀恐惧，阻碍了我国对外开放与国际接轨的改革进程。我家三代从教，我作为一名教师，深知肩负着传统文化的传承者以及新文化的开创者的责任，我有义务帮助学生或者是更多的人了解不同文化之间的通同及差异，影响其他人使其对外来文化抱有广阔的胸怀，为达此目的，首先需要我深入的学习不同文明间差异。
另外，中国有句古语，国家兴亡，匹夫有责。如我文中所说，国家面临着因外来文明的冲击、内部不同文化信仰间的冲突以及自身传统主体儒家文化断裂产生的诸多或道德或经济或社会稳定上的问题，我也有责任尽我之力，帮助决策者对内引导人民走向理智宽容的融合外来文明同时发扬完善我中华民族传统文化特有的文化传统的道路，对外进一步了解不同文明的种种差异，更好的参与国际事务，为我国的经济发展创造良好的国际环境。所以也要求我对了解很少的伊斯兰文化及西方文化进行学习。
The actual aim of the present language educational system has to some degree deviated from its main purpose of cultural communication to an exam-oriented one. Therefore, Students are solely interested in passing the language test required by a foreign country, but pay little attention to studying various cultures. The consequence of this is that students become tired of language learning and since they lose the purpose of language learning they become less interested in cultural communication, which will have a big impact on China’s globalization. This fallacy in language education has long been having a negative effect on China. For lack of knowledge about various cultures, some Chinese people tend to either blindly worship or remain fearful toward foreign cultures saying that they would block China’s opening up to the outside world and hinder China’s engagement with the outside world. I live in a family with three generations of teachers. As a teacher, I am aware of my responsibility as a cultural inheritor and a creator of new cultures and my obligation to help students and other people understand the similarities and differences between various cultures, and critically assimilate foreign cultures. In order to achieve this goal, I should have a deep understanding of the differences between different cultures.
In addition, as an ancient saying goes, the rise and fall of a country concern its every citizen. As I have stated above, our country is confronted with many problems in ethics, economy or society as a result of cultural clashes from abroad, clashes between domestic cultural beliefs and the change in Confucianism which has remained the main culture of China for thousands of years. To cope with the above problems, I have the responsibility to help leaders to help people to be more rational and tolerant toward the assimilation of foreign and Chinese cultures while carrying forward and perfecting our traditionally cherished culture, in order to further understand the differences between different cultures, actively participate in international affairs and create a favorable international environment for China’s economic development. All these require me to learn more about Islamic and other western cultures which still remain a mystery to most Chinese people.
blow the whistle
To expose a wrongdoing in the hope of bringing it to a halt:
揭发：怀着使违法行为得以中止的希望而告发：
an attorney who blew the whistle on governmental corruption.
一个揭发政府腐败的律师
The recent airplane crash confirms my belief that stronger safety regulations are needed.
最近的坠机事件使我更坚信我们需要更健全的安全法规
1 assess a penalty 征收罚金
2 cost function 价值函数
3 demand function 需求函数
4 parameter 参数
5 marginal cost 边际成本
6 file a petition 申请诉讼
在英译汉过程中，我们常常遇到这样一种情况，即原词所表达的并不是其字面意义，而是其字面意义的反义，或者说是对其字面意义的否定，可这种否定又往往不出现否定词，这种情况并不很少，给翻译工作带来很大的麻烦。
下面是常见的两个词组，请注意它们的汉语意思：
① riot police 防暴警察（即anti-riot police，而不是暴乱的警察）
②crisis law 反危机法案（即anti-crisis law)
这两个词组的翻译采用的就是反译法，译文都是其字面意义的否定或反义，这样既表达了原文的真正含义，又符合汉语的表达习惯，使人一看就懂。
另外，英文报刊文章标题的翻译有时也采用反译法。如《中国日报》（China Daily）曾刊登一则新闻，题目是Inflation is target of bank's new policy，主要说的是银行在1995年将来取有力措施制止通货膨胀。但题目的字面意思恰恰相反。因此我们在翻译时必须把inflation看成是anti-inflation，使之文题一致。这样的标题在英文报刊中比较常见，目的是为简练及醒目，在翻译时要格外注意，切勿望文生义。
再让我们来看看下面的例子：
(1) Sidney Simon called the college grading system "archaic,prescientific,bureaucratic invention"，and "about as accurate as police estimates of crowds of peace marches."
如果按字面翻译，这句话是这样的：
西德尼•西蒙称这种大学评级制度“是过时的，缺乏科学验证”，而且还是“官僚主义的产物”,“简直同警察估计和平示威人数一样准确。”
既然前面已说了这个评级制度“过时无用，缺乏科学验证”，而且还是“官僚主义的产物”，后面又怎么能说它“准确”呢？这显然自相矛盾，西蒙所表达的真正含义绝非如此。
以上译文，忽略了说话人的语气。其实，西蒙是在抨击大学评级制度。他说话时，前面直接用了archaic，prescientific和bureaucratic几个贬义词，而后面的褒义词accurate实际上是一个反语。因为我们知道，警察在估计示威人数时只能说出大概，往往和实际人数出入很大，极不准确。所以说话人所表达的真正含义是not accurate，或inaccurate。这样，可理解成about as inaccurate，as police estimates of crowds of peace marches，译成汉语就是：简直同警察估计和平示威人数一样不准确。就是把accurate反过来译，即反译。
以上例句是通过分析说话人的语气来采用反译法正确表达语义的。有的句子前面所表达的意思是否定的，但根据这个意思得出来的结论却是肯定的。为了使其真正含义不至于前后矛盾，我们也采取反译后面结论的方法。
(2) This sort of situation highlights a critical weakness in the ANC leadership: accountability.
如按字面则译成：
这种情况突出了非国大领导层方面的极为严重的弱点：有责任心。
“有责任心”怎么能是“弱点”呢？这种译文显然是错误的。作者在句尾所表达的真正含义其实和前面提到的“弱点”是一致的，即可理解成unaccountability。那么全句应译成：这种情况突出了非国大领导层方面的极为严重的弱点，玩忽职守（无责任心）。
还有一些句子则通过正确理解上下文，仔细推敲关键同的实际含义，再相应采取反译法进行翻译。
(3) In fact, the willingness to experiment is one of the most striking features, and it seems to be rooted in confidence rather than security.
实际上，乐于进行试验是最显著的特点之一。它来源于信心，而不是出于不安全感。
综上所述，所谓反译法即把原文中个别词语（大多为名词或形容词）否定或取其反义之后再翻译成汉语，以便译文和原文所表达的真正含义相一致。这就要求我们能正确理解原文，弄清作者所抱的思想感情和运用的语气，同时又要熟知汉语已有的习惯表达方式。而这些能力只有通过不断的翻译实践才能逐步提高。
在英译汉过程中，我们常常遇到这样一种情况，即原词所表达的并不是其字面意义，而是其字面意义的反义，或者说是对其字面意义的否定，可这种否定又往往不出现否定词，这种情况并不很少，给翻译工作带来很大的麻烦。
下面是常见的两个词组，请注意它们的汉语意思：
① riot police 防暴警察（即anti-riot police，而不是暴乱的警察）
②crisis law 反危机法案（即anti-crisis law)
这两个词组的翻译采用的就是反译法，译文都是其字面意义的否定或反义，这样既表达了原文的真正含义，又符合汉语的表达习惯，使人一看就懂。
另外，英文报刊文章标题的翻译有时也采用反译法。如《中国日报》（China Daily）曾刊登一则新闻，题目是Inflation is target of bank's new policy，主要说的是银行在1995年将来取有力措施制止通货膨胀。但题目的字面意思恰恰相反。因此我们在翻译时必须把inflation看成是anti-inflation，使之文题一致。这样的标题在英文报刊中比较常见，目的是为简练及醒目，在翻译时要格外注意，切勿望文生义。
再让我们来看看下面的例子：
(1) Sidney Simon called the college grading system "archaic, prescientific, bureaucratic invention"，and "about as accurate as police estimates of crowds of peace marches."
如果按字面翻译，这句话是这样的：
西德尼•西蒙称这种大学评级制度“是过时的，缺乏科学验证”，而且还是“官僚主义的产物”,“简直同警察估计和平示威人数一样准确。”
既然前面已说了这个评级制度“过时无用，缺乏科学验证”，而且还是“官僚主义的产物”，后面又怎么能说它“准确”呢？这显然自相矛盾，西蒙所表达的真正含义绝非如此。
以上译文，忽略了说话人的语气。其实，西蒙是在抨击大学评级制度。他说话时，前面直接用了archaic，prescientific和bureaucratic几个贬义词，而后面的褒义词accurate实际上是一个反语。因为我们知道，警察在估计示威人数时只能说出大概，往往和实际人数出入很大，极不准确。所以说话人所表达的真正含义是not accurate，或inaccurate。这样，可理解成about as inaccurate，as police estimates of crowds of peace marches，译成汉语就是：简直同警察估计和平示威人数一样不准确。就是把accurate反过来译，即反译。
以上例句是通过分析说话人的语气来采用反译法正确表达语义的。有的句子前面所表达的意思是否定的，但根据这个意思得出来的结论却是肯定的。为了使其真正含义不至于前后矛盾，我们也采取反译后面结论的方法。
(2) This sort of situation highlights a critical weakness in the ANC leadership: accountability.
如按字面则译成：
On Sustainable Development
Governments and the UN system have also marginalized sustainable development by failing to articulate serious objectives and coherent strategies for its implementation. Agenda 21 embraced every goal offered up in anticipation of the Rio summit, but it set no specific priorities or targets, making it impossible to mobilize support for any strategy or to measure progress. At the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development, the process reached its lowest point with a sprawling and incoherent plan. Participants endorsed eight broad Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)--including the eradication of extreme poverty, the provision of universal primary education, and the assurance of equality for women--that had been crafted at the UN's Millennium Summit two years earlier. Since then, the UN Secretariat has parsed these broad objectives into 18 specific targets and 48 indicators. But the MDGs are already losing traction because governments have limited power to directly affect these outcomes. Most of the world is closer to meeting the MDGs now that it was a decade ago, but that is largely because human welfare has generally been improving. The most striking exceptions are found in the many African countries that score worse today on most measures of human welfare.
汉语当中的现在，将来，过去，已经等表示时态的词汇在翻译成英语的时候通常可以省略，用英语的时态变化来取而代之．
________________________________________
1.现在，我们总比过去好得多．
Anyway, things are much better than before.
2.又比如上海，目前完全有条件搞得更快一点。
Shangai is another example. It has all the necessary conditions for faster progress.
3.当前，全世界都在关注着我国的改革。
The world is watching the reforms in our country.
4.未来经济发展在很大程度上取决于---the development of our economy will depend to a large extent on ---
5.过去两个超级大国主宰世界，现在情况变了。
The world used to be dominated by two superpowers. Now things have changed.
6.过去没有人知道淮河是能够徒涉的---
Nobody had ever known that one could walk across the Huaihe.
十一五”时期的战略重点和主要任务
《纲要（草案）》对“十一五”时期的经济建设、社会发展、改革开放等方面，都作出了全面部署，提出了明确的任务和政策措施。
一是建设社会主义新农村。《纲要（草案）》把解决“三农”问题放在各项战略任务的首位。强调坚持统筹城乡经济社会发展，按照生产发展、生活宽裕、乡风文明、村容整洁、管理民主的要求，扎实稳步地推进社会主义新农村建设。要进一步提高农业综合生产能力，推进农业结构调整，加强农村基础设施建设，增加农民收入。着力抓好大型粮棉油生产基地、优质粮食产业、农田水利、饮水安全、公路、沼气和农村教育、文化、卫生建设等重点工程。全面推进农村综合改革，基本完成乡镇机构、农村义务教育和县乡财政管理体制等改革任务。培养造就有文化、懂技术、会经营的新型农民。各地方、各部门必须在经济工作思路和重点上有一个大的转变。建设资金要更多地向“三农”倾斜，公共服务要更大范围地覆盖农村，全社会都要大力支持农村发展
Strategic priorities and major tasks during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period
The Outline (draft) lays out the overall arrangements for economic and social development and for reform and opening up in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period and sets out clear tasks and policy measures.
First, we must build a new socialist countryside. Among all the strategic tasks before us, the Outline (draft) gives top priority to solving the problems facing agriculture, rural areas and farmers. The outline stresses the need to continue balancing economic and social development in urban and rural areas and to make steady progress in building a new socialist countryside by developing production, improving living standards, fostering more civil behavior, improving the overall cleanliness of villages, and exercising democratic management. We need to increase overall agricultural capacity, promote agricultural restructuring, intensify development of rural infrastructure, and increase farmers’ incomes. We will focus on implementing key projects to establish large production bases for grain, cotton and edible oil, industrialize production of superior quality grain varieties, build water conservancy facilities and safe drinking water supplies, build roads and methane production facilities, and develop education, culture and health in rural areas. We must also comprehensively promote overall rural reform and basically complete reform of town and township government bodies, rural compulsory education, and fiscal management in counties and townships. We need to create a new type of farmer who has a good basic education and understands both agricultural techniques and business operations. All localities and government departments must substantially change their thinking and priorities in their economic work. More development funds need to be directed toward solving the problems of agriculture, rural areas and farmers, and public services need to be made more widely available in rural areas. All of society should energetically support rural development.
大纲强调坚持统筹城乡经济社会发展，按照生产发展、生活宽裕、乡风文明、村容整洁、管理民主的要求，扎实稳步地推进社会主义新农村建设。
A: There is a clear stress in the outline on the need to continue balancing economic and social development in urban and rural areas and to make steady progress in building a new socialist countryside by developing production, improving living standards, fostering more civil behavior, improving the overall cleanliness of villages, and exercising democratic management.
B: The outline stresses the need to continue balancing economic and social development in urban and rural areas and to make steady progress in building a new socialist countryside by producing more goods, making people better off, encouraging them to behave in a more civil manner and to manage in a democratic way.
本标书经过详细的研究，并结合考虑本单位的施工能力，提出合理的报价为4833192元，工期为12个月！
After studying this bidding document carefully, and considering the construction ability, we present a reasonable offer of 4833192 Yuan with 12 months the time limit for the project
1. France was convulsed by a new labor contract that will weaken job protection for young employees.
convulse : To shake or agitate violently: 使…强烈地震动或狂躁不安：
2. scam 诡计
3. foil a coup attempt 挫败了一起预谋的政变
4. defect
To disown allegiance to one's country and take up residence in another:
叛逃：背叛某人的祖国并取得在别国居住资格：
a Soviet citizen who defected to Israel.
一个叛逃到以色列的苏联公民
To abandon a position or an association, often to join an opposing group:
背叛：抛弃职位或联盟，通常是为了加入敌对的组织：
defected from the party over the issue of free trade.
在自由贸易的问题上背叛了自己的政党
5. His chief opponent will be Horacio Serpa, a Liberal whom he defeated in 2002 and who won a party primary held in parallel with the legislative vote.
Primary: A meeting of the registered voters of a political party for the purpose of nominating candidates and for choosing delegates to their party convention.
候选人提拔会：某一政党已登记的选民为提名候选人及为选择政党会议代表而举行的会议
6. Canada’s new Conservative Prime Minister, Stepen Harper, made a two-day visit to his country’s troops in Afghanistan. He rejected calls for a parliamentary debate on their deployment, which was ordered by the previous Liberal government.
Deployment: n.展开,部署,调度
7. Democratic leaders backed away from a move by Russ Feingold, a senator from Wisconsin, to censure Mr. Bush for a controversial domestic eavesdropping program.
Censure: To criticize severely; blame. 指责：严厉批评；责备
To express official disapproval of:
公开谴责：正式表示不赞成：
“Whether the Senate will censure one of its members for conflict of interest”(Washington Post)
“参议院是否会以利益冲突为由公开指责一名议员”(华盛顿邮报)
Eavesdropping: 偷听
8. Human Rights Watch that Representatives from Sri Lanka’s Tamil Tiger rebels were extorting money from the Sri Lankan diaspora, mainly in Britain and Canada to fund a “final war”.
Extort: To obtain from another by coercion or intimidation.
敲诈，勒索：通过强迫或威胁从另一个人处获得
Diaspora:
The dispersion of Jews outside of Israel from the sixth century b.c. , when the Jews were exiled to Babylonia, until the present time.
犹太人在外的散居：从公元前 6世纪起，那时犹太人被驱逐到巴比伦，在以色列外边散居，直到现在。
Often diaspora The body of Jews or Jewish communities outside Palestine or modern Israel.
常作 diaspora 散居在外的犹太人机构或团体：在巴勒斯坦或现代以色列之外的犹太人机构或犹太人团体
diaspora A dispersion of an originally homogeneous people.
diaspora 向国外散居：原本同一种民族人民的散居
diaspora A dispersion of an originally homogeneous entity, such as a language or a culture:
diaspora 传播：原本同一种民族实体的传播，比如语言或文化：
“the diaspora of English into several mutually incomprehensible languages”(Randolph Quirk)
“英语的传播成为几种彼此难以理解的语言”(伦道夫•夸)
15．No one knows what he will be like in that job, despite his quite successful tenure as Chancellor of the Exchequer.
1) Tenure 任期
2) Chancellor of the Exchequer 财政部长
16．Coddling monsters has a price
coddle
1) To cook in water just below the boiling point:
用文火煮：在恰低于沸点的水中煮：
coddle eggs. 煮鸡蛋
2) To treat indulgently; baby.See Synonyms at pamper
溺爱地对待；纵容参见 pamper
17. Malign
1) Evil in disposition, nature, or intent.恶毒的，邪恶的：性情、本质或动机上邪恶的
2) Evil in influence; injurious.有害的：具不良影响的；有害的
3) Having or showing malice or ill will; malevolent.恶意的：具有或表现出恶意或不良愿望的；含有恶意的
Slobodan Milosevic
Mar 16th 2006
From Economist.com
Slobodan Milosevic became president of Yugoslavia in 1989. In the ensuing six years he ignited conflicts in Croatia (1991) and Bosnia (1992) that killed thousands. These wars ended with the signing of the Dayton peace agreement in 1995.
Having been almost overthrown, Mr. Milosevic bounced back to be re-elected president in July 1997. Later that year, in response to a rebellion in Kosovo, he brutally repressed the province's ethnic-Albanian residents. This angered fellow NATO members whose bombing campaign (and the imposing of sanctions) undermined Mr. Milosevic. In September 2000 he relinquished the presidency to Vojislav Kostunica, but only after popular protests.
Mr. Milosevic was indicted for war crimes in May 1999 and went on trial in The Hague. Proceedings were interrupted by his poor health, and also that of the presiding judge, whose decision to step down in the spring of 2004 almost forced a retrial. In the end, he cheated justice: on March 11th 2006 he was found dead in his cell. Historians will mull why Mr. Milosevic’s presidency was tolerated for so many years.
18. Serbia 塞尔维亚
19 afield
1) Off the usual or desired track. See Synonyms at amiss
偏离地：偏离惯常或预期的轨迹地参见 amiss
2) Away from one's home or usual environment.
离开家乡地：离开家乡或惯常的环境地
3) To or on a field.上战场，在战场上
20 demagogue
A leader who obtains power by means of impassioned appeals to the emotions and prejudices of the populace.
煽动者，政治家：通过慷慨激昂的手段赚取民众的情感或偏见而得到权力的领导者
21. wreak :To bring about; cause:带来；引起：
wreak havoc.带来灾难
1) To inflict (vengeance or punishment) upon a person.
施行报复：对某人施以（报复或惩罚）
2) To express or gratify (anger, malevolence, or resentment); vent.
发泄：表示或使满足（愤怒、恶意或憎恨）；发泄
22 collude
To act together secretly to achieve a fraudulent, illegal, or deceitful purpose; conspire.
共谋，串通：秘密地聚集在一起行动以达到叛逆、不合法的或欺骗目的；阴谋策划
23. carve up 瓜分
24．Loom 临近
25．Belgrade: The capital and largest city of Yugoslavia, in the eastern part of the country at the confluence of the Danube and Sava rivers. Founded in the 3rd century b.c. , it was the primary city of Serbia from the 12th century until the formation of Yugoslavia in the 20th century. Population, 936,200.
贝尔格莱德：南斯拉夫首都和最大城市，位于该国东部的多瑙河与萨瓦河的汇合处。建于公元前 3世纪，从12世纪到南斯拉夫形成的20世纪，该城为塞尔维亚的主要城市。人口936,200
26.condone To overlook, forgive, or disregard (an offense) without protest or censure. See Synonyms at forgive
宽恕：毫无抗议或责备之意地忽视、谅解或宽恕（冒犯行为）参见 forgive
9. NASDAQ-----National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation System.
全国证券交易商自动报价系统协会
10. Consolidation: The merger of two or more commercial interests or corporations.
合并：两个或多个商业上的利益集团或法人团体的合并
11．MP下院议员 a member of the house of commons
12. Petulant
Unreasonably irritable or ill-tempered; peevish.任性的，脾气坏的：无理由地激怒的或发脾气的；易怒的
Contemptuous in speech or behavior.言行无礼，狂妄的
13.mark time: 踏步, 停顿不前
14 patronage
1) Support, encouragement, or championship, as of a person, an institution, an event, or a cause, from a patron.庇护，保护：保护人对某人、机构、事件或事业的支持、鼓励或维护
2) Support or encouragement proffered in a condescending manner:施惠：恩赐的态度所给予的帮助或鼓励：
It seems our little establishment has finally been deemed worthy of the bank's patronage.
看来银行终于认为值得资助我们这种小机构
3) The trade given to a commercial establishment by its customers:
光顾，惠顾：顾客对商业机构的光临：
Shopkeepers thanked Christmas shoppers for their patronage.店老板感谢圣诞节顾客的光临
4) Customers or patrons considered as a group; clientele:顾客，常客：顾客或老主顾总称；常客：
The grand old hotel has a loyal but demanding patronage.
这家显赫的老旅店拥有忠实但颇多要求的顾客
5) The power to distribute or appoint people to governmental or political positions.
授与职务的权力：分派或委任给某人政府职位或政治地位的权力
6) The act of distributing or appointing people to such positions.
官职的委派：分派或委任某人这种地位的行为
7) The positions so distributed or filled.
被委派的职务：这样分配和委任的职位
8) The right to grant an ecclesiastical benefice to a member of the clergy.
圣职授与权：赐与牧师教会圣职的权力
27. Queasiness n. 恶心
28 peacekeeper 维和部队
29．Statecraft
The art of leading a country: 治国艺术：领导国家的艺术：
“They placed free access to scientific knowledge far above the exigencies of statecraft”(Anthony Burgess)
“他们将获得科学知识的自由置于治国术的迫切需要的上”(安东尼•伯吉斯)
30. integral
1) Essential or necessary for completeness; constituent:必须的：构成整体所必须的；应有的：
The kitchen is an integral part of a house.厨房是房子不可缺的部分
2) Possessing everything essential; entire.完整的：具有全部要素的；完整的
3) Expressed or expressible as or in terms of integers.整数的：用整数表示的或可用整数表示的
4) Expressed as or involving integrals.积分的：表示为或包含整数的
n.（名词）
5) A complete unit; a whole.整体；全体
31 stomach: Courage; spirit.勇气，精神
32. Interlocutor:
1) Someone who takes part in a conversation, often formally or officially.
对话者：参加谈话的人，通常是正式地或官方地
2) The performer in a minstrel show who is placed midway between the end men and engages in banter with them.
问话者：在滑稽说唱表演中，站在滑稽插话演员中间与他们戏谑的演
33. And confronting a monster may ultimately be harder if you have spent many years playing down his monstrosity.
Monstrosity:
1) One that is monstrous.可怕的人
2) The quality or character of being monstrous.怪异的特点或性质
Play down 降低, 贬低, 减少
34. egregious: Conspicuously bad or offensive. See Synonyms at flagrant
极端恶劣的：明显的坏的或令人恼怒的参见 flagrant
35. pawn
1) Something given as security for a loan; a pledge or guaranty.
抵押品，典当物：当作借贷保证的事物；保证物或抵押物
2) The condition of being held as a pledge against the payment of a loan:
抵押：当作偿付贷款的保证的条件：
jewels in pawn.典押的珠宝
3) A person serving as security; a hostage.
人质：作为保证的人；人质
4) The act of pawning.
抵押：抵押的事例
5) To give or deposit (personal property) as security for the payment of money borrowed.
典当：给予或寄存（个人财产）作为偿还借款的保证
6) To risk; hazard:冒险；赌：
7) pawn one's honor.以名誉作赌注
36. teething troubles: 暂时的困难
37 stalwart:
1) Having or marked by imposing physical strength.强壮的或表现为结实的
2) Firm and resolute; stout. See Synonyms at strong
坚定和坚决的；勇敢的参见 strong
n.（名词）
3) One who is physically and morally strong.
强壮的人：身体和意志坚强的人
4) One who steadfastly supports an organization or a cause:
坚定分子：顽强支持某一组织或事业的人：
Party stalwarts.
党的坚定支持者
38. farce
A ludicrous, empty show; a mockery:
闹剧：一种荒唐的、空洞的表演；一个笑柄：
The election was a farce, for it was fixed.
这次选举是一幕闹剧，因为它是预先安排好的
39 unnerve
1) To deprive of fortitude, strength, or firmness of purpose.
使…失去意志：使…失去坚韧，力量或对目标的执着
To make nervous or upset.使…紧张或慌张
40 Sorbonne
索邦神学院(巴黎大学的前身),巴黎大学
41. OECD=Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
经济合作和发展组织
42.for them even the two years under the new job contracts would offer them job experience that might lead up to something better than the life on a dole.
Dole:
1) Charitable dispensation of goods, especially money, food, or clothing.
救济：尤指金钱、食物或衣物等救济品的发放
2) A share of money, food, or clothing that has been charitably given.
救济品：一份食品或衣物等救济品或救济金
3) Chiefly British the distribution by the government of relief payments to the unemployed; welfare.
【多用于英国】
失业救济金：政府发给的失业救济金；福利
43．Quarry
1) An open excavation or pit from which stone is obtained by digging, cutting, or blasting.
学词汇: repudiate
To reject the validity or authority of:
拒绝接受：拒绝接受…的效力或权力：
“Chaucer . . . not only came to doubt the worth of his extraordinary body of work, but repudiated it”(Joyce Carol Oates)
“乔叟…不仅开始怀疑他的庞大的作品体系的价值，而且拒绝接受它”(乔伊丝•卡罗尔•奥茨)
To reject emphatically as unfounded, untrue, or unjust:
否定：断然公认为是无根据的、不真实的或不公平的：
repudiated the accusation. 驳斥控诉
To refuse to recognize or pay: 拒付：拒绝承认或请偿：
repudiate a debt.
拒绝清偿债务
To disown (a child, for example).
抛弃：声明与（如孩子）断绝关系
To refuse to have any dealings with.
与…断绝关系：拒绝与…有任何交往
1. tenure
The status of holding one's position on a permanent basis without periodic contract renewals:
终身职位：不用续签有期限的合同的而永久地保有其职位的状态：
a teacher granted tenure on a faculty.
某系的一位有终身职位的老师
2. prude n.
装成规矩的女人,故做正经的女人
2. crap
Excrement. 粪便
An act of defecating. 通大便的行为
Worthless nonsense; rubbish.
无用的东西；废物
63.account ：财务帐；帐户
A record of financial transactions kept in a ledger.
在分类帐中保存的财务来往记录。
A bank account
银行帐户
A customer or client
顾客或客户
Let’s check the account again.
我们再查一遍帐。
How much is left in our bank account.
银行帐上还剩多少。
This firm is our best account.
这家商行是我们最好的客户。
64.accounting ：会计
A system and process of gathering and recording financial information that provides a continuous balance between assets and liabilities.
收集和记录财务住处的制度和过程，并据此不断提供资产和负债之间的余额。
You need to discuss that matter with the accounting department.
你应当和财务部讨论这个问题。
65.accumulation ：资本增益
An addition to capital investments or stock from profits.
资本投资的收益或股分增值。
What kink of accumulation are you getting on the ABC stock?
你有ABC公司的股份有什么资本增益？
66.affluence ：富裕
The condition of substantial wealth and economic power.
拥有雄厚财富和经济实力的状况。
Luxury cars are targeted towards the affluent segment of a population.
豪华轿车是以人口中的富裕阶层为销售对象的。
67.affiliate ：成员，分公司
A business that contracts to work with another business.
签订合同与另一公司合作的公司。
The ABC office supply company is one of our many affiliates.
ABC办公用品公司是我们众多分公司的其中之一。
提高英汉翻译水平小经验；一点小经验，抛砖引玉，向各位讨教
1、首先思想上要重视。本来我说，我是中国人，汉语就不用跟我提啦！~造成思想上不重视，对自己没什么要求，总以为需要时只要花时间就能做好，结果根本不是那么一回事；
2、多向“笔杆子”请教。很多单位都有自己的笔杆子，学中文的、学秘书专业的很多人都可以请教。我记得有一次，我不知道说了什么一句话，我们的党支部书记就纠正了我：这样这样说更简练，大家一般这么说。我当时听了虽然很惭愧，心理上震动很大。所以有时候我做了点翻译，在自己觉得没办法再改进时就请教他，人家三言两语就切中要害，果真进步特别大。
3、还要提高自己的英语阅读能力。这个很明显，理解不正确，怎么表达都无济于事。
4、翻译时一定要有这样的想法：意思我知道了，可是，让我去写，我还会这样表达吗？要是让我根据这些意思去写，我会怎么去表达呢？
近2个月翻译了大约10万字左右，其中英译汉的占到75%，而汉译英的任务只是25%，感觉到英译汉还是大有文章可做的。做得好坏与否，主要取决于：
1、英文理解。理解不正确肯定不行。laoxianggg还有一名澳洲朋友（不怎么来这里所以不具体说）给我帮了大忙，老是私下麻烦他们。laoxianggg专业涉及面特别广，为人又那么好，真让我感激不尽。相信不止我一个人这么感觉。
2、我一般先做出个理解版再整理。先直译，把自己理解的都写出来。好几次我想一气呵成，可是都耽误了很多时间，效果很不理想。唉，我不是那种出口成章的人，还是老实点吧。
3、然后根据理解的版本重新组织句子。很多稿子直译根本行不通，虽然能让人看懂，但是总让人看得头皮发麻，特别晦涩，象在打谜语。毕竟都是中国人，意思一样，还是符合我们阅读习惯的受欢迎。
4、再对照原文纠偏、润色。特别提出的是我开始只对照我的中文看原文，结果发现漏译现象。亏好双方关系很好很理解，但是确实是个警钟，校对确实应该是全方位的双向的。
我记得当时每天坚持看20篇英文原版文章，到现在折合累计量达到了6000多篇，约600万字。在看到300万字时，突然豁然开朗，看路透社、美联社、纽约时报上的网站的文章一下子不费劲了，觉得理解力一下子有了飞跃。刚开学看时特别羡慕那些老外。但是英语仍然还是我的瓶颈，看样我还要坚持看下去（最近翻译得多，等于精读的多了，泛读的少了），争取下一次再来一个豁然开朗
1 you can't be too careful in your work.
错: 你工作不能太仔细
对: 你工作应当越仔细越好
2 he was only too pleased to let them go.
错:他太高兴了,不肯让他们走
对:他很乐意让他们走
3 all his letters were not received.
错: 他所有的信都没收到
对: 他的信没有全部收到
4 people will be long forgetting her.
错: 人们将在很长时间内忘记她
对:人们会长时间地记住他的
还记得崔健的《一块红布》吗？一块红布蒙住了双眼，也蒙住了天，我问你看见了什么？你说看见了幸福。
美国著名杂志Reader's Digest 上一篇文章谈到“幸福”，现将其中的“幸福”片断节选如下：
幸福，攥在你的手心里。
The notion that we have to work at happiness comes as news to many people. We assume it's a feeling that comes as a result of good things that just happen to us, things over which we have little or no control. But the opposite is true: happiness is largely under our control. It is a battle to be waged and not a feeling to be waited.
幸福不是万事如意。幸福需要一颗感恩的心，感谢生活，感谢每一束阳光。
Most of us compare ourselves with anyone we think is happier--a relative, an acquaintance or, often, someone we barely know, I once met a young man who struck me as particularly successful and happy. He spoke of his love for his beautiful wife and their daughters, and of his joy at being a radio talk-show host in a city he loved. I remember thinking that he was one of those lucky few for whom everything goes effortlessly right. Then we started talking about the Internet. He blessed its existence, he told me, because he could look up information on multiple sclerosis, the terrible disease afflicting his wife, I felt like a fool for assuming nothing unhappy existed in his life.
“人有悲欢离合，月有阴晴圆缺。”有时，遗憾也是生活中的一种美。
Almost all of us have images of how life should be. The problem, of course, is that only rarely do people's jobs, spouses, and children live up to these imagined ideals. Here's a personal example: No one in my family had ever divorced. I assumed that marriage was for life. So when my wife and I divorced after five years of marriage and three years after the birth of our son, my world caved in. I was a failure in my own eyes.
I later remarried but confided to my wife, Fran, that I could not shake the feeling that my family life had failed. She asked me what was wrong with our family now. I had to admit that, our family life was wonderful. "Then why don't you celebrate it?" she asked. That is what I decided to do. But first I had to get rid of the image of a "perfect" family.
幸福的人看到的总是已有的那半桶水。
One effective way of sabotaging happiness is to look at something and fixate on even the smallest flaw. It's like looking up at a tiled ceiling and concentrating on the space where one tile is missing. As a bald man told me, "Whenever I enter a room, all I see is hair." Once you've determined what your missing tile is, explore whether acquiring it will really make you happy. Then do one of three things: get it, replace it with a different tile, or forget about it and focus on the tiles in your life that are not missing.
幸福与贫富无关。
I have spent years studying happiness, and one of the most significant conclusion I've drawn is this; there is little correlation between the circumstance of people's lives and how happy they are, A moment's reflection should make this obvious. We all know people who have had a relatively easy life yet are essentially unhappy. And we know people who have suffered a great deal but generally remain happy
如何表达燃油附加费
受汉语习惯影响，提到“附加费”，您可能会想到由additional，extra，added等一类词汇与fee，fare（费用）复合而成的合成词。瞧下面一段新闻，如何才能简洁、地道地表达“附加费”？
China will lift jet fuel surcharges for the second time in a year on domestic flights to help air carriers cope with the impact of soaring oil prices.
Starting from September 1, the surcharge for each passenger flying less than 800 kilometers will rise to 60 yuan from the current 30 yuan, the General Administration of Civil Aviation of China, the industry regulator, said on its website on Friday.
新闻中说：“为了缓解油价上涨对航空公司造成的压力，中国将再度上调国内航线的燃油附加费”。很明显，surcharge在此处简洁明了地表达了（燃油）“附加费”的内涵——“多向乘客收取的费用”。
Surcharge由词缀sur-（附加的）和词根-charge（要价、收费）组合而成。词缀sur-除表示“在…上面”之外，也指“附加的”，如：surtax（附加税）。
Charge作“索价”时动词和名词兼可用，如：That seaside hotel charges exorbitant prices during the summer holidays.（那家海滨旅馆在夏天休假期间漫天要价）；The charge for a front-row seat is $3.（前排座位票价每张三美元。）
５“起步价”怎么说？
上海的朋友一定不会对下面这则新闻感到陌生：“从5月11日起，上海市区的出租车起步价由目前的10元/3公里调整为11元/3公里；超过3公里后，每公里运价由现在的2元调整为2元1角……”有个疑问，怎么用英文表达“起步价”？
请看《中国日报》相关报道：Taxi passengers in Shanghai started to feel the pinch of soaring fuel prices as the city began to roll out its first taxi fare hike since 1998.
The flag-fall price in downtown, which covers the first 3 kilometers of a trip, has risen to 11 yuan from 10 yuan during the daytime. And the price after 11 pm will climb to 14 yuan from 13 yuan .
估计您也猜出来了，flag-fall price就是“起步价”的相应英文表达。Flag-fall（比赛开始）本是体育术语，尤其在田径比赛时，很形象地描述出了“裁判手中的小红旗朝下一挥，比赛立马开始”的情景。随着计程车的使用，flag-fall（比赛开始）逐渐由体育术语延伸为与人们生活密切相关的“起步（价）”。
另外，既然提到了flag，忍不住想起了Dido那首对爱执著、为爱不言放弃的《White flag》，摘几句歌词：
Well I will go down with this ship/And I won't put my hands up and surrender
There will be no white flag above my door/I'm in love and always will be
“我将乘船一直走下去，永远不会投降；在我的门上也永远不会挂有白旗，我爱你，直到永远。”这里的white flag直译为“白旗”，实质上表达的可是与surrender（投降）相同的意思哦。例如：
A white flag is used as a token of surrender.（白旗被用来作为投降的信号。）
He had to show the white flag at the end of the debate.（辩论到最后他只好认输。）
教育方面的词汇
educational history 学历
educational background 教育程度
educational system 学制
academic year 学年
term/ semester 学期
diploma 文凭
tuition 学费
School 学校
fee-paying school 付费学校/私立学校
public school 公立学校
regular school 普通学校
primary/elementary school 小学
high/middle school 中学
university 大学
college 学院
academy 高等专科院校
normal school 师范院校
Curriculum 课程
courses taken 所修的课程
major 主修课
minor 辅修课
specialized course 专业课
compulsory course 必修课
optional course 选修课
Activities 各项活动
social practice 社会实践
extracurricular activities 课外活动
physical activities 体育活动
recreational activities 娱乐活动
academic activities 学术活动
social activities 社会活动
Rewards 奖励
scholarship 奖学金
excellent League member 优秀团员
excellent leader 优秀干部
"Three Goods" student 三好学生
Faculty and Students 教师和学生
principal 中学校长（美）
headmaster 中小学校长（英）
11. 重复引进introduction of redundant technical facilities; importation of redundant technical facilities; repeated importation of equipment and technology
引进先进技术、设备是必要的。但是我们的立足点要放在吸收、创新上，不能走重复引进的路子。
It is necessary to introduce advanced technology and equipment. However, we should focus on absorption and innovation instead of lingering on importation of redundant technical facilities.
12. 出口创汇能力capacity to earn foreign exchange through exports
该市农产品年出口创汇能力已突破1000万美元，是结构调整前的80多倍。
The capacity to earn foreign exchange through exports of the city’s agricultural products has reached 10 million US dollars, 80 times before the restructuring.
13. 出口加工区
export processing zone; areas for processing export products
经国家批准，成都建设了出口加工区，为项目进入提供了良好的环境。
With the state permission, Chengdu has constructed the export processing zone, which provides a good environment for introducing projects.
14. 创业园high-tech business incubator; pioneer park
我们必须加强创新创业的环境建设，努力抓好大学科技园、软件园和其他科技创业园的能力建设。
We must strengthen the environmental construction of innovative undertaking and work hard on the capacity construction of science and technology parks of universities, software parks and other science and technology pioneer parks.
15. 促进全球经济一体化foster integration with the global economy
网络时代的文化碰撞对促进全球经济一体化的进程，加快知识经济时代的到来，无疑起了推波助澜的作用。
No doubt the cultural impact of the Internet epoch plays an important role in fostering integration with the global economy and ushering in the epoch of knowledge economy.
Newcomers don't like the smells城里人闻不惯那味儿（陈继龙 编译）
GEORGE WILLIAMS, one of Scottsdale's last remaining cowboys, has been r_aising______① horses and cattle on his 120 acres for 20 years. （1）The cattle go to the slaughterhouse, the horses to rodeos[1]. But Mr Williams is stomping[2] mad.
________________________________________
乔治•威廉斯是斯科特斯德（注：亚利桑那州中南部城市）仅存的牛仔之一，20年来他一直在他那120亩地里饲养牛马。牛儿进了屠宰场，马儿上了竞技场，而威廉斯却疯也似的跺着脚。
________________________________________
His problems began last year when dishonest neighbours started to steal his cattle. Then other neighbours, most of them newcomers, took offence at his horses roaming on their properties. Arizona is an open-range[3] state: l__ivestock_____② have the right of way and there is no fine for trespassing[4]. This has been on the law books since 1913. （2）Mr Williams, who is elderly and in poor health, is angry that he has to spend so much of his time fielding[5] complaints and retrieving stolen cattle.
________________________________________
去年，有些不厚道的邻居开始偷他的牛，之后他的麻烦便接踵而至。有的邻居（大多数都是刚刚迁来的人）还攻击他那些跑到他们地里的马。亚利桑那是一个开阔的“草原之州”，家畜在公路上享有优先通行权，对家畜侵入他人土地也不予罚款。（译注：“the right of way”可指“优先通行权”和“允许在别人的土地上穿行”，根据上下文，这里是指前者，因为后面的trespass有“进入别人的私人土地”的意思。）自1913年以来，这就一直有法律明文规定。威廉斯很生气，因为年老体弱的他不得不花很多的时间来回应别人的怨言和找回被偷的牛。
Such grumbles are common in Arizona. The most recent Department of Agriculture census shows that 1,213 of Arizona's 8,507 farms closed down between 1997 and 2002. Many cattlemen are moving out to more remote parts of the state. Arable[6] farmers are struggling, too. Norman Knox, a respected grain farmer in Gilbert, recently learned that the owner of his rented land wants to build condos. Mr Knox is 72 and has to move. He r_reckons______③ that 50-70% of the farmland in Gilbert has been sold for development in the past two years.
________________________________________
这样的怨言在亚利桑那到处都可以听到。农业部最近一次人口普查结果显示，1997年至2002年间，亚利桑那8507家农场中有1213家已经关闭。许多牧民正在朝该州一些偏远的地区迁徙。种地农民也是苦不堪言。诺曼•诺克斯是吉尔伯特一位德高望重的粮农，他最近得知，他租种的那块地的主人打算在那儿修建公寓楼。今年72岁的诺克斯只好搬走。据他估算，两年来，吉尔伯特的农田已经有50％～70％被出售用于开发。
________________________________________
This affects not only cowboys and farmers, but small businessmen too. （3）For 20 years, Gary Young, owner of Gilbert's Higley Feed, sold range blocks and cubes to cattlemen who fed them to cattle during the droughts. But 18 months ago he switched to selling pet food and baby chicks to new home-owners.
________________________________________
这不但影响了牛仔和农民，也影响到了小商业者。吉尔伯特Higley饲料公司老板盖瑞•扬二十年来一直向牧民销售固体块状浓缩牧用汤料（译注：range此处是指“草原”，与前文的“open-range”一致；block指块状物体，cube指立方体，这里应该代指块状饲料或“浓缩草料”等，即可能是将牲畜所需饲料进行固化、压缩并切割成块状。是不是类似于“压缩饼干”？另，在英语中stock cube是指“固体浓缩汤料”，加上后面提到的“干旱时饲喂”，因此准确的译文可能为“固体块状浓缩牧用汤料”），干旱时牧民们就用这些汤料来喂牛。可是，一年半前他已经转行向新来的住户售卖宠物食品和小鸡了。
Locals worry about the precious, dwindling cowboy culture. Arizona's tourism boards like to promote a steady interest in all things cowboy and western[7]. Last year more British and German tourists came than usual, and many of them were looking p___recisely____⑤ for that. （5）Arizona's Dude[8] Ranch Association fills its $350-a-night luxury ranches most of the year; roughly a third of the guests are European.
________________________________________
当地人对宝贵的牛仔文化日渐萎缩感到担忧。亚利桑那州旅游管理人士希望这里一切与牛仔和西部电影有关的东西都能产生经久不衰的吸引力。去年，来此地的英、德两国旅行者要多于往年，而且他们当中许多人恰恰就是为了寻找牛仔和西部电影而来。亚利桑那农场度假协会拥有的农场全年大部分时间都客满，其中约有三分之一的客人是欧洲人，而每晚的住宿费高达350美金。
________________________________________
（6）Many of the ranchers themselves see all this tourism as a cheeky[9] attempt to commercialise a real and vanishing culture. In Prescott, estate agents promote “American Ranch-style” homes with posters of backlit[10] horse riders. On the other side of the street is Whiskey Row, a famous strip of historic cowboy bars. But in Matt's Saloon on Saturday night, real cattlemen could not be found.
________________________________________
在很多农场主看来，这种旅游完全是一种厚颜无耻的行径，它试图让一个行将消失的、真正意义上的文化成为商品。在普雷斯科特，房地产经纪人推销具有“美国农场风格”、贴着光芒骑士海报的房屋。街道的另一边是著名的牛仔酒吧区——威士忌街。不过，星期六晚上在马特酒吧却见不到一个真正的牛仔。
Farm folk like Mr Knox and Mr Williams are weighing up their options. Many will migrate to remoter places where land is cheaper and not crowded with city people. （7）Younger ones take on side-jobs as contractors and are cattlehands part-time. Older cowboys aren't sure what to do.
________________________________________
像诺克斯和威廉斯这样的牧农们正在认真考虑着出路。许多人将迁往较为偏远的地方，那里土地比较便宜，城市人也不多。年轻的牛仔承包了牧场干起副业，并兼职做驯牛师。年纪较大的牛仔还不知道该干什么。
________________________________________
The Arizona
Cowboy
College in Scottsdale, which trains cattlehands, conducts the school for profit but also for m____aintaining____⑥ the cowboy culture. The six-day courses include cattle-herding, rustling[11] and ranch-survival skills. The owner, herself a rancher, says the courses are popular, especially with retired businessmen.
________________________________________
位于斯科特斯德的亚利桑那牛仔学院专门培训驯牛师，其办学宗旨不但是为了赚钱，也是为了维护牛仔文化。课程为期六天，内容包括放牧、窃取牲口以及农场生存技能培训。院长本人也是一名农场主，她说，这些课程很受欢迎，特别是受到退休商人的欢迎。
[QUIZ]
1. 根据上下文和英文释义，补全单词：
①r_______（v. to look after animals or grow plants so that they can be sold or used as food）
②l_______（n. animals such as cows and sheep that are kept on a farm）
③r________（v. to guess a number or amount, without calculating it exactly）
④d________（adj. of a good enough standard or quality）
⑤p________（adv. exactly the right thing）
⑥m________（v. to make something continue in the same way or at the same standard as before）
2. 英译汉（将划线部分英文翻译成中文）：
[NOTES](LONGMAN)
1. rodeo n. 牛仔驯马、用绳索捕捉牲畜、骑马赛跑等娱乐活动；牧马技术表演
2. stomp v. 踩踏；跺脚
3. open range 开放牧场；开旷草原
4. trespass v.（未经允许）进入别人的私人土地
5. field v. to answer questions, telephone calls etc, especially when there are a lot of them or the questions are difficult回答（问题、电话访问，尤指较多或较难回答时）
6. arable adj.与种植或耕种有关的（arable land可耕地）
7. western n. 西部电影（尤指反映19世纪美国西部牛仔生活的电影）
8. dude n. 在西部牧场度假的城里人；纨绔子弟
9. cheeky adj.无礼的；厚颜无耻的
10. backlight v. 从后面照亮
11. rustle v.偷（牛、马等牲畜）
KEY TO QUIZ]
________________________________________
1. ①raising 饲养
②livestock 家畜
③reckons 估算
④decent 尚可的，不错的
与good有关的词汇：
表示“very good”：excellent极好的, fantastic绝妙的，极好的, wonderful惊人的，极好的, great美妙的，好极了的, terrific非常棒的，妙极了的, neat极好的，极佳的 , superb极好的，一流的, amazing惊人的，了不起的, outstanding杰出的，出色的, brilliant超群的，才华横溢的, impressive给人留下深刻印象的, fine, first-class一流的, out of this world超级的，超一流的
表示“of good quality”high quality, top quality, superior, deluxe精品的, classy上等的，优等的
表示“morally good”： decent大方的，得体的, virtuous善良的，有道德的, respectable可敬的, honorable可敬的，光荣的, upright正直的，诚实的, beyond reproach无可指摘的
⑤precisely 正好
⑥maintaining 保持，维持；保养（continue/carry on • perpetuate使永存，使不朽 • keep up维持，继续 • preserve维持，维护，保存）
2. 中国物价与经济
有观点认为中国物价将会很快提高工业化国家的通货膨胀率，并迫使中央银行家们采取更加严厉的控制措施，并非所有的经济学家都完全同意该观点。
Not all economists buy the overall notion that Chinese prices will soon pump up inflation rates in the industrialized world and force central bankers to press harder on the brakes.
低收入人群的不幸
不同的人群遭遇到的健康问题是不同的，低收入人群更容易患上我们担心的所有健康问题。
Populations are not equal in terms of experiencing health problems, low-income populations tend to experience all the health problems we worry about at greater rates."
大堂：auditorium
无障碍设计：disabled access /wheelchair access
投标人: bidder
招标人：bid inviter
英语文摘上的文章Inequality and American Dream
1. The world’s most impressive economic machine needs a little adjusting.
美国，这个举世闻名的经济机器也需要作一些调整了。
2. More than any other country, America defines itself by a collective dream：the dream of economic opportunity and upward mobility.
译文1：与其他国家不同，美国以大众共有的梦想著称，即赚取财富的梦想，提升自我的梦想。
译文2：美国在世界上以拥有一个共同的梦想自居：经济机会和向上流动的机会。
译文3：与其它国家不同，美国以拥有一个大家共同的梦想而自居，即获得财富的梦想和向上攀升的梦想。
3. Its proudest boast is that it offers a chance of the good life to everybody who is willing to work hard and play by the rules. 美国最引以自豪的就是谁愿意努力工作并遵守规则，就给谁提供获得美好生活的机会。
4. This ideal has made the United States the world’s strongest magnet for immigrants; it has also reconciled ordinary Americans to the rough side of a dynamic economy, with all its inequalities and insecurities.
正是这种理想让美国象磁石般地吸引了大批带着美国梦的移民，也正是这种理想让许多普通美国人接受了强大经济所带来的负面影响，即不平等和不安全的现象。
5. Who cares if the boss earns 300 times more than the average working stiff, if the stiff knows he can become the boss? 尽管蓝领工人们的老板的薪水是他们的300多倍，可谁也不会有半句怨言，因为他们认为说不定将来他们也会成为老板
6. Look ‘around the world and the supremacy of “the American Model might seem assured. 环顾全球，可见美国模式确实已经取得了至高无上的地位。
7. No other rich country has so successfully harnessed the modern juggernauts of technology and globalization. 没有哪个国家能象美国一样如此成功地驾驭了科技和全球化带来的巨大冲击。
8. The hallmarks of American capitalism--- a willingness to take risks , a light regulatory touch and sharp competition---have spawned enormous wealth. 冒险精神、宽松的管理、激烈的竞争这三个标志如今为美国资本主义美国带来了巨额财富。
9. “This economy is powerful, productive and prosperous,” George Bush boasted recently, and by many yardsticks he is right.
“如今，美国有着强大，多产，和繁荣的经济。”从许多指标上来衡量，他的确没有说大话。
10. Growth is fast, unemployment is low and profits are fat.
一方面经济快速增长，失业率低，另一方面也获得的丰厚的利润。
It is hardly surprising that so many other governments are trying to “Americanize” their economies--- whether through the European Union’s Lisbon Agenda or Japan’s Koizumi reforms.
因此，无论是通过“里斯本战略”还是日本小泉的改革，许多其他政府都在试图让自己国家的经济“美国化”，这几乎不足为奇。
A ticket for corruption罚单，为腐败而开（陈继龙 编译）
“THE UN needs a good smack in the face,” fumed one city councillor. New York has long been fed up with the United Nations and its diplomats. （1）The city has 1,700 of them, about 1,699 too many. Their meetings cause endless traffic jams and annoying multi-car motorcades[1]. As for their outstanding fines for traffic violations (more than $18m at the last count), these have so infuriated[2] Michael Bloomberg, New York's mayor, that in 2002 he vowed to tow away illegally parked consular[3] vehicles. Colin Powell, then secretary of state, had to step in to broker[4] a c_______①.
一位市议员怒气冲天地说：“该狠狠地给联合国一记耳光。”长期以来，纽约已经受够了联合国和它的那些外交官员们。对于这座城市来说，就算只有一名这样的外交官也嫌多，何况却有1700名。他们开会造成无休无止的交通堵塞，会议用车组成的长长的车队也让人烦恼不已。至于他们违反交通规则却不缴罚款一事（最新统计数字显示超过1800万美金），更是让纽约市长迈克尔•布卢姆伯格感到大为光火，以致于他在2002年就发誓要将那些违规停靠的领事馆车辆拖走。（译注：outstanding 这里是“未付清的，有待偿还的”的意思。at the last count是指“according to the latest information about a particular situation”）时任国务卿的科林•鲍威尔不得不从中斡旋，最后双方才达成妥协。
Can anything be done? In 2002 Chuck Schumer and Hillary Clinton, New York's senators, added an a_______② to a foreign-aid bill that allowed the city to recoup[5] unpaid parking tickets from foreign-aid disbursements to offending countries. But now a new weapon has been discovered: shame. （2）Two economists have found a direct correlation between the number of people who park by the city's fire hydrants and in its loading bays[6], and the level of corruption in their home countries.
________________________________________
难道真的一筹莫展吗？2002年，纽约两位参议员恰克•舒梅尔和希拉里•克林顿对一项外援法案提出了一个修正意见，即允许该市从援助那些违规官员所在国家的资金中抽取部分用于补偿违规停车罚款欠款。不过，纽约现在又找到了一个新的对付手段，那就是“羞辱”。两位经济学家认为，那些将车停靠在该市消防栓和码头（注：在纽约，这属于绝对禁止停车的地方，一旦违规，惩罚非常重）附近的人的数量，与他们本国的腐败程度直接相关。
________________________________________
A study by Raymond Fisman and Edward Miguel, economists at Columbia University and the University of California, Berkeley, gives a rare picture of how people from different cultures perform under new cultural n_______③. For instance, between 1997 and 2002 diplomats from Chad averaged 124 unpaid parking violations; diplomats from Canada and the United Kingdom had none. The results from 146 countries were strikingly similar to the Transparency International corruption index, which rates countries by their level of perceived sleaze[7]. In the case of parking violations, diplomats from countries with low levels of corruption behaved well, even when they could get away with breaking the rules. （3）The culture of their home country was imported to New York, and they acted accordingly.
________________________________________
哥伦比亚大学和加利福尼亚大学伯克利分院的经济学家雷蒙•费斯曼和爱德华•米盖尔通过研究令人惊奇地发现，来自不同文化的人在新的文化准则下的表现都有所不同。例如，在1997年至2002年间，乍得的外交官平均每年有124次未缴罚金的停车违规，而加拿大和英国的外交官则一次也没有。对146个国家进行研究的结果与“透明国际”腐败目录惊人地相似，后者是根据各国腐败现状对其进行排名。就违规停车而言，来自腐败程度较低的国家的外交官员表现较好，即便他们可能有时会侥幸逃脱违规处罚。他们本国的文化习惯被他们带入纽约，他们的行为也因此受到了本国文化的约束。
The same a_______④ to high-corruption countries. （4）Their diplomats became increasingly comfortable with parking where they liked; as they spent more time in New York, their number of violations increased by 8-18%. Overall, diplomats accumulated 150,000 unpaid parking tickets during the five years under review.
________________________________________
对那些腐败程度较为严重的国家，道理也是一样。这些国家的外交官员在停车方面越来越随心所欲，想停哪里就停哪里。随着他们在纽约生活的时日增多，违规停车的次数也增加了8％至18％。通过回顾调查，五年内外交官员未予缴付的停车罚单总计达15万张。
________________________________________
（5）Yet any moral superiority New Yorkers may feel should be tempered by the behaviour of the American embassy in London. Last year, embassy s_______⑤ stopped paying the congestion[8] charge—now £8, or over $15—for bringing cars into central London. The growing pile of unpaid charges now stands at $716,000.
________________________________________
不过，美国大使馆在伦敦的行为会让纽约人可能产生的任何道德优越感都荡然无存。去年，使馆人员开车到伦敦市中心不再缴纳交通堵塞费（现为8英镑或15元多的美金），目前累计欠缴达到71.6万美金。
[QUIZ]
1. 根据上下文和英文释义，补全单词：
①c_______（n. an agreement that is achieved after everyone involved accepts less than what they wanted at first, or the act of making this agreement）
②a_______（n. a small change, improvement, or addition that is made to a law or document, or the process of doing this）
③n________（n. generally accepted standards of social behaviour）
④a________（v. to have an effect on or to concern a particular person, group, or situation）
⑤s________（n. the people who work for an organization）
2. 英译汉（将划线部分英文翻译成中文）：
1. motorcade n. 车队
2. infuriate v. 让某人感到极度愤怒
3. consular adj. 领事的
4. broker v.从中调解，安排；斡旋
5. recoup v. 补偿；弥补；挽回损失（recover）
6. loading bay 码头（＝loading dock）
7. sleaze n. 不道德的行为（与性及谎言有关）
8. congestion n. 交通堵塞
By the end of this year, China's foreign exchange reserves will likely exceed $ 1trillion. This is a huge amount of money, about 43% of China's gross domestic product and easily the largest stockpile in the world.
到今年年底，中国的外汇储备将有可能超过1万亿美元。这是一大笔钱，大约占中国国内生产总值的43%，毫无疑问是世界最大的外汇储备。
（注意 a trillion = 一万亿）
It is also far more than China needs.Yet with the mainland abosorbing some $20 billion to $30 billion worth of capital inflows a month from its trade surplus, foreign direct investment, and other sources, there seems to be no stopping it.
这也远远超过了中国的需求，但是由于中国大陆每月从贸易盈余，外国直接投资和其他来源中吸收约200亿至300亿美元的资金流入，这一势头似乎无法阻挡。
The Chinese money machine raises two big issues. Much attention has been focused on how best to stop the reserves from increasing further and whether Beijing financial authorities should let the yuan appreciate. Let's put that debate aside for the moment and dwell on another more interesting question: What should China do with all those money.
中国的货币体系引发了两个重要问题。当前关注的焦点是如何最有效地防止中国外汇储备进一步增长和北京金融当局是否应该让人民币升值。不过我们暂且搁置这一争议，探讨另外一个更有趣的问题：中国该怎么花这笔钱？
失败是成功之母 不要害怕挫折。没有任何时候比你因正当理由而受挫时离胜利更近
Do not be afraid of defeat. You are never so near to victory as when defeated in a good cause
一、主餐一道：泛听练习
以下段落是摘自新闻里的一些重要信息,并不是一个段落的听写.空内信息可在本新闻中全部找到,大家可以根据这些信息复述新闻(本文稿由roxielost听写，欢迎指出错误^^)
On this Labor Day, David Wessel, deputy Washington bureau chief of The Wall Street Journal, talks to Steve Inskeep about wages of the American worker. Wessel says that according to new government figures, American productivity is up, but very often, wages are not.
The economy is growing, the unemployment is usually low by historical standards. But for the typical worker, ___1___. The new census bureau numbers to which we refer said that for workers, ___2___ work full-time year round. The ones at middle of the middle of the income distribution, their wages fell last year by 1.8% after adjusting for inflation. And they are actually lower in 2005 than they were back in 1998.
Where is the money going?
A lot of it is ___3___. It is going to workers but it’s not going to all workers. The best-off workers, the ones with the ___4___ or who have ___5___ with baseball teams or CEOs. Their wages are going up quite nicely. They’re getting a widening slice of the pie.
Why?
There is something wrong with the system in which the economy can be doing so well but the workers at the middle are not doing so well. Or a system in which the gap between the wages of the ___6___ is widening.
___7___ is a symbolic point of this broader issue. ___8___ have saved consumers more money that it might be costing the employees in terms of keeping salaries low and cutting health benefits.
The economy is succeeding if there are more ___9___.
参考答案
1.wages are not going up
2.male workers
3. going into profits
4.most education
5.sweet contracts
6.CEO and the average assembly line worker
7.Wal-mart
8.technological companies
9.winners than losers
谈谈法国的地位吧
①France today is no superpower, but French influence in some spheres significant.
译文：如今法国已不属于超级大国，但其在某些领域还是具有深远的影响。
考点： sphere: 1)range or extent (of sb’s interests, activity, influence, etc) （个人的兴趣、活动、影响的）范围；领域
eg. a sphere of influence: area over which a country, etc claims certain rights
（一国的）势力范围
2)person’s place in society 社会地位
eg. She is distinguished in many different spheres.她在社会各界都出了名。
②Nothing has cemented French influence in the world like the decision made by the victorious World War Ⅱ powers in 1945 to include France as one of the five permanent, veto-wielding members of the Security Council.
译文：这点最直接地体现在1945年二战胜利国所作的决定，即接纳法国成为联合国安理会五大具有否决权的常任理事国。
考点： 正反译法：Nothing has cemented…→这点最直接地体现在
cement: establish (sth) firmly; strengthen 加强
eg. cement a friendship→结成牢不可破的友谊
断句译法：in 1945 to include→决定，即…
③Until the end of the Cold War, France rarely found itself in disagreement with or the U.S. on major issues.
译文：冷战结束以前，法国与英美在一些重大问题上基本不存在分歧。
④But the U.N. veto today takes on larger significance as France struggles to decide whether it wants to lead the European Union in defiance of American power or in partnership with it.
译文：但法国今日却不得不痛苦地作出抉择，究竟是引领欧盟蔑视/违抗美国的权势还是与之继续合作/保持伙伴关系。此时它所掌握的在联合国的否决权更显得越发重要/非同小可。
考点：换序译法
转性译法：名→动 defiance→蔑视 partnership→合作
正反译法：takes on larger significance
take on: （不用于被动式）表现；呈现（某种品质，外表）；装出
eg. Her eyes took on a hurt expression. 她的眼神里透露出伤痕。
⑤As America’s great media outlets have begun preparing for coverage of the D-Day celebrations, the question of a “grand gesture” by the French toward the American war in Iraq has been raised.
译文：随着美国各大媒体开始筹备二战诺曼底/盟军登陆纪念报道，法国是否对美伊战争采取“高姿态”的问题也呼之欲出。
考点： D-day: The unnamed day on which an operation or offensive is to be launched, especially June 6, 1944, the day on which the Allied forces invaded France during World War II.
进攻发起日发动军事演习或侵略战争而未指定的日子，尤指1944年6月6日，第二次世界大战中盟军进攻法国的那一天
（D—designated“指定”的缩写）
转态译法：has been raised→呼之欲出
名词词组译为分句：the question of→是否
⑥Administration officials hint that, perhaps, just perhaps, the French President will use the occasion of France’s rescue as an opportunity to square the accountants——to issue a blanket endorsement of America’s plan for Iraq’s future and throw its support behind the transfer of power looming at the end of the month.
译文：行政官员暗示：面对二战美国对法国的援助，法国总统这次可能会知恩图报——全力首肯美对伊未来规划，支持本月底美在伊的权力交接。
考点： 抽象译法：square accounts with→与…结算； 清算； 向…报仇
blank endorsement→ n. An endorsement on a check or negotiable note that names no payee, making it payable to the bearer.
不记名背书：一种支票或流通票据的背书，没有收款人名字，可支付给持票人
分词短语的翻译：定语前置法：power looming at the end of the month
loom: seem imminent; impend:
⑦France seems unlikely to see D-Day as an opportunity to make good on a 60-year-old debt.
译文：但是法国不想借诺曼度登陆纪念日之际偿还60年的历史债。
考点： make good: pay for, replace or repair sth that has been lost or damaged
⑧Beyond nice speeches and some truly fine cuisine, don’t expect France to liberate America from Iraq.
译文：除了溢美之词和美酒佳肴，可别指望法国拯救美国于伊拉克。
Octopus Kills Shark
An octopus decides on its next meal, and it’s a shark!
Here is a Giant Pacific Octopus in an equally giant aquarium tank. Ok, that’s all great for mum and dad and the whole family who come to see the octopus, except ------ now, there are sharks in this tank as well. Sharks that are ___1___ predators and _____2_____and that had been known to veer from their usual fishy diets to ___3___on an occasional octopus. These are spiny dogfish sharks. Did anybody ask the octopus about this? Uh… No. What the aquarium folks are thinking is that the octopus can use its ability to ___4___itself as protection. And if that doesn’t work, it has the strength to fight off the shark, or at least dash to the nearest hiding hole that it can_____5_____. The aquarium folks soon realize what does happen when you put these sharks and octopi in the same tank. And you are about to see it too, if you got the courage to keep watching if only through your splayed fingers.
The octopus, not in the habit of attacking sharks. The shark, ___________6___________, they can puncture anything that touches them. The octopus, can its powers of defense saved in such tight quarters? The shark, menacing on the prowl, just______________7____________. I’ve got a feeling this real-life version of jaws isn’t going to be pretty. And so the shark, err, um, the, the shark…. err, uh, boy, my glad I didn’t have a bet down on this matchup. That’s right, this is what happened ---- the giant Pacific octopus as seen here in this amazing, so close you feel like you might get squashed footage, was making short berk of the shark in the tank. ______8______kept showing up at the bottom of the tank, what you are seeing, this footage, was taken to see what was doing in the supposedly invisible predators. The aquarium staff learned something new about the octopi, there was a danger in the tank, all right? But it was all to the sharks. That’s one way to defend yourself from a predator---- eliminate them
1. voracious
2. opportunistic feeders
3. munch
4. camouflage
5. squeeze into
6. sharp spines jutting out from its dorsal fins
7. itching to use those rows of teeth to crush its next meal
8. Dogfish carcasses
186.爱国人士 patriotic personage
187.班主任Class Discipline Adviser/Head Teacher
188.半工半读学校 part-work and part-study school
189.半文盲 semiliterate; functional illiterate
190.必修课 required/compulsory course
句子： 成为有理想，有道德，有文化，守纪律的劳动者
To become working people with lofty ideals, moral integrity, education and a sense of discipline
晚间新闻script 听写
1. Two students who have admitted to robbing a Chinese herbalist last month have narrowly escaped lengthy jail terms. Deputy District Court Judge Ada Yim today sent 16-year-old Mak Chi-ho to a correctional centre and ordered Chan Pak-kit who's also 16 to perform 240 hours of community service. The judge also placed both teenagers under a curfew from 8 pm. to 6:30 am. In handing down her sentence, Judge Yim acknowledged the pair: "had the courage to admit their mistakes," which is why she did not give them the maximum penalty of a six-year jail term.
中美首脑最近一次会晤
2006年7月16日，出席八国集团同发展中国家领导人对话会议的国家主席胡锦涛在俄罗斯圣彼得堡同美国总统布什会晤。双方就中美关系和共同关心的重大国际及地区问题深入交换了意见。会晤后，两国领导人对记者发表了谈话。
July 16, 2006
PRESIDENT BUSH: Mr. President, thank you for coming by to say hello. I remember fondly your visit to Washington, D.C., a very successful trip to our Nation's Capital and other parts of our country. I want to thank you for the discussion we've had today.
The United Nations Security Council unanimously passed a resolution dealing with the North Korean issue, and I want to thank you for your leadership on that, Mr. President. We're working together on the Iranian[adj.伊朗的 n.伊朗人] issue. We talked about the Middle East. I want to thank you very much for our continued dialogue on bilateral[adj.有两面的, 双边的] issues. We spent a lot of time on economics and trade.
All in all, it's a continuation[n.继续, 续集, 延长, 延长物, 扩建物, 附加部分, (报刊等的)续刊、增刊, 续篇] of the very good dialogue we had during your trip to Washington, and I want to thank you for coming.
PRESIDENT HU: (As translated.) Ladies and gentlemen, I'm very happy to have the opportunity to meet you here. As President Bush said, just now we had a very friendly and candid[adj.率直、坦白而诚实的] discussion. To start with the discussion, I expressed my heartfelt[adj.衷心的, 真心真意的] thanks to the American side for the warm reception afforded to me during my visit to the United States in April this year by President Bush, the American government and the American people.
In addition, we also had an in-depth discussion on the China-U.S. relationship and major international issues of mutual interest. Both President Bush and I speak highly of the development of China-U.S. relationship as it is today. We also are happy to see that the agreement President Bush and I reached on comprehensively moving forward the constructive and cooperative China-U.S. relationship is being gradually implemented[(implement):n.工具 vt. 实现,使生效,执行].
We both agreed to continue to view and handle the China-U.S. relationship from a strategic[a. 战略的,战略上的] plane, I mean a long-term perspective. In addition, we also agreed to work hard to expand the convergent[adj.会集于一点的, 会聚性的, 收敛的] interests between the two countries and step up our pragmatic[adj.国事的, 团体事务的, 实际的, 注重实效的] cooperation in the economic, trade, energy, science, technology, counter-terrorism[n.恐怖主义, 恐怖统治, 恐怖行动], non[adv.非, 不]-proliferation[n.增殖, 分芽繁殖] and military fields.
At the same time, we also believe that we need to respect and properly address each other's concerns and properly handle the sensitive issues in the bilateral[adj.有两面的, 双边的] relationship, so that we can continue to move forward this relationship.
We both believe that against the current backdrop[n.舞台背景;背景] of a complex and volatile[adj.挥发性的] international situation, to enhance the consultation[n.请教, 咨询, 磋商, [医]会诊] and the coordination between China and the United States on major regional, as well as international issues, serves the interests of both countries. This is also crucial to international peace and stability[n.稳定，稳定性，巩固].
Both sides expressed their commitment to maintain peace and stability[n.稳定，稳定性，巩固] on the Korean Peninsula[n.半岛] and in Northeast Asia as a whole, and both sides agreed to continue their efforts to move forward the six-party talks, so that at the end of the day, the entire Korean Peninsula[n.半岛] could be denuclearized[(denuclearize):v.撤除核武器] in peaceful way through dialogue and in negotiations.
Both sides expressed their commitment to maintain peace and stability[n.稳定，稳定性，巩固] on the Korean Peninsula[n.半岛] and in Northeast Asia as a whole, and both sides agreed to continue their efforts to move forward the six-party talks, so that at the end of the day, the entire Korean Peninsula[n.半岛] could be denuclearized[(denuclearize):v.撤除核武器] in peaceful way through dialogue and in negotiations.
Both sides indicated their willingness to work together to continue to seek a peaceful solution to the Iranian[adj.伊朗的 n.伊朗人] nuclear issue. We also discussed the situation in the Middle East.
In this afternoon's discussion, we also spent quite a lot of time in an in-depth manner on our economic ties and trade, and on the Taiwan question.
I am satisfied with the discussion with President Bush. Thank you.
中国古代文化系列
有个卖盾和矛的楚国人，夸他的盾说：“我的盾坚固得没有一个东西刺得破啊。”又夸他的矛说：“我的矛锋利得没有一个东西刺不破啊。”有人说：“用您的矛来刺您的盾，会怎么样？”那个人可就回答不出来啦。刺不破的盾和什么东西都刺得破的矛不可能同时存在。
SPEARS AND SHIELDS
There was a man of the state of Chu who sold shields and spears. He bragged about his shields saying:” My shields are so hard that nothing can pierce through them .”He also bragged about his spears saying:” My spears are so sharp that there is nothing they cannot pierce through.” Someone said:” What would happen if people were to use your spears to pierce through your shields?’ That person could not answer. Now, shields that cannot be pierced through and spears that can pierced through anything cannot exist at the sane time.
拔苗助长
宋人有闵其苗之不长而揠之者。芒芒然归，谓其人曰：“今日病矣！予助苗长矣！”其子趨而往视之，苗则槁矣。
天下之不助苗长者寡矣。以为无益而舍之者，不耘苗者也；助之长者，揠苗者也。非徒无益，而又害之。
白话翻译
有个担心他的苗长不大就去把苗拔高一点的宋国人，他很累地回家，告诉他家里的人说：“今天我可累坏啦！我刚才帮助苗长高了！”他的儿子跑著到田里去看苗，苗原来都已经枯了。
天下不帮助苗长的人少得很啊。认为没有好处就放棄它的人是不替苗除掉野草的人；帮助苗长高的人是把苗拔高一点儿的人。揠苗这种做法不仅没有好处，反而还害了它。
PULING UP THE SPROUTS
There was a person from the state of Song who was concerned that his sprouts would not grow tall and who therefore pulled them up a bit. He returned home looking exhausted and spoke to the people in his family saying:” Today I am tired out! I have just helped the sprouts grow taller.” His son rushed out and went to the fields to look at the sprouts; it turned out that the sprouts had all withered.
The people in the world who do not help their sprouts grow are few indeed! The people who think there is no advantage in nurturing them are the people who abandon them; these are the people who do not weed their sprouts. The people who want to help their sprouts grow are the people who pull them up a bit. The method of pulling them up a bit not only has no benefit, but on the contrary also injures them.
科技英语翻译
五、让步，目的（２０１――２４０）
201 Though energy can be neither created nor destroyed, it can be transformed from one form to another.
虽然能量不能被创造出来也不能被消灭，但它可以从一种形式转变成另一种形式。
202. In the subsequent years there was a trend of higher yields in tilled plots, although the increase was non-significant.
在后来的几年中，在耕作过的地里年产量曾有增长趋势，不过这种增长并不明显。
203. The following exercise, while overly simplistic, may nevertheless be helpful in understanding the problem.
以下的练习虽然过于简单，但可能对理解这一问题仍然是有用的。
204. Whereas there are numerous instance of this type of coincidence, there are also many example of the opposite.
虽然这种重合（一致）的例子有许多，但也有许多相反的情况。
205. Not but what the world’s oceans are abundant in various resources, only a small part of them is in use.
虽然世界海洋有多种资源，但只有一小部分为人所应用。
206. As a result, the tsunami of 1957 killed no one in Hawaii, even though water levels were locally higher than 1946.
结果，1957年夏威夷的海啸没有造成一人死亡，虽然局部水位比1946年还高。
207. If for no reason than that electricity was off the machine stopped running, it is too old to work any longer.
虽然只是由于停电机器才停止运转，但它也太旧，不能再工作下去了。
208. Admitting that the vast expanse of oceans seems terrible, they provide us with abundant resources.
虽说浩瀚的大洋凶险莫测，但却为我们提供了各种丰富的资源。
209. The chemical composition of water remains constant whether it is in solid, liquid or gaseous state.
无论处于固态、液态或气态，水的化学成份都保持不变。
210. All substances on the earth, whether gaseous, liquid or solid, are made up of atoms.
地球上所有的物质无论它们是气态的、液态的或是固态的，都是由原子组成的。
我一个网友，将“我们经理点头表示同意”这句话翻译为下面第一行。这样翻译，显然是受汉语的影响，汉语中有“点头”，英语中就有nod，汉语中有“表示”，英语中就有express，等等，汉语有什么，英语也有什么，一一对应，成双成对，这是最典型的一种“中国味”。其实nod既可以当作不及物动词，意思是“点头”，也可以当作及物动词，意思是“点头表示...”，因此，没有“中国味”的英语译文应当是下面第二行。
①Our manager nodded to express his approval.
②Our manager nodded approval.
①Bridegroom and bride bowed to their parents.
②Bride and bridegroom bowed to their parents.
我们可以从《样题》（一）的英译汉部分找一个句子为例，看具体应该怎样做。该题原文第二句是：
Farm experts know that it has taken hundreds of years of breeding different varieties of corn to get the kinds we have today.
理解之初，我们可以从头看起。首先是Farm experts know，这是一个主谓结构，看起来是句子的主句；that it has taken hundreds of years,从连词that来看，它是名词从句；是主句中谓语动词know的宾语；of breeding different varieties of corn为介词短语，是hundreds of years的定语；to get the kinds是不定式短语，从前面的that it has taken……来看，这个不定式短语才是该句子的真正主语，it只是形式主语；最后的we have today又是一个句子，它只能是定语从句，用来修饰the kinds。到这里，全句的意思就清楚了，剩下的便是如何将它整理成文字了。
怎样提高翻译水平
翻译是把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来的一种创造性的语言活动。翻译能力的提高是一个长期实践和不断积累的过程。从事英文护理文献翻译的同志，特别是初学者，要想提高自己的翻译能力，应该在以下几个方面多下功夫。
1.加强自身基本素养
所谓基本素养，是指翻译者必须具备的基本条件，亦即对翻译者的基本要求。除了应该具有高尚的“译德译风”和严肃认真、一丝不苟的科学态度之外，译者必须具备三方面的素养，即一定的英语水平、较高的汉语修养和丰富的学科专业知识。大量的翻译实践表明，这三方面的素养越高，越能顺利地完成翻译工作。关于英语水平，应注意打牢基础，扩大词汇量，广泛阅读，最好能听、说、读、写、译五方面训练同时并进，较之单攻翻译能更快提高英语水平。在汉语修养方面，应加强语法、逻辑、修辞等方面知识的研修，多阅读、多写作、多练习修改文章。在学科专业知识方面，要努力精通本职业务，多了解相关专业知识；经常阅览国内、外护理专业期刊，掌握学科发展动态。
2.在翻译实践中锤炼
翻译是一项创造性的语言活动，具有很强的实践性。不通过大量的实践而要提高翻译能力，无异于想学游泳却又不下水一样。当然，实践也要讲究科学性。初学者若无行家里手的指点，最好是先找一些难度切合自己水平且有汉语译文的材料进行翻译练习。自己的译文写成后同人家的译文相对照。先看看自己在理解方面是否准确，其次看看自己的表达是否符合汉语的语言习惯，从中找到不足。随着水平的提高，可找些比较简单的本专业基础知识方面的文章进行翻译，以后逐步过渡到英文护理文献的翻译。坚持循序渐进多翻译多投稿，定会果实累累。在时间允许的情况下，最好能坚持每天都多少搞点翻译。随着时间的推移，一定会大有长进。
3.向他人学习并勇于创新
初学翻译的同志一方面可多读些英汉对照类阅读材料或有汉语注释的英语读物；另一方面还可根据译文类杂志上提供的某篇译文的原文出处去查找到相应的原文，继而进行对照阅读。通过对比分析，可以找出自己的差距，学习和吸收他人在理解原文精神和翻译表达等方面的长处，促进翻译能力的提高。如果是自己选材进行翻译，当遇到问题难以解决时，要虚心向他人求教。另外经常阅读一些有关翻译技巧的书籍，也有助于翻译能力的提高。与此同时，还要有敢于创新的精神。在翻译过程中，既不能拘泥于别人提供的译文，也不能受囿于以往形成的条条框框。随着翻译能力的不断提高，可以根据翻译标准的要求去创造新的表现手法，进一步完善翻译工作。
综上所述，有志于从事英文护理文献翻译的同志，特别是初涉翻译领地的青年朋友，应不断加强自身素质修养，只要勇于实践，在翻译的田园里辛勤耕耘，翻译能力就会不断提高，一定能结出丰硕之果。
翻译词汇
出口退税机制 Export tax rebate system
多年积累的深层次问题 Long-standing and deep-seated problems
改善缺医少药的状况 Alleviate the shortage of medical services and medicines
阶段性政策 Interim policy
公正 Notary service
国有商业银行股份制改造试点方案加强农村，支持农业，保护农业
Pilot plan to transform state-owned commercial banks into stock entities strengthen, support and protect agriculture
粮食风险基金Grain risk fund
盲目投资Haphazard investment
南水北调工程东线Eastern route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project
农村非农产业Non-agricultural industries in rural areas
农村税费改革试点Experimental reform of rural taxes and administrative charges
农民人均纯收入Rural per capita net income
配套措施Supporting measures
群众体育Amateur sports
森工Logging industry
社会投资Nongovernmental investment
贴息贷款Soft loan
拖欠工程款Default on construction cost
文化体制改革Cultural restructuring
县乡机构改革Reforms of county and township government institutions
消费信贷Consumption on credit
循环经济和情节生产Recycling industries and clean production
优先安置Hiring preference
增强经济发展后劲Increase the potential for economic development
政府工作的着力点The government’s priorities
执法过错追究制
Mechanism for investigating and prosecuting law enforcement improprieties
职工代表大会Workers’ conference
重大问题集体决策制度、专家咨询制度、社会公式和社会听证制度、决策责任制度
Systems for making collective decisions on major issues, for soliciting opinions from experts, for keeping the public informed and holding public hearings, and for accountability in policy-making
主辅分离、辅业改制
Separate secondary lines of business from core business, turn secondary lines into independent companies
做好资源型城市经济转型
Transform the resource-based economies of certain cities
《城市生活无着的流浪乞丐人员的救助管理办法》
Measures for assisting vagrants and beggars with no means of support in cities
适当增加中央预算内经常性建设投资
Appropriately increase investment from the central budget for regular construction
安全专项整治
Carry out more special programs to address safety problems
保证物流畅通Ensure unimpeded flow of goods and materials
超期羁押Detention beyond the legally prescribed time limits
独立自主自办的原则Principle of independence and self-governance
供养资金Funding
国有企业下岗职工基本生活保障向失业保险并轨
Integrate the subsistence allowances for laid-off workers into the unemployment insurance system
基本建成覆盖城乡、功能完善的疾病预防控制和医疗救治体系
Establish a fully functioning system for disease prevention and control and for emergency medical aid that covers both urban and rural areas
Looting the aged 对老年人的掠夺
A corruption scandal in Shanghai makes political mileage for Hu Jintao
胡锦涛将在上海的腐败丑闻中政治上得分。
EVEN if they were well managed, China's social-security funds would find themselves hugely in the red in a few years' time, as a bulge of retired workers start demanding pensions. But recent allegations of massive corruption in the management of Shanghai's fund, involving the illicit use of $400m, reveal just how much officials can worsen the problem.
即使中国社保基金妥善的管理，也不能应付对退休人员的支付。近期披露发生在上海社保基金的腐败大案中，涉及金额高达4亿美元，更加重了问题的严重性。
For a city that is trying to promote itself as China's sophisticated financial capital, the scandal is a serious blow. For President Hu Jintao, eager to display his authority in the run-up to an important Communist Party conclave next year, it may be beneficial. In his handling of the allegations, he has shown a willingness to crack down on waywardness in the provinces, which have been frustrating the central leadership's efforts to rein in the economy. As a particularly powerful enclave, which enjoys the status of a province, and is reputed—though evidence for this is debatable—to be a bastion of Mr. Hu's political rivals, Shanghai was a perfect case for Mr. Hu to act upon. More than 100 officials have been dispatched from Beijing to investigate the alleged graft, according to the government news agency, Xinhua.
对于正在试图宣传自己作为中国成熟金融中心的上海而言，此次丑闻无疑是一次沉重打击。而对胡锦涛主席，欲将在明年的一次重要的：）会议上树立自身权威来说，也许是有益的。他倾向于惩治地方政府的腐败，以加强中央政府对经济的掌控。上海，尤其作为一个坚固的政治堡垒，通常被认为是胡的政治对手的一个大本营，对胡来说是一个理想的处置对象。据新华社消息，100多名从北京派来的政府官员进驻上海调查此案。
China's official media have described it as Shanghai's biggest financial scandal in many years. It allegedly involves the misappropriation of one-third of the city's $1.2 billion social-security fund. Since the scandal was uncovered in July, the director of Shanghai's Municipal Labor and Social Security Bureau, Zhu Junyi, and a district government chief, Qin Yu, have been sacked. Mr. Qin happens to be a former top aide of the city's party chief, Chen Liangyu, who is also a member of the ruling Politburo. Several prominent people in the business world are being questioned. On September 5th Chinese media said Wu Minglie, the chairman of one of Shanghai's biggest property developers, New Huangpu Group, had been detained.
中国官方媒体将其称为多年来上海发生的最大金融丑闻。对于总额12亿美元的上海社保基金，据说有近1/3的金额遭到违规使用。丑闻在7月份被披露，上海市劳动和社会保障局局长祝均一和一名区长，秦裕因此被撤职。秦曾经是市委书记陈良宇（中央政治局委员）第一秘书。有几位在商界声名显赫的人物也被讯问。中国媒体9月5日报导，吴明烈被双规，吴是上海最大的房地产开发商之一新黄浦集团董事长。
According to Chinese press reports, the fund lent money that was used to invest in risky toll-road and real-estate projects. In theory, social-security funds should mainly be invested in treasury bonds and bank deposits, which yield very low returns. The government has been cautious about allowing funds to be put into stocks because China's capital markets are still rather rough and ready. It also fears that any loosening of controls could encourage abuses by local officials. But a lack of transparency in the management of funds, combined with pressures to make up pension deficits, still result in frequent wrongdoing. Xinhua quoted an official as saying that 16 billion yuan ($2 billion) had been embezzled from the funds since 1998.
据中国媒体报导，此资金被用于投资高风险的高速收费公路和房地产项目上。理论上来说，社保基金应主要投资于收益很低的政府债券和银行存款上。由于中国股市过于动荡，政府对社保基金在股市上的运用持谨慎态度。政府同样担心如放松监管将纵容地方官员对资金的滥用。但由于资金的运用缺乏透明度以及对填补社保帐户赤字的压力，常常导致资金被滥用。新华社引用一位官员的话说，从1998年以来，高达160亿元人民币（20亿美元）的资金被侵占挪用。
Shanghai's case is the latest in a series of big corruption stories reported by the Chinese media in recent weeks. A deputy mayor of Beijing, a chief prosecutor in nearby Tianjin, a deputy commander of the navy and a deputy governor are among those who have been arrested. But the scandal in Shanghai has aroused particular attention because of widespread public concerns about meager pensions and unemployment benefits as well as the fast-rising cost of health care. A commentary on one official newspaper website spoke of a “crisis of confidence” in the social-security system generated by the Shanghai case. The famous words of Lord Acton, a 19th-century historian, were quoted in another: “Absolute power corrupts absolutely.”
上海案件是近几星期被中国媒体报导的一系列案件中最新一起。这一系列案件包括一名北京市的副市长，邻近天津市检察院的一名检察长，海军一位副司令，和一名副省长被逮捕。由于涉及到虚弱的社保基金、失业金以及快速增长的医疗费用，此次上海丑闻引起了广泛关注。近期在官方报纸网站上的评论称，上海案件导致人们对社保系统产生了“信任的危机”。另一篇评论引用了19世纪英国历史学家，阿克顿勋爵一句著名的词语，“绝对的权力导致绝对的腐败”。
The Chinese media say government auditors are now examining accounts at social-security departments across the country. Such checks are conducted regularly, but this time they are being carried out by officials from other regions, in an apparent effort to minimise the possibility of cover-ups.
据中国媒体消息，政府的审计官员正在全国范围内核查社保基金的账户。这种检查是定期进行的，为了减少瞒报的可能性，此次行动是由异地审计官员进行。
Features:
The Economist's primary focus is world news, politics and business, but it also runs regular sections on science and technology as well as books and the arts. Every two weeks, the newspaper includes, as an additional section, an in-depth survey of a particular business issue, business sector or geographical region. Every three months, The Economist publishes a quarterly technology survey.
Articles often take a definite editorial stance and almost never carry a byline. This means that no specific person or persons can be named as the author. Not even the name of the editor (from 2006, John Micklethwait) is printed in the issue. It is a longstanding tradition that an editor's only signed article during his tenure is written on the occasion of his departure from the position. The author of a piece is named in certain circumstances: when notable persons are invited to contribute opinion pieces; when Economist writers compile surveys; and to highlight a potential conflict of interest over a book review. The names of Economist editors and correspondents can be located, however, via the staff pages of the website.
The newspaper has a trademark tight writing style that is famous for putting a maximum amount of information into a minimum of column inches. The one feature most articles have in common is the concluding witticism. Some have joked that as long as the writers can deliver that, their political or other opinions do not matter. Since 1995, The Economist has published one obituary every week, of a famous (or infamous) person from any field of endeavor.
The Economist is famous for its Big Mac index, which uses the price of a Big Mac hamburger sold by McDonald's in different countries as an informal measure of purchasing power parity between two currencies. It has turned out to be a whimsical but surprisingly accurate index for comparison. In January 2004, this index was joined by a Starbucks "tall latte index".
The newspaper is also a co-sponsor of the Copenhagen Consensus.
Each of the opinion columns in the newspaper is devoted to a particular area of interest. The names of these columns reflect the topic they concentrate on:
1.Bagehot (Britain) - named for Walter Bagehot, nineteenth century British constitutional expert and early editor of The Economist.
2.Charlemagne (Europe) - named for Charlemagne, founder of the Frankish Empire.
Lexington (United States) - named for Lexington, Massachusetts, the site of the beginning of the American War of Independence.
3.Buttonwood (finance) - named for the buttonwood tree where early Wall Street traders gathered. This is an online column.
Two other regular columns are:
1.Face Value: about prominent people in the business world
2.Economic Focus: a general economics column frequently based on academic research
The magazine goes to press on Thursdays, is available online from Thursday evening GMT, and is available on newsstands in many countries the next day. It is printed in seven sites around the world.
The Economist newspaper sponsors yearly "Innovation Awards", in the categories of bioscience, computing and communications, energy and the environment, social and economic innovation, business-process innovation, consumer products, and a special “no boundaries” category.
The Economist also produces the annual The World in [Year] publication.
History:
The August 5, 1843 prospectus for the newspaper, enumerated thirteen areas of coverage that its editors wanted the newspaper to focus on:
1.Original leading articles, in which free-trade principles will be most rigidly applied to all the important questions of the day.
2.Articles relating to some practical, commercial, agricultural, or foreign topic of passing interest, such as foreign treaties.
3.An article on the elementary principles of political economy, applied to practical experience, covering the laws related to prices, wages, rent, exchange, revenue, and taxes.
4.Parliamentary reports, with particular focus on commerce, agriculture, and free trade.
5.Reports and accounts of popular movements advocating free trade.
6.General news from the Court, the Metrpolis, the Provinces, Scotland, and Ireland.
7.Commercial topics such as changes in fiscal regulations, the state and prospects of the markets, imports and exports, foreign news, the state of the manufacturing districts, notices of important new mechanical improvements, shipping news, the money market, and the progress of railways and public companies.
8.Agricultural topics, including the application of geology and chemistry; notices of new and improved implements, state of crops, markets, prices, foreign markets and prices converted into English money; from time to time, in some detail, the plans pursued in Belgium, Switzerland, and other well-cultivated countries.
9.Colonial and foreign topics, including trade, produce, political and fiscal changes, and other matters, including exposés on the evils of restriction and protection, and the advantages of free intercourse and trade.
10.Law reports, confined chiefly to areas important to commerce, manufacturing, and agriculture.
11.Books, confined chiefly, but not so exclusively, to commerce, manufacturing, and agriculture, and including all treatises on political economy, finance, or taxation.
12.A commercial gazette, with prices and statistics of the week.
13.Correspondence and inquiries from the newspaper's readers.
Main article: The Economist editorial stance
When the newspaper was founded, the term "economism" denoted what would today be termed fiscal conservatism in the United States, or economic liberalism in the rest of the world (and historically in the United States as well). The Economist generally supports free markets, and opposes socialism. It is in favor of globalization. Economic liberalism is generally associated with the right, but is now favoured by some traditionally left-wing parties. It also supports social liberalism, which is often seen as left-wing, especially in the United States. This contrast derives in part from The Economist's roots in classical liberalism, disfavoring government interference in either social or economic activity. According to former editor Bill Emmott "The Economist's philosophy has always been liberal, not conservative" (this meant in the non-modern-American senses of those terms). In modern American terms its stance is called libertarianism. However, the views taken by individual contributors are quite diverse.
The Economist has endorsed both the Labor Party and the Conservative Party in recent British elections, and both Republican and Democratic candidates in the United States.
A history of The Economist by the editors of Economist.com puts it this way:
What, besides free trade and free markets, does The Economist believe in? "It is to the Radicals that The Economist still likes to think of itself as belonging. The extreme centre is the paper's historical position." That is as true today as when former Economist editor Geoffrey Crowther said it in 1955. The Economist considers itself the enemy of privilege, pomposity and predictability. It has backed conservatives such as Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher. It has supported the Americans in Vietnam. But it has also endorsed Harold Wilson and Bill Clinton, and espoused a variety of liberal causes: opposing capital punishment from its earliest days, while favoring penal reform and decolonization, as well as—more recently—gun control and gay marriage.
The Economist has frequently criticized figures and countries deemed corrupt. In recent years, for example, it has been critical of Silvio Berlusconi, Italy's former Prime Minister (who dubbed it The Ecommunist); Laurent Kabila, the late president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; and Robert Mugabe, the head of government in Zimbabwe. The Economist also called for Donald Rumsfeld's resignation after the emergence of the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse. Although The Economist supported George W. Bush's election campaign in 2000 and vocally supported the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, the editors backed John Kerry in the 2004 election and the editorial tone has since become increasingly critical of the Bush administration due to its general disagreement with the paper's classical liberalism.
Tone and voice
The Economist does not print by-lines identifying the authors of articles. In their own words: "It is written anonymously, because it is a paper whose collective voice and personality matter more than the identities of individual journalists."
The editorial staff enforces a strictly uniform voice throughout the magazine. As a result, most articles read as though they were written by a single author, displaying dry, understated wit, and precise use of language.
It does not explain terms like invisible hand, macroeconomics, or demand curve, and may take just six or seven words to explain the theory of comparative advantage. The newspaper usually does not translate short French quotes or phrases, and sentences in Ancient Greek or Latin are not uncommon, although these are translated.
It strives to be well-rounded. As well as financial and economic issues, it reports on science, culture, language, literature, and art, and is careful to hire writers and editors who are well-versed in these subjects.
The publication is not without a sense of whimsy. Most articles conclude with a witticism; some have joked that as long as the writers can deliver that, their opinions do not matter. The Letters section usually concludes with an odd or light-hearted letter. One notable example simply asked, "What is the idiot's corner, and how can I get published there?"
Business
Circulation for the newspaper, audited by Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC), was 1,038,552 for the first half of 2005. Sales inside North America were 51 per cent of the total, with sales in the UK making up 15 per cent of the total and continental Europe 20 per cent. The Economist claims sales, both by subscription and on newstands, in 201 countries.
The newspaper consciously adopts an internationalist approach and notes that over 80% of its readership is from outside the UK, its country of publication.
The Economist Newspaper Limited is a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Economist Group. One half of The Economist Group is owned by private shareholders, including members of the Rothschild banking family of England, and the other half by the Financial Times, a subsidiary of The Pearson Group. The editorial independence of The Economist is strictly upheld. An independent trust board, which has power to block any changes of the editor, exists to ensure this.
Letters
The Economist frequently receives letters from senior businesspeople, politicians and spokespeople for government departments, Non-Governmental Organizations and pressure-groups. While well-written or witty responses from anyone will be considered, controversial issues will frequently produce a torrent of letters. For example, the survey of Corporate Social Responsibility, published January 2005, produced largely critical letters from Oxfam, the UN World Food Programme, UN Global Compact, the Chairman of BT, an ex-Director of Shell and the UK Institute of Directors.
Censorship of The Economist
Sections of The Economist criticizing authoritarian regimes, such as China, are frequently removed from the newspaper by the authorities in those countries. Nelson Mandela stated that he used to receive The Economist while imprisoned in South Africa until the authorities there realized that it was not restricted to covering economic issues and was taking a very strong line against the apartheid regime. The government of Saudi Arabia (among others) censors the magazine, which often appears on newsstands with missing pages. Some issues (such as one covering King Fahd's death in 2005) were banned from the kingdom. Robert Mugabe's government in Zimbabwe went further, and imprisoned The Economist's correspondent there, charging him with violating an infamous statute against "publishing untruth" (although he was later acquitted, only to receive a deportation order). In June 15, 2006 Iran banned the sale of The Economist due to a map incorrectly labeling the Persian Gulf as the 'Gulf' [16]. Iran's action can be put into context within the larger issue of the Persian
胡锦涛访美
原文：Mr Hu finally goes to Washington
A state visit in Chinese eyes, but not in America's. Don't expect a love-in “VERY positive and complex.” That is how George Bush ambivalently characterized his country's relations with China this week. When his counterpart, Hu Jintao, pays his first presidential visit to the White House on April 20th, Mr. Bush will struggle to manage a relationship that many in Washington view more simply as negative. The two leaders are anxious to avoid letting their disputes seriously damage ties. But much will depend on how they manage opinion at home.
This is a particularly sensitive time. The approach of America's mid-term elections in November is encouraging both Democrats and Republicans to play to voters' concerns about the threat China's rapid economic rise is said to pose to American jobs. The administration wants China to help check the nuclear ambitions of Iran and North Korea. China wants America to restrain Taiwan, where the approach of presidential elections in 2008 is already threatening to whip up new turbulence in the island's uneasy relationship with the mainland. Neither side thinks the other is delivering enough.
Mr. Hu is especially keen for this visit, his first to Washington since he became Communist Party chief in 2002 and president in 2003, to establish his credentials at home as a statesman. He should have gone last September, but the trip was blown off course by Hurricane Katrina. However, Mr. Bush, anxious not to appear too friendly with a country that so many Americans view with suspicion, is not laying out the full red carpet. Chinese officials insist on calling this a state visit. The White House is not using that level of protocol. State visits involve a formal dinner; Mr. Hu will only be given lunch.
Gulf naming dispute.neral Newspaper.
Such niceties are important to Mr. Hu. Like Mr. Bush, he is under pressure at home. The party is beginning to gear up for its five-yearly congress next year and Mr Hu needs all the authority he can muster to ensure that he succeeds in placing his protégés in key positions. As in America's Congress, there is growing anxiety in China about the impact of globalisation. Mr. Hu wants to look strong in the presence of Mr. Bush. This means not appearing to capitulate to America's trade demands.
But Mr. Hu is making conciliatory gestures. China does not want a trade war that could damage its biggest overseas market. To help reduce America's record trade deficit with China, valued by the Americans at $202 billion last year (see chart), a Chinese delegation last week embarked on a buying tour in America that is expected to result in some $15 billion-worth of deals. As part of this, on April 11th, China signed a deal agreeing to buy 80 Boeing planes worth $4.6 billion, and said it would resume buying American beef, banned since 2003 because of mad-cow fears.
In response to American concerns about rampant violations of intellectual-property rights in China, the Chinese authorities have staged a show of resolve in recent weeks. Some shops in Beijing selling pirated DVDs have been closed. Banners have appeared on the streets urging citizens not to buy them. In late March the government ordered computer manufacturers to pre-load licensed operating-system software onto machines to prevent retailers using pirated versions.
Such shows of goodwill are unlikely to have much impact. Mr. Bush has urged Mr. Hu to use his visit to make some announcement on China's undervalued currency. But there is little likelihood that Mr. Hu will say anything important about this. In recent weeks, China has allowed the yuan to appreciate a little more quickly, but shows no desire to take the big steps demanded by those American politicians who argue that it is as much as 40% undervalued. Mr. Hu's primary concern is about stability at home, and a rapid revaluation would threaten this. Fortunately for him, Mr. Bush, unlike some members of Congress, appears disinclined to take up cudgels. The release of a Treasury report, which could accuse China of manipulating its currency, has been delayed until after the visitor leaves. Even in Congress cooler heads might still prevail. Last month two senators withdrew a bill that threatened 27.5% tariffs on Chinese imports if China failed to revalue its currency by a large margin.
Mr. Hu's officials have responded with a show of enthusiasm to the Bush administration's suggestions, first made last year, that China's role in the world should be one of “responsible stakeholder”. China likes to draw attention to its mediating role in efforts to persuade North Korea to give up its nuclear-weapons programme. It tried to take advantage of a private forum in Tokyo this week, which senior North Korean and American officials attended, to persuade North
Korea to resume negotiations. But these efforts appeared unsuccessful. Likewise, China says the Iranian nuclear dispute should be resolved without sanctions or force. But it has not publicly threatened to use its UN veto to block any American attempt to escalate pressure on Iran.
In recent months, China has even shown tentative signs of wanting progress in talks with representatives of the Dalai Lama and of the Vatican. Few expect breakthroughs soon. But in a gesture clearly aimed at pleasing Mr. Bush, China last month allowed a Tibetan nun who had been imprisoned for 14 years for her outspoken support of the Dalai Lama to go to America for medical treatment. Still, Mr. Hu has shown no real willingness to ease his suppression of dissent. Worried that rapid economic and social change could trigger instability, he is tightening controls. Mr. Bush recently described China as a “big opportunity for democracy”. On this, Mr. Hu will disappoint him.
怎样让中国变得更富有
原文：How to make China even richer
Let the peasants own their land
IN 1940, nine years before his Communist Party seized power, Mao Zedong set out his plans for a “new China”. The republic would, he said, “take certain necessary steps” to confiscate land from rural landlords. Under the principle of “land to the tiller”, it would then “turn the land over to the private ownership of the peasants.” If only things had turned out this way.
The “necessary steps” involved widespread slaughter. Hundreds of thousands, maybe millions, of landowning rural residents and their families were executed or beaten to death by fellow villagers. The peasants got their small parcels of land, but not for long. By the late 1950s, private land ownership had been eliminated and peasants had become property-less members of “People's Communes”. It was an upheaval that, along with bad weather and a frenzied attempt to catch up with American levels of industrial production, contributed to millions more deaths in a nationwide famine.
As our survey describes, China has yet to undo the damage. A few years after Mao's death in 1976, the People's Communes were dismantled. Under Deng Xiaoping, agricultural production soared as for the first time in 30 years peasants were allocated (but not given full ownership of) plots of land to farm independently. This marked the start of the economic transformation that today holds the world spellbound. But it is the prosperity of urban China that mesmerises foreign businesses. Since its boom in the early 1980s, the countryside has lagged ever further behind.
This time, a genuine great leap forward
Deng kept in place two pillars of the Maoist rural order: collective land ownership and an apartheid system that barred rural residents from moving to the cities. The latter has begun to erode, due to the need for cheap labour to sustain a manufacturing boom. But the former remains firmly in place.
Now is the time to revive Mao's vision of a new landowning order. This would ease rural strife, fuel growth and help develop the genuine market economy the leadership claims to want. Giving peasants marketable ownership rights, and developing a legal system to protect them, would bring huge economic benefits. If peasants could mortgage their land, they could raise money to boost its productivity. Ownership would give them an incentive to do so. And if peasants could sell their land, they could acquire sufficient capital to start life anew in urban areas. This would boost urban consumption and encourage the migration of unproductive rural labour into the cities. For China to sustain its impressive growth rate and reduce inequalities, getting the many tens of millions of underemployed peasants off the land and into wealth-creating jobs is essential. The exodus would help those left behind to expand their land holdings and use them more efficiently.
No government, least of all the control freaks who run China, would embark on such a momentous exercise lightly. Communist Party ideologues are all too aware that a failure to handle rural issues properly can be destabilising. They worry that allowing peasants to sell their land could restore a rural landowning class, and that peasants would sell up in huge numbers and descend upon ill-prepared cities, throwing up shanty towns and pushing up crime.
Some officials also see collective ownership of rural land as one of the few remaining badges of China's professed “socialism”, and fear the explosion of divisive political debate if this bit of constitutional dogma is changed. In China's case, however, it is the absence of reform that is proving destabilising, as peasants protest violently against land seizures by local governments keen to exploit the land themselves. Though materially better off than they were in 1949, many peasants say that local bureaucrats have in effect become the landlords, sometimes using mafia-type gangs to push them off their fields.
A few opponents of land reform in the countryside say they are acting in the rural population's own interests. They point to the lack of social-security provisions for peasants. Though peasants have limited control over the land they farm, in most cases it can at least help to feed them.
The weakness of this argument is that forced appropriations by local governments have already deprived as many as 40m peasants of some or all of their land since the early 1990s, with little or no compensation. Besides, the best way to secure the welfare of the peasants is not to keep them trapped on underworked land but to spend more directly on services for the poor. With strong revenue growth, a low budget deficit and a booming economy, China can afford this. Compensating peasants for appropriated land on the basis of market values, not just minimal agricultural ones, would help too. And introducing a value-based property tax would persuade local governments to worry less about losing the one-off revenues they now enjoy from the sale of land rights.
It would be disingenuous to deny that land reform will loosen party control in the long run. A decade ago almost all urban housing was owned by the state. In one of the most dramatically successful economic reforms of the past quarter century in China, most is now privately owned. This has fostered the growth of a middle class that wants guarantees that its new assets are safe from the party's whims. Property owners are electing their own landlord committees—independent of the party—to protect their rights. A new breed of lawyers, not party stooges as most once were, is emerging to defend those whose properties are threatened by the state. Property owners want a clean environment around their homes. Green activism, which hardly existed in China a decade ago, is spurring the development of a civil society.
Even so, China's Communist Party has shown that it will take big risks if economic development demands them. Hence the widespread closure and privatization of state-owned enterprises in the past decade, with the loss of millions of jobs. The leadership knows that China's history has been one of recurring bloody upheavals by landless peasants; it is caught between wanting to retain control and wanting to avoid another upheaval. This is the moment to complete the unfinished business of rural reform.
无私奉献
通过将自己奉献给配偶，雄性螳螂增大了繁殖成功率。但是其他科学家已经提出，雄性事实上在竭尽全力地将自己被吃掉的风险降到最低。
By surrendering themselves to their mates, male mantises increase their reproductive success. Still other scientists have proposed that males actually go to great lengths to minimize their risk of being eaten
经济词汇
acquiring company 收购公司
bad loan 呆帐
chart of cash flow 现金流量表
clearly-established ownership 产权清晰
debt to equity 债转股
diversity of equities 股权多元化
economy of scale 规模经济
emerging economies 新兴经济
exchange-rate regime 汇率机制
fund and financing 筹资融资
global financial architecture 全球金融体系
global integration, globality 全球一体化，全球化
go public 上市
growth spurt （经济的）急剧增长
have one's 'two commas' 百万富翁
hedge against 套期保值
housing mortgage 住房按揭
holdings 控股，所持股份
holding company 控股公司
initial offerings 原始股
initial public offerings 首次公募
innovative business 创新企业
intellectual capital 智力资本
inter-bank lending 拆借
internet customer 网上客户
investment payoff period 投资回收期
joint-stock 参股
mall rat 爱逛商店的年轻人
means of production 生产要素
(the)medical cost social pool for major diseases 大病医疗费用社会统筹
mergers and acquisitions 并购
mobile-phone banking 移动电话银行业
moods 人气
net potato 网虫
non-store selling 直销
offering 新股
online-banking 网上银行业
online-finance 在线金融
online client （银行的）网上客户
paper profit 账面收益
physical assets 有形资产
project fund system 项目资本金制度
pyramid sale 传销
recapitalize 资产重组
regional currency blocks 地区货币集团
regulate 调控
sell off 变现
share(stock) option 期权，股票认购权
smart card 智能卡
slash prices 杀价
spare capacity 闲置的生产能力
strong growth 强劲的增长势头
switch trade 转手贸易
take public 上市
tap the idle assets 盘活存量资产
transaction （银行的）交易
transfer payment from the exchequer 财政转移支付
venture-capital 风险资本
virtual bank 虚拟银行
wire transfer 电子转账
Central Committee.
It was the responsibility of the Party and the government to ensure equality in education, and more efforts were needed to deepen the educational reform and realign the education structure to satisfy the people, he said.
The education of patriotism needed to be enhanced to instruct students to love the country and to serve the people, and innovation and practice should be encouraged in promoting c___________ education（合成词，素质教育）.
十一五计划中提出的三项任务：确保义务教务，促进职业教育和提高高等教育质量，必须完成。
Party committees and governments must improve assistance and implement preferential policies for students from needy families, and optimize employment opportunities for college graduates, said Hu, adding the unreasonable and illegal raising of tuition fees must be eliminated.
moderately
reinvigoration
capacity
competence-oriented
Three tasks set in the 11th five-year plan had to be fulfilled: ensuring compulsory education, promoting vocational education and raising the quality of higher education.
政治词汇（1）
政治协商制度：the system of political consultation
民族区域自治制度: the system of regional autonomy
民主团结，生动活泼，安定和谐的政治局面；
the political situation characterized by democracy, solidarity, liveliness, stability and harmony
长期共存，互相监督，肝胆相照，荣辱与共
Long-term existence, mutual supervision, treating each other with all sincerity and sharing weal and woe
民主党派；Non-Communist parties
工商联；Federations of industry and commerce
无党派人士 personages without party affiliation
1. He truely seemed to be able to do almost everything.
他几乎无所不能。
2.the last universal man 最后一个全才
3.give this view of the man 这样评价他的。
4. make sb. tick 让某人充满活力．
5. draw sb. out = to make sb. less nervous and more willing to talk
促使---无拘无束地谈话。
6. half brother 同父异母的兄弟
7. write an article for the paper 为---报纸撰稿
8. the lightening rod 避雷针
9. graphic words 详细描述的词汇，生动的词汇。
10. inculate 灌输 She tries very hard to inculate traditional values into her students.
城市扩张（蔓延）
Chinese leaders caution against urban s_______（城市蔓延）
中国领导人警惕城市蔓延
Chinese leaders warned here on Tuesday that urban s______（同标题）at the expense of the environment and excessive energy consumption was detrimental to China's modernization and contrary to the interests of the general public.
Urban planning must be carried out in an energy-e_______ and environmentally-f______ （节能环保）manner and consider the convenience of residents' daily lives, Premier Wen Jiabao stressed in a written instruction to the 2006 China Mayors' Forum that opened here on Tuesday.
He urged local city planning departments to restrict the size of cities to "a reasonable level" and pay attention to the needs of residents.
Vice Premier Zeng Peiyan told the forum's opening ceremony that measures must be taken to curb b_______ expansion（盲目扩张） and the waste of land and capital resources.
Cities should strive to outperform others in the conservation of land, water and energy resources and in improving the environment, he said.
Zeng warned that urban development must not be separated from rural growth. "An important job of mayors is to f_______（推动，促进） balanced development between cities and countryside, to enrich citizens and simultaneously bring wealth to farmers."
Keys for the above exercise
sprawl （urban sprawl 城市蔓延，城市未经规划而不规则地向外扩展，往往侵占农村。有兴趣地可以参看http://www.slate.com/id/2129636/ ）
efficient friendly blind facilitate
几条新词的翻译
1 采煤沉陷区 sinkholes in coal mining areas 棚户区 shantytowns
2 传销及变相传销 pyramid schemes and the ones in disguised forms
3 手机实名制 mobile phone identification policy
4 福利腐败 corruption in the execution of welfare policy
5 内外资企业所得税统一 the unity of income taxes levied from domestic and foreign-funded enterprises
6 论文崇拜 the worship of research paper; the worship of scientific paper
|7 以房养老 use house property as the living means for one’s old age; using house property as the living means for the aged
8 《中华人民共和国公司法》 Company Law of the People’s Republic of China
9 《重大动物疫情应急条例》 Emergency Measures for Handling Major Animal Epidemics
10《关于预防煤矿生产安全事故的特别规定》
Special Regulations for Preventing Coalmine Accidents
11 《国家突发公共事件总体应急预案》
Master State Plan for Rapid Response to Public Emergencies
政治词语（2）
1.大起大落 drastic fluctuations
2.把握正确的舆论导向 maintain a correct orientation for public opinion.
3.不屈不挠 unyieldingly
4.拨乱反正 set things right
5.长治久安 the lasting political stability
6.当家作主 be the masters of the country
7.独立自主，自力更生 independence and self-reliance
8.法定人数 quorum
9.翻天覆地 earth-shaking
10.繁荣富强 prosperous and strong
11.共同富裕的原则 the principle of common prosperity
12.国家宏观调控 the state macro-control
13.国民素质的提高 the enhancement of the quality of the entire population
14.积极进取 take the initiative to make progress
15.积极推进各项配套改革: press ahead with all the supportive reforms
16.基本国策 the basic state policy
17.基层工作 grass-roots work
18.基层民主 democracy at the grassroots level
19.继承前人的成果 inherit the achievements predecessors
20.寄予厚望 place high hopes on
21.团结一切可以团结的力量 to unite with all forces that can be united with
22.十届全国人大二次会议 the Second Session of the Tenth National People's Congress
23.廉政，勤政，务实，高效的政府 an honest, diligent, pragmatic and efficient government
24.两个文明一起抓 place equal emphasis on material and ethical progress
25.两手抓，两手都要硬 We must address ourselves to the problem of both material and spiritual civilization without any letup.
注意一些idioms 的翻译
1. cost an arm and leg 花费很昂贵
2. agree to disagree/differ 同意保留各自意见
3 .get the upper hand 占上风
4. pay through the nose for sth. 花大价钱买---
5.bring home the bacon 养家糊口
6.more bark than bite 刀子嘴，豆腐心
7.have a bee in one's bonnet 一心想着---
8.make sb's blood boil 让某人愤怒
9.a blessing in disguise 因祸得福
10.bring down the house 博得满堂喝彩
11carry a chip on one's shoulder 爱生气地，怀恨在心的
12.handle with kid gloves :=handle with great care and sensitivity
13.have someone's number= 摸透了---的底细
14.keep a stiff upper lip 感情内敛，不外露
15.feel like a million dollars= feel well and attractive
16.cook the books 做假账
keys:
1. lurid
2. exhume
3. outlaw
4. recrimination
5. repudiate
6. peasantry
7 vandicate
8. sickle
9. hiatus
10 superstructure
11. ringleader
12. scowl
13. paunchy
14. Saturn
15. conceivable
读读法律英语
Section IX: Miscellaneous Warrantless Searches
This section is about some of the other situations in which the police are authorized to conduct a warrantless search.
50. Can Police Secretly Listen in to Telephone Conversations Without a Search Warrant?
No. People reasonably expect their telephone conversations to be private, whether made from home or a public telephone booth. Police need a search warrant before recording or listening in to telephone conversations. (Katz v. U.S., U.S. Sup. Ct. 1967.) Federal laws enacted in 1996 extend the general privacy in telephone conversations to electronic devices like cell phones. (18 United States Code Sec. 2510.)
51. Do the Police Need a Warrant to Search My Trash?
No. People do not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in garbage that they leave out for collection. (California v. Greenwood, U.S. Sup. Ct. 1988.)
Case Example: Fausto prunes his marijuana plants, placing the dead leaves and stems in a kitchen garbage bag, which he later puts in a garbage can outside his home for collection on trash day. Without Fausto's knowledge, the local police have asked the trash collector to deliver Fausto's trash directly to them rather than mixing it with other trash. The police search the trash, find the leaves and stems and seize them as evidence. Fausto is charged with marijuana cultivation, a felony.
Question: Did the police procedures in this case violate Fausto's rights under the Fourth Amendment?
Answer: No. Trash put out for collection is not within the Fourth Amendment's zone of protection. Because the trash is freely accessible to others (such as scavengers, snoops and the police) the owner has no reasonable expectation of privacy in it.
52. Is My Backyard as Subject to Fourth Amendment Protection as the Inside of My House?
Yes. However, as a practical matter, a person's privacy in his or her backyard is harder to protect than that inside the home. For instance, there is no privacy in the yard if members of the public can see into it from where they have a right to be.
Case Example 1: Officer Alex pulls into an alley behind Joshua's house, stops his car and climbs on the car roof to see over a high fence into Joshua's back yard. He spots a number of stacked boxes in an open shed. He shines his flashlight on the boxes and observes that they appear to contain electronic components. Officer Alex is aware of a recent burglary where similar components have been stolen. Officer Alex obtains a search warrant and returns to Joshua's house for a closer look. The components in the boxes match the description of the stolen ones, and Joshua is charged with the crime of receiving stolen property.
Question: Did Officer Alex violate Joshua's Fourth Amendment rights by standing on his car to peer into Joshua's backyard and shining his flashlight on the boxes?
Answer: No. Officer Alex was in a public place where he had a right to be. Even climbing onto the car and using his flashlight was fine since anyone driving in a high truck in the daytime could have made the same observations.
1、Federal laws enacted in 1996 extend the general privacy in telephone conversations to electronic devices like cell phones.
2、Did Officer Alex violate Joshua's Fourth Amendment rights by standing on his car to peer into Joshua's backyard and shining his flashlight on the boxes?
1、1996年制定的联邦法律扩大了电话通话隐私权的范围，包括了如手机之类的电子设备。
2、亚历克斯警官站在车顶上窥视乔舒亚的后院，还用手电筒照射院内的箱子侵犯了宪法第四修正案赋予他的权利了吗？
美国对外资政策的改变
美国拟改革针对外资的审查程序
US plans reform of scrutiny panel to reassure investors
美国政府将在全球范围发起一轮宣传攻势，说服外国投资者相信：美国一直致力于“开放的投资政策”。而仅在数月前，由于美国国会的巨大政治压力，中国石油公司中海油(CNOOC)被迫放弃了对美国能源集团优尼科(Unocal)接近200亿美元的竞购。优尼科总部位于加利福尼亚州。
The US administration is launching an international campaign to persuade foreign investors that it is committed to an “open investment policy”, just months after intense political pressure in Congress forced CNOOC, the Chinese oil company, to abandon its multi-billion dollar bid for California-based Unocal.
美国财政部副部长罗伯特•金米特(Robert Kimmitt)在今日的《金融时报》上撰文称，政府将对美国外国投资委员会(CFIUS)进行改革。这是一个由美国财政部领导的跨部门小组，行事隐秘。它以国家安全为宗旨，对外国收购美国资产的交易进行审核。改革的目的是提高审查过程的确定性和透明度。
Robert Kimmitt, the deputy Treasury secretary, writes in today’s FT that the administration will implement reforms to the Committee on Foreign Investments in the US, the secretive inter-agency panel chaired by the Treasury department that vets foreign takeovers of assets on national security grounds. The reforms are aimed at bringing greater certainty and transparency to the process.
金米特今天还将在达沃斯召开的世界经济论坛(World Economic Forum)上，就这一问题发表讲话。
Mr Kimmitt will also speak on the issue today at the World Economic Forum in Davos.
尽管美国国会压力是迫使中海油放弃竞购优尼科的主要原因，但此次华盛顿的反华风暴，引发了对于美国外国投资委员会角色的新疑问。该委员会有权阻止其认为可能危及国家安全的外国收购。
Although pressure from Congress was largely responsible for forcing CNOOC to withdraw its bid for Unocal, the anti-China storm in Washington prompted new questions about the role of CFIUS, which has the power to block foreign takeovers deemed a risk to US security.
美国拟改革针对外资的审查程序
US plans reform of to investors
美国政府将在全球范围发起一轮宣传攻势，说服外国投资者相信：美国一
“开放的投资政策”。而仅在数月前，由于美国国会的巨大政治压力，
被迫放弃了对美国能源集团优尼科(Unocal)接近200亿美元的竞购。优尼科总部位于加利福尼亚州。
The US administration is launching an international campaign to persuade foreign investors that it is committed to an “open investment policy”, just months after intense political pressure in Congress forced CNOOC, the Chinese oil company, to abandon its multi-billion dollar bid for California-based Unocal.
美国财政部副部长罗伯特•金米特(Robert Kimmitt)在今日的《金融时报》上撰文称，政府将对美国外国投资委员会(CFIUS)进行改革。这是一个由美国财政部领导的跨部门小组，行事隐秘。它以国家安全为宗旨，对外国收购美国资产的交易进行审核。改革的目的是提高审查过程的确定性和透明度。
Robert Kimmitt, writes in today’s FT that the administration will implement reforms to the Committee on Foreign Investments in the US, the secretive inter-agency panel chaired by the Treasury department that vets foreign takeovers of assets on national security grounds. The reforms are aimed at bringing greater certainty and transparency to the process.
金米特今天还将在达沃斯召开的世界经济论坛(World Economic Forum)上，就这一问题发表讲话。
Mr Kimmitt will also speak on the issue today at the World Economic Forum in Davos.
尽管美国国会压力是迫使中海油放弃竞购优尼科的主要原因，但此次华盛顿的反华风暴，引发了对于美国外国投资委员会角色的新疑问。该委员会有权阻止其认为可能危及国家安全的外国收购。
Although pressure from Congress was largely responsible for forcing CNOOC to withdraw its bid for Unocal, the anti-China storm in Washington prompted new questions about the role of CFIUS, which has the power to block foreign takeovers deemed a risk to US security.
担心中海油的竞标可能招致美国外国投资委员会的审查，是优尼科决定接受美国石油公司雪佛龙(Chevron)出价的重要原因。
Fears that the CNOOC bid would be tied up in the CFIUS review were a significant factor in Unocal’s decision to accept a competing offer from Chevron, the US oil company.
一位美国财政部高级官员表示，行政方面的改革包括：指派更多资深政策人士监督美国外国投资委员会的审核，增强国会对审核过程的了解程度，并要求相关企业在过程早期，与美国外国投资委员会就拟议中的交易进行非正式接触，以便尽早就潜在问题展开讨论。
A senior Treasury official said the administrative changes involve dedicating more senior policy staff to oversee CFIUS reviews, enhancing transparency to Congress about the process, and asking companies to approach CFIUS informally with their proposed deals earlier in the process in order to begin talks about potential issues as soon as possible.
但这些举措似乎无法限制美国外国投资委员会在审查外国收购方面所拥有的广泛权力，而且在某些方面还有可能扩大这种权利。
But the moves do not appear to curb the broad powers that CFIUS has to review foreign takeovers, and may expand them in some ways.
例如，这位官员表示，美国对涉及外国政府补贴贷款的外国交易进行额外审核是合理的。在优尼科之争中，雪佛龙就提出了这个问题，称中海油存在不公平的竞争优势，因为该公司能够获得国家提供的资金。
The official said, for instance, that it was legitimate for the US to subject foreign deals that involve subsidized loans by a foreign state to extra scrutiny. Chevron raised the issue during the Unocal debate, saying that the CNOOC approach had an unfair advantage because of its access to state financing.
看疯狂的主妇学翻译 1
1. Just so you know, many of Freud's theories have been discredited.
2. I was just scaring them into behaving.
3. I saw it（a car) when I passed the dealership.
4. It's got GPS navigation, 200-watt stereo system, rear parking radar.
5. Did I take your breath away?
1. 正像你所知道的那样，许多弗洛伊德的理论都是名不副实的。
2. 我只是想吓唬吓唬他们，让他们乖一点。
3. 我路过车行的时候看到了这辆车．
４．这辆车有ＧＰＳ导航系统，２００瓦的音响，还有倒车雷达－－－．
５．我让你出乎意料了么？
6. I don't know why he barks at you.
我不知道这条狗为什么总对着你叫。
7. By your own admission, your home is always clean, your clothes are always freshly pressed.
你自己也承认，你的家总是那样整洁，你的衣服也总是熨烫的如此平整。
8. Despite her flaws, do you ever remember to say "thank you".
尽管她有不尽如人意之处，你有没有记得为了他们所做的说声谢谢呢？
9. He is a taxidermist. 他是个动物标本搜集家．
10. She's never going to find that kind of chemistry with another man.
她再也不会和另外一个男人产生那种爱的火花了。
艰难的国运与雄健的国民National Crisis vs Heroic Nation
历史的道路，不会是坦平的，有时走到艰难险阻的境界。这是全靠雄健的精神才能够冲过去的。
The course of history is never smooth. It is sometimes beset with difficulties and
obstacles and nothing short of a heroic spirit can help surmount them.
----会用才是自己的----------------------------------------------------------------
[course] course是简单词汇，但很常用，要学会经常使用
the course of life from the cradle to the grave
从生到死的生活道路the course of history
历史的道路in the course of a year.
一年当中
[beset] v. 困扰(by); 包围着，围绕(with)
sb. be beset by worries
忧虑重重
sth. be beset with difficulties困难重重
[surmount] v. 战胜, 超越, 克服
surmount difficulties
克服困难
[nothing short of] 相当于nothing less than或only
11.You weren't married to the guy with all the tattoos that they took away in handcuffs?
12.Susan was furious with Edie for using a dog to ingratiate herself with its owners.
13.She was also furious with Mike for not seeing through this batant maneuver.
14 I snapped at you.
15.You must be so relieved.
11.难道你没嫁给那个浑身刺着纹身，最后被警察铐走的那个家伙么？
12.Susan 很生气，Edie 竟然用一条狗来获取它主人的芳心。
13.他也很生气的是ＭＩＫＥ竟然没有识破她拙劣的伎俩．
14. 我对你发脾气了／对你大喊大叫了。
15.你一定如释重负。
卡耐基的成功论
The Road to Success
by Andrew Carnegie
It is well that young men should begin at the beginning and occupy the most subordinate positions. Many of the leading businessmen of Pittsburgh had a serious responsibility thrust upon them at the very threshold of their career. They were introduced to the broom, and spent the first hours of their business lives sweeping out the office. I notice we have janitors and janitresses now in offices, and our young men unfortunately miss that salutary branch of business education. But if by chance the professional sweeper is absent any morning, the boy who has the genius of the future partner in him will not hesitate to try his hand at the broom. It does not hurt the newest comer to sweep out the office if necessary. I was one of those sweepers myself.
年轻人创业之初，应该从最底层干起，这是件好事。匹兹堡有很多商业巨头，在他们创业之初，都不情愿地肩负过“重任”。他们与扫帚相伴，以打扫办公室的方式度过了他们商业生涯中最初的日子。我注意到我们现在办公室都有工友，所以很可惜，年轻人就错过了商业教育中这个有益的环节。如果碰巧哪天上午，专职扫地的工友没有来，某个具有合伙人气质的年轻人便会毫不犹豫地拿起扫帚。新来的员工在必要时，扫扫地也无妨，不会因此而有什么损失。我自己就曾经扫过地。
Assuming that you have all obtained employment and are fairly started, my advice to you is “aim high”. I would not give a fig for （对……不在乎） the young man who does not already see himself the partner or the head of an important firm. Do not rest content for a moment in your thoughts as head clerk, or foreman, or general manager in any concern, no matter how extensive. Say to yourself, “My place is at the top.” Be king in your dreams.
假如你已经被录用，并且有了一个良好的开端，我对你的建议就是：要志存高远。一个年轻人，如果不曾把自己想象成是一家大公司未来的老板或是合伙人，那我会对他不屑一顾。在任何企业，不管它的规模有多大，你的内心都不要满足于做一个首席助理、领班或者总经理。要对自己说：我要迈向顶尖！要做就做你梦想之过里的国王！
And here is the prime condition of success, the great secret: concentrate your energy, thought, and capital exclusively upon the business in which you are engaged. Having begun in one line, resolve to fight it out on that line, to lead in it, adopt every improvement, have the best machinery, and know the most about it.
成功的首要条件和最大秘诀是：把你的精力、思想和资本全都集中在你正在从事的事业上。一旦开始从事某种职业，就要下定决心在那一领域闯出一片天地来；采纳每一点改进之处，采用最优良的设备，对专业知识熟稔于心。
The concerns which fail are those which have scattered their capital, which means that they have scattered their brains also. They have investments in this, or that, or the other, here, there, and everywhere. “Don’t put all your eggs in one basket.” is all wrong. I tell you to “put all your eggs in one basket, and then watch that basket.” Look round you and take notice, men who do that not often fail. It is easy to watch and carry the one basket. It is trying to carry too many baskets that breaks most eggs in this country. He who carries three baskets must put one on his head, which is apt to tumble and trip him up. One fault of the American businessman is lack of concentration.
过于分散自己资本的企业，注定会失败，因为分散资本就意味着分散了他们的精力。他们向这方面投资，又向那方面投资；在这里投资，在那里投资，到处都投资。“不要把所有的鸡蛋放在一个篮子里”的说法其实大错特错。我要对你说：“把所有的鸡蛋都放在一个篮子里，然后小心地看好那个篮子。”看看你周围，你会注意到：这么做的人其实很少失败。看管和携带一个篮子并不太难。人们总想同时提很多篮子，所以才打破这个国家的大部分鸡蛋。提三个篮子的人，必须把一个顶在头上，而这个篮子很可能会摔下来，把他自己绊倒。美国商人的一个缺点就是不够专注。
To summarize what I have said: aim for the highest; never enter a bar room; do not touch liquor, or if at all only at meals; never speculate; never indorse beyond your surplus cash fund; make the firm’s interest yours; break orders always to save owners; concentrate; put all your eggs in one basket, and watch that basket; expenditure always within revenue; lastly, be not impatient, for as Emerson says, “No one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourselves.”
把我的话归纳一下：要志存高远；不要出入酒吧；要滴酒不沾；或要喝也只在用餐时喝少许；不要投机；不要寅吃卯粮；要把公司的利益当作你自己的利益；要专注；把所有的鸡蛋放在一个篮子里，然后小心地看好它；要量入为出；最后一点，要有耐心，正如爱默生所言，“除了你自己没人能真正阻止你成功。”
What is round table meeting/conference?
圆桌会议（亚瑟王的骑士）
现在，联合国安理会和其它国际会议，以及在举行国际政治谈判时，大多开圆桌会议。那么，圆桌会议是怎么来的呢? 据说，以前中外会议，尤其是那些正式的会议或宴会，非常讲究主宾的席位座次，一般都是让主、尊、长者居中而坐，宾客则根据其身份、地位、辈分，一左一右，依次安排在主位的两面；但如果碰巧客人都是显贵尊长，就不好办了。
公元5 世纪时，英国的亚瑟王想出了一个办法，即他和他的骑士们举行会议时，不分上下席位，围着圆桌而坐，这样就避免了与会者席位上下而引起的纠纷。于是便形成了“圆桌会议”。
圆桌会议不分上下尊卑，含有与会者“一律平等”和“协商”的意思。第一次世界大战后，国际会议便多采用圆桌会议的形式。“圆桌会议”一直沿用至今天。
"Round Table means everyone is equal"
看疯狂的主妇学翻译 4
16.Mike was still in love with his late wife.迈克还爱着他已故的妻子。
17.If something had happened, I would have felt like I had failed her. 要是他（狗）遭遇不测的话，我就会觉得我辜负了她的嘱托（前妻）。
18.She knew right then neither she nor Edie would be laying claim to his heart anytime soon.
那时她意识到她和Edie谁都不能很快地占据他的心.
19.As I look back at the world I left behind, it's all so clear to me: the beauty that waits to be unveiled, the mysteries that long to be uncovered.
我回头看看我身后的世界，一切是那么清晰，有那么多美好的事物等着我们去发现，有那么多神秘的现象等着我们去揭示．
20.But people so rarely stop to take a look. They just keep moving. It's a shame really. There's so much to see.
可是人们从来就不屑去仔细看看．他们匆匆忙忙地走来走去．真遗憾啊．有那么多东西可看．
美国大学入学也掀起风波
High school seniors begin a new college application season amid growing signs that the nation’s top colleges and universities have deep misgivings about the sanity and fairness of the annual admissions frenzy.
A week after Harvard abandoned early admissions as a program that puts low-income students at a disadvantage, Princeton followed suit yesterday, saying it hoped other universities would do the same. “I think it’s important for there to be momentum, because I think it’s the right decision,” said Shirley M. Tilghman, Princeton’s president.
中学高年级学生开始进入一个新的大学申请时期，而此中同时滋生着这样一种迹象：国内顶级大学和学院对于每年疯狂申请进入大学的浪潮中能否体现良好心态和公平公正表示深重忧虑。
哈佛大学放弃了提前申请计划，这种做法将收入低下的学生置入不利的境地，一周以后也就是昨天普林斯顿大学也做出了同样的决定，并称希望其他大学也这样做。该大学的校长说：“我认为推动这一举措是非常重要的，因为我认为这是个正确的决定。”
五个经济词汇
1.agribusiness ：农业综合企业
The production and marketing of corps by large corporations as opposed to individual farms. 由大集团公司进行的农产品的生产和销售，与个体农场主经营方式相反。
John was forced into bankruptcy when he lost millions of dollars he had invested in a poor agribusiness venture.
约翰在农业综合企业中投资不当，损失了数百万美元，被迫破产。
2.air-pocket stock ：气穴股票
Stock that falls sharply on bad news.
一有坏消息便急剧下跌的股票。
Company stock sometimes turns into air-pocket stock upon the news of the company’s CEO’s serious illness or death.
一旦公司总裁病重或去世的消息传出，其股票有时会变成气穴股票。
3.Black Monday ：黑色星期一
October 19, 1987, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell a record 508 points in trading on the New York Stock Exchange.
1987年10月19日，纽约股票交易所道•琼斯工业股票平均指数狂跌创纪录的508点。
4.blue chip stock ：热门股票，绩优股，蓝筹股
A term used to describe high-quality stocks of financially sound corporations 指财务上可靠的公司发行的高质量股票。
Mr. Jeppson has a portfolio of nothing but blue chip stocks.
杰普逊先生持有的有价证券里全部都是热门股票。
5.boondoggle ：无效的投资
A wasteful business venture 不见回报的经营投机
Our investment in water softeners was a boondoggle.
我们在水软化器上的投资打了水漂。
看疯狂的主妇学翻译 5
21. After I died, I began to surrender the parts of myself that were no longer necessary.
我死以后，我交出了自己不再需要的部分。
22.My desires, beliefs，ambitions, doubts, every trace of my humanity was discarded. 我的欲望、信仰、雄心、疑虑，我人性中的每一抹痕迹都被丢弃。
23. I discovered when moving through eternity, it helps to travel lightly.
我发现在穿越永恒的时候，我会轻装上路。
24. In fact, I held on to only one thing, my memory.
事实上，我只保留了一样东西，我的回忆。
25．I remember the easy confidence of her smile, the gentle elegance of her hands and the refined warmth of her voice. But what I remember most was the look of fear in her eyes.
我记得她悠闲镇定的微笑，举止优雅的双手，她优雅温和的声音，可给我印象最深的还是她眼中的恐惧．
人均收入问题
1998年城真居民的收入和消费水平发生了巨大的变化，人年均收入达到了5160元，比上一年上升了3.4%
In 1998, great changes took place in the income and consumption levels of urban residents. The yearly average income amounted to 5,160 yuan, increased by 3.4%.
工人和职员在国营和集体企业里的收入仍是家庭的主要收入。
Incomes of workers and staff members in the state-owned enterprises and collective work units are still the mainstay of family income.
The definition of average income: This is calculated by multiplying the total number of responses in each income range by the mid-point of the range and dividing by the total population. It does not include those who have no income. This is available for both household and personal income.
花旗银行瞄准中国中小企业
本月在广东省广州市的一个展览会上，世界上最大的金融服务公司花旗集团公司热衷于吸引更多的中国中小企业作为潜在的客户。
Citigroup Inc, the world's biggest financial services company, was keen to attract more of China's small and medium enterprises as potential clients at an expo this month in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province.
相关背景知识：
花旗银行，作为惟一一家推行全球业务战略的银行，
不单为遍及56个国家的5000万消费者提供服务，也在近100个国家为跨国、跨区及当地的企业客户服务。除了花旗银行，没有哪家金融机构的业务和资源足以在如此之多的地方，应付如此之多的需要。
花旗银行已成为金融服务的世界品牌。花旗银行的名称即意味着服务，不仅是满足客户的需要，更要比客户预期的做得更好。
主要的业务范围包括：
电子银行业务
通过花旗银行的计算机，自动柜员机或花旗电话银行，在一年365天一天24小时内都可得到安全而便捷的服务。
信用卡业务
世界范围内，花旗银行的信用卡客户都可通过花旗银行发行的信用卡，或花旗银行与其他知名机构共同发行的信用卡满足其消费需求，并适应其不同的财务状况，花旗银行是全球最大的信用卡发行机构。
私人银行业务
花旗银行在32 个国家中从事私人银行业务的员工可透过银行的人才、产品及策略网络，令客户获得全球投资组合的第一手资料，花旗银行协助其寻求投资机会及识别投资风险。
新兴市场业务
花旗银行在新兴市场服务客户接近100年，源远流长，并取得了长足的发展。
因为花旗银行就像一家当地商业银行一样，持有营业执照，了解当地市场，并拥有训练有素的当地雇员，配合着跨区域性的优势向客户提供世界水平的银行服务，这是花旗银行与从不同的优势。
企业银行业务
目前，花旗银行在100多个国家与全球性、区域性和地方性公司客户进行着合作。
花旗银行在世界各地的市场所涉及的深度和广度是企业银行业务的基石。无论是在国内，还是在世界任何地方，均可得到花旗银行优质的服务和专业的建议。
跨国公司业务
花旗银行同许多著名的跨国公司之间的成功合作，是基于花旗银行数十年来所积累的银行业关系和经验。这些公司大多希望向海外扩展，特别是向新兴市场扩展，因为那里的消费者和商品市场欣欣向荣。
花旗银行在世界各地的深远发展是最具竞争力的特点。就规模，产品，能力，产业知识和经验而言，花旗银行都比竞争对手领先一步。花旗银行的目标是将花旗银行的产品和服务推向全世界。简而言之，花旗银行全球独一无二的网络可随时随地为客户提供其所需的服务。
Citigroup Inc. is the largest financial services company in the world. For the years 2001 to 2004 it has alternated with General Electric in being the largest and most profitable corporation in the world, with a market cap of $240 billion and $1.5 trillion in assets. The formation of Citigroup was announced on April 7, 1998 through a merger of Citicorp and Travelers Group. It was the first US company to combine banking with insurance under writing since the Great Depression.
看疯狂的主妇学翻译六
What kind of program is Desperate Housewives?
Desperate Housewives is an American television series, created by Marc Cherry, that began airing on ABC in 2004. Set on
Wisteria Lane in the fictional town of Fairview, the series tracks the lives of four housewives, following their domestic struggles while several mysteries unfold in the background. The tone and style of the series combine elements of drama, comedy, mystery, satire, and soap opera.
26. Bree had started to realize her world was unraveling, and for a woman who despised loose end, that was unacceptable.
开始意识到她的世界在瓦解, 对于一个讲究完美的女人(连扣子没系牢都看不顺眼的女人), 那是不可接受的.
27. They don't need to be burdened with our marital problems, and if we're working things out, the least we could do is try to keep up appearances.
他们不应该承担我们婚姻问题的压力, 我们要解决问题的话, 至少我们应该表面上过得去.
28. We are in marriage counseling, Bree; I think that would confuse things.
我们在进行婚姻调节咨询，Bree，我不想因此而产生误解。
29. I'm not being flip, I'm just pointing out a reality.
不是我轻率无礼，只是这是事实。
30 Tennis lessons are a plausible alibi.
上网球课是挺起来不错的借口。
How green is your Apple? 你的“苹果”有多绿？（陈继龙 编译）
（1）DISPOSING of computers, monitors, printers and mobile phones is a large and growing environmental problem. Some 20m-50m tonnes of “e-waste” is produced each year, most of which ends up in the developing world. According to the European Union, e-waste is now the fastest-growing category. Last month new rules came into force in both Europe and California to oblige the industry to take responsibility for it. In Europe the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive limits the use of many toxic materials in new electronic products sold in the European Union. In California mobile-phone r________① must now take back and recycle old phones.
废旧电脑、显示器、打印机和手机的处理是一个日趋严重的环境问题。每年大约有2～5千万吨“电子废品”形成，其中大部分是在发展中国家。欧盟认为“电子废品”是目前增长速度最快的一类“产品”。上个月，欧洲和美国加里福利亚均出台了新规定，要求电子产业要为此负责。欧洲的《有害物质限制使用规定》对在欧盟范围内销售的新电子产品涉及的众多有毒物质都进行了使用限定。加里福利亚则规定手机零售商现在必须对旧手机进行回收和废物处理。
Many technology firms are already eliminating certain chemicals and offering recycling schemes to help their customers dispose of obsolete equipment. Yet there is a wide variation in just how green different companies are, according to Greenpeace, an environmental l_______② group that launches a new e-waste campaign on August 25th. （2）It has ranked the top mobile-phone and PC-makers based on their progress in eliminating chemicals and in taking back and recycling products.
许多科技公司都正在去除产品中所含的特定化学物质，并向客户提供废物处理方案，以帮助其处理陈旧设备。不过据绿色和平组织称，不同公司的环保状况存在很大差异。该组织是一个环境问题游说团体，它于8月25日发起了一项新的“电子废品”运动。它根据手机和个人电脑制造商在去除化学物质以及产品回收和废物再利用方面的进展情况，对一些顶级制造商进行了排名。
The RoHS rules ban products containing any more than trace amounts of lead, mercury, cadmium[1] and other hazardous substances, including some nasty materials called brominated flame-retardants (BFRs)[2]. To do well in Greenpeace's rankings, firms must make sure both products and production processes are free of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)[3] and some BFRs that are not on the RoHS list. （3）Greenpeace also wants companies to adopt a “precautionary principle” and avoid chemicals if their environmental impact is uncertain.
《有害物质限制使用规定》禁止生产含有超量铅、汞、镉以及包括某些难闻物质即溴化阻燃剂（BFR）在内的其它有害物质的产品。至于要想在绿色和平组织的排名中有出色表现，各公司还必须确认产品及生产过程中未使用聚氯乙烯（PVC）和《有害物质限制使用规定》中未列出的某些BFR。同时，绿色和平组织还希望各公司采取“预防原则”，从而避免使用某些对环境影响作用不确切的化学物质。
Although not everyone will agree with Greenpeace's methodology, its ranking still has some merit. Nokia does well: the world's biggest handset-maker has already got rid of PVC from its products and will eliminate all BFRs from next year. But, Greenpeace g________③, it is not sufficiently “precautionary” in other areas. Dell, however, scores well in this regard and on recycling, but loses marks for not having phased out PVC and BFRs yet, though it has set a deadline for doing so.
虽然绿色和平组织的这套方法没有得到所有人的认同，但它的排名仍旧具有一定的价值。诺基亚表现出色——这个全球最大的手机制造商已经从其产品中去掉了PVC，并从明年起将去除所有溴化阻燃剂。（注：诺基亚排名第一）不过，绿色和平组织抱怨说，诺基亚在其它化学物质的“预防”使用上做得还不够。戴尔公司在这方面以及废物再利用上表现得就很好，但是由于尚未去除PVC和BFR而被扣分，尽管它已经为此制定了最后期限。（注：戴尔排名第二）
Perhaps the biggest surprise is the poor rating of Apple. （4）Despite having an image steeped in California's counterculture[4], it is one of the worst heel-draggers, says Zeina Al-Hajj of Greenpeace. The company insists that it has a strong record in recycling and has eliminated BFRs and PVC from the main plastic parts in its products. It scores badly because it has not eliminated such chemicals altogether, has not set time limits for doing so, does not provide a full list of regulated substances and is insufficiently precautionary for Greenpeace's t_______④. As for recycling, the 9,500 tonnes of electronics Apple says it has recycled since 1994 is puny[5] given the amount of equipment the firm sells, says Ms Al-Hajj. Apple responds that many of its products (such as the iPod music-player) are small and light. Greenpeace points out that Nokia also makes tiny devices, but is much better at recycling them.
最出人意料的可能是苹果电脑的糟糕名次。绿色和平组织的哈吉说，虽然苹果公司深受加里福利亚反传统文化的熏陶而给人以不拘一格的印象，但它的表现仍然最糟糕（拖了清除电子废品运动的后腿）。该公司坚称有记录表明自己在废物再利用方面做得很好，而且也已经去除了其产品的主要塑料部件中的BFR和PVC。它之所以得分低，是因为它并未完全消除此类化学物质，也没有为此制定最后期限，没有给出一份完整的校准物质名单，没有按照绿色和平组织的意思完全做到防患于未然。至于废物回收再利用问题，哈吉女士说，苹果公司自称从1994年以来已回收了9500吨电子元件，但相比其产品总销量而言，这是微不足道的。苹果公司回应说，其多数产品体积都比较小，也不重（如iPod音乐播放器），而绿色和平组织却指出，诺基亚生产的也是小型装置，但在回收再利用方面表现得就比苹果公司好很多。
（5）Alas for Apple, whatever the pros and cons of Greenpeace's ranking criteria, consumers are likely to be influenced by it anyway. Comically, Greenpeace is now considering a plan to promote its e-waste campaign via podcasting—a technology that Apple helped to p_______⑤.
无论人们赞成还是反对绿色和平组织的排名标准，苹果公司都会不好受，因为消费者多少都有可能受到这一排名的影响。搞笑的是，绿色和平组织目前正考虑计划通过播客来推进其电子废品行动，而这一技术恰恰就是苹果公司帮助推广的。
[QUIZ]
1. 根据上下文和英文释义，补全单词：
①r_______（n. a person or business that sells goods to customers in a shop）
②l_______（n. an attempt to persuade a government to change a law, make a new law etc）
③g________（v. to keep complaining in an unhappy way [= moan]）
④t________（n. the kind of things that someone likes）
⑤p________（v. to make something well known and liked）
2. 英译汉（将划线部分英文翻译成中文）：
[NOTES](LONGMAN)
1. cadmium n. 镉
2. brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) n. 溴化阻燃剂
3. polyvinyl chloride (PVC) n.聚氯乙烯
4. counterculture n.反正统（主流）文化
5. puny adj.小的，微不足道的
[KEY TO QUIZ]
1. ①retailers 零售商（wholesaler 批发商）
②lobby 游说（团）
③grumbles 抱怨，发牢骚
④tastes 偏好，喜好
⑤popularize 普及，推广
2.（见译文，仅供参考，欢迎指正）
“她是一位经历了如此多的痛苦和不幸的女性，孤身一人而绝不因此挫伤锐气或流露出来。这个世界对她过去似太无情。更为重要的是，她竟因此而为了这个国家的孩子和工人的利益做了很多工作，直道生命的尽头。
---北京协和医院的一位英籍医生
“Jin Yamei has experienced much too much bitterness and had much too many misfortunes in her life. She has braved all the adversities all alone and refused to be frustrated or show any sign of it. This world has been too cruel to her. And yet she spent all her life serving the interests of the children and workers of her country.”
金雅梅 天津创办护士学校第一人
Jin Yamei---Founder of the First Nursing School in Tianjin
1.她放弃了在美国的优越生活，义无反顾地回到祖国，只有一个信念：为了发展中国医疗事业。
She gave up her comfortable life in America and resolutely returned to China with a view to developing China’s medical cause
2. 她三岁时，父母相继死于流行瘟疫。
When she was three years old, her parents died one after another of an epidemic plague.
3. 应该说，她已经融入了美国社会，习惯了美国的生活方式。
In fact, she had integrated into American society and become accustomed to American way of life.
4. 她5岁时离开中国,记忆中对祖国的印象非常模糊,但她却没有忘记自己的悲苦身世---父母双亲是因为医疗技术落后而被夺走生命的, 无论如何也要为改变这种局面而尽到自己的责任。
As she left China at the age of 5, her memory of Motherland was dim. However, never for a moment had she forgotten her sad life experience there--- her parents died because of backward medical treatment. So she wanted to do something to change the situation.
5. 行医 practice medicine
6. 治病疗养 medical treatment and recuperation
7. 西班牙籍的葡萄牙音乐家 a Portuguese Spanish musician
8. 生了一个男孩 give birth to a boy
9. 婚后夫妻之间感情并不融洽，勉强维持了10年最终离异，把孩子留给男方。 The marriage was not a happy one and it ended up in divorce after ten years of making do with each other, leaving the child in the care of the father.
10. 更为不幸的是，儿子成年后死于一战。
But more heartbreaking was that her son died in the First World War
11. 北洋女医院院长 Director of Beiyang Women’s Hospital
12. 1902年袁世凯出任直隶总督。
In 1902 Yuan Shikai assumed the office of Governor---General of Zhili Province.
13. 医院经费经袁世凯决定由海关按月拨款700元，不足部分由绅商捐助。
Yuan decided that Tianjin Customs was to appropriate 700 silver dollars a month to cater for the hospital’s expenditures, with the balance, if any, to be made up by wealth businessmen.
14. 把---办的井然有序 keep --- running in good order
15. 受到妇女的信任 win the trust of female patients
16. 特别值得一提的是，金雅梅为了培养医护人员，争取到了袁世凯拨银两万两，与1908年创办了天津的第一说护士学校。
One thing worth special mentioning was that in order to train nurses for the hospital, Jin Yamei, having procured 20,000 silver dollars from Yuan Shikai, set up the first nursing school of Tianjin in 1908.
17. 护校附属于北洋女医院，初名为女医学堂，金雅梅任堂长，招收贫寒人家女孩，在授课学习的同时在医院实习，培养了天津最早的一批护士。
The school was named Girls’ Nursing
School attached to Beiyang Women’s Hospital. Jin offered to take the responsibility as the schoolmaster. The school had trained the first nurses that Tianjin had ever had. The students of the school were enrolled mainly from poor families. They did their practice in the hospital while attending classes in school.
18. 津门绅士严修等人出面接办医院，同时接受社会赞助，得以维持。
And then Yan Xiu and other gentries of Tianjin took over the institutions and provided funds and with additional sponsorships from other walks of life, the hospital managed to get along.
19. 1934年因患肺结核而去世，年终70岁。
In 1934 she died of tuberculosis at the age of 70.
翻译部分：
中国最大的借贷银行中国工商银行昨天开始就其新股上市定价问题进行磋商。
The Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC), the country's biggest lender, started consultations yesterday on the pricing of its initial public offering (IPO).
其他银行的名称
1.Bank of China 中国银行
2.Bank of Comunications 交通银行
3.China Merchants Bank 招商银行
4.Agricultural Bank of China 中国农业银行
5.China Everbright Bank 中国光大银行
6.China Construction Bank 中国建设银行
7.Guangdong Development Bank 广东发展银行
8.Shanghai Pudong Development Bank 浦发银行
The definition of bank: The essential function of a bank is to provide services related to the storing of deposits and the extending of credit. The evolution of banking dates back to the earliest writing, and continues in the present where a bank is a financial institution that provides banking and other financial services.
The dark side of debt
1. Lending was a sober business punctuated by odd moments of lunacy.
贷款是一项需要冷静思考的生意，可是偶尔也有冲昏了头脑的时候。
2．Petrodollar: funds held by oil producers because of the sharp rise in oil prices in international market 1974石油美元
3. Lenders recycled petrodollars to third-world countries in the naïve belief that countries, because they cannot go bust will not default.
向外贷款的国家把石油美元重新循环到第三世界的国家, 天真地认为只要国家不灭亡就不会拖欠贷款.
4. The world is once again in the grip of the spree of lending, but this time to companies rather than countries. 全球又掀起了贷款狂热的浪潮，可这次不是贷给国家，而是贷给公司。
5. What is striking is that much of this lending is happening not through public share and bond markets nor exclusively through banks.
令人感到惊讶的是这种贷款不是通过公共参股，或在债券市场上进行的，也不是完全通过银行来完成的。
1) Bond:
certificate promising repayment of debt: a certificate issued by the government or a company promising to pay back borrowed money at a fixed rate of interest on a specified date (债券)
2) Share:
part of company’s stock: any of the equal, usually small, parts into which a company’s capital stock is divided
3) Futures: 期货：为买卖商品或股票而规定在将来一定时期交货的契约
1. FINANCE
Commodities traded for later delivery: goods or stocks sold for future delivery, or the contracts for them
2. Compensation to come: something to be given later as compensation (informal)
• He was willing to make the concession with the expectation that some futures would be forthcoming.
6. The issuance of syndicated loans vaulted to $3.5 trillion last year from $2.3 trillion in 2000.
成为以企业一部分的贷款发行量从2000年的两万三千亿一跃而至去年的三万五千亿。
7. Thanks to the low cost of debt, private lenders such as hedge funds are extending vast amounts of credit to leveraged buy-out firms and other private borrowers.
由于贷款的利息比较低，私家贷款业主，如冒险投资公司等向融资收买公司和其他私人借款者借贷了大量的款项。
Hedge fund: 对冲基金
risk-taking investment company: an investment company that is organized as a limited partnership and uses high-risk techniques in the hope of making large profits
Leveraged buyout: 融资收买，融资买入
way of buying a commercial company: a takeover strategy in which a controlling proportion of a company’s shares is bought using borrowed money, the collateral for which is assets belonging to the purchased company
8. In thinly traded, lightly regulated, and untransparent markets, the bold can make an awful lot of money---and they can lose it on an even more extravagant scale.
在那些贸易往来较少，管理较松，市场不透明的地区，胆子大的能赚一大笔钱，当然也可能输得精光。
9．On the back of 紧跟着
10. suffer catastrophic losses 损失惨重
11. Moreover, business people have perfectly good reasons to operate out of the public gaze. 商人们还完全有理由来进行暗箱操作。
12 The trouble is that the vulnerabilities of debt’s dark side have not yet been fully tested by the next act of collective lunacy.
麻烦就出在债务阴暗面的脆弱之处还没有完全经过集体借贷狂热的考验。
13 claret 红葡萄酒
14. Company pension funds and mutual funds put money into the securities of states and listed firms and hoped that they did well.
公司养老抚恤金和公司的共有基金都把钱投到了一些国家和上市公司的证券中，而且希望能赚到钱。
1. pension fund 养老抚恤基金
2. mutual fund n.（名词）
An investment company that continually offers new shares and buys existing shares back on demand and uses its capital to invest in diversified securities of other companies.
共有基金：一种投资公司，其不断发行新股票并且一经要求即可买回现存股票，并且用其资金投资于其他公司的多种证券上
15. The benefits of this hyperactive shuffling of money spread well beyond financial markets.
这种极其活跃的金钱投资，其益处扩展到了金融市场以外的领域。
16. If companies are buying more cheaply and sensibly to make acquisitions, pay dividends and buy back their own shares, businesses everywhere should run more efficiently
要是这些公司门可以理智地低利息贷到款项，从而获利，付清股息，买回他们自己的股票份额，那么各处的商业应该运转更顺畅才对。
17. sloppy: 太随意
债务以及其他资产损益表上的其他金融债务。
18. accounting money owed: all debts and other financial obligations that appear on a balance sheet
19．Commendably 很好的值得赞扬的
20.simulate 模拟
21. keep tab on 监视
22. Regulators now hint that it might eventually be necessary to supervise credit hedge funds, now monitored via their brokers.
管理者们暗示现在是通过股票经纪人来监视这些风险投资公司的，以后可能有必要对它们进行直接监督管理。
23. When the next recession reveals the next act of lunacy, and when the urge to re-regulate business takes hold, remember that today’s successes were founded partly on those freedoms
下一次经济萧条之时必将带来下一次疯狂的投资，要是想再次对经济严加管理，可不要忘记了现在的成功部分要归功于那些自由。
Thailand’s Dangerous Coup
1. coup 政变
seizure of political power: the sudden overthrow of a government and seizure of political power, especially in a violent way and by the military. Also called coup d’état
2. a grim-faced general 一位一脸严肃的将军
3. Revising the constitution may turn out, alas, to be an impossible task, so that the army regretfully has no choice but to remain in power as it has been done Myanmar these past 18 years.
正像缅甸过去18年来的情况一样，修改宪法几乎是不可能的，而军队也不得不一直掌权。
4. escapade: An adventurous, unconventional act or undertaking.
越轨行为，胡作非为：冒险的、不合乎传统的行为或约定
5. Thailand was certainly no paragon of democracy before Tuesday night.
周二以前，泰国一直也不是什么民主的典范。
6. lambaste 责骂
7. nepotism 偏袒(亲人等)
8. Mr Thaksin was particularly hated by urban Thais because of his open-handed courting of rural vote, using debt forgiveness and expensive subsidies for health care and rural development.
泰国城市居民尤其讨厌Thaksin 因为他为了获得农民的投票，对农民总慷慨地献殷勤，如免除债务，拨大量的补助来改善农村医疗保险和发展农村各项事业。
9. canny:
Careful and shrewd, especially where one's own interests are concerned.
谨慎的：小心而精明的，特别是当涉及到某人自己的利益时
10. populism
A political philosophy supporting the rights and power of the people in their struggle against the privileged elite.
人民党主义：一种政治哲学，在人民反对特权精英阶级的斗争上支持人民的权利与权力
11. He had won a thumping election victory of 2001 on the back of such promises.
他做出这样的承诺之后，在2001年选举中大获全胜。
12.adrift 漂泊不定的
13. political impasse 政治僵局
14. rile sb. 激怒某人
15. snag 阻碍
16.bouy 支撑，鼓励
17. military putsch 军事暴动
18. barracks n.兵营, 许多人居住的简陋房舍
19. limp-wristed
an offensive term meaning effeminate (insult)
[From the stereotypic attitude offensively associated with effeminate or homosexual men, with hands relaxed from raised wrists]
20 The malign consequences of the coup may not be confined to Thailand itself.
这次政变的后果可不止局限于泰国国内。
21．In Malaysia, there is no military threat, though there is a long-established tendency to authoritarianism within the ruling party, UMNO, that might now be reinforced. 虽然在马来西亚不存在军事政变的威胁，在执政党马来西亚全国联合组织中却一直存在根深蒂固的独裁主义，而且愈演愈烈。
UMNO
United Malays National Organization (UMNO), the dominant party in the ruling National Front coalition
怎么表达才好?
It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one’s meaning.
简明，直接，有力的写作难于花哨，含混而意义模糊的表达。
生词学习
directly ad.直接地;坦率地,直截了当地
effectively ad.有效地;生效地
Obscure：adj.1.不著名的，不重要的
You may not have heard of the painter of this portrait——he is rather obscure.
你可能没有听说过这幅画像的作者——他相当没名气。
2.费解的
The meaning of this poem is obscure really do not understand it.
这首诗的意思晦涩难懂，我真不理解。
简明，直接，有力的写作难于花哨，含混而意义模糊的表达。
3.模糊不清的
The room is too obsure for reading.
房间光线太暗不能看书。
vt. 使变模糊，掩盖
Words and sentences that obsure the meaning must be discarded.
意思难懂的词和句子必须去掉。
Very few people could understand his lecture because the subject was very obscure
很少有人能听懂他的讲课，因为上课内容很晦涩。
Voracious News Reader 酷爱读报的民族
1. All over the country, most people read the same newspapers and the dominant position of the London papers may reflect a lack of regional identity.
全国各地，大多数人阅读的报纸没什么两样，伦敦的报纸占据着首要的地位，这或许也反映出英国的报纸缺乏地方特色。
2. The Times has a reputation for extreme caution in its attitudes and this reputation is on the whole deserved.
«泰晤士报»素以谨小慎微而著称，总体上来说的确如此。
3. The Guardian has made great progress during the past fifteen years, particularly among intelligent people who find the Times too uncritical of established interests.
在过去的15年里，卫报扩大了影响力，尤其受到知识分子的欢迎，因为这些人觉得«泰晤士报»过于迁就既得利益。
4. Well produced and edited and full of real information, Daily Telegraph deserves to be considered as belong to the same class of journalism as The Times and The Guardian.
«每日电讯报»编排水平高，刊登的消息真实，因而应该和«泰晤士报»，«卫报»归到一类。
5. The Daily Express reflects the rather nationalistic and imperialistic opinions of its founder, Lord Beaverbrook, the most famous of the press baron.
«每日快报»反映了其创办人，大名鼎鼎的报业巨子比弗布鲁克勋爵强烈的民族主义和帝国意识的观点。
6. The Daily Express owes much of its success to skill in the technique of popular journalism. «每日快报»之所以取得成功，主要是归功于其擅长报道大众新闻的特色。
7. The Mirror and Sun are tabloids, being printed on paper half the normal size for a newspaper and relying much on pictures, strip cartoons and human interest stories for their popular appeal.
«镜报»和«太阳报»都属于通俗小报，因为他们的版面只有普通报纸的一半，主要登载图片，连环画和富有人情味的报道，迎合大众兴趣。
8. The Sun has been successful in gaining circulation, some of it won from the defunct Sketch.
在扩大发行量上，太阳报一直很成功，其中部分订阅者来自已经停办的«简报»
9. The name of Financial Times indicates its character. 金融时报的名字，顾名思义，其特点不言自明。
10. That such a paper should have had the largest percentage increase in circulation of any national daily is an indication of the current development of ownership of capital in Britain.
金融时报居然能够在所有全国性日报中取得最快的发行增长率，这反映出英国资本占有状况的最新动向。
国庆专题
1. What is the National Day?
The National Day is a designated date on which celebrations mark the nationhood of a country. Often the National Day will be a national holiday. Most countries have a single National Day per year, though a few, for example Pakistan, have more than one. The National Day is often taken as the date on which a state or territory achieved independence. Other dates such as the country's patron saint day, or a significant historic date are sometimes used.
2. Over 3 million people are to travel by air during Golden week(an article from China Daily) The General Administration of Civil Aviation of China (CAAC) forecast that 3.06 million people will travel by air during the upcoming National Day holiday, an increase of 13.5 percent from a year ago.
CAAC predicts the peak times for air travel will be on September 29 and 30.
Airlines have been urged to take preventative measures to deal with passengers stranded due to postponement of flights during the"Golden Week" holiday from October 1 to 7.
Brazil’s Presidential Election
Who leads Latin America?
1. economic torpor 经济处于瘫痪状态，经济迟滞不前
2. Four years ago, when he was elected Brazil’s president by a landslide, Luiz Inacio Lula Da Shiva seemed destined to become the spokesman for a new, more confident, and more socially just Latin America.
四年前，Luiz Inacio Lula Da Shiva以绝对的选票当选了巴西总统，从那时起他似乎注定要成为充满自信和公正的新拉丁美洲的代言人。
3. Not only does Brazil the world’s fourth largest democracy, have legitimate aspirations to regional leadership and to a bigger role in the world. Mr Da Shilva’s own life story the seventh child of a dirt poor family from the Northeastern backlands who rose to become a trade union leader---entitled him to assume the moral leadership of a new, democratic Latin America left, one that seemed to have freed itself from the past attachment to an all-powerful state.
一方面，巴西是世界第四大民主共和国，理所当然要争取拉美地区的领导权，并在世界舞台上扮演更大的角色。另一方面，出生于巴西东北贫苦家庭排行老七的Da Shilva先生，一越而成为工会主席，他自己的这段经历也让他完全有资格成为这个崭新的民主的拉丁美洲的领导，成为这个似乎已经摆脱受大国摆布的新拉美的领导。
4. Four years on, Lula seems almost certain to win a second term, either in a general election on October 1st or a run-off ballot a month later. Sadly however, he has lost some lustre.
四年后，Lula还是一如既往，无论是将在十月一日举行的大选，还是一个月后进行的最后投票，他都将几乎轻而易举取得成功。然而，令人失望的是，他却没有往日那么光辉四射了。
5. On September 20th in a speech to the United Nations General Assembly, he trumped even Iran’s Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in the adolescent stridency of his anti-Americanism, referring to George Bush as “the devil”.
他在九月二十日联合国大会上发言时，年轻气盛地大声宣扬反美主义，把布什说成了恶魔，甚至拿出了伊朗总理Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 作为王牌。
6. Loudness is not necessarily persuasive. 声音大不一定就意味着有说服力。
7. largesse: 慷慨 formal when someone gives money or gifts to people who have less than they do, or the money or gifts that they give
8. He has dispensed largesse from Argentina to Africa, and hopes that this will win Venezuela one of the two rotating seats for Latin America on the UN Security Council. 他在阿根廷和非洲国家慷慨解囊，就是为了能让委内瑞拉取得安理会中代表拉丁美洲的两个轮换席位之一。
1. For this he has also secured the support of China and Russia, as well as that of a bunch of dictators from Belarus to North Korea. 为了达到此目的，他也争取到了中国和俄罗斯，以及白俄罗斯，北朝鲜领导者的支持。
2. autocrat: dictator a corporate autocrat 某一团体的独断专行者
11. What is odd is that Venezuela’s UN candidacy has the backing of Brazil. 让人想不通的是委内瑞拉成为联合国安理会候选成员国的地位得到了巴西的支持。
12．Orchestrate a scheme 进行了一次预谋
13．Smear: to stain or attempt to destroy the reputation of; vilify:
污蔑，诋毁：玷污或企图毁掉某人的名誉；诽谤：
Political enemies who smeared his name.
污蔑他名声的政敌们
14. scam: a fraudulent business scheme; a swindle.
骗局：欺骗性的商业阴谋；诓骗
15. steer clear of debt default 把债还清了
16．Stick to responsible macroeconomic policies
坚持采取了负责任的宏观经济政策
17．Swelling tax revenues rather than smarter spending have kept the fiscal accounts under control. 巴西之所以能掌控财政帐目，不是归功于政府支出巧妙，而是猛涨税收的结果。
18．Red tape:
Official forms and procedures, especially when oppressively complex and time consuming.
繁文缛节：官方的形式和过程，尤指当其令人感到难以忍受的复杂且浪费时间时
19. Most Brazilians concluded long ago that their country’ politicians are irredeemably corrupt.
大部分巴西人早就得出结论：本国的政客都腐败到了不可救药的地步。
20．But many identify in Lula one of their own, and do not see him as having benefited personally from the graft.
然而许多人都发现和Lula有同样的境遇，也觉得他没有从腐败中获得个人利益。
Graft: Unscrupulous use of one's position to derive profit or advantages; extortion.
贪污，受贿：无耻地利用职位来取得利益或好处；勒索，敲诈
Money or an advantage gained or yielded by unscrupulous means.
赃款；赃物：用无耻手段获得或产生的钱财或好处
v
To gain by or practice unscrupulous use of one's position.
无耻地利用职位来获得
21. Thanks to a successful anti-poverty program that channels small cash payments to 11m families, to low inflation, wider access to education, and big increases in the minimum wages, the incomes of the poor are rising much faster than those of the middle class. The result is that in a country notorious for its inequalities, income is more equally distributed today than at any other time in the past 30 years.
多亏了扶贫计划的成功实施，1100万贫困家庭中每户都可以获得一小份现金，通货膨胀率才降低了，更多的孩子才能上起学了，最低工资也有了大量增长，穷人们的收入也比中产阶级的收入涨得快多了。
22．In its second term, he should make a concerted effort to pry Brazil free from its low-growth trap.
在任总统第二期期间，他应该让巴西人齐心协力让巴西冲破经济发展低迷的枷锁。
23. And that require cuts in tax, the federal bureaucracy and wasteful government spending, as well as reforms of pensions, regulatory agencies, education, and the labor market.
那就需要减税，整顿联邦政府官僚作风，节约政府开支，同时要求对养老制度，管理机构，教育和劳动市场进行改革。
24．Brazil is often bracketed with China, India, and Russia as one of the world’s emerging economic powers.
巴西通常和中国，印度和俄罗斯一样都被称为世界新兴经济强国。
25．If its economy were expanding by 5% or 6%, Brazil’s claim to regional leadership would carry greater weight.
要是巴西的经济能以5%或6%的速度增长的话，想要成为拉美领导的请求会更有分量。
26."tax-and-spend" 意为“量入为出”。
财政理论将一国财政收入与支出的关系区分为"量入为出(Tax-and-spend)"、"量出为入(Spend-and -Tax)"和"财政同步(Fiscal Synchronization)"三种关系.
八级词汇(1)
1.extol : praise sb or sth highly
(1)Songs of extolling the motherland are ringing far and near.
颂扬祖国的歌声响彻四方.
(2)extol sb as a hero 把某人当做英雄来歌颂
2.mayhem a violent disorder or confusion;havoc;a crime of maiming a person
大混乱,大灾难,伤害肢体罪
These children are commiting mayhem in the flowerbeds.
这些孩子们在花坛里肆虐.
3.shambles : a scene or condition of complete disorder or ruin 废墟
The economy was in a shambles. 经济一片混乱/经济处于混乱状态.
要做好翻译工作一是要具备良好的政治素质，二是要具备好良好的业务素质。政治素质包括译者对待党和国家大政方针政策的正确了解和贯彻执行、严肃认真的工作态度和一丝不苟的工作作风；良好的业务素质指的是扎实的语言功底、出色的写作技能、丰富的文化知识以及过硬的翻译理论知识和熟练应用翻译技巧的能力。具体说来，这些业务素质至少包括以下四个方面的内容：
1） 扎实的语言基本功。译者应具有较强的驾驭译出语和译入语的能力，能正确理解原文，熟练运用本族语。试举1例如下：
This large body of men had met on the previous night, despite the elements which were opposed to them, a heavy rain falling the whole of the night and drenching them to the skin.这一大群人头天晚上还是聚到了一起，尽管老天与他们作对，整夜下着倾盆大雨，大家被淋得浑身透湿。（原文中的despite the elements which were opposed to them译作"尽管老天与他们作对"，读起来未免平板滞重、佶屈聱牙，如译作"尽管天公不作美"不仅传神达意，而且文字简练、十分得体。）
2） 具有丰富的文化知识，熟悉以英语为母语的国家的诸如历史、宗教、政治、地理、军事、外交、经济、文艺、科学、风土人情、民俗习惯等方面的社会文化。这有助于正确理解原文，完美地表达原作所要传达的思想内容。例如：
It is a way, he says, of paying tribute to the rock'n'roll era that had a huge impact on him as a child. So why did the idea come off the backburner and on to paper and then celluloid? Celebrity burn-out is the answer. Hollywood's man with the golden touch had had a string of box-office success, from Sleepless in Seattle to Toy Story and Apollo 13, and had won Oscars two years in succession, for Philadelphia and then Forrest Gump.
他说这是颂扬那个给童年的他带来巨大影响的摇滚乐时代的一种方式。那么这个想法怎么会由一个不起眼的念头变成了文字，然后又变成了电影呢？答案是名人精疲力尽了。这位点石成金的好莱坞宠儿由《西雅图夜未眠》到《玩具故事》和《阿波罗13号》，获得了一连串的票房成功，并因《费城的故事》和随后的《阿甘正传》连续两年问鼎奥斯卡奖。（rock'n'roll [=rock and roll]一词于1951年因著名的电台音乐节目主持人艾伦•弗里德首次使用而流传开来。backburner是"次要地位；一时不重要的地位"。golden touch是"点金术"。Sleepless in Seattle, Toy Story, Apollo 13, Philadelphia和Forrest Gump是电影片名。Oscar是美国好莱坞电影奖。译者如不了解这些词语的文化含义就很难译好它们。）
3） 熟悉翻译理论和常用技巧，善于灵活运用各种翻译技巧。例如：
They were sons of the men who had left their homes and taken to the mountains with their broad swords by their side.他们都是那些抛妻别子、身带大刀进深山的好汉们的后代。（本例翻译时如不采取颠倒词序的方法，而译作"他们是好汉们的后代，那些好汉们曾经抛妻别子、身带大刀进入深山"，文气就弱多了。
4） 熟悉各种工具书。译者的记忆力和知识面终归是有限的，因此遇到问题就应该知道怎样去查找正确的答案，从哪本书中去寻找。这就要求他应该知道怎样使用各种工具书。常见的工具书有各种单语词典和双语词典、百科全书、史书等。译者应该熟悉这些工具书各自的特点和用法，在翻译时如遇到难题就可求助它们。
中国给了我天使般的行文
Chinese Philosophies Endow My Writing with an Angelic Glamor
1.我8岁那年的一个下午,随妈妈去食品店购物.
One afternoon, when I was eight years old, I was going to the grocer's with Mom.
2.妈妈指着街上一位骑着自行车的男子说:"这个人是疯子,他居然能看懂中文." Pointing at a man riding a bike on the street, Mother said:"He must be a madman. He even knows Chinese."
3.我至今记得那个中年男子一头爱因斯坦式的爆炸发型,更可怕的是他头发的颜色火红火红的. Today I still remember what that man looked like: he had a head of blown-up hair like Einstein's, and what was more frightening was its fiery-red color.
4.那时我的确相信自己撞见了传说中的魔鬼.
At that moment, I believed I had seen a real devil.
5.1966年我正读高中,学校的外语课是拉丁文和法文.
In 1966, I was at the senior high school which offered Latin and French as foreign languages.
6.我酷爱拉丁文和法文诗歌.
I was very keen on Latin and French poetry.
7.有一天在学校图书馆里,我像往常一样在诗歌书架旁徜徉.
One day I was browsing through the poetry shelves at the school library.
8.当我抽出来一本美国诗人庞德的诗歌时,紧贴其的一本薄薄的小册子掉了下来,这是庞德翻译的中国古典诗词集.
When I picked from the shelf an anthology of poems by the American poet Ezra Pound, a thin booklet next to it fell to the floor. I picked it up and fount it was a collection of Pound's translations of Chinese classical poetry.
9.我吓了一跳,没想到中国会有诗词.
I was astonished that there had ever been poetry composed by Chinese.
10.随手翻翻我立即就被吸引住了,从来未见过如此清新风格的诗词.
I thumbed through a few pages and was glued to it: never had I read poetry in such refreshing styles.
一星期以后，我找到20世纪初英国汉学家阿瑟。韦利写的鸦片战争，对我来说这又是一个惊奇。因为英国历史教科书中只字未提过这场战争，普通英国人对此一无所知。
One week later, I went to Arthur Waley, and English sinologist of the early 20th century, and borrowed his The Opium War, which surprized me again. In English Textbooks of history not a single word about the war was mentioned and the average Englishmen simply did not know anything about it.
有一段话翻不好，帮忙看看吧，谢谢拉。
There is an old adage in the Middle East: If you give, you better get; otherwise, there will be no end to the giving. This street-smart advice, which has underscored Israel's policy toward its Arab neighbors for the past 50 years, seems to have been turned on its head by the recent flurry of unilateral proposals toward the Palestinians, including Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's Herzliya speech outlining Israeli steps should Palestinians refuse to negotiate.
只翻译第2句就可以了，也帮忙分析一下最后一个小分句的语法结构。
在中东流传着一句俗语，付出就必须有回报，不然付出就没个头了。这句听似精明的俗语恰恰强调了近50年来以色列对阿拉伯邻国主要采用双边政策，可是最近对巴勒斯坦采取单边行动的计划却表明以色列走了另外一条单边主义道路，总理沙龙的Herzliya演讲中更是概述了，假如巴勒斯坦人拒绝谈判，以色列将相继采取什么样的单边行动来应对。
这是一篇新闻评论的开头吧，不过好久远了啊，呵呵老掉牙了。还有下文我copy来。
Going It Alone Won’t Work
by: Aaron David Miller date: 2004-01-17
There is an old adage in the Middle East: If you give, you better get; otherwise, there will be no end to the giving. This street-smart advice, which has underscored Israel's policy toward its Arab neighbors for the past 50 years, seems to have been turned on its head by the recent flurry of unilateral proposals toward the Palestinians, including Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's Herzliya speech outlining Israeli steps should Palestinians refuse to negotiate.
Unilateral actions as a substitute for negotiations cannot work, and will only exacerbate the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Yet for the past two years, the departure point for Israelis' actions toward their Palestinian neighbors has been a unilateral one, whether it is increased settlement activity or unilateral security and economic measures. Suicide terror, aversion to Yasser Arafat, and the absence of a reliable Palestinian security partner have understandably left most Israelis ready to act by themselves.
The most dramatic manifestation of this solo approach has been the security wall. The wall reflects the frustration and fear of large sectors of the Israeli public and political establishment. Its advocates argue that even with only a third of the fence completed, it has already paid off. From April 2002 to December 2002, there were 17 successful attacks in areas that the fence now straddles, resulting in 89 deaths; from January 2003 to November 2003, there were eight attacks resulting in 51 deaths.
Unilateralism not only drives Israel's current policy, it has also influenced Israel's thinking about the future. The peace plan known as the Road Map has been completely overshadowed by initiatives that exclude any meaningful participation by a Palestinian partner. Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Olmert's bombshell interview, in which he contemplated large-scale withdrawal from the West Bank and Gaza, does not include a Palestinian interlocutor. And the much anticipated initiative by Sharon calls for unilateral evacuation of some settlements, unilateral annexation of others and a trial period of negotiations with Palestinians - and, if they fail, unilateral disengagement from additional West Bank territory.
Under current circumstances, unilateralism has a powerful appeal. If it can enhance Israeli security, preserve a Jewish majority and disengage Israel from the Palestinian problem, why not pursue it? What other choice does Israel have?
Indeed, prospects for serious Israeli-Palestinian negotiations at this time are bleak. Yet pursuing unilateral initiatives that change the political and territorial status quo will neither enhance Israel's security nor end the conflict.
First, in the rough-and-tumble world of Arab-Israeli politics, withdrawal without reciprocity is an unmistakable sign of weakness that could easily diminish, not enhance, Israeli deterrence and security. The strategy of marhaliyya, the liberation of Palestine in phases, which is popular among some Palestinians, would be given a boost.
Second, unilateralism simply cannot produce the practical economic, security, and political arrangements required to end the conflict.
Israeli and Palestinian lives and futures are inextricably linked. This strategic predicament can only be resolved by cleverly negotiated and imaginatively conceived bilateral solutions.
Instead, unilateralism will leave problems galore: thousands of West Bank Palestinians within Israel's borders, no rational solutions to Palestinian labor flows, access to markets or shared water resources, and no practical security cooperation. In short, it will leave an angry and alienated Palestinian population with nowhere to go and nothing to lose.
In the end, the only outcome that has a chance of ending the conflict is a two-state solution negotiated with real reciprocity and continuing cooperation and interaction between Israelis and Palestinians. No amount of frustration with Palestinian behavior, nor the allure of unilateral solutions, will change that fact. Sadly, the only question is how long it will take Israelis and Palestinians to reach that point - and whether there will be a two-state solution to negotiate once they do.
The writer is President of Seeds of Peace, a nonprofit organization that brings together teenagers from conflict areas. For 25 years he was an adviser on Arab-Israeli negotiations to six U.S. Secretaries of State.
Source: The International Herald Tribune, January 6, 2004
Visit The International Herald Tribune website at http://www.iht.com/frontpage.html
Distributed by the Common Ground News Service.
Copyright permission has been obtained for publication.
考高翻日记
112 词汇扩展(1)
1.可怕的 l______________
2. 挖掘 e______________
3.亡命徒 o__________
4. 揭丑，反责 r__________________
5.批判 r_______________
6.小农阶级 p______________
7. 为---辩护 v__________________
8.镰刀 s_______________
9.中断 h__________________
10.上层建筑 s_______________________
11.头目，魁首 r________________
12.皱眉头 s_____________
13.大度便便 p___________
14.土星 S______________
15.能够想到的，可以想到的 c________________
词汇扩展(2)
1. Traditional solutions have been tried and found w____________（行不通）
2.At this point, Spain was p_______ (准备好）to become the dominant power in Europe.
3.u____________________（不知不觉中）
4. s________ home 豪宅
5.b____________ 庞然大物
6.m_________ duck 鸳鸯
7.m______________ 季风
8. q__________ 镇压，平息
9. The future prospects of these students h_________ on their performance in these exams.
10. The old man t___________ (步履艰难）home through the snow.
Keys:
wanting, poised, unwittingly, stately, behemoth, mandarin, monsoon, quell, hinge, trudged
1. cape
2. capitation
3. carbide
4. captive
5. caption
6. capricious
7. captious
8 carpenter
9. carrier
10 cashier
词汇拓展 3
下面这些词以C开头
1 披肩
2 人头税
3 碳化物
4 囚犯
5 字幕
6 变化多端
7 吹毛求疵
8 木匠
9 搬运工
10 出纳员
飘吧
Let's drift
I've opened the curtain of my east window here above the computer, and I sit now in a holy theater before a sky-blue stage. A little cloud above the neighbor's trees resembles Jimmy Durante's nose for a while, then becomes amorphous as it slips on north. Other clouds follow, big and little and tiny on their march toward whereness. Wisps of them lead or droop because there must always be leading and drooping.
拉开了房间东边电脑上方的窗帘，感觉自己仿佛身处一个神圣的剧场，天蓝的舞台展现在面前。有好一会儿，邻居家树丛上飘着一朵像杰米•杜兰特那大鼻子形状的云朵，但渐渐云朵就往北飘移，大鼻子也就散了状。周围的云，大的、小的、丁点儿的都随之往不知什么地方飘走了。缕缕白云或前行，或散去，这最自然不过了。
The trees seem to laugh at the clouds while yet reaching for them with swaying branches. Trees must think that they are real, rooted, somebody, and that perhaps the clouds are only tickled water which sometimes blocks their sun. But trees are clouds, too, of green leaves—clouds that only move a little. Trees grow and change and dissipate like their airborne cousins.
树梢随风轻摆，像往上攀附云朵，也像在嘲笑云朵。树肯定在想自己才是实实在在、稳稳扎根的重量级人物，而云朵只不过是积聚的水珠，只会偶尔挡住太阳的光辉。其实树也是一种云，是绿叶做的云，是不怎么动的云。树会成长、变化、老去，就跟天空的浮云一样。
And what am I but a cloud of thoughts and feelings and aspirations? Don't I put out tentative mists here and there? Don't I occasionally appear to other people as a ridiculous shape of thoughts without my intending to? Don't I drift toward the north when I feel the breezes of love and the warmth of compassion?
我不也是一朵云吗？一朵怀着种种想法、感受和抱负的云。我不是也到处作尝试，制造一个个雾团吗？我的那些异想天开不也常不经意地在人面前变成了一团奇形怪状的云吗？在感受到爱的微风和怜悯的温暖时，我不也像一朵朝北畅快游走的浮云吗？
If clouds are beings, and beings are clouds, are we not all well advised to drift, to feel the wind tucking us in here and plucking us out there? Are we such rock-hard bodily lumps as we imagine?
若浮云如人，人亦如浮云，我们是否都应该飘，感受风的力量，让我们一时扎根这里，一时又把我们拔起吹走？难道我们真的就如自己想像中的那样稳如磐石吗？
Drift, let me. Sing to the sky, will I. One in many, are we. Let us breathe the breeze and find therein our roots in the spirit.
飘吧，让我！我要向天高歌。我们是人海里的过客，就让我们一起呼吸微风的气息，在其中寻找我们精神的根。
词汇拓展4
1. Despite the p____________ (物资匮乏,贫困)of wartime, she managed to keep the children healthy.
2.They expected to find him p___________ (仔细研读）over his notes the night before the exam.
3. to r___________ agricultural tax 取消农业税
4.b_____________ housing prices 飞涨的物价
5. p____________________ 安慰剂
6. 谅解备忘录
7.There was no v__________ (明显的）progress on the Doha round of world trade talks, though the American trade representative, Susan Schwab, spent an extra day in Sao Paulo to talk to Brazilian officials and industrialists.
8.Most European countries are e_________ (安顿）in the European Union.
9 乙醇
10 The law aims to better protect business assets and s_____ _____(杜绝）looting of state assets, but it does little for farmers, whose collevtively owned land is vulnerable to e____________ （征占）by local officials and cannot be used as c___________ (抵押品）to secure loans.
key: privations, poring, rescind, ballooning, placebo，Memorandum of Understanding（MOU), visible ,ensconced,ethanol,stamp out, expropriation, collateral
复述一般是一个人讲话,或者一个访谈,可以涉及任何内容，比如小手帕06 Washionton consensus vs Beijing Consensus 07 准备的时候找一段3-5分钟的 BBC interview,VOA news，或者8级考试里的lecture 听，一边听一边记笔记（笔记记下关键词和他们之间的关系，以脑记为主），听两遍，然后复述。
面试给10分钟左右时间来看一篇文章，A4纸 正面一页，背面有的是半页有的是3/4页，有的从经济学家上出的 有的是从别的地方出的，可以和政治，经济，环保，农业科技，等等任何题目有关。近几年的文章内容，比如global warming, ecological farming, China has reason to suspect the military alliance between Japan and Australia, the preservation of ancient architecture vs modern building.
阅读速度是关键，有的用5分钟阅读一遍，大意还没弄明白 （给1张白纸记笔记，看都没看明白哪知道该记什么）
然后就是口语要好，语音语调是基础，重要的还是要能根据老师的问题进行展开，要谦虚谨慎，戒骄戒躁, 胆大心细，察言观色。有的很骄傲的学生，分数好像不太高，反正礼貌点，自然点最好。
视译 就是给一篇文章 看--分钟 再口头翻译
07年是看7分钟 然后录音 视译题可以在我博客里找到 讲印度在民主制度上面临的挑战.
06年是 可持续发展 可以在论坛中我的考高翻笔记中找到(精华贴).
05年是 爱滋病好象 不清楚了.
这个就是要说的自然,不要停,不要拘泥于英语的词句,用汉语表达出来,自然流畅,遇到想不起来的单词,猜一下 一定要过渡自然.
练习的时候用电脑录下来听,不要有方言,口头语.
口译笔记符号
1. Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference:
Abbreviations in Note taking
Use only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.
Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references.
S = sum
f = frequency
Leave out periods in standard abbreviations.
cf = compare
e.g. = example
dept = department
Use only the first syllable of a word.
pol = politics
dem = democracy
lib = liberal
cap = capitalism
Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.
pres = presentation
subj = subject
ind = individual
cons = conservative
Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation.
assoc = associate
biol = biology
info = information
ach = achievement
chem = chemistry
max = maximum
intro = introduction
conc = concentration
min = minimum
rep = repetition
Omit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.
ppd = prepared
prblm = problem
estmt = estimate
bkgd = background
gvt = government
Use an apostrophe in place of letters.
am't = amount
cont'd = continued
gov't = government
educat'l = educational
Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.
chpts = chapters
egs = examples
fs = frequencies
intros = introductions
Use g to represent ing endings.
ckg = checking
estg = establishing
decrg = decreasing
exptg = experimenting
Spell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.
Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand.
Leave out unimportant words.
Leave out the words a and the.
If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.
Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.
& = and
w/ = with
w/o = without
vs = against
\ = therefore
= = is or equal
Use technical symbols where applicable.
zb = German, for example
ibid = Latin, the same work
o = degrees
H2O = water
More reference:
Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:
+ plus
// parallel
Use standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:
eg example
IT dept Information Technology department
UK United Kingdom
Use only the first syllable of a word. Examples:
mar marketing
cus customer
cli client
Use the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples:
subj subject
budg budget
ind individual
To distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:
tech'gy technology
gen'ion generalisation
del'y delivery
Use just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples:
assoc associated
ach achievement
info information
Omit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples:
bkgd background
mvmt movement
prblm problem
Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding 's.' Examples:
custs customers
fs frequencies
/s ratios
Use 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples:
decrg decreasing
ckg checking
estblg establishing
Spell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:
in
but
as
key
Leave out unimportant verbs. Examples:
is
was
were
Leave out unnecessary articles. Examples:
a
an
the
If a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example:
January Advertising Campaign Budget JACB
Use symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:
@ at
2 to
4 for
& and
w/ with
w/o without
vs against
Create your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects.
Other Symbols and Abbreviations
as a result of / consequences of <--->
resulting in --->
and / also +
equal to / same as =
following ff
most importantly *
less than <
greater than > especially esp/
农民问题
1. 按照统筹城乡发展的要求
in line with the need to balance urban and rural development
2. 粮食综合生产能力
overall grain production capacity
3. 坚决制止乱占滥用耕地，put an end to illegal acquisition and use of farmland
4. 纠正随意改变基本农田用途的现象
rectify unauthorized changes in the use of primary farmland
5. 加快改革土地征收，征用制度
to accelerate the reform of the system for land expropriation and requisition
Bonus: cutting edge 在美国口语中已经常用来形容“最先进的(技术、工艺)”。
The phrase cutting edge refers to the sharp side of a metal object, and, by extension, state-of-the-art developments in a field.
The state of the art is the highest level of development, as of a device, technique, or scientific field, achieved at a particular time.
The phrase "state of the art" should be hyphenated when it is used as an adjective, e.g.:
"This machine is an example of state-of-the-art technology", but not when used as a noun, as in the following sentence:
"The state of the art in this field is mostly related to the X technology".
Cutting edge as a synonym of the term can be used as a noun
台湾问题
1. 言行remarks and actions
2. 挑衅provocation
3. 公投referendum
4. 制宪write a constitution
5. 分裂主义splittism
6. 顽固坚持 obstinately cling to
7. 明确的clear-cut
8. 中国的主权和领土的完整不容分割
China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity brook no division.
9. 坚持一个中国的原则uphold the one-China principle
10. 严重性gravity
11. 破坏和平统一undermine the prospects for peaceful reunification
12. 有利于be conducive to
Bonus
水星：Mercury
火星：Mars
木星：Jupiter
金星：Venus
土星：Saturn
天王星：Uranus
海王星：Neptune
冥王星：Pluto
Pluto has been voted off the island.
The distant, ice-covered world is no longer a true planet, according to a new definition of the term voted on by scientists today.
"Whoa! Pluto's dead," said astronomer Mike Brown, of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, as he watched a Webcast of the vote. "There are finally, officially, eight planets in the solar system."
In a move that's already generating controversy and will force textbooks to be rewritten, Pluto will now be dubbed a dwarf planet.
But it's no longer part of an exclusive club, since there are more than 40 of these dwarfs, including the large asteroid Ceres and 2003 UB313, nicknamed Xena—a distant object slightly larger than Pluto discovered by Brown last year.
"We know of 44" dwarf planets so far, Brown said. "We will find hundreds. It's a very huge category."
A clear majority of researchers voted for the new definition at a meeting of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in Prague, in the Czech
Republic. The IAU decides the official names of all celestial bodies.
The tough decision comes after a multiyear search for a scientific definition of the word "planet." The term never had an official meaning before.
What Is a Planet Today?
According to the new definition, a full-fledged planet is an object that orbits the sun and is large enough to have become round due to the force of its own gravity. In addition, a planet has to dominate the neighborhood around its orbit.
Pluto has been demoted because it does not dominate its neighborhood. Charon, its large "moon," is only about half the size of Pluto, while all the true planets are far larger than their moons.
In addition, bodies that dominate their neighborhoods, "sweep up" asteroids, comets, and other debris, clearing a path along their orbits. By contrast, Pluto's orbit is somewhat untidy.
1.demote: 降等级
2.asteroid 小行星
3.comet 彗星
4.debris 碎片
5.full-fledged 发育完全的完整的
6.Prague 布拉格
7.Czech Republic 捷克
8.IAU 国际天文学联合会
9. dwarf planet 矮行星
Conference Address
1. 深深的谢意deepest appreciation heartfelt thanks
2. 为---干杯propose a toast to
3. 欧中贸易委员会Euro-Chinese Trade Council
4. 庆祝---的成立observe the foundation of
5. 拔冗光临spare some time out of your tight schedule for
6. 友好邀请cordial invitation
7. 盛情款待gracious hospitality/ warm reception
8. 更广泛更深入地交换意见a more extensive and profound exchange of views
9. 预祝---圆满成功wish--- a complete success
10. 继往开来 build on the past achievement
11. 招待宴会reception banque t
12. 华丽的大厅a magnificently decorated hall
13. 事业蒸蒸日上a thriving/flourishing business
14. 慈善家 philanthropists
15. 中国贸促会the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade
16. 节日的欢乐气氛festive joy
看美剧 Everwood 不老木 学词汇 (1)
1. bellybutton 肚脐
2. lousy 极坏的
3. prowess 威力，精明
4. whacked 疲惫不堪的
5. pry 探查
6. hypothetically 假设的
7. misdiagnose 误诊
8. malpractice 医疗事故 玩忽职守
9. monstrosity 怪物 畸形
10. depot 仓库
11. hobo 游民，过流浪生活
12. staph (short for staphylococcus) infection 葡萄球菌感染
13. tow 拖
14. curb 路边
15. mart(书面语) 市场 商业中心
16. synagogue 犹太教
17. scrawny 骨瘦如柴的
18. divulge 泄露
19. clavicle 锁骨
20. distraught 心智错乱
21. torticollis 歪脖 邪颈
22. spike 向饮料里加酒精 调味
23. buzz off 挂断电话 快滚 匆忙离去
24. crack adj. 最好的 高明的
25. pulmonary 肺部的
26. cutaneous rash 皮疹
27. trichosis 发病
28. a.k.a. also known as 也成为
29. potassium iodide 碘化钾
30. ludicrous 荒谬的，可笑的
31. asinine 愚蠢的
32. chop off 砍掉
33. gig 小快艇 二轮轻便马车
34. beau 花花公子 情郎
35. haute cuisine 高级烹饪术
看美剧Everwood 不老木学词汇2
1.blab 泄露秘密
2.in confidence 秘密地
3.birdcage 鸟笼
4.frittata 菜肉馅煎蛋饼
5.tuna 金枪鱼
6.Rwanda 卢旺达
7.drivel 胡言乱语
8.healer 医治者
9.puff 吹捧
10 play hooky 逃学
11 defibrillator 用电流停止心脏纤维性颤动的器具 简称 去纤颤器
12 looseleaf 活页的---
13 baboon 狒狒
14 protestation 明言
15 mummy 木乃伊
16 intracranial tumor 颅内肿瘤
17 silver-mining town 银矿镇
18 corncob 玉米穗
19 unattended 无人照料的
20 captivating 令人神往的，令人着迷的
21 quaint 离奇的，奇怪的
22 doily 小型装饰桌巾
23 on a sabbatical 周期性休假
24 step aside 闪到一边
25 dunk 扣篮
26 settle down 平静下来 冷静点
27 unbearable 无法忍受的
28 mechanic 技工
29 neurosurgery 神经外科（学）
30 The air here has a palliative effect on most ailments. 这得空气对所有的疾病都有缓和的效果。
Palliative 减轻的
31 antihistamine 抗组胺剂，（过敏）
32 toss up 扔上来
33 sapsucker 啄木鸟（woodpecker）的一种
34 coma 昏迷
35 windshield 挡风玻璃
36 hooping cough 百日咳
37 recital 朗诵，独奏会，独唱会
38 ticklish 易怒的
39 orchestrate 配合
40 seizure 疾病突然发作
41 sleepover 借宿
42 blame sth on sb 把---归罪于---
43 It’s all your call 你自己可以决定一切 call=decision
44 scrapbook 剪贴本
45 wholesome 有益健康的
46 resurrect 使苏醒 使复活
1. 女修道院院长（abbess）, 男修道院院长 (abbot) 寺庙(monastery) 大教堂abbey
2. Abbreviations:
1) The ABC of =the basic facts 基础知识
2) AA= Associate of Arts 准文学学士
3) AB=Bachelor of Arts
3．常见名词
1）abalone 鲍鱼
2）abacus 算盘
3) abattoir 屠宰场 （英国） slaughterhouse (美国)
4．例子
1）a crashing of gears 齿轮相撞
2）have a good knowledge of 精通
3）a certain---- 有位叫---的
4）with wild abandon 纵情
5) acute abdominal pain 急性腹痛
6）be abducted 被绑架
7）fall into abeyance 终止不用
美剧 everwood介绍
everwood 中文有的翻译成不老木，有的翻译成雪山镇，维基百科上有具体的介绍，是一部经典的美剧，它贯穿着各种亲情，又涉及各种疾病，是一部开阔眼界，扩展词汇量的好剧，大家可以每天看一集，电驴上有下载，外挂正确英文字幕，看着字幕听对话。下面是维基百科解释该剧的连接。
经过学习后词汇量至少有500的提升.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everwood
Everwood is a prime time television drama which aired in the United States on The WB. The series is set in the fictional small town of Everwood, Colorado.
Downtown Everwood was in reality filmed in Ogden and South Salt Lake, Utah, and the series pilot was filmed in Calgary, Canada. It is primarily a serious drama with some comedic moments.
Everwood was not renewed for future production and did not return when the WB and UPN merged to form The CW Television Network.[1]
On October 2, 2006, reruns of Everwood aired weeknights on ABC Family for the duration of the series; however it was later pulled from the schedule for unknown reasons. On April 19, 2007 an interview with Ohio's Akron Beach Journal suggested that the series will be rerun in the Fall 2007 [1]
In Canada, reruns are shown weekday evenings on Vision TV.[2]
看美剧EVERWOOD学单词 (3)
1. spandex [纺]斯潘德克斯弹性纤维(用于腰带、游泳衣等)
2.calf 小牛
3.dossier 病历
4.hickey 器械
5.beaut 美丽的事物，人
6.incubate 休眠
7.pitch in 集资
8.fundraising 筹集资金
9.trout 鲑鱼
10 vested interest 既得利益
11 surrogacy 代孕
12 ultrasound 超声
13 amniocentesis 羊水诊断
14 impale 刺穿
15 gullible 易受骗的
16 needy 贫穷的
17.in a flash 瞬间
18.linebacker 后卫
19 frazzled 被激怒的 疲劳的
20 catch-22 令人左右为难的
21 windbag 爱饶舌的人
22 pinhead 小东西
23 parenthood 父母身份，亲子关系
24 gesticulate 做手势
25 flippage flip 的名词
26 lip gloss 润唇膏
27 scowl 皱眉
28 earwax 耳垢
29.profusely 大量地
30 shoelace 鞋带
31 serrated 有锯齿的
32 smock 工作服
33 mitt 露指手套
34 spatula 抹刀 压舌板
35 barf 呕吐
36 thimble 顶针
37 sourpuss 讨人嫌的
38 yak 牦牛
39 hosiery 针织品 袜类
Gabrielle Solis and Desperate Housewives
1.选秀节目: talent contest
2.land a role 中的land用于口语中 表示get
3. Eva received her big break when she landed the part of Gabrielle Solis, the sexpot, on the hit show desperate housewives.
receive one's big break 这里指Eva的星运来了 她大红大紫的机遇来了
sexpot 性感的女人
4. The massive success of Desperate housewives has turned Eva into an instant celebrity.
让她一夜成名 一夜成名也可说become an overnight sensation
5. It's been unbelievable in every sense.
注意in every sense 加强语气 不用翻出来，也可以顺着口头的形式来做。
可以翻成真是难以置信，怎么也没想到会这么火。
６．identify with 同情 与--有同感 认同
identify with someone
to understand and feel sympathy for someone. Ordinary people can identify with him in many ways, mainly because he talks to voters like an ordinary person.
identify with something
to feel that you understand a situation. So, they've run out of money? I can identify with that!
到目前为止，北京市人口已经突破1700万，距离北京市政府设定的2020年1800万人口的目标仅差100万。这1700万人中包括1200多万持有北京户口，其余500多万为流动人口。有分析人士称，今年金猪年的说法引发了又一次生育高峰，北京市人口增长速度暂时不会减慢。
Beijing is bulging as its population has exceeded 17 million, only 1 million to go to reach the ceiling the city government has set for 2020.
Overpopulation is putting considerable pressure on the city's natural resources and environment. And experts have warned the current population, 17 million calculated at the end of June, is already 3 million more than Beijing's resources can feed.
Given this year's baby boom, triggered by the superstitious belief that babies born in the Chinese year of the pig are lucky, analysts say there is little hope for an immediate slowdown in Beijing's population growth, even with the post-Beijing Olympics lull and soaring housing prices that have driven some Beijingers to boom towns in the neighboring Hebei Province and Tianjin Municipality.
KPMG 毕马威
KPMG is a global network of professional services firms that provide audit, tax, and advisory services, with an industry focus. The aim of KPMG member firms is to turn knowledge into value for the benefit of the firms' clients, people, and the capital markets. With nearly 94,000 people worldwide, member firms provide audit, tax, and advisory services from 717 cities in over 148 countries.
In 1992, KPMG was the first international accounting firm to be granted a joint venture licence in China, and our Hong Kong SAR operations have been established for over 60 years.
Currently, KPMG in China and Hong Kong SAR has some 4,200 professionals located in Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong, working closely with KPMG professionals in member firms throughout the region and across the world.
KPMG in China and KPMG in the Hong Kong SAR is growing very fast. To enhance our high standards and excellent reputation, we seek out the best talent, train and transition them in The KPMG Way, and provide a challenging, supportive and satisfying working environment.
毕马威是网络遍布全球的专业服务机构。每家毕马威成员机构均设有由优秀专业人员组成的行业专责团队，把专业知识升华增值，裨益客户、员工，贡献资本市场。毕马威在全球148个国家717个地区拥有接近9万4千员工，致力提供审计、税务和咨询等专业服务。
一九九二年，毕马威在中国内地成为首家获准开业的合资国际会计师事务所。香港特别行政区毕马威的成立更早在一九四五年，已在香港提供专业服务近六十年。今天，毕马威在中国的北京、上海、杭州、广州、深圳和香港特别行政区共设有六家办事处，聘用员工超过4,200名。
毕马威在中国内地和香港特别行政区正在迅速发展。我们真诚邀请对工作有高度热情、精力充沛并具有创造力的专业人员，提供具有挑战性的业务，塑造职业生涯的工作机会和互助协作、融洽和谐的工作环境。
1.日新月异 change with each passing day/ change rapidly / take on a new look every day/ change for the better every day
2.知识产权落后的历史在中国已经结束了 No longer is China a country with lagging development in intellectual property rights.
China's backward development in intellectual property rights is a thing of the past.
China has put an end to its lagging development in intellectual property rights.
3. 无纸贸易 paperless trading
4.I want to focus my remarks on Canada's adjustment to global economic changes.我想重点谈谈面对国际经济变革，加拿大做出了哪些调整。
今天老师发怒了哦,有人把NAFTA(North American Free Trade Area)北美自由贸易区翻错了，反正还是要勤查了阿，好多东西都不懂，毕马威的英文也不知道，问了一个在发改委（National Development and Reform Commission 工作的朋友，人家都知道,自叹不如。
今天还讲了Kyoto Protocol 的运作，明白了点，有时间再研究研究，要是做和全球变暖有关的会议，必会。
外交部 http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/
外交部网站上有大量的政治经济术语，是练习汉英的好网站，也是提高自己外交语言表达的好网站，大家可以每天浏览半个小时，挑出一些中英对译的文件，地名等，受益匪浅。
Focal points
1.中美首脑会晤 China-US summit
2.应对气候变化对外工作机制 the working mechanism on climate change
3.联合国军费透明制度 the UN military transparency mechanism
4.我现在愿意回答大家的问题。Now the floor is open.
5.常规武器 conventional arms
6.冷战思维 Cold War mentality
7.联合国常规武器登记册 UN Register of Conventional
2007年9月4日下午，外交部发言人姜瑜举行例行记者会，就中美首脑会晤、六方会谈、外交部建立应对气候变化对外工作机制、中国参加联合国军费透明制度等问题回答记者提问。
姜瑜：女士们、先生们，大家下午好。 首先欢迎今天来旁听记者会的非洲同行和媒体的朋友们。我今天没有要主动发布的消息。我现在愿意回答大家的问题。
问：据报道，美方称攻击五角大楼网络的“黑客”可能是来自中国人民解放军。这是第二次中国被指责攻击外国政府的网络。中方对此有何评论？第二个问题，中国开始向联合国提供军事开支的细节，包括常规武器进出口情况。中国为什么决定采取这个措施？这是否表明中国的军事情况更加透明？中国是否要向联合国报告以前没有报告的内容？
答：关于你的第一个问题。中国政府一贯反对并依法打击包括“黑客”行为在内的任何破坏计算机网络的犯罪活动。在中美致力于发展建设性合作关系、中美两军关系呈现出良好发展势头的大背景下，有人对中国进行无端指责，妄称中国军方对美国防部实施网络攻击，这是毫无根据的，也是冷战思维的体现。
“黑客”攻击是国际性问题，中国也经常遭受“黑客”袭击。中国愿与包括美国在内的其他各国在共同打击网络犯罪方面加强合作。
关于第二个问题，中国政府决定从今年起参加联合国军费透明制度并恢复参加联合国常规武器登记册。这是中国进一步提高军事透明度的重要举措。我们将继续致力于与世界各国加强军事互信，同国际社会共同努力，为增进国际和平与安全作出贡献。中方已向联合国提交了报告，联合国也会按照相应的规定对外公布。
On the afternoon of September 4, Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Jiang Yu held a regular press conference and answered questions on the China-US summit, the Six-party Talks, the establishment of the working mechanism on climate change, China's participation in the UN military transparency mechanism.
Jiang Yu: Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. First of all, I would like to welcome my African colleagues and friends from the press present here. I have no announcement to make today, and now the floor is open.
Q: Reports say that the US claimed that the PLA is probably behind the hacking into the Pentagon network. This is the second time that China is accused of attacking the network of foreign countries. What is your comment? Second, China has begun to provide the UN with details of China's military expenditure, including the import and export of conventional arms. What makes China decide to do this? Does it mean that China's military will be more transparent? Will China report to the UN what it has not reported before?
A: On the first question, the Chinese government has all along opposed to and cracked down upon any cyber crimes undermining the computer network including hacking according to law. China and the US are now devoted to the constructive relations and cooperation. The bilateral military ties enjoy a sound momentum of development. Under this backdrop, some people make wild accusations against China, suggesting that the PLA made cyber-raid against the Pentagon. This is totally groundless and a reflection of Cold War mentality.
Hacking is a global issue and China is a frequent victim in this regard. China is ready to enhance cooperation with other countries including the US in countering internet crimes.
On the second question, the Chinese government has decided to participate in the UN military transparency mechanism and resume providing the data for the UN Register of Conventional arms from this year. This is an important measure to further increase China's military transparency. We will continue to enhance military mutual trust with other countries in the world and make concerted efforts with the international community to contribute to world peace and security. China has submitted report to the UN and the UN will release relevant information according to its regulations.
BBC business report
周六上午出去办事,下午睡觉了，晚上回来收拾收拾在listening express 上下载了bbc business report 学了些经济知识和一些表达法,我觉得每天至少学点,就有一点进步。
这是个INTERVIEW,他们讲的是美国经济有可能进入低迷 economic recession/downturn/slowdown.
最近几年来，非洲利用自己丰富的自然资源向外国出口自然资源,人均收入增长了15%,但还是远远不够的.中国,印度这样rapidly developing 的发展中国家大量进口非洲资源,非洲出口资源的价格不断攀升。但是非洲自然资源的出口又受到很多外界因素的影响，很不稳定。如果美国经济进入低迷状态，中国,印度经济发展速度渐缓，都会直接影响非洲的出口，直接影响非洲人民的生活水平。
另外一个涉及到的问题就是，如何把非洲出口的利润用于减贫(poverty reduction)上来。
下面有些词 大家自己查查 我就不写出来什么意思了
1. in a nutshell 简单地； 简约地
2. on the cards 可能的；可能实现的；注定的
3. Federal Reserve
4. way behind
5. make a dent in稍微改变(少量减少)；削弱
6. The cash flow is going to dry up.
7. The pace of business is going to be very subdued.
试译: 有关全球合作的两段,和一段很长的演讲. 真难,好多地方都要意译,当时那么快不太容易能一下子反应出来,以前做笔译的时候学的词性变换之类的,这里面就要迅速得变换,不容易.
1.意译的例子:
And such cooperation should ensure that no region bears a disproportionate burden of adjustment.
而这种合作就要确保所有的地区在调整过程中都要承担其相应的责任。
2.词性多次变换
Their robust recovery is testimony to countries' success in implementing strong economic policies.
它们经济生机勃勃的复苏证明了这些国家成功地施行了强劲的经济政策。
Testimony n-v testify
success n-adv. sucessfully
英语中有好多n都要转成其他词性尤其是动词，发挥汉语的短平快。
如还可以说：这些国家的经济生机勃勃地复苏起来。
3,一些词汇要反映迅速
enbrace global integration embrace 这里翻译成 接受 而不是 拥抱
These gains are not automatic. 中 automatic 翻译成 天经地义的 而不是自动的。
economic shock = 经济动荡 而不是经济震惊
Regional cooperation in Asia must complement national policies.
这里的complement 翻译成 配合要比补充好多了。
4,意思整合
tackle incomplete reform =完善改革
underpin the expection of=让--对---充满了信心
has the potential for = 有望实现
5.汉语水平
Uneven = 翻译成不平均也可以，但是就是没有参差不齐好。
make a significant contribution to
可以说做出很大贡献，但没有做出卓越的贡献好。
6.词汇量的考验(词义多变，不同句子中有不同的汉语相对应）
1. in the vanguard of 在…的前列/风口浪尖
2. durable
3. underpin
(fig 比喻) form the basis for (an argument, a claim, etc); strengthen 为（论据﹑ 主张等）打下基础; 加强; 巩固: The evidence underpinning his case was sound. 有利於他的证据是确凿的. * These developments are underpinned by solid progress in heavy industry. 重工业的稳固发展为这些进展打下了基础.
4. promise
5. spillover
6. be geared toward
7. not least
8. periphery
9. pillar
10. reciprocity
1.地名生疏
The Hague in the Netherlands 荷兰的海牙（不知道为什么翻译成海牙）
Nairobi 内罗毕
2.常用机构会议
office 办事处
programme 计划署
fund 基金会
annual regular meeting 例会
council 理事会
commission 委员会
resume its session = 召开续会
emergency session 紧急会议
special session 特别会议
3.难点
1) Some of them like the International Labor Organization and the Universal Postal Union, are older than the UN itself.
其中的一些组织如国际劳工组织和万国邮政联盟比联合国还历史悠久/比联合国设立的时间还早。
2）找主语：汉语无主句多，但有时也要找到真正的主语才能明确表达意思
In recent years, a special effort has been made to reach decisions through censensusk, rather than by taking a formal vote.
近年来，联合国大会作出特别努力，通过协商达成一致，不采取正式投票表决的方式做出决定。
3）The Secretariat consists of departments and offices with a total staff of some 7500 under the regular budget, and a nearly equal nuber under special funding.
秘书处设有几个部门和办事处，正常预算编制内的工作人员有7，500人看看，特别经费编制的人员人数不相上下。
4, special terms
Exclusive Economic Zone 专属经济区
Commission on the status of women 妇女地位委员会
World Meteorological Organization 世界气象组织
International Maritime Consultative Orgnization 国际海洋协商组织
难点
Ambassador Dumisani S. Kumalo of South Africa, which holds the rotating presidency this month, made his remarks after the Council was briefed by the head of the UN committee monitoring the previous sanctions that were imposed on Tehran in December last year.
南非外交官Dumisani S. Kumalo 是本月的安理会轮值主席,他在听取了监督去年12月对伊朗采取制裁的委员会委员长介绍情况后发表了讲话.
名词转换成形容词
Philipines is a very good warrior in the fight against terrorism.
菲律宾人在反恐中表现得很英勇
磕磕巴巴地说话 stammer and stutter
高翻学习心得：
1.如果在家准备高翻的话，建议每天听新闻联播或自己喜欢的新闻节目，每天至少半个小时，认真听，拿个笔记下自己感觉会很常用的表达法，就像你学英语一样，日积月累你也会有很大影响。
2. 可上网的就可以浏览新闻了，到外交部上，商务部上，各大媒体上看汉语新闻的表达，出声读读，当然还有报纸，环球时报，南方周末。
3. 正在考研的同学需要准备政治，政治书实际上是特别好的提高汉语水平的一个方式，考试又要考，那看起来何乐而不为呢？
4. 也可以听广播。
5. 在做汉-英练习的时候要注意原来汉语的表达，不要翻完了就万事大吉。
插曲(episode) such an awkward start of a day
继续教育 adult education
没大理会/没理会 pay little/no attention to
狼狈 awkward
雪上加霜 one disaster after another /add insult to injury
饥寒交迫 suffer hunger and cold
拖鞋 slipper
不适合上镜 look bad on camera
被浇了 be caught in a rain
学生证 student's ID card
祸不单行 Bad things come in twos / when it rains, it pours.
1. go from strength to strength 越来越强大
2. This theme has a particular resonance for me. 我对这个主题深有感触 。
3.statesmen 政治家
4. the fragiliy of world order 世界秩序是如此脆弱
5.come to terms with 不得不承认，接受
6.corporate governance 公司行为准则，其实也就是公司管理
7.dynamism of the private sector 私营部门的活力
8.be frank and open in our discusion开诚布公得讨论
9.build on--- 建立在---基础上
1.Invest UK 英国投资局
2.natotechonology 纳米技术
3.Doha Development agenda 多哈回合发展议程
4.Leading Edge 领先先锋 一个英国展览会的名称
5.excell in 在---方面出类拔萃
6. This is a par with the USA and Canada and way ahead of countries like Germany and Sweden.
这方面与美国和加拿大骑虎相当，远超德国和瑞典。
par
[uncountable]
1
be on a par (with something)
to be at the same level or standard
The wages of clerks were on a par with those of manual workers. We will have Christmas decorations on a par with anything on show at the MetroCentre.
2
be below/under par
a) to feel a little ill or lacking in energy
I've been feeling a little under par the last couple of weeks.
b) also not be up to par
to be less good than usual or below the proper standard
None of the people who'd auditioned were really up to par. The champion was playing well below par.
3
be par for the course
to be what you would normally expect to happen - used to show disapproval
Long hours and tough working conditions are often par for the course in catering.
4
the number of strokes a good player should take to hit the ball into a hole in the game of golf
The last hole is a par five.
5
also par value technical(票面价值）
the value of a stock or bond that is printed on it when it is first sold
bonds sold at 97% of their par value
at/above/below/under par
The notes are currently trading at 10% above par.
包子 steamed stuffed bun; steamed bun with stuffing
肉包子 steamed bun with meat stuffing; Steamed bun with minced pork stuffing
肉包 steamed bun with meat stuffing; steamed bun with minced pork stuffing
猪肉包子 steamed bun with pork stuffing
三鲜包子 steamed bun stuffed with shredded sea foods
菜包子 steamed bun with vegetable stuffing;steamed vegetable stuffed bun
素包子 steamed bun with vegetable stuffing;steamed vegetable stuffed bun
豆沙包 steamed bun with sweetened bean paste;
steamed bun stuffed with mashed red bean
小笼蒸包 steamed stuffed bun by small bamboo food steamer
当然还有放前面的说法比如 肉包 meat stuffed bun
1.香菇（学名：Lentinus edodes或Lentinula edodes），又名冬菇、北菇，是一种食用真菌。
2. 油菜 rape （狂汗）
3. 韭菜leek
4. 大葱 green Chinese onion /scallion
5. 豆沙 sweetened bean paste
Trump王牌
盗版书 pirated books
IPR protection 知识产权保护
小商贩peddler
In a world of more than six billion people, there are only 587 billionares. It's an exclusive club. Would you like to join us?
Of course, the odds against you are about ten million to one. But if you think like a billionare, those odds shouldn't faze you at all.
Billionares don't care what the odds are. We don't listen to common sense or do what's conventional or expected. We follow our vision no matter how crazy or idiotic other people think it isl. That's what the book is about--- learning how to think like a billionare.
faze:[美俚]打扰; 烦扰; 使为难; 使担忧[多用于否定句中]
The news did not faze him.
这个消息并没有使他担心。
取得了可喜的成绩 scale impressive peaks
提高了学校的声誉 raise the standing of our university
1）这个演讲中告诉我们成功是有formula的。
2Ps=Persperation(流汗）+ Perseverance(毅力）
2Cs=Curiosity+Courage
然后the speaker elaborated on the 2Cs.
先谈curiosity多么重要，其中一个词组很是恶心阿，creative expression and knowledge 翻成创新的表达法和知识，出现多次。
2) 汉语中说------------好奇心,填空题填什么?
我觉得应该是激发吧
还有唤醒awaken 因为我们小时候天生就有curiosity。
随着年龄增长，逐渐就失去了好奇心。
3) the courage to persevere in difficulties 在逆境中不屈不挠的勇气
逆境和不屈不挠翻译得很高明。
4) quintessential 精髓的，核心的
5）Intellectual breakthroughs do not occur within a single discipline.
单学科很难实现学术突破。
6）经典套话的地方出来了
As we scale greater heights, I envisage Faculties to be well-springs of ideas. Correspondingly, I see a need for more botton-up involvement in developing initiatives and making decisions.
当我们攀登更雄伟的高峰之时，我在想我们全体教职员工都会意气风发，智谋泉涌。相应地，在集思广益和进行决策之时，我认为我们更需要自下而上的参与。
经贸有关词组
1.欧洲货币一体化 European Monetary Integration
2.偿付能力 solvency
3.朝阳产业 sunshine
4.夕阳产业 sunset industry
5 按揭 mortgage
6.收入悬殊 income disparity
7.剩余劳动力 surplus labor
8.试点工程 pilot project
9.瓶颈制约 bottleneck restrictions
10 税收减免 tax relief
11.prime rate 银行最低贷款利率
12 patent grant 专利许可
13 portfolios of financial assets财务资产的组合
14 QFII 合格的境外机构投资者
15 raffle 有奖销售
16 liquidity 变现能力，流动性
17.microeconomics 微观经济学
18 go to Chapter 11 申请破产保护
19 hedge fund 对冲基金
20 high return 高回报
还有一句话也很经典
对货币，信贷，和财政政策的控制权是主权国家的三大命脉之一。
The control of money, credit and fiscal policy is one of the three mainstays of the soverign state.
长生不老
World's Oldest Man Hopes to Live Forever
By CHISAKI WATANABE – 1 day ago
TOKYO (AP) — The world's oldest man celebrated his 112th birthday Tuesday, saying he hoped to live forever. Born Sept. 18, 1895, Tomoji Tanabe was named world's oldest male after the death of Emiliano Mercado Del Toro of Puerto Rico. He died in January at age 115. On Tuesday, the mayor of Miyakonojo City, where Tanabe lives, presented him with a bouquet and a letter of congratulations.
When the mayor asked how many more years Tanabe wanted to live, Tanabe replied, "for infinity," according to city official Yasuo Yamashita.
With his ascetic lifestyle, Tanabe has a good shot at living for at least a little longer.
A former city land surveyor who lives with his son and daughter-in-law, Tanabe is in good health and is known to guzzle milk. He also keeps a diary, avoids alcohol, and does not smoke.
Japan has one of the world's longest average life spans, a factor often attributed to a healthy diet rich in fish and rice.
The number of Japanese living beyond 100 has almost quadrupled in the past 10 years, with the once-exclusive centenarian club soon expected to surpass 28,000, the government announced in September.
The country's centenarian population is expected to reach nearly 1 million — the world's largest — by 2050, according to U.N. projections.
The increase underscores both positive and negative sides of the country's aging population. While experts say there are more active centenarians than before, the rapidly graying population adds to concerns over Japan's overburdened public pension system.
The world's oldest person, 114-year-old Edna Parker of Shelbyville, Ind., was born on April 20, 1893, according to Guinness World Records.
1.bouquet 花束
2.ascetic 苦刑的，修道的
3.have a shot at 有可能---，试着做---
4.land surveyor地质测量员
5.guzzle 狂吞
6.life span 寿命
7.centenarian 超过一百岁的
8.Guinness World Records 吉尼斯世界纪录
1.Steven Spielberg 史蒂文•斯皮尔伯格
2.邀请信 appointment letter
3.BOCOG 北京奥组委
4.顾问 consultant
5.北京市市长的名字王岐山要了解（总在大连呆着确实不知道北京市市长是谁，只知道大连市市长李永金，以前是薄熙来，现在升到了商务部部长了）
6.中央文明委：这个我还是头一次听说 网上也没找到翻译把这个翻成了Central Commission for the promotion of civility and spiritual civilization.这个大家自己决定吧。
7.主体 entity
8."我参与，我奉献，我快乐”
Everyone is a part.Everyone can contribute in a joyful manner.
9.举办一届高水准，有特色的奥运会
to host a high-level Olympics with distinguishing features.
10.国务院颁布了477号令 The State Council has enacted the 477 decree.
12,国际惯例 international practice
后来一个记者问问题的时候说了一个international norm 也不错
13 我们奥组委最能够这样说，最有权力这样说。
BOCOG is in the best position to talk about this
14.会徽 Olympic Emblem
15.奥运会吉祥物 Olympic Mascot
16.国家游泳中心 National Aquatic Center
17.协调小组 coordinating group
18. 行动纲领 action guideline
19.预防 forestall
20. 微生物 microorganism
21 追溯 tracking
22 shut ---out 对--进行封口
23 这些声音会更高涨 these voices will be even more vocal
1. 您的投资意向是非常明智的．
Your investment proposal is a very wise decision.
2. 你的提议很好。 Your proposal is most welcome.
3. 让我们来谈一下合资企业的事宜吧。
Let us get down to the business of this joint venture.
4. Initially, I would like to embark on this joint venture business at a moderate rate and a safe scale.
在合资企业的起步阶段，我希望企业能有一个稳妥的速度和规模。
5. in the vicinity of 8 million dollars八百万美元左右
6.800万岂止是一个吉祥数字，我认为这对岂动这家合资企业来说，是很合适的。
8 million dollars is more than a lucky number; it's the right number for the initiation of this joint venture.
7.您在合资中打算占有多少投资比例呢？
How much would your share of investment be in this partnership?
8.construction fund 建设资金
9.无绳电话在中国需求很大，但是我们无法保证在国内推销50%的移动电话。
Cordless phones are in high demand in China, but we can't guarantee a 50% domestic marketing of mobile phones.
10.此外，我们需要增加外汇储备，“天晴还需防雨天”嘛。
Besides, we need to increase our foreign exchange reserve for the rainy day.
国际奥委会及其职能
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is based in Lausanne, Switzerland. Pierre de Coubertin founded it on June 23, 1894 to revive the Ancient Olympic Games. The IOC has a maximum of 115 members. The Executive Board of the IOC consists of the president, four vice-presidents and 10 other members.
The IOC is a non-governmental non-profit organization and the creator of the Olympic Movement. It has all rights to the Olympic symbols, flag, motto, anthem and Games. Its primary responsibility is to direct the organization of the Olympic Games.
The IOC’s task is to promote top-level sport and sport for all according to the Olympic Charter. It ensures the regular celebration of the Games, sports ethics and the protection of athletes. It also encourages the promotion of women in sports.
国际奥林匹克委员会 (International Olympic Committee -- IOC) 于１８９４年６月２３日成立，共有４９个体育组织和１２个国家的７９名代表参加在巴黎举行的成立大会。国际奥委会总部设在瑞士洛桑。国际奥委会是一个非政府性、非盈利性和永久性的国际体育组织。它是领导奥林匹克运动和决定有关奥林匹克运动问题的最高权力机关。
国际奥委会与其成员国或地区，以及国际单项体育组织相互承认。
国际奥委会宗旨是鼓励组织和发展体育运动和体育竞赛；在奥林匹克思想指导下，鼓舞和领导体育运动，从而促进和加强各国运动员之间的友谊；保证按期举办奥运会。国际奥委会对每４年举办一次的奥运会拥有一切权力。从１９２４年开始又单独举行冬季奥运会，也是４年一次。
国际奥委会是依照奥林匹克宪章领导奥林匹克运动的。宪章包括７３项规则及其实施细目。国际奥委会是奥运会及其五环会徽的专管机构。
国际奥委会全体会议的任务之一，是选定每届奥运会的主办城市。根据国际奥委会的规定，主席不参加申办奥运会的投票。
奥林匹克委员会的委员以个人身分选入而不代表国家。１９６５年后当选的委员，年满７２岁退休。由奥委会全体会议选出国际奥委会主席，任期８年。主席任期的延长期限只有４年。全体会议还要选出任期４年的４名副主席和６名委员，由他们与主席一起组成执行委员会。法语和英语是国际奥委会的两种官方工作语言，它还有另外四种工作语言：德语、西班牙语、俄语和阿拉伯语。现任主席雅克•罗格（ 比利时人，Jacques Rogge），２００１年７月任职。国际奥委会委员是由奥委会全体会议选举产生的，委员数目并不是固定的。
国际奥委会全体会议的职能就像议会一样，它每年举行一次会议。国际奥委会委员是国际奥委会驻在委员所在国的使节，而不是委员所在国驻国际奥委会的代表。一个国家只能出一名奥委会委员，对于那些已组织过一次以上奥运会（冬季奥运会或夏委奥运会）的国家则不在此列，这样的国家可以出两名委员。国际奥委会执行委员会每年至少开４次执委会议。
２００１年７月１３日，国际奥委会在俄罗斯莫斯科召开了第１１２届全会。此次会议上，中国北京在申办２００８年奥运会主办城市的投票中胜出，获得２００８年第２９届奥运会的主办权。
国际奥委会下设１１个委员会：道德委员会、２０００年委员会、协调委员会、药物委员会、奥林匹克教育和文化委员会、运动员委员会、环境委员会、人道主义事物委员会、奥林匹克运动女子委员会、大众体育委员会和奥林匹克收藏家委员会。
截止到２００７年７月６日，国际奥委会共有２０５个成员。
出版物：《奥林匹克月刊》、《奥林匹克通讯》。
奥林匹克的会旗为白色，中间印有五个相互套连的圆环，即我们所说的奥林匹克环。五个环的颜色自左至右依次排列为蓝、黄、黑、绿、红（也可用单色绘制）。会旗的图案是根据顾拜旦１９１３年的构思设计的，１９１４年７月，在巴黎举行的庆祝奥林匹克运动恢复２０周年的国际奥委会会议上，首次悬挂了按照顾拜旦的构思设计的会旗。在１９２０年举行的第７届奥运会会场上正式悬挂了印有五环图案的会旗。当时圆环的五种颜色被解释为象征五大洲：欧洲——天蓝色，亚洲——黄色，非洲——黑色，澳洲——草绿色，美洲——红色。后来，正式的解释是它们代表着参加国际奥委会所有国家国旗的颜色。１９７９年国际奥委会出版的《奥林匹克评论》（第四十期）强调，五个环的含义象征五大洲的团结，全世界的运动员以公正、坦率的比赛和友好的精神，在奥运会上相见。
１９２４年中国奥委会获得国际奥委会的承认。１９７９年１０月，国际奥委会执委会名古屋会议通过决议，１１月２６日起正式恢复对中国奥委会的承认，确认中国奥林匹克委员会为中国全国性委员会，设在台北的奥委会以“中国台北奥林匹克委员会”的名称留在国际奥委会内。目前，在国际奥委会中，中国奥委会和中国台北奥委会各有一名委员。１９９７年７月３日，国际奥委会主席萨马兰奇宣布香港将以“中国香港”的名义参加奥运会。
Russia: Tests Show Arctic Ridge Is Ours
By MIKE ECKEL – 3 days ago
MOSCOW (AP) — Preliminary tests on soil samples gathered by a Russian scientific expedition indicate that a vast mountain range under the Arctic Ocean is part of Russia's continental shelf, a government ministry said Thursday.
Russia is one of several countries that have rushed to lay claims to the area where a U.S. study suggests as much as 25 percent of the world's undiscovered oil and gas could be hidden.
Russia's Natural Resources Ministry said preliminary results on soil core samples gathered by the research ship Akademik Fyodorov earlier this year show that the 1,240-mile Lomonosov Ridge is part of Russia's shelf. It said more geological tests would be conducted, as well.
"Results of an analysis of the Earth's crust show that the structure of the underwater Lomonosov mountain chain is similar to the world's other continental shelves, and the ridge is therefore part of Russia's land mass," the ministry said.
The controversy heated up last month when Russia sent two small submarines to plant a tiny national flag under the North Pole. Canada vowed to increase its icebreaker fleet and build two new military facilities in the Arctic, while Denmark sent a team of scientists to seek evidence that the ridge was attached to its territory of Greenland.
A U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker also set off late last month for a research expedition, though the expedition's chief scientist said the trip had been planned well before the Russian move.
Growing evidence that global warming is shrinking polar ice — opening up resource development and new shipping lanes — has added to the urgency of the claims.
The 1982 U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea gives the Arctic countries 10 years after they ratify the treaty to prove their claims under the largely uncharted polar ice pack. All but the United States have ratified the treaty, some of them several years ago.
Russia has presented evidence in the past on Arctic territories, but a U.N. commission has rejected them.
瓷瓶
昨晚接了个活干了两个小时，关于瓷瓶公司，卖瓷瓶等东西的介绍，我把我确定的glossary 写下来。
1. celadon 青瓷
2. vase 瓶，花瓶
3. chancellor 总理（德国的）
4. Schroeder 施罗德
5. Ministry of State Security 国家安全部
6. state councilor 国务院委员
7. lily 百合
8. chastity纯洁
9. crane 鹤
10. 珍藏be treasured up
11. 宫女maid-in-waiting
12. 优雅elegance
13. applique 贴花
14. 鸠cooer
15. 尊wine vessel
16. 青釉celadon glaze
17. 粉青釉lavender grey glaze
18. 艺术品artwork
19. 栖息inhabit
20. 哺乳suckle
21. 蜻蜓dragonfly
22. 小荷small lotus
23. 红宝石ruby
24. colloctor’s 收藏品
25. 定制营销体系 customized marketing system.
芦苇画，reed photo
“As the small lotus has just shown its head, a dragonfly is already perching on it”
perch 这个词也会，但是想不出来，for this paragraph, I observed a dragon fly perched on a small dead branch. 所以perch on 是最形象的了。
小池
The Small Pond
Yang Wanli (Song)
泉眼无声惜细流，树阴照水爱晴柔；
小荷才露尖尖角，早有蜻蜓立上头。
In silence a narrow stream from an orifice fondly flows,
The shadows of trees on the sunshiny water lovingly lie.
As soon as the water lily a ting tip but newly shows,
On it already hovers the shadow of a dragonfly.
1. manager 经纪人
2.instructor 教练,技术指导
3 guide 领队
4 trainer 助理教练
5 referee, umpire (网球.棒球)裁判
6linesman, touch judge (橄榄球)裁判
7contestant, competitor, player 运动员
8 professional 职业运动员
9amateur 业余运动员,爱好者
10 enthusiast, fan 迷,爱好者
11favourite 可望取胜者 (美作:favorite)
12 outsider 无取胜希望者
13 championship 冠军赛,锦标赛
14champion 冠军
15 record holder 纪录创造者
16 ace 网球赛中的一分
17 Winter Olympics 冬季奥林匹克运动会
18 stadium 运动场
19 track 跑道
20 ring 圈
21ground, field 场地
22pitch (足球、橄榄球)场地
23 court 网球场
24 team, side 队
25竞技性运动competitive sport
26用粉笔记下（分数等）；达到，得到 chalk up
27出名 make one's mark
28体育项目（尤指重要比赛） event
29体格、体质 physique
30 培训 groom 余的，
31带零头的 odd
32年少者 junior
33残疾人 the handicapped/disabled
34学龄前儿童 preschool
35全体；普通；
36一般 at large
37 平均寿命 life expectancy
38复兴 revitalize
39使有系统；整理 systemize
40历史悠久的 time-honored
41跳板 spring-board
42 秋千 swing
43石弓，弩 crossbow
44（比赛等的）观众 spectator
取得进展 make headway
体育大国/强国 sporting/sports power
与...有关系，加入 be affiliated to/with
落后 lag behind 武术 martial arts
五禽戏 five-animal exercises
体育运动 physical culture and sports
增强体质 to strengthen one's physique
可喜的，令人满意的 gratifying
称号，绰号 label
涌现出来 to come to the fore
源源不断 a steady flow of
队伍 contingent
又红又专/思想好，业务精 to be both socialist-minded and vocationally proficient
体育界 sports circle(s)
承担义务 to undertake obligation
黑马 dark horse
冷门 an unexpected winner; dark horse
爆冷门 to produce an unexpected winner
发展体育运动，增强人民体质
Promote physical culture and build up the people's health
锻炼身体，保卫祖国 Build up a good physique to defend the country
为祖国争光 to win honors for the motherland
胜不骄，败不馁
Do not become cocky/be dizzy with success, nor downcast over/discouraged by defeat.
体育道德 sportsmanship
打出水平，打出风格 up to one's best level in skill and style of play
竞技状态好 in good form
失常 to lose one's usual form
比分领先 to outscore
打成平局 to draw/to tie/to play even/to level the score
失利 to lose
中华人民共和国运动委员会（国家体委）
Physical Culture and Sports Commission of the PRC (State Physical Culture and Sports Commission)
中华全国体育总会 All-China Sports Federation
东道国 host country/nation
体育场 stadium; sports field/ground
体育馆 gymnasium, gym; indoor stadium
体育锻炼 physical training
体育锻炼标准 standard for physical training
体育疗法 physical exercise therapy; sports therapy
运动爱好者 sports fan/enthusiast
观众 spectator
啦啦队 cheering-section 啦啦队长 cheer-leader
国家队 national team
种子队 seeded team
主队 home team
客队 visiting team
教练员 coach
裁判长 chief referee
团体项目 team event
单项 individual event
男子项目 men's event
女子项目 women's event
冠军 champion; gold medalist
全能冠军 all-round champion
亚军 running-up; second; silver medalist
第三名 third; bronze medalist
世界纪录保持者 world-record holder
运动员 athlete; sportsman
种子选手 seeded player; seed
优秀选手 top-ranking/topnotch athlete
田径运动 track and field; athletics
田赛 field events
竞赛 track events
跳高 high jump
撑杆跳高 pole jump; polevault
跳远 long/broad jump
三级跳远 hop, step and jump; triple jump
标枪 javelin throw
铅球 shot put
铁饼 discus throw
链球 hammer throw
马拉松赛跑 Marathon (race)
接力 relay race; relay
跨栏比赛 hurdles; hurdle race
竞走 walking; walking race
体操 gymnastics
自由体操 floor/free exercises
技巧运动 acrobatic gymnastics
垫上运动 mat exercises
单杠 horizontal bar
双杠 parallel bars
高低杠 uneven bars; high-low bars
吊环 rings
跳马 vaulting horse
鞍马 pommel horse
平衡木 balance beam
球类运动 ball games
足球 football; soccer
足球场 field; pitch
篮球 basketball
篮球场 basketball court
排球 volleyball
乒乓球 table tennis; ping pong
乒乓球拍 racket; bat
羽毛球运动 badminton
羽毛球 shuttlecock; shuttle
球拍 racket
网球tennis
棒球 baseball
垒球 softball
棒/垒球场 baseball(soft ball)field/ground
手球 handball
手球场 handball field
曲棍球 hockey; field hockey
冰上运动 ice sports
冰球运动 ice hockey
冰球场 rink
冰球 puck; rubber
速度滑冰 speed skating
花样滑冰 figure skating
冰场 skating rink; ice rink
人工冰场 artificial ice stadium
滑雪 skiing
速度滑雪 cross country ski racing
高山滑雪 alpine skiing
水上运动 water/acquatic sports
水上运动中心 aquatic sports center
水球（运动）water polo
水球场 playing pool
滑水 water-skiing
冲浪 surfing
游泳池 swimming pool
游泳馆 natatorium
自由泳 freestyle; crawl (stroke)
蛙泳 breaststroke
侧泳 sidestroke
蝶泳 butterfly (stroke)
海豚式 dolphin stroke/kick
蹼泳 fin swimming
跳台跳水 platform diving
跳板跳水 springboard diving
赛艇运动 rowing
滑艇/皮艇 canoeing
帆船运动 yachting; sailing
赛龙船 dragon-boat racing
室内运动 indoor sports 举重 weightlifting
重量级 heavyweight
中量级 middleweight
轻量级 lightweight
拳击 boxing
摔交 wresting
击剑 fencing
射击 shooting
靶场 shooting range
射箭 archery
拳术 quanshu; barehanded exercise; Chinese boxing
气功 qigong; breathing exercises
自行车运动 cycling; cycle racing
车场（自行车等的）倾斜赛车场 cycling track
室内自行车赛场 indoor velodrome
摩托运动 motorcycling
登山运动 mountaineering; mountain-climbing
骑术 horsemanship
赛马场 equestrian park
国际象棋 (international) chess
特级大师 grandmaster
象棋 xiangqi; Chinese chess
Nuclear Insecurity
保研考试在即 发一篇外交杂志上的文章，大家练习练习。
Since the demise of the Soviet Union（苏联解体）, Washington's strategic thinking about nuclear weapons has evolved in dangerous and unwise directions. In January 2002, the Bush administration announced （出台）a new nuclear posture（姿态，政策）, which it reiterated in 2006. But instead of doing what it claimed it would do -- adapt American nuclear strategy to the realities of the twenty-first century -- the administration has focused on addressing threats that either no longer exist or never required a nuclear response. Rather than protecting the United States, this posture constitutes a danger to U.S. security.
The risks posed by nuclear weapons today are daunting（望而生畏）, but rarely in the same ways that they used to be. As the nuclear club has expanded since the end of the Cold War, so have the dangers posed by the possibility of an inadvertent release of nuclear weapons, a regional nuclear conflict, nuclear proliferation, or the acquisition of nuclear weapons by terrorists. At the same time, the military utility of nuclear weapons for the United States has decreased dramatically. Russia, the successor to the Soviet Union, is no longer an adversary, and the United States, now the world's unchallenged conventional military power, can address almost all its military objectives by nonnuclear means. The only valid residual mission of U.S. nuclear weapons today is thus to deter （威慑）others from using nuclear weapons. Given all this, it does not make sense for the United States to maintain a nuclear weapons stockpile of close to 10,000 warheads -- many of them set on hair-trigger （一触即发）alert -- and to continue to deploy nuclear weapons overseas.
An effective nuclear policy would take into account the limited present-day need for a nuclear arsenal as well as the military and political dangers associated with maintaining a massive stockpile. Building a new generation of warheads, as the Bush administration has proposed, would only compound these risks further.
什么是恩格尔系数 engels coefficient
恩格尔系数是指家庭食物支出金额占家庭消费总支出的比重是国际上通用的指标.它是根据十九世纪德国统计学家恩格尔提出的恩格尔定律得出的系数
有一位网友发来了自己翻译的07年试题第一题,请我点评,我发表点个人意见.
经过28年的改革，中国面临着许多挑战，这些挑战从某种程度上说，其复杂性和重要性上都是前所未有的。中国已经开放了市场，允许外国在中国进行贸易和投资。中国已经成为全球经济的动力工厂。目前，中国的领导人和人民必须解决如下问题：人民对地方政府的普遍不满，环境恶化，自然资源短缺，金融系统发展不健全，医疗卫生体系不完善，农村人口过剩，大规模的城镇化，以及社会不平等的日益加剧。当然，这些问题中的大部分在整个改革期间就已经存在。现在有所不同的是，变化的脚步在加快，但是国家掌控这些变化的能力却跟不上变化的脚步。
依靠自身力量解决这些问题中的任何一个都是一项艰巨的任务。如今中国政府发现要吸引，发展和留住人才比以前更难了。从全国最高学府走出的毕业生曾经占据政府部门中的职位，而现在他们选择在私营部门工作。另外，国家的组织结构压制新人，推崇中庸。更严重的是，从农村到中央的很多官员都腐败了，这严重降低了政府的办事效率，加剧了民众的不满。
对于所有这些挑战，中国需要培养出新一代的领导，他们必须有才识，讲成心，能够全心全意为公众服务，对全体中国人民负责，没有什么比这件事更严峻，更紧迫了。
1. 经过28年的改革和现在面临着挑战2者关系很松散,完全是一个时间概念,我自己感觉就是前面说一个分句,中国改革已经走过28年.然后再说现在面临着挑战. 这样听起来舒服一些.
2. 汉语喜欢重复,但有时候用代词也是很舒服的,比如用其来代替这些挑战, 你不觉得听起来很顺耳么.
3.第三个地方,如果分开的话,你不觉得有支离破碎的感觉么. 加一个逗号, 加已经成为就可以了,不用另起一句.
4.汉语也是一个很讲究音韵的语言,领导人和人民,一个是三个字一个是两个字,这就是为什么你读起来别扭还不知道原因,两面都要两个字 领导和人民 这样才通顺.
5.这段是平行结构,如果一直用短句,你为什么还要加"的"呢, 这样不是成了名词短语了么
6 环境恶化翻译的对,没有问题但是同样看一下其他平行结构,其他平行结构字数都很多,你突然来一个四字结构就显得很突兀, 所以才加上"不断" 环境不断恶化,这样稍微平行一些.
7 一般说金融体制
8.大规模的城镇化同样是名词短语,不能和其他短句并列.
9.这些问题中的大部分在整个改革期间就已经存在 这句还是自己再看看,别扭死了.
10 这里不是变化,而是改革,变革.
11却跟不上变化的脚步 这句意思没错,文采稍差 可以说发展滞后,不要说得象大白话一样.
13 培养人才要比发展人才好得多
14 bureaucracy 官僚主义，官僚作风是贬义词 怎么翻译成组织机构了。
15 你犯的同样一个错误就是 严重降低 什么叫严重降低 是严重影响。
16. 对于最后一句话，我的处理意见还是一样，简洁是最好的武器。
现在面临的最严峻的挑战就是是否能够培养出一批懂技术，讲诚信，能够全心全意为人民服务，对中国人负责的新一代领导人。
中国的改革已经经历了28年风雨的洗礼,而目前中国还面临着巨大的挑战，其规模，复杂程度，和重要性都是史无前例的。中国实现了市场自由化，对外贸投资实行开放政策，俨然已经成为推动世界经济增长的重要引擎。中国政府和人民必须解决许多问题，如群众对地方政府不满，环境不断恶化，自然资源溃乏，金融体系不完善，医疗保障不足，农村人口动荡不安，城镇化规模不断扩大，社会不平等现象加剧等。
笔译
以前也做过笔译活，最多也就千汉字80，上了翻译学院以后就提价了，100以下的绝对不做，因为笔译是一项很艰苦的脑力劳动，如果每天都做很多笔译的话，天长日久，很容易得抑郁症，整天盯着电脑屏幕，也不好。
所以我的原则就是尽量少接活，如果接也要提高价格。
昨天晚上就有个关于地理环境的笔译，千字70-80，看了材料就拒掉了，一方面太专业，terms 太多，另外一方面价格也太低了。
后来接了一个留学中心的类似论文的翻译，也是比较专业，当时相对容易一些，关于建筑的，千汉字120。我曾经翻过一个建筑标书的一部分，去年做的，当时就被骗了，每页才给了20块钱，做笔译的同胞真的要小心，如果字数很多的话，一定要签订正式合同，合同上贴上双方的身份证复印件。
这两份论文每份都3100多字，一份是关于四合院的。
实际上也就是，My view on whether or not Chinese Quadrangles should be dismantled/demolished
另外一份是五卷本中国建筑历史的读后感。
A Review of the Five Volume A History of Ancient Chinese Architecture
最后说一下，顾主人也很好，很和善在外国也呆过六年，不像有些公司为了那点翻译费争来争去的，如果那样的话下辈子也不给他们做了。
另外提醒那些过度压低价格的那些顾主，千字70和千字120翻出来的东西根本不是一个档次，价格高点，我们也要对得起雇主花的钱啊，查得东西也多，要是70，那就糊弄糊弄过去得了，反正就那么点钱，如果要发表，那真是不堪入目，错误百出阿，请雇主们也考虑这一点。
白暨豚，灭绝与否
"Extinct" River Dolphin Spotted in China
Kevin Holden Platt in Beijing, China for National Geographic News
August 31, 2007
A confirmed sighting of a baiji dolphin just months after it was declared "extinct" has prompted scientists to launch an against-all-odds （殊死一博） plan to save the last of the rare Chinese river dwellers.
A team of marine-life scholars led by Wang Ding, a scientist at China's Institute of Hydrobiology, examined digital video footage recently taken along the eastern section of the Yangtze River. The video provides evidence of the survival of the baiji, or whitefin dolphin, the team confirmed.
Now experts at the institute are studying the feasibility of transporting the survivors to a natural preserve in a Noah's Ark-like operation, said Wang, one of China's leading authorities on the nearly decimated species.
"Functionally Extinct"?
The sighting provides a small ray of hope for scientists who had previously given up on the baiji.
A six-nation coalition of scientists, including Wang, spent five weeks late last year using high-performance optical instruments and underwater microphones to search the Yangtze, the baiji's sole habitat, for any signs of the species. (See a map of China.)
"The baiji is functionally extinct," concluded August Pfluger, head of the Swiss-based baiji.org foundation and co-organizer of the 2,200-mile (3,500-kilometer expedition), at the time.
"It is a tragedy, a loss not only for China, but for the entire world."
According to Wang, baiji dolphins apparently lived and flourished in the Yangtze for more than 19 million years before humans arrived on the scene.
Beat Mueller is a geochemist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology who was also part of the 2006 baiji expedition.
"The disappearance and extinction of such highly evolved endemic mammals as the white Yangtze River dolphin, the finless porpoise, or the Chinese sturgeon from the Yangtze River can be attributed to a multitude of circumstances, such as the deterioration and loss of their natural habitats, overfishing of the river, the heavy freight ship traffic, and others," Mueller said.
"Increasing concentrations of anthropogenic chemicals may just be one additional factor," he added.
But Wang said he and others at the hydrobiology institute are now convinced that the last survivors of the dolphin might be found along small tributaries of the Yangtze in eastern China's Anhui Province, where the amateur video was shot in mid-August.
Call to Action
Conservation specialists at the hydrobiology institute, which is part of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, are preparing to search those waterways, pending approval from the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture.
"We may try to catch the baiji dolphins and move them into our semi-natural Tian-e-Zhou Reserve, which is located along an oxbow of the Yangtze River, to put them under full protection," Wang said.
According to Karen Baragona, a specialist on the Yangtze at the World Wildlife Fund, the keys to the survival of the baiji are conserving oxbow lakes in the central Yangtze, creating a network of nature reserves along the river, and managing the river's entire ecosystem from a holistic perspective.
"This sighting presents a last hope that the baiji may not go the way of the dodo bird," Baragona said in a statement.
"Other species have been brought back from the brink of extinction, like the southern right whale and white rhinos, but only through the most intensive conservation efforts."
Wang, with the help of the baiji.org group, might even attempt to engineer the recovery of the dolphins through a captive breeding program.
The Baiji Conservation Aquarium has already scored small successes with a similar breeding scheme aimed at averting the extinction of the endangered Yangtze finless porpoise.
Two finless calves have been born at the aquarium since it was set up two years ago.
But Wang warned that the battle to save the baiji is anything but guaranteed.
"The chances of saving the baiji are really small," he said. "But we have to try our best to save the last baiji, even if we know it may be a mission impossible."
几个句子的误译
It is a good athlete that never loses points.
误译：从不丢分的运动员才是优秀的运动员。
应译为：再好的运动员也会丢分。
这里，“It is a adj.+n. that+否定句“是个习语中常出现的句型，应理解为”even
if …+adj.，肯定句“，即”再……的，也会……“。而与此结构相似的强调句型中，
一般没有形容词。
No criticism will be too severe to be gratefully acknowledged.
误译：没有一种批评会是尖锐得使人无法领谢的。
应译为：批评尽管尖锐，我们仍会衷心感谢。
这里“no+too…to”句型不同于一般”no…too”句型，”No…too”部分译为“尽
管”，”to(be)”部分译为“也会，也将”。
The changes in the education system are a step in the right direction and
will improve the teaching in our school.
误译：教育体制改革朝着正确的方向迈进了一步，它将改进我们学校的教学。
应译为：教育体制改革是一个有效的措施，它将改进我们学校的教学。
这里“a step in the right direction”用来比喻”an action which helps to
improve a situation”，即“有效步骤或措施。如果是将其直译，就没有反映出”有
效“这个表达结果的含义。
His speech was given a warm reception by the crowd.
误译：他的讲话受到了群众的热烈欢迎。
应译为：他的讲话受到群众的热烈反对。
“be given a warm reception”是句反语，含义为”be attacked violently in
words”。如将其直译，这句话的意思就弄反了。另一个习语”give somebody a warm
time”，用法与此相同。意为”make somebody embarrassed”。
还有 make it [a place, things] warm for sb.
使某人处境为难; 惩罚某人
Sino-American trade relations
昨天晚上听了中美贸易关系新闻发布会15分钟,练习了一下.
1.ulterior motive 别有用心
2.trade surplus 贸易顺差
3.中国的市民、中国的老百姓对食品的安全和质量问题的关注丝毫不亚于其他国家的消费者。
Chinese consumers are by no means less concerned about food safety and quality than foreign counterparts.
4.声誉 reputation
5.发起“反倾销和反补贴”合并调查
launch/initiate combined anti-dumping and contervailing investigations
6. 高密集程度的 intensive
7. 铜板纸 copperplate paper(翻译当时翻译成glossy paper了，不过还可以了，我都听不懂那个发言人连续说了5种受影响最大的产品）
8. 标准钢管 standard steel pipe
9. 薄壁矩型钢管 laminated rectangular steel pipe
10.复合编织袋 composite woven plastic sack
11 非公路用轮胎 off-the-road tires
(此次美方准备调查的轮胎，包括非公路用和非高速路使用的气胎(new pneumatic tires exclusively designed for off-the-road and off-highway use)
美国国际贸易委员会（US International Trade Commission，下称ITC）8月20日决定，部分中国非公路用（off-the-road）轮胎对美国轮胎制造业造成实质性损害，或构成实质性损害的威胁。因此，美国商会将继续对部分从中国进口的非公路用轮胎进行反补贴和
12 影响深远 the impact is profound
13.与---背道而驰 run counter to
14. 违反了美国法院的判定 breach court cases/precedents
15 替代国 surrogate country
16. 重复征税 double taxation
17. 重大失误 major flaws
18. 对倾销的计算 calculate dumping margins
从一句话来谈高翻入学考试笔试
一个网友这样写道，大哥呀，小弟想请教你个问题，就是给分析个句子，
The date-December 10, the UN`s International Human Rights Day-could not have been more symbolic for the passing of a man who best symbolised the international struggle to end impunity for human rights abusers in Latin America.
他的翻译是：
没有什么能比12月10日这一天更能代表一个人的逝世了，他是为惩治拉美地区侵害人权者而进行的国际斗争中的最杰出代表，为了纪念他，人们把他逝世的那一天定为“国际人权日”。
我的翻译是：他是国际社会为了惩治拉美地区侵害人权者而进行的斗争中最杰出的一员，因此选择他逝世的那天12月10日做为“国际人权日”最合适不过了。
视译: climate change
复述：Bill Gates
面试：中国经济发展引擎
问得问题五花八门包括
What do u know about the housing market bubbles?
Do u think president Bush is a great preisdent?
以前听过一个新闻发布会,一个女翻译很喜欢用institute做动词，我很好奇，查查institute做动词如何用。
longman:
to introduce or start a system, rule, legal process etc
We had no choice but to institute court proceedings against the airline.
Marchand wants to institute reforms by the end of the year.
A year after the chemotherapy(化疗） was completed a new metastasis（转移） was found and a second course was instituted.
All doctors should consider this possibility when instituting strict blood glucose （血糖）control regimens.
By 1985, he had instituted a companywide program to change to a decentralized, team-based ap-proach.
Nearly every state had instituted a student-testing program.
The earlier figures measured the number of cases which were instituted before a magistrate（地方官员，文职官员） or a justice of the peace.
This instituted a partnership between central and local government with both having as a prime objective the promotion of the education service.
We are told nothing about the heir he instituted.
Witness what happened recently to the businesses along Hayes Street when a tow-away zone was instituted to facilitate the movement of cars.
电影忍者神龟
1. ninja 忍者
2.brotherhood 兄弟情谊
3. sewer 下水道
4.be named after the great Renaissance masters 以文艺复兴时期的大师命名的
5.archenemy 主要敌人
6. 他们战无不胜。
这句话大家翻译的时候通常说They are unconquerable.
电影中的表达是“Nothing could stand in their way."
7.危害人类 我们可能会翻成 do harm to people
电影里有个plague 不错 plague mankind
8. to prey upon the poor 掠夺穷人的财富
prey upon 词组掠夺，捕食，折磨
9. coward 胆小鬼
10. myth 荒诞的说法
11. snoop around 四处转转
12. ancient artifacts 古代手工艺品
13. punch in/out 上班/下班打卡
14.shaky 颤抖
15.nightwatcher 守夜人
16.rocketing interest rates 不断飙升的利率
17. The real-estate market continues its downward spiral.
房地产市场持续低迷。
18. vigilante 义务警员
这个词让我想到了刚做老师的时候查过一个词，监考（invigilator) 这个词是British English 不知道美国怎么说。
19. contention 争论
20. a priceless statue 一尊无价的塑像
21. delivery truck 送货车
22. set the alarm clock 设了闹钟
23. I'm on my way. 我就来了。（很地道）
24. hair gel 发胶
25. shareholders' meeting 股东大会
26. roll out the red carpet for 热烈欢迎某人（就像铺红地毯一样，很正式庄重地欢迎某人）
其实考研的时候很苦，每天要背政治，背二外句子，每天都要做好多题，做翻译，积累词汇。
bonus
1.传染性疾病通称叫communicable diseases
2. 接触性传染病 contagious diseases
3. 呼吸道传染病 infectious diseases
还要注意经常清肠(intestine)。肠和脑是相通的，肠堵则脑子也堵。
最好的方法是吃几个苹果，苹果有双向调节作用，腹泻（diarrhea)的时候止泻，便秘(constipation)的时候可以促进排毒,决明子茶和蜂蜜也不错。
bonus
1.大肠 the large intestine
2.小肠 the small intestine
3.结肠 colon
4.盲肠 cecum
5.十二指肠 duodenum
6.a gastric [duodenal] ulcer
World Bank
The World Bank is a vital source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the world. We are not a bank in the common sense. We are made up of two unique development institutions owned by 185 member countries—the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA).
Each institution plays a different but supportive role in our mission of global poverty reduction and the improvement of living standards. The IBRD focuses on middle income and creditworthy poor countries, while IDA focuses on the poorest countries in the world. Together we provide low-interest loans, interest-free credit and grants to developing countries for education, health, infrastructure, communications and many other purposes.
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴与开发银行
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) aims to reduce poverty in middle-income and creditworthy poorer countries by promoting sustainable development through loans, guarantees, risk management products, and analytical and advisory services. Established in 1944 as the original institution of the World Bank Group, IBRD is structured like a cooperative that is owned and operated for the benefit of its 185 member countries.
IBRD raises most of its funds on the world's financial markets and has become one of the most established borrowers since issuing its first bond in 1947. The income that IBRD has generated over the years has allowed it to fund development activities and to ensure its financial strength, which enables it to borrow at low cost and offer clients good borrowing terms.
At its Annual Meeting in September 2006, the World Bank — with the encouragement of its shareholder governments — committed to make further improvements to the services it provides its members. To meet the increasingly sophisticated demands of middle-income countries, IBRD is overhauling financial and risk management products, broadening the provision of free-standing knowledge services and making it easier for clients to deal with the Bank.
International Development Association 国际开发协会
The International Development Association is the part of the World Bank that helps the world's poorest countries. Established in 1960, IDA aims to reduce poverty by providing interest-free loans and grants for programs that boost economic growth, reduce inequalities, and improve people's living conditions.
我摘抄出几句大家体会一下就知道了，这样的句子对翻译一些散文有好处
1. As my sister cradled her in her arms, the infant girl clasped her mother's outstretched finger.
2. My intuition told me that her temperament would be a sunny disposition, a joy to people around her.
3. As she grew, the cute little girl had an infectious laugh that started as a small grin, then became a giggle and grew louder and louder until it triggered a response from all the people around her and they joined in.
4. As they posed under an arch covered with climbing roses, we snapped pictures for their photo album.
5. The bride will be radiant as she comes down the aisle escorted by her father.
放爱一条生路 let go of love
剧情：
房地产巨子丁松与名模妻子马丽之间出现婚姻缺憾，移情于幼儿园教师希光兰，不久二人的感情又面临同样的尴尬，于是希光兰又移情于出租司机易平，并用从丁松那里得来的钱维系着他们之间的感情，经过一段热恋后，易平将感情转移到了发廊妹李月月身上。李月月将从易平那里得到的金钱，帮助哥哥李四圆婚姻之梦，而圆了婚姻之梦的李四又模仿着丁松萌动了经营房地产的念头，一个新的金钱与爱情的轮回又将开始……
《放爱一条生路》并不是一个简单的婚外恋故事，片子只是借助爱情和金钱两种外化的东西反映现代人对生存状态的本质认知，该剧的新意不仅在它独特别致的故事，还在于故事的丰富内涵，促使人们对各自的情感迷失进行思考并重新定位。
婚外情：extramarital affairs
移情别恋：to shift one's love to another person/ to have a new sweetheart
Money and love are the basic components of everyone's life. The TV series draw your attention to the delicate relation between the two by telling a series of stories related to each other.
Does money mean the sacrifice of love and vice versa?
This is a question worth contemplating.
1. Iberian Colonialism 伊比利亚殖民主义
2. old regime 旧体制
3. representative government 议会制政府
4. economically viable 经济上运行良好
5.Roman Catholicism 罗马天主教
6. the exclusion of other faiths 排挤其他宗教信仰
7. a rallying cry 战斗口号
8. egalitarian 平均主义
9. tribute 供金，供品
10. Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was unprepared for self-rule and democracy.
领导担心大家还未准备好进行自治和实行民主政治，因而削弱了提倡平均主义的力度.
1. nuclear weapons ambitions 核武器企图
2. Pyongyang 平壤
3. stakeholder 利益相关方
4. Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan “持久和平运动”
5. al-Qaida 基地组织
6. Taliban 塔利班
7. material breach of its obligation 实质性地违反自己的职责
8. pre-screen 对---进行预检
9. shipping crates 集装箱
10 Health and Human Services Secretary 卫生与公共服务部部长
11 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
疾病控制和预防中心
12. National Institute of Health 国家卫生学院
13 upgrade 更新
14 on the ground 实地
今天上课放了一个口音很重的葡萄牙人的演讲,很难听懂.
1.G24 24国集团
2.financial architecture 金融框架
3. capital flow 资本流动
4.well-defined 明确的
5. creditor 债权国
6.operation framework运作框架
7.review 审议
8.balance of payments 收支平衡
9.debt relief 免除债务
10. effectiveness 有效性
efficiency 有效率
11. contributions 捐款额
12 finance for development 融资促发展
13 accessibility 可获得性
14 availability 可用性
和平共处五项原则 Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence
Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence:
mutual respect for each other's sovereignty and territorial integrity , mutual non-aggression, mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful co-existence.
1. 生命力 vitality
2. 公报 convention
3. 联合声明 joint statement/communique
4. 霸权主义 hegemony
5. 强权政治 power politics
6. 与---针锋相对 repudiate
7. 主张 stand for/maintain/hold/believe/agree/put forward/propose
8. 国际关系的准则 norms governing international relations
9. 迫切希望 --- is the fervent desire of sb.
10 明确提出 explicitly put forward
11 经得起考验 stand the test （of time)
12 结束 put an end to
13 完全符合 in full compliance with
14 还是五项原则最好 ---- is the best policies to pursue
15 明确，干净利落 well-defined, clear and concise
16. 完全摆脱了旧国际关系中的不公正，不合理的因素和消极影响
completely do away with the unjust and unreasonable factors and negative influences of the old international relations
17. give full expression to 充分体现了，符合
18. 阵营 camp 集团 group
19. 定亲疏 define friends and enemy
20. 靠不住，行不通的 invariably fail
21. 特别是---- ----- in particular
22 时代的要求 the call of the time
Olympic Games Bidding Words
2008夏季奥运会2008 summer Olympics
国际奥委会the International Olympic Committee (IOC)
申办城市the bidding cities
候选城市 the candidate cities
申办2008年奥运会bid for 2008 Olympics
北京奥申委
Beijing 2008 Olympic Games Bidding Committee (BOBICO)
主办2008年奥运会host the 2008 Olympic Games
奥林匹克精神the Olympic ideals； the Olympic spirit
世界奥林匹克日the International Olympic Day
北京四环路the fourth ring road in Beijing
城市基础设施建设the city’s infrastructure construction
最后的投票make the final vote
绿色奥运the Green Olympics
节水龙头water-saving taps
再生纸recycled writing paper
废电池used batteries
无氟冰箱Freon-free refrigerators
闭路电视close-circuit television
友好大使the Goodwill Ambassador
长跑a long-distance running
世界大学生运动会the Universiade
固定资产投资fixed-asset investment /investment in fixed assets
中国1-9月份固定资产投资完成91529亿元，同比增长25.7%。国务院上周召开会议表示将抑制固定资产投资增长过快，意味着可能采取进一步的紧缩措施。
请看新华社的报道：
China's fixed assets investment rose to 9,152.9 billion yuan (US$1,220.4 billion) in the first nine months, up 25.7 percent from the same period last year, and the increase was 1.6 percentage points lower than the growth rate in the same period last year the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) announced.
国家统计局数据显示，今年前三季度全社会固定资产投资完成91529亿元，同比增长25.7%，增速比上年同期回落1.6个百分点。
固定资产投资为fixed-asset investment/ investment in fixed assets。
与之相关的经济词汇有：
存款准备金率benchmark lending rate
资金流动capital flowing
宏观经济调控macro-economic control
Latin American migrant money
The amount of money sent home by migrant workers to their families in Latin America has reached more than $62bn. According to the Inter-American Investment Bank, the figure could reach $100bn in four years' time. This report from Duncan Kennedy:
Listen to the story
Money from migrant workers now exceeds the combined total of all direct foreign investment and foreign aid to Latin America - sixty-two-point-three billion dollars. Twenty-three billion dollars of that was sent back to Mexico, mostly from workers living in the United States. It now ranks along with oil and tourism as Mexico's biggest foreign currency earner.
The Inter-American Development Bank, which supports the region with aid and other help, says the remittances, as they're known, will increase by about fifteen percent a year during the next four years, topping one-hundred billion dollars by 2010. The bank describes the money as a very effective poverty reduction programme because it keeps between eight and ten million families above the poverty line. But it says it also means the economies of the region are not generating enough jobs to keep workers from leaving in the first place.
Another problem is that as much of the money is sent back in small amounts, it's difficult to track. The average is between a hundred and a hundred-and-fifty dollars a month. That in turn makes it an unpredictable source of revenue for governments to tap into. The bank says it wants people to get away from what it calls cash to cash flows and into account to account transfers but the bank says the recent crackdown on illegal immigrants by the American authorities could hinder efforts to get migrants to use banks.
Duncan Kennedy, BBC, Mexico City
Listen to the words
migrant workers
people who go to another country to find employment
foreign aid
help, often financial, which is given to poorer countries by richer countries
foreign currency
money used in other countries
remittances
the amount of money which is sent somewhere, usually to pay for something
topping
becoming larger or more than something
to track
to follow the progress of something
source of revenue
something that produces money, usually for a business or government
to tap into
to use or take from a resource
account transfers
the electronic movement of money from one bank account to another
hinder
to make something more difficult to do
交替传译口译笔记 1
中外合资是一种互补互惠的合作关系.外国在华投资可以最大限度地发挥各自优势.
1.中外合资企业 joint venture 可记作 JV
2.互相可以用上面那个符号表示，这里打不出来
3.划一条竖线表示并列关系
4.互补，的补可以写汉字，也可以写拼音bu
5.互惠的惠也就是好处，划一个对号
6. 外商投资可以简单用外投，国外可以用一个方框（国家）外面点个点就是国外，投资也可以记inv.
7.合作用两个圈套在一起，如果两个圈刚好碰上没有互相套在一起表示contact 接触，会晤
8一竖两边两点表示双方的意思
9.优势同样可以用对号来表示。
10. 最大程度上发挥可以用max 其实也可以用两个加号++。一个加号+比较级，两个加号++最高级。
A sino-foreign joint venture is one of complementary and mutually beneficial partnership. Foreign investment in China can maximize the strength of both parties concerned.
转载自许星海
口译成功与否在很大程度上取决于译员在口译表达前对感知的信息进行记录的能力。记录分为“脑记”和“笔记”两种。
人脑的记忆由短时记忆和长时记忆两部分组成。顾名思义，短时记忆是一种操作性的暂时记忆，长时记忆属于一种储存性的永久记忆。影响一个人短时记忆的因素很多，其中最主要的因素是记忆内容的意义性。即便是当感知的信息有意义时，人的短时记忆只可容纳由二十多个单词组成的句子，或者一组十位数的数字。因此，对于口译工作者来说，完全依赖人脑的记忆能力是危险的，记笔记便显得十分重要。
口译的过程中，译者会遭遇许多讯息负荷上的困难，例如：讯息过多、讯息密集（好几项并列的讯息）、讯息杂乱、或是讯息陌生（如数字或专有名词）。既使能够完全理解讯息的内容，也有可能无法完整地将讯息传达出来。这时候，我们就需要一些辅助工具的协助，这就是口译笔记。
口译笔记的功能是：第一、具有辅助短时记忆的作用，避免遗忘漏失。第二、透过图像、版面与符号的交错运用，笔记具有语段逻辑分析与保存的功能，能将语篇的段落整理清楚并保存一段时间。
笔记是口译讯息整理与保存的工具，运用这项工具时必须先了解到底笔记的内容是什么。缩减练习中已经提到，建立新架构的必要讯息是5W1H「六何」（何人、何事、何时、何地、何物、如何）。再加上，数字与专有名词就是了。
在讯息内容之外，还要进一步掌握的就是讯息内容之间的关系。
讯息关系 内容说明 方法运用
段落的顺序 显示出语篇或语意的段落 画线或排列表示
逻辑的关系 祝贺、谢词、欢迎、感想 运用笔记符号表示
强弱的程度 表达状语等修饰词，如「极为」、「少许」、「经常」、「偶而」等 在右上角用1-2个+ - ！？等表示
变化的情形 升高、降低、波动、剧变 运用＜ ＞↗↘↑→等表示
一、做口译笔记时的注意事项
1.口译笔记应记要点，切忌求记“全”。口译笔记是记忆的延伸或补充，不应也不必取代记忆。口译笔记的主要内容是概念、命题、名称、数字、组织机构和逻辑关系（如大小、先后、正反、上下、升降、因果关系等），笔记单位以表达意群的词语和符号为主。
2.口译笔记求快求精，但不可潦草。
3.口译笔记可使用来源语，也可使用目标语，也可以双语兼用。只要有利于口译的准确性和流利性，不必拘泥于某种文字或符号。例如，“联合国大会”可笔录为“UN”或“联大”。
4.口译笔记使用大量常见略语，例如：cf(compare), Co(company), eg(for example), etc(and so on), esp(especially), ie(that is), max(maximum), min(minimum), ref(reference), std(standard), usu(usually),等。
二、常用速记符号
速记是一项特殊的技巧，速记语言是由一套完整的符号组成的体系。在口译实践中逐步掌握一些简单的速记符号是有益的。
三. 笔记的方法
至于笔记的方法可以分为：笔记的结构、笔记的语言与笔记的原则来谈。分述其定义及运用方法如下：
A.笔记的结构（指将讯息置于笔记纸上的组织方法）
1. 纵向分页--要将版面分割以充分利用纸面，可以纵向画一条中线区隔。
2. 横向分段--在每一语意完整的段落之后画一稍长之横线，每一口译段落之后则画一条贯穿版面之横线。
3. 阶梯式排列--适用于表示讯息的先后顺序。
4. 条列式记法--适用于表达并列的讯息或是连手、对立等语意内涵。
B.笔记的语言（运用图像、符号、简称、字母、文字或加以组合，以表达口语讯息的内容与结构。）
应区分为「常用符号」与「暂定符号」，以因应一般情况与特定口译主题之需求。以下即「常用符号」之例：
1. 图像(?=高兴, ⊙=会议, Θ=世界、地球 )
2. 符号(＋－×÷＜ ＞ ？ ！.：↗↘↑→∵≒≠ ＃＄㎏ ㎝ ex.…)
3. 简称或缩写(WTO APEC；TW, HK, CH, JP；Tpe, Tky, Sel ；Ecm, Mkt, 21C)
4. 原文( tie up, Hi-Tech, 危?=危机、基?=基础…)
5. 译文(人名，组织名称，专有名词…)
6. 英文(So, Now, but, Why,…)
7. 符号与文字、图像的组合与变化(Θ?= international, global,Θnet = internet, )
C.笔记的原则（考量口译的目的、译者的工作负荷、工作环境而订定的纲领。）
1. 口译为主，笔记为辅。
译者应以听看讲者，全面地吸收讯息、组成口译讯息为工作主体，笔记只是辅助的作用，不宜舍本逐末。
2. 笔记应呈现讯息的概念与结构。
无论用图标或文字与符号，都应将之组成完整的讯息概念或组织结构。
3. 记下密度与难度高的讯息。
讯息负荷过量且不易记住的内容（如数字、专有名词），一定要做笔记。
4. 笔记的内容与符号，以多重利用为原则。
任何已记下的笔记内容与符号，都应尽量拉线再次利用，或用不同颜色的笔在原来的笔记上再做笔记，以最经济的方式发挥笔记的作用到极限。
5. 笔记的语言符号，必须能够沟通。
译者应避免使用自己不熟悉的符号，或是双人合作时应避免字迹凌乱。
笔记纸大小，依译者可控空间而定。
译者站立时，笔记本不宜超过手掌大小；有桌椅可用时，笔记可大至A4。
四. 口译缩略符号(左栏为原词,右栏为缩略符号)
the - for f
that -t from fr
and & if .f
are r is z
he e be b
or o you u
to t your ur
in n an a
of v so s
at @ me m
all l they -y
but bt this -s
would (d there -r
which (c has hs
what (t had hd
was (s have hv
whom (m she )e
will (l shall )l
when (n most m-
can kn my m.
go g new nw
some sm any an
could kd first /-
thing -, well (el
think -nk say sa
do d next nx
lie l. until tl
time t.m cannot knt
send s+ more mo
very vr easy ez
Affix缩略语
A accom, accor
aG aggra, aggre, agre
C circu, circum
K cog, col,con,com,cor
D des,dis
m em,im
n en,in
X extra,extri
H hydra,hydro
N insta,inste,insti
I inter,enter,intro,intre
nK incla,incli.inclu
L letter,liter
mG magna,magni
M mis
P pr,per,pur,pre,pro,pri
R reco,recom,recon.recor
rK recla,recli.reclu
S suspe,suspi,suscep
T trans
U ulta,ulte,ulti
V. Suffix ---------------------
B ble,able,ible,ably,ibly
g/ age
" ance,inse,ancy,ensy
+ and,end,ant,ent
r/ ary,ery,ory,ury
N antic,entic
T atic,etic,itic,otic
S asict,istic,ostic,ustic
J cient,cience,sient,tience
' cial,sual,tual,tial,tially
: der,ter,tor,ther
v/ ever
F ful,fully
f/ fication
, ing
t/ ity,oty,ety,uty
K ical,acle,icle,cal
G ology,alogy,ulogy
V ive,sive,tive
L ly,ely,ily
n/ ness
P ple,ply
! sion, tion
- st,est,ist,ost
; ted
D tude
R ure
s/ us,ous,ious
缩略语和符号
中国人民－中人
中国政府－CHN gov
美国人民－美人；A人
按我国有关规定－国定 现代化－现h 可行性－可行x 企业家－企业j 投资回报率－投回 ROL 改革开发政策－改开
感到特别亲切－特亲特殊政策和灵活政策－特灵 GDP－国民生产总值 GNP－国内生产总值 5yrP－ five year plan
SOE-国有企业 FIE-外资企业 JV－合资企业
The mainland economy grew at a sizzling 11.5 percent last quarter the government said yesterday -- sparking a major selldown of stocks as investors braced for higher interest rates and other tightening measures and digested a warning from investment guru Warren Buffet.
这些词sizzling, spark, selldown, brace for, digest, guru
用词不错，大家查查。
经济增长过热, 中国领导压力大
Premier Wen Jiabao has mounted a rare public defence of his macroeconomic policies, which have been criticised both within the Communist Party and overseas.
In an uncharacteristically assertive manner, Mr Wen arranged an interview with a group of Hong Kong reporters yesterday during his visit to Russia. The premier said the criticism directed at his economic policies was ill-founded - the strong and stable growth vindicated those policies.
"Everybody agrees that China's economy has been doing pretty well for the past five years and actually it's one bright spot [in the global economy]," said Mr Wen, who has been in charge of the economy since 2003. "If that's the case, then to label [our] macroeconomic controls as `toothless' contradicts both fact and logic."
Mr Wen's management of the world's fourth-largest economy has been a subject of heated debate. Overseas media and analysts have said his macroeconomic controls have been ineffective in cooling the sizzling economy and run the risk of damaging the mainland's long-term growth. There has even been speculation that Mr Wen has come under pressure to quit as premier at next year's annual meeting of the National People's Congress.
The 65-year-old premier, who retained his Politburo Standing Committee membership after the party's 17th National Congress last month, responded publicly to that speculation for the first time yesterday.
"I still have that pure and sincere heart," said Mr Wen, who has built a reputation as the "people's premier" through his populist approach. "I shall continue to fight on."
Mr Wen, whose cabinet faces a massive reshuffle at the NPC meeting in March, with a new crop of vice-premiers and ministers replacing retiring ones, hinted that there would be no major economic policy changes in his next five years in office.
"The current administration will endeavour to carry out its duties and the new cabinet will continue to maintain the continuity of the economic policies," he said.
Macroeconomic controls, a stable growth rate and issues "related to people's lives" - meaning health care, education and housing - were listed by Mr Wen as top work priorities for the next five years.
The mainland's double-digit economic growth since 2003 has raised concerns about an overheating economy. Despite a raft of tightening measures and many official warnings issued from the State Council, nearly every major macroeconomic barometer seems to signal the policies have failed to solve the problems.
Housing prices in mainland cities are still skyrocketing, fixed-asset investment shows no sign of abating and the stock market continues to set a new high almost daily. Inflation is also at its highest level in 11 years due to an increase in food prices.
Although the government has repeatedly vowed to tackle imbalances in its trade and international payments, the trade and current account surpluses have now ballooned to more than 10 per cent of gross domestic product, leading to talk of a US-China trade war.
The mild-mannered premier is widely perceived as lacking the toughness to push through painful economic reforms, unlike his more fiery predecessor Zhu Rongji .
In August, Citigroup chief Asia economist Huang Yiping issued a scathing report highlighting the gap between rhetoric and reality on trade and growth imbalances, the stock market, energy and pollution.
"Since the beginning of economic reform, China has been known for its decisiveness in economic policy making," he wrote. "Unfortunately, recent experiences appear to suggest that such decisiveness might be gone, at least in areas of macroeconomic policy."
He said the country's macroeconomic problems would "continue to develop until either the authorities take more decisive policy actions or something blows up".
为做医学口译而努力
我对医学,健康等话题是十分感兴趣,总喜欢看健康杂志,只要是和健康,医学有关的东西都喜欢读.一些食物含有的营养物质啊,我吃的时候都要查查.
一些常见的病毒也了解些,虽然没系统学过医学,我小时候看过内科学,还有护理的书,妈妈一辈子和医学打交道,我也懂了一些.
target: 能够通过几年的知识积累最后达到可以在有准备的情况下完成医学口译任务。
我也做过些和医学有关的笔译
1. Leptin and Obesity 瘦素与肥胖（EC）
2. 关于印发体外诊断试剂注册管理办法（试行）的通知
Notice on the Format and Basic Requirements for Application Materials for the Registration of In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents
Bonus
1.真核细胞 eukaryotic cells
2.分子细胞生物学 molecular cell biology
3. 基因编码 rapid DNA sequencing techniques
4. DNA 重组技术 recombinant DNA technology
5. 胞质桥 cytoplasmic bridge
圣女魔咒,清晰,情节吸引人
【原 名】：charmed
【译 名】：圣女魔咒
【类 型】：喜剧 / 剧情 / 幻想
【首 播】：1999
【国 家】：美国
【语 言】：英语
In CHARMED, the three Halliwell sisters have accepted their destiny of protecting the innocent and vanquishing evil doers, even though that is generally not on the agenda of every twenty-something on the fast track to discovering what life`s all about. Prue (Doherty), the oldest, is driven to succeed and dislikes the free-spirited antics of the youngest sister Phoebe (Milano). Piper (Combs), the earthy middle sister, mediates between her siblings. Prue has the power to move objects, Piper to freeze time and Phoebe to see the future. The sisters must band together to protect themselves, and the world, from the dark, demonic forces that seek to destroy them.
咒语选集 selected incantations
1. "The power of three will set us free"
2. "Outside of time, outside of gain, no only sorrow, no only pain."
Bangladesh makes strides in lowering storm death tolls
By Nizam Ahmed
DHAKA (Reuters) - Bangladesh has made huge strides in reducing death tolls from the cyclones that bash its coastline every year due to well-managed preparedness, aid agencies said on Saturday.
The death toll from the monster cyclone that struck Bangladesh late on Thursday, has reached nearly 1,000. But just 16 years ago, a similar cyclone killed more than 143,000 people. And another one in 1970 killed over 500,000.
Super cyclone Sidr smashed into Bangladesh's southern coastline with 250-kph winds that whipped up a 5-metre tidal surge.
The official death toll from the Thursday's cyclone was more than 900 but some newspapers on Saturday gave figures between 1,100 and 2,000, quoting their reporters in the devastated areas.
"The preparedness is better now because the people take warnings seriously in view of their past experience," Selvaratnam Sinnaduri, head of delegation of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCRCS) told Reuters on Saturday.
Sinnaduri said early warnings by meteorologists and faster evacuation of people by skilled rescuers also contributed enormously for cyclone preparedness.
The toll could have been further reduced if people hadn't stayed behind to safeguard their homes.
"Many people still do not like to leave their homes even when pressed by rescuers, because they fear their properties would be stolen or damaged," Abdur Rob, chairman of Bangladesh Red Crescent Society told a television channel.
1. 国际红十字会和红星月会联盟 the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCRCS)
2. cyclone 气旋
3. bash 猛击
4. meteorologist 气象学家
5. evacuation 撤退
6. 孟加拉湾特强气旋风暴“SIDR”的中心今天下午2点钟位于印度安达曼群岛(Andaman Is.)布莱尔港(Port Blair)西北方约530公里的海面上，即北纬15.0度、东经89.3度，中心附近最大风力有17级（60米/秒）。
预计，特强气旋风暴中心将以每小时15公里左右的速度向西北偏北方向移动，强度逐渐减弱。
其实高翻老师能力是相当狠，只是有的老师不够平易近人(easy-going)，冷艳派的不乏其人（从我面试那天就有深有体会)。
我们这届比我操蛋（东北方言，意思是当人不让，爱挑毛病，全身是刺）的多得是，喜欢上告，佩服佩服,都是受西方文化影响较大的结果，如法国，经常罢工。
介绍下几个今天讨论的名词
1.国有控股企业 state-controlled enterprise
2.非公有制经济 non-publicly owned economy
3.个体经济 self-employment/individually owned business
圣女魔咒中的英语口语
1. Piper:
Rob, can we take a rain check on the rest of the evening? It's getting kind of crowded in here.rain check
延期, 留作下次继续用的票根
2. Phoebe: So? So? It’s a day to celebrate. And not just because it’s our anniversary but because it falls on one of the most powerful wiccan days of the year. The autumnal equinox. Now, according to this witch that I met today at bookstore...
wiccan 巫术崇拜
the autumnal equinox 秋分
3. Piper: Did you find anything?
Phoebe: Nothing. But whatever it was literally came out of nowhere and disappeared into nowhere.
litterally 不光有“逐字的，按字面意思”的意思，还有几乎，简直，差不多。
come out of nowhere 文一点的翻译是空穴来风，这种对话中就是“不知道从哪跑出来的”就可以了。
4.Phoebe: Oh, wait a minute. The scariest demon we’ve ever run across opens up some portal in our attic, and steals the Book of Shadows and you want to go into the office?
portal是门的意思，但通常是指通道，入口。
arched portal拱形洞门
entry portal【核】射入口
exit portal【核】出射口
posterior intestinal portal
后肠门tower portal of bridge
桥头堡
5. Piper: It needs a lot of work, uh, I know that. But that’s not a problem and just because the last two owners went bankrupt, doesn’t mean it can’t work. I’ve done three separate marketing studies and found a 68% interest in the target clientele.
clientele 客户。
equinox 昼夜平分时；二分点
vernal equinox 春分
autumnal equinox 秋分
能否记住“春分”和“秋分”，关键在于能否记住 equinox 这个词。 现在我们运用英语词汇逻辑记忆法正向记忆原则，在 equinox 一词中找出“ nox ”一词。“ Ｎox ”是罗马古典神话中的夜女神，是“ 夜 ”的含义，“ equi ”是“ 等于 ”之意，所以，equinox 是“昼夜平分时”， 意为把白昼和黑夜分成相等的两个部分。假如取“二分点”之意，那就是太阳在天球上一年两次经过天赤道的时刻，以全球昼夜等长为特征，出现在仲春或仲秋季节的日夜分，叫做“春分”或“秋分”。因此，能记住 nox 就能记住 equinox ，而能记住equinox ，就能记住 vernalequinox 和 autumnal equinox 。
solstice 至点
summer solstice 夏至
winter solstice 冬至
“ Sol ”是罗马古典神话中的太阳神，是“太阳”的含义，“ stice ”虽然不是一个英语词，但我们可以把它理解为“到达”之意，意为太阳光直射的地点，所以，我们就能记住 summer stice 和 winter stice 终生不忘。
圣女魔咒学词汇
brutalize, technicality, cross the line , remorseless to the end
Leo: She hurt him because he murdered someone，someone Phoebe cared about very much. A dear friend who he brutalized. But a technicality set him free. Phoebe was furious, outraged. And that's when she crossed the line from protecting the innocent to punishing the guilty. She used her power to kill Greene, got caught, and her magic exposed by Nathaniel Pratt.
remorceless to the end 死不悔改
东北老工业基地rust belt -- China's rust belt of the northeast
正好能表达这样一个概念，来看一下字典上的解释。
Concise Oxford:
informal a region characterized by declining industry and a falling population, especially in the American Midwest and NE states.
Longman:
an area in the northern US, including parts of the states of Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, and Wisconsin, where many large, older industries, especially the steel and car industries, have become less successful and many factories have closed down
Wikipedia:
The Rust Belt, formerly known as the Manufacturing Belt, is an area in the northeastern and upper midwestern United States, roughly between Chicago and New York City, whose economy was formerly based largely on heavy industry, manufacturing, and associated industries. This area is roughly defined as comprising the northern sections of Indiana and Ohio; the northeastern corner of Illinois; the Lower Peninsula of Michigan; the Lake Michigan shoreline of Wisconsin; western New York; at least the western half of Pennsylvania; and the northern part of West Virginia, especially that state's Northern Panhandle. It can also include North Jersey, the Twin Cities and Duluth. Sometimes the adjacent portion of the Canadian province of Ontario is included as well, giving the concept an international dimension.
Collins Cobuild:
In the United States and some other countries, the Rust Belt is a region which used to have a lot of manufacturing industry, but whose economy is now in difficulty.
从以上解释看出，完全可以用开表示东北老工业基地。
A young man was getting ready to graduate from college. For many months he had admired a beautiful sports car in a dealer's showroom, and knowing his father could well afford it, he told him that was all he wanted.
As Graduation Day approached, the young man awaited signs that his father had purchased the car. Finally, on the morning of his graduation, his father called him into his private study. His father told him how proud he was to have such a fine son, and told him how much he loved him. He handed his son a beautiful wrapped gift box. Curious, but somewhat disappointed, the young man opened the box and found a lovely, leather-bound Bible, with the young man's name embossed in gold.
Angrily, he raised his voice to his father and said, "With all your money you give me a Bible?" He then stormed out of the house, leaving the Bible.
Many years passed and the young man was very successful in business. He had a beautiful home and a wonderful family, but realizing his father was very old, he thought perhaps he should go to see him. He had not seen him since that graduation day. Before he could make the arrangements, he received a telegram telling him his father had passed away, and willed all of his possessions to his son. He needed to come home immediately and take care of things.
When he arrived at his father's house, sudden sadness and regret filled his heart. He began to search through his father's important papers and saw the still new Bible, just as he had left it years ago.
With tears, he opened the Bible and began to turn the pages. As he was reading, a car key dropped from the back of the Bible. It had a tag with the dealer's name, the same dealer who had the sports car he had desired. On the tag was the date of his graduation, and the words… "PAID IN FULL".
How many times do we miss blessings because they are not packaged as we expected? I trust you enjoyed this. Do not spoil what you have by desiring what you have not; but remember that what you now have was once among the things you only hoped for. Sometimes we don't realize the good fortune we have or we could have because we expect "the packaging" to be different. What may appear as bad fortune may in fact be the door that is just waiting to be opened.
showroom:陈列室
sports car:赛车
dealer: 销售商
storm out of：冲出去
will: 留下遗嘱，把---留给
charmed 学词汇
1.baby shower 满月
2.atypical 不典型的
Someone or something that is atypical is not typical of its kind.
The economy of the province was atypical because it was particularly small.
He was an atypical English schoolboy.
3.precinct 管辖区
4.witchcraft巫术
5.aloe 芦荟
Any shrubby succulent plant of the genus Aloe, in the lily family.
Native to Africa, most of the 200 or so species have a rosette of leaves at the base but no stem. Several are cultivated as ornamentals. The juice of some species, especially the popular potted plant known as true aloe (Aloe vera), is used as an ingredient in cosmetics, as a purgative, and as a treatment for burns.
6.jiggle 轻摇（especially when you jiggle a baby)
7.estrogen 雌激素
8. hold a grudge against 对---心存怨恨
He has a grudge against me. 他对我有恶意. * He has been harbouring/nursing a grudge against me. 他一直对我心怀嫉妒.
9. soulful
12月10日
1. 21世纪议程 Agenda 21 （the international plan of action adopted by governments in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro Brazil（巴西里约）— provides the global consensus on the road map towards sustainable development）
2. 世界环境日 World Environment Day (June 5th each year)
3.世界环境日主题 World Environment Day Themes
4.环境千年—行动起来吧！（2000） The Environment Millennium - Time to Act！
5.拯救地球就是拯救未来！（1999） Our Earth - Our Future - Just Save It!
6.为了地球上的生命—拯救我们的海洋!（1998）For Life on Earth - Save Our Seas!
7.为了地球上的生命（1997） For Life on Earth
8.我们的地球、居住地、家园（1996） Our Earth, Our Habitat, Our Home
9.国际生物多样性日 International Biodiversity Day (29 December)
10.世界水日 World Water Day (22 March) notes 179.(12.11)
11. Acclimatization 驯化
12.Activities Implemented Jointly(AIJ) 共同执行活动
13.Adaptability 适应性
14. adabtation benefits/costs/assessment 适应性收益/成本/评估
15. adaptive capacity 适应能力
16. additionality 额外性
17. adjustment time 调整时间
18. aerosois 气溶胶
19. afforestation 造林
20. Aggregate impacts 累积影响
Total impacts summed up across sectors and/or regions. The aggregation of impacts requires knowledge of (or assumptions about) the relative importance of impacts in different sectors and regions. Measures of aggregate impacts include, for example, the total number of people affected, change in net primary productivity, number of systems undergoing change, or total economic costs.
各部门和/或区域的影响总和。影响的累计需要了解（或设定）不同部门和区域影响的相对重要程度。累积影响的衡量标准包括，如受影响的人口总数量、净初级生产力的变化、正在变化的系统数目、或总的经济损失。
21.沼气 biogas / marsh gas
22.污水处理厂 sewage plant 污水 sewage water
23.野生动物自然保护区 natural reserve for wild animals
24.耕地面积 arable land
25.沙漠化土地 desertified land
26.森林蓄积量 forest reserve/stock
27.森林覆盖面积 forest coverage/acreage
28.森林覆盖率 forest coverage rate
29. “三北”防护林体系 the Three Norths Shelterbelt Project
30. “不毛之地”baren land
名词解释
Ancillary benefits 辅助效益
The ancillary, or side effects, of policies aimed exclusively at climate change mitigation. Such policies have an impact not only on greenhouse gas emissions, but also on resource use efficiency, like reduction in emissions of local and regional air pollutants associated with fossil-fuel use, and on issues such as transportation, agriculture, land-use practices, employment, and fuel security. Sometimes these benefits are referred to as ¡°ancillary impacts¡± to reflect that in some cases the benefits may be negative. From the perspective of policies directed at abating local air pollution, greenhouse gas mitigation may also be considered an ancillary benefit, but these relationships are not considered in this assessment.
特定的气候变化减缓政策产生的辅助或附带效益。这样的政策不仅对温室气体排放产生影响，而且影响资源的有效使用，如减少当地和区域的化石燃料使用所造成的空气污染物排放，还对诸如交通、农业、土地利用、就业和燃料安全等问题产生影响。有时，这些效益是指“负面影响”，来反映在某些情况下这些所谓“效益”是不好的。从以减少当地空气污染为目的政策角度来看，温室气体减排可能也被认为是辅助收益，但这些关系在此评价中不予考虑。
1.气候变化减缓政策 climate change mitigation policies
2.温室气体排放 greenhouse gas emission
3.资源使用效率 resource use efficiency
4.当地和区域的化石燃料使用所造成的空气污染物排放 local and regional air pollutants associated with fossil fuel use
31.可再生能源/资源：renewable energies/resources
32.一次性能源/不可再生资源 non-renewable energies/resources
33.过度捕捞 over-fishing
34.水土流失 soil erosion
35.资源枯竭 exhaustion of resources
36.生态恶化 deterioration of ecosystem
37.传统集约耕作模式 conventional intensive farming
38.土地日益贫瘠 declining soil fertility
39.赤潮 red tide
40.国家环境保护总局 SEPA State Environmental Protection Administration
Official: Chinese Gov't Attaches Importance to Issue of Climate Change
A senior Chinese official says the Chinese Government attaches great importance to the issue of climate change.
Xie Zhenhua, deputy head of the China's National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), made the remarks at a high-level segment meeting of the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Bali, Indonesia.
He said in pursuing its economic development, China has been undertaking a series of policies and measures to address climate change and to protect the environment in accordance with the country's sustainable development strategy, and has achieved tremendous achievements."
He added that conserving resources and protecting the environment are China's basic state policies. And the country will enhance its capacity building on addressing climate change and make new contributions to the protection of global climate.
41.多煤 rich/ample/plentiful supply of/abundant/ coal
42.贫油，少气 short supply of/insufficient oil and gas
43.---在---中占主导地位 top all the other
44.相辅相成 mutually complementary/give impetus to each other
45.双管齐下 work on these issues at one time
46.形成环保的的大气候 create an atmosphere for environmental protection
47.生态农业建设 eco-agriculture practices
48.荒山 baren hills
49.ethonal 乙醇
50.破坏性的开发 destructive exploitation
51.人类利益 human welfare
52.充电电池 rechargeable battery
53.不锈钢 stainless steel
54 上策 best sollutoin to
55.脊椎动物 vertebrate
56.高等植物higher plant
57.野生动物拯救繁育基地 wild fauna rescue and breeding bases
58.地热能，太阳能，风能，海洋能等新能源 such new energies as geothermal power, solar energy, wind energy, oceanic energy.
59.草场退化 grassland degradation
60 全国野生动植物保护及自然保护区建设工程 "the National Wildlife Conservation and Nature Reserves Development Program"
61. 濒危野生动物 endangered wild fauna species
62. 濒危野生植物 endangered wild flora species
63. 冶金 metallurgy 冶金的 mettallurgical
64. 建筑材料产业 construction materials industry
65. 轻工业 light industry
66. 加速技术改造 speed up technical transformation
67. 产品结构 product mix
68. 企业经济效益 economic returns of enterprises
69. 水电 hydroelectric power
70. 海洋环境 marine environment
71. 联合国环境与发展大会（环发大会） United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)
72. 生物多样性公约 Convention on Biological Diversity
73. 防治荒漠化国际公约 Convention to Combat Desertification
74. 青藏高原 Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
75. 沙尘暴 sand storm
76. 水产资源 aquatic resources
77. 死亡人数 death toll
78. 土壤碱化 soil alkalinization
79. 热带风暴 tropical storm
80. 热污染 thermol pollution
81. 德里宣言 Declaration of Delhi
82. 附件一国家 Annex 1 parties
83. 第二承诺期 the second commitment period
84. 限排 an emission cap
85. 不懈努力 relentless efforts
86. 美国能源部 US Department of Engergy
87. 资源利用效率 utilizatoin efficiency of resources
88. 开发推广可再生资源技术
Develop and disseminate renewable energy technologies
89. 中国21世纪议程 China's Agenda 21
90. 推广节煤炉灶 promote energy-saving stove
91. 微水电 small hydropower stations
92. 取之不尽，用之不竭 inexhaustible
93.化石能源 fossil fuels
94. 推广机构 extension institution
95. 地表水源 surface water source
96. 首都水资源可持续发展利用规划
Program for Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources in the Capital
97. 植被减少 diminished vegetation
98.decibel （噪音）分贝
99. sewage purification 污水净化
100. algae outbreak 蓝藻爆发
1.中枢记忆性耳鸣central memory tinnitus
2. 主观性耳鸣subjective tinnitus
3. 前谷acupoint. indications: tinnitus; corneal opacity; numbness in fingers
4. 周围性耳鸣peripheral tinnitus
5. 外因致耳鸣extrinsic tinnitus
6. 目转耳鸣nystagmus with tinnitus
7. 神经性耳鸣nervous tinnitus
8. 耳鸣tinnitus; syrigmus
9. 耳鸣罩tinnitus masker
10.脑鸣tinnitus cerebri
Woman gets 20-months for loud music
噪音污染邻居被判有期徒刑
TOKYO - A Japanese woman charged with inflicting（造成）injury on her neighbor by blasting rock music at her house for more than two years was given a 20-month prison term Tuesday, a court official said.
Miyoko Kawahara, 59, was sentenced by the Osaka High Court, revoking（撤回）an initial ruling that had given her a one-year prison term, court spokesman Takanao Kawasaki said.
Kawahara in Heguri, Nara Prefecture (state) in western Japan, was accused of causing insomnia（失眠）and headaches to her next-door neighbor by playing loud dance music almost 24 hours a day on a portable stereo she had pointed at her neighbor's house, 20 feet away.
She was arrested on April 11, 2005. The two women had had a number of disagreements that police did not elaborate on（详细说明）.
"The defendant（被告）ignored calls by local authorities and continuously played music at a high volume for some 29 months," Kyodo News agency quoted presiding（首席法官）Judge Hiroshi Furukawa as telling the court.
In handing down a longer prison term than a local court ruling in April, this year, Furukawa told the court that the defendant "still maintains a hostile（敌对的）attitude toward the victim and it is highly likely she will commit the crime again," Kyodo said.
Doctors had diagnosed the neighbor as having insomnia and headaches they attributed to the noise. Kawahara started blasting the music in November 2002 and continued until her arrest.
Under Japanese law, those convicted of inflicting injury on another person face up to 10 years in prison and a fine of up to 300,000 yen ($2,520).
Note:
日本一女子连续29个月向邻居家大声播放摇滚乐，对对方造成失眠和头疼等症状，最终被判处1年有期徒刑。
101. 淘汰 phase out
102. 校准（仪器）calibrate
103. 咸潮 saline tide
104. 海水倒灌 seawater encroachment
（中国网的环保记者招待会上澳门记者问了咸潮saline tide 和海水倒灌seawater的问题，影响南方沿海饮水，这个就比较生僻了，不过到那时候憋也得憋出来点东西，可以用简单的语言解释下，如女翻译的处理是 salty tide, sea water coming back to the land. )
105. 在听记者招待会的时候，一位领导说单位GDP能耗下降百分之。翻译直接说engergy intensity 很简洁，查了下energy intensity的定义如下：
Energy intensity is a measure of the energy efficiency of a nation's economy. It is calculated as units of energy per unit of GDP.
• High energy intensities indicate a high price or cost of converting energy into GDP.
• Low energy intensity indicates a lower price or cost of converting energy into GDP.
106. 排放权贸易 Emissions trading is an administrative approach used to reduce air pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving emissions reductions at minimum net cost. In such a plan, a central authority (e.g., air pollution control district, state agency, or Federal agency) sets limits or "caps" on each pollutant. Groups that intend to exceed the limits may buy emissions credits from entities that are able to stay below their designated limits. This transfer is normally referred to as a trade. (In some emission trading systems a portion of the traded credits are required to be retired. By retiring some of the credits the system achieves a net reduction in emissions, as well as cost reduction, from each trade.) Most authorities agree that emissions trading is an effective strategy if properly designed and administered.
107. 清洁发展机制Clean Development Mechanism
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is the only Flexibility Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol that involves developing countries. It allows developed nations to achieve part of their reduction obligations through projects in developing countries that reduce greenhouse gas emissions or 'fix' or sequester CO2 from the atmosphere.
108. Joint implementation
Agreements made between two or more nations under the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
109. physical output 物量产出
110 avoided deforestation 避免毁林,避免滥伐森林
111.COD 化学需氧量 Chemical oxygen demand
In environmental chemistry, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) test is commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of organic compounds in water. Most applications of COD determine the amount of organic pollutants found in surface water (e.g. lakes and rivers), making COD a useful measure of water quality. It is expressed in millgrams per liter (mg/L), which indicates the mass of oxygen consumed per liter of solution. Older references may express the units as parts per million (ppm).
112 ppm.【医】 兆比率(百万分之几) parts per million
Parts per million ('ppm') denotes one particle of a given substance for every 999,999 other particles. This is roughly equivalent to one drop of ink in a 40 gallon drum of water, or one second per 280 hours. 1 part in 106.
113 发改委 NDRC
114 炼钢厂 steel mill
115. 严重性 gravity
116. 污水处理厂 sewage treatment plant
117. come to grips with sth. 处理
The government’s popularity has dropped as it failed to come to grips with unemployment.
由于没有处理好失业问题，政府的信誉有所下降。
118 confidence-building树立信心
119 conbustion of fossil fuels 化石燃料燃烧
120. Montreal Protocol蒙特利尔议定书
The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer from depletion by phasing out the production of a number of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion.
The treaty was opened for signature on September 16, 1987 and entered into force on January 1, 1989. Since then, it has undergone five revisions, in 1990 (London), 1992 (Copenhagen), 1995 (Vienna), 1997 (Montreal), and 1999 (Beijing). Due to its widespread adoption and adherence it has been hailed as an example of exceptional international cooperation with Kofi Annan quoted as saying it is "Perhaps the single most successful international agreement to date...".
《维也纳公约》签署2个月后，英国南极探险队队长J.Farman宣布，自从1977年开始观察南 极上空以来，每年都在9～11月发现有“臭氧空洞”。这个发现引起举世震惊。1985年9月， 为制定实质性控制措施的议定书，UNEP组织召开了专题讨论会。同年10月，决定成立保护臭氧层工作组，从事制定议定书的工作。
1987年9月，由UNEP组织的“保护臭氧层公约关于含氯氟烃议定书全权代表大会”在加拿大 蒙特利尔 市召开。出席会议的有36个国家、10个国际组织的140名代表和观察员，中国政府也派代表参加了会议。
9月16日，24个国家签署了《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》（以下简称《议定书 》）。中国政府认为这个《议定书》没有体现出发达国家是排放CFCs造成臭氧层耗减的主要 责任者，对发展中国家提出的要求不公平，所以当时没有签定这个议定书。
由于保护臭氧层形势发展的需要，加上《议定书》制定时未能充分反映发展中国家的意见， 在1989年5月赫尔辛基缔约方第1次会议之后，开始了《议定书》的修正工作。
1990年6月，在伦敦召开的缔约方第2次会议通过了《议定书》修正案。由于修正案基本上反 映了发展中国家的意愿，包括印度在内的许多发展中国家，都纷纷表示将加入修正后的《议 定书》。中国代表团在会上也表示将建议我国政府尽快加入修正后的《议定书》。
1991年6月14日，中国政府驻联合国代表团将加入修正后《议定书》的文件交给联合国秘书 长。在缔约方第3次会议上，中国政府代表团宣布了中国政府正式加入修正后《议定书》的 决定。
121 World Agroforestry Centre 世界农林中心
122 peatland 泥炭地
123 “为地球植树十亿棵”活动（Plant for the Planet: Billion Tree Campaign）
124. tree breeding 树苗育种
125. tree cover 林木植被
126. tree line 森林线; 树木线 ...
127. trivial name 俗名
128. tree savanna 稀树干草原
129. trajectory model 轨迹模式
130 ocean dumping 海洋倾倒
131 total suspended particulates (TSP) 悬浮微粒总量
132. total suspended solids (TSS) 悬浮固体总量
133. 间歇雨 intermittent rain
134. 风级 wind scale
135. 放射性废料积存 accumulation of radioactive waste
136. 有机污染物 organic pollutant
137. 氰化物、砷、汞排放 cyanide,arsenic, and mercury discharged
138. 铅、镉、六价铬 lead, cadmium, sexivalent chromium
139. 城市垃圾无害化处理率decontamination rate of urban refuse
140.垃圾填埋场 refuse landfill
141 垃圾焚化厂 refuse incinerator
142 水土保持 conservation of water and soil
142 水土保持 conservation of water and soil
142 水土保持 conservation of water and soil
143 海水淡化 sea water desalinization
144保护珊瑚礁、红树林和渔业资源
protect coral reefs, mangrove and fishing resource
145 防风林 wind breaks
146 防沙林 sand breaks
147.速生林 fast-growing trees
148. 珍稀濒危物种繁育基地 rare and endangered species breeding center
149.防止沿海地带不可逆转恶化 protect coastal zones from irreversible degradation
150 大气监测系统 atmospheric monitoring system
151室内空气污染 Indoor air pollution
152 三废综合利用 multipurpose use of three types of wastes
153 工业污水 industrial effluents
154. 工业烟尘 industrial fumes
155. 水文效应hydrological effects: 地理环境变化引起的水文变化或水文响应。环境条件变化可分自然和人为两个方面。当代人类活动范围和规模空前增长，对水文过程的影响或干扰越来越大。目前对水文效应的研究大多着重于各种人类活动对水循环、水量平衡要素及水文情势的影响或改变，又称为人类活动对水文情势的影响。这种影响或改变，多遵循着水与环境关系的一般规律，但人为的水文变化比自然的水文变化快。
156. 水土保持 conservation of water and soil
157. 工业固体废物 industrial solid wastes
158. 享受国家一级保护 enjoy first-class protection of the state
159. 环保产品 environment-friendly products
160 工业粉尘 industrial dust
161 二氧化氮 nitrate dioxide
162. 天然气汽车 gas-fueled vehicles
163. 电动汽车 cell-driven vehicles/battery cars
164. environmental capacity 环境容量; 环境负荷量
The EPA-supported water quality models widely used are summarized with their major functions herein, so as to provide references for the total quantity control of pollutants based on the environmental capacity.
文中对由美国环保局推荐、已得到广泛应用的水质模型作－综述，介绍模型的主要功能和用途，以供我国开展容量总量控制借鉴。
165. 反常天气 freakish weather
Freakish phenomena are becoming less freaky all around the world.
在全球各地，反常的气候渐渐变得不那么“反常”了——人们都对此司空见惯。
在汉英翻译中，译员往往会字对字进行翻译，结果就是中式英语的味道比较浓，缺乏英文的特色。本文选择了10个例子充分阐述了如何利用英语阅读，获取更鲜活的表达方式，加强译员语言的灵活性和多样性，进而改善英语译文质量。
例1
各国面对猪流感都不敢冒险, 严阵以待。
A: All countries do not dare to take risks and are ready to fight against swine flu.
B: All countries take no chances and are embattled to fight against swine flu.
take no chances: 不冒险，力求完全。
例2
他们表现不佳。
They did a poor job.
They underperformed.
例3 马上要出台新政策了。
They are going to issue new policies./ New policies are going to be issued.
New policies are on the horizon.
on the horizon: 即将到来。
4. 最根本的原因是他们在处理人际关系的时候技能更纯熟。
A：The fundamental reason is that they are more skillfull in inter-personal relationship.
B: What it boils down to is their more skillful way of dealing with people.
5. 我宣布这次国际研讨会开幕
I declare open the international symposium.
This international symposium is herewith inaugurated.
6. 我的决定不应视为先例。
My decision shouldn't be viewed as a precedent
My decision does not constitute a precedent.
7. 肯尼迪的后代在美国历史上都颇有名气。
Kennedy's descendants were to become quite famous in the American history.
Kennedy's offspring were to figure prominently in the American history.
(要注意的是offspring单复数同型）
8. 我们要控制价格过快上涨。
We need to curb the excessively rapid increase of prices
We need to control price hikes.
9.你非常喜欢阅读么?
A Do you like reading very much?
B Are you an avid reader?
这句比较的灵感来自以下材料：
Are you an avid gardener? Are you looking for that special perennial, shrub or tree? Wayside Gardens is America's premier gardening company with a huge selection to satisfy the needs of most original landscape gardener. Whether your looking to plant indoors, on the patio, or in the yard Wayside Gardens has what you need in plants and supplies.
Wayside Gardens is America’s source for first-quality, unusual annuals, perennials, shrubs, roses, trees, landscaping supplies and garden décor. Visit Wayside Gardens for their daily specials, new product previews and great gardening tips.
10 在非洲投资是非常好的选择。
A To invest in Africa is a very good choice.
B Africa is a perfect investment destination.
灵感来自：Africa is a reliable investment and trade destination.
Nida的功能对等，functional equivalence 在翻译界已经是一个用的特别多的理论了。
强调源语和译入语要达到功效上的对等，而不是字对字的对等。
其实，这也牵扯到了很多大家熟悉的问题。
面对一个意象的时候，到底是直译还是意译？是归化还是异化？是译文字还是译意思？
例如：
巴克莱继续前进，迫切希望把握这个机会以跳楼价实现转型，成为美国颇具实力的企业。
Barclays pushed ahead, eager at the chance to transform itself into a U.S. powerhouse at potentially a fire-sale price.
“跳楼价”如果直译成 jump-down-the-building price 是什么效果呢？
外国人懂么？
有必要么？
这种跳楼价其实并不包含太多的文化内容，包含的是一种语言，语言表达方式的不同。这种不包含文化的意象就可以在target language里找个和它相似的意象。
如：
fire-sale price
n. 1. a price much lower than normal market price; as, the Reagan administration sold off valuable mineral and timber resources at fire-sale prices.
那么如果是口译，想不起来fire-sale price 则可以用释意的办法，解释成at an extremely low price.
我们再来看下其它的译法：
1. at a cut-throat price
英语中的恶性竞争可以译成cut-throat competition 就是竞争导致互相降价。
进一步调查发现 cut-throat price 也是超低价的意思。
网上有个英泰字典，看不懂泰语，但例子明显是这个意思。
a cut-throat price
1. ??????????? (?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????) : Five dollars for just a ball-point pen! That's a cut throat price for a pen like that.
2. at breakdown price
网络上也有这个表达
商品买卖中最常见的50句英语表达翻译,翻译兼职,兼职翻译, 英文翻译 ...
39. Price crash 削价. 40. Sale 50% off original price按原价的50%销售. 41. Sale at breakdown price 跳楼价甩卖. 42. Sale continues in store 商品继续销价. 43. ...
at 后没有a ,网上所有的表达都没有a, 也许sale at breakdown price 就是固定的吧。
3. That's our rock bottom price
是我们能出的最低价，其实也有跳楼价之意。
最后，汉语里除了跳楼价以外，也会说大放血等，各地也有不同说法，但总的来说如果想不起来什么表达方法就意为 extremely low price, 如果想形象点则可译为 at a cut-throat price, at breakdown price, at a fire-sale price, rock bottom price.
Bonus:
breakdown 可以指家庭破裂 family breakdown, 关系破裂 breakdown in relations, 也可以指精神崩溃 suffer a breakdown, 汽车故障，分析，a breakdown of labor costs 劳工成本分类清单，
另外一个很好的和break有关的词break even 不亏不赚，收支平衡，收支相抵。
去年八国集团达成协议要在2050年前实现减排50%的的目标，但并没有具体拿出实现这一目标的具体方案。
Last year the G8 agreed the world should seek to halve emissions by 2050, but did not spell out how this would be achieved.
实现---的目标，可以省略，是框架信息。
拿出---的具体方案，就是spell out how---
实现减排50%，就是halve emission(reduce emissions by half)
spell out: 清楚地讲出，详细说明
它的本意是：拼写出来 spell out his name
spell 这个词其实学学不错。
1. 给某人某物施法 cast/put a spell on/over
2 破除 符咒 break the spell
3 中了魔法 under a spell
4 一阵子，一段时间 After a brief spell in the army, I returned to teaching.
5 引人入胜的 a spellbinding story
4. 听得入迷 spellbound: The storyteller held his audience spellbound.
5 单词拼写比赛 spelling bee( Am E)
汉译英中的选词和省略 Post By：2009-7-14 8:26:00
原文：忘记过去等于背叛，沉湎于过去等于不求上进。（MSN上一位同学的签名）
译文： Making a clean break with the past makes one a defector while indulging in it a mediocre.
选词（diction):
We are not native English speakers, so naturally it's hard for us to choose a word without knowing too well whether it is appropriate or not. The only thing we can do is to learn more of that language to form some sort of sense of the language. In this way, whenever a word is misused, you will feel it.
As far as the word“忘记”is concerned, the first word that jumps into my mind was forget. It's ok to use forget in interpretation. But we are translating the sentence. we have encough time to ponder over the diction. At last I chose a phrase make a clean break with. This phrase means to sever from sth. completely or to forget sth. completly, a perfect match with the original intention of the speaker.
indulge in sth bad indulge 通常接的是不好的事情，形容沉湎于恶习。
Don't indulge yourself in eating and drinking.
不要纵情于吃喝上。
Don't allow yourselves to indulge in false hopes.
不要让自己存不切实际的希望。
开始想到的是be engrossed/absorbed in, 但其实这两个更强调现在正专心做某事，不如indulge in 好。
defector 背叛，逃兵
traitor有卖国的意思，没敢用
betrayer也可以，但是稍微不太常用
mediocre 不光指人很平庸，还指不爱上进，安于现状的人。
To sum up, as non-native English speakers, we need to consult the dictionary from time to time to check the use of words. In this way, we can constantly improve our translating ability and maximize the quality of translation.
2. 省略（omission)
省略是汉英翻译中常用的技巧，由于英语不喜欢重复，汉语翻译到英语时应该省略很多重复的成分。
一篇存在很多重复成分的英语译文会造成译文臃肿，文笔不顺畅，不符合英语习惯。
这里第2次提到makes one 的时候就省略了。
第2次提到past的时候，用it 指代了。
不要小看细节，细节可以决定译文的成败。
再举个小例子，一篇英文稿子中提及联合国时可能会出现the United Nations, UN, the international organization等说法，但如果译成汉语则都是联合国，而不要译为 “这个国际组织”，原因就是英文中不喜欢反复用一个名字来称呼一个组织。
《国庆节回家》翻译中的主要问题
北京外国语大学高级翻译学院 李长栓
理解问题
汉语中充满了歧义。单靠语言翻译，无法准确传达实际的含义。必须了解社会现实。圣经看不懂，古文看不懂，就是不懂当时的社会状况。当时的人很清楚什么意思。即使历史清白、地主、landlord这些常见的词，中国的青少年都不一定理解，中国人的理解和外国人的理解也不一样。
原文：
国庆节回家，那个黄河边上的乡村，开小汽车的乡亲开始多见，虽然他们穿衣打扮还没有太多的改变，但当我看到他们开上价值20多万的汽车时，我很是欣喜。
但欣喜似乎很快止于一次街头的聊天，乡亲【几个？】告诉了我这里发生的两件事。首先是旁边村子里一个人被同村的三兄弟杀死在家中，事情起源于土地租赁，因为租金高低的纠纷，欲强租土地【强租一人还是多人的土地，还是三兄弟的土地？】的人找人把不愿意接受租金价位的人打了【打了一人，还是多人，还是打了三兄弟？】，【是地主把雇农打了（旧社会），还是雇农把地主打了（新中国）】还发出狠话【啥是狠话？】，打死也就是几万块钱的事，于是被打的一方三兄弟联合起来，有了这一命案，四个家庭随之破碎。还有一个发生在我们村里，收割玉米的乡亲【是一家，还是几家】欲从邻居家【住所相邻？土地相邻？】地上开车通过【收割前？收割后？为什么开车？收割机？拉庄稼的农用车（奔马、四轮带拖挂）？为什么要从人家地里过？故意找茬？捷径？】，邻居老太太心疼庄稼不许，争吵中躺在自家田头说：要过，就从身上轧过。于是车轰鸣着，轧过老人，陪了几万块私了。
【到底谁不讲道理？】
儿时的乡村，是可以夜不闭户的。【为什么夜不闭户，都不关门？】放学回家，有时家中无人，邻居大婶【是今天一个大婶，明天换个大婶，还是就那一个】总是招呼到他们家，坐在饭桌前，一切都是那么自然。农忙时，家里农活忙碌，邀邻居来帮，【会来帮忙，还是如果来帮忙】只需吃顿简单的饭，聊聊天。【先吃饭，后帮忙；还是先帮忙，后吃饭？】【帮完忙先回家，吃饭时再来，还是不回家，吃完再走；是专门请一次？是为了吃顿饭才帮忙吗？】现在这里，生活的认知和价值观已经发生了很大的改变。我们都知道，国家在大力发展农村经济，我也期待家乡环境的改善【什么环境？】，也相信很快就会有大的变化，但乡村的这些事也让我思考，我们是否应该在文化价值观方面，做出相应的指点和引导呢？【什么意思？怎么指导？】
2009年1月高翻入学试题
表达问题
1. 杀人案中各个人物及其动作如何表达，才不至于引起混乱，如谁是victim; lease, rent, let等动词的双向性。
2. 选择谁是victim，反映译者的立场。
3. 有人用A, B表示两个人，意思虽清楚，不符合语言习惯。
4. it和this。A man was killed by three brothers. It all started from a dispute over rent. [it指代一个名词；this指代上述状况]
5. 区区几万元怎么说？merely a couple of wan (=10,000) yuan; a few wan kuai (10,000 yuan); a couple of ten thousand yuan.
A few dozen thousand yuan 可以，但节奏别扭。比较时可用，如：a few thousand or a few dozen thousand dollars?
Tens of thousands yuan, several tens of thousands yuan.给人以“多”的感觉，不用
6. Yuan为什么大写？
修改举例
原译：
I went home during the National Day, when I passed by the yellow river, I saw more people driving their cars, though their appearances had not changed much, I was happy when I saw them driving their car that cost more than 200 millions.
改译：
I returned to my hometown during the National Day holiday. In the village on the Yellow River, I saw more and more people driving cars. Although their appearance has not changed much, I was excited to see them own cars that cost over 200,000 yuan (USD30,000).[1]
原译：
However, my happiness ceased when I chatted with the folks and was told that two incidents that happened. The first incident happened in the neighboring village where a person was killed in his home by two bothers from the same village, the story began with the rental of land, due to the rental scuffle, the tenant beat the party whom refused to accept rental offered, the tenant was quoted as saying would kill the person because of the few million dollars involved, the victim then garnered the support from his two brothers and hence the murder, four families were shattered in this incident. The second incident happened in our village. One of our village folks, after harvesting and collecting his corn requested to drive pass the field of his neighbour, the old lady of the neighboring house refused as she treasure her crops in the field, a quarrel started and the old lady said in anger that the neighbour could either drive pass his own field or driver over her dead body. The story ended with the car drove over her!
改译：
However, my excitement disappeared when I learned about two incidents during a chat on the street. The first one happened in the neighbouring village, where a man was killed in his home by three bothers from the same village. The story began with a dispute over the land rents. A local bully wanted lease land from a villager, but the owner was unwilling to accept the low price offered. So the bully hired someone to beat up the owner and threatened that killing him was nothing but a couple of ten thousand yuan. The enraged victim then garnered the support from his two brothers. Hence the murder, and four shattered families. The second incident took place in my own village. One of our village folks needed to drive through the adjacent field to harvest corn. The neighbour, an old granny, refused as that would crush her crops. As the argument escalated into a quarrel, the old lady lay down on the ground[2] and challenged: “If you want to pass, drive over my body!” And so did the driver. The case was settled for a couple of ten thousand yuan.
原译：
While I was young, the village was so safe that we need not shut the doors at night. When I came back from school and there was no one home, it was very natural that aunty next-door would invite me to her place for lunch. During harvest period, we were all very busy and appeal for help, the neighbour would offer their help and stayed for simple meals and chats. Now, value of life and individual’s value had undergone a tremendous change. We all realized that our country is developing the urban area in full force, we hope to see change in our living environment and believe there will be tremendous change, but those incidents that happened set me thinking, should we do more in the areas of moral values to guide our village folks to cope with the change.
改译：
While I was young, the village was so safe that we need not shut the doors at night. When I came back from school and there was no one home, the aunty next door would always invite me to her place for a meal. Everything seemed so natural. During the harvest season, when we asked our neighbours for help, the return was only a simple meal accompanied by a hearty chat. Now, life and values in the village have undergone tremendous changes. We all know that our government is developing the rural areas in full force. And I am looking forward to a better life in my home town. But the incidents set me thinking: Should we do more to preserve the traditional values when times are changing?（可以把原文改得更符合逻辑；极个别情况下才需要故意保留原文的不当）
收割机
刚开始认为，不可能是收割机，因为我没有见过收割玉米的收割机。但查了资料，发现已经出现。但译文仍保留了模糊性。（请用谷歌图片搜索找玉米收割机）
谁不讲理
农村土地条块分割，不一定临路。临路的农户，有义务让里面的农户通行。
Easement地役权
A right of passage over a neighbor's land or waterway. An easement is a type of servitude . For every easement, there is a dominant and a servient tenement . Easements are also classified as negative (which prevents the servient land owner from doing certain things) or affirmative easements (the most common, which allows the beneficiary of the easement to do certain things, such as a right-of-way). Although right-of-ways are the most common easements, there are many others such as rights to tunnel under another's land, to use a washroom, to emit smoke or fumes, to pass over with transmission towers, to access a dock and to access a well.
另一个版本：
Translator: Chow Wan Ee
It was my National Day holiday homecoming. Along the Yellow River stood our village, where many village folks, although clad no differently from our last encounter, were cruising behind wheels worth well over two hundred grand. That had pleased me.
But my pleasure soon turned to dismay after chatting with a village folk on a street corner. The folk related two episodes. One occurred in the adjoining village, where a man was killed in his home by three brothers. The killing was precipitated by a land lease dispute. The man had wanted to bully one of the brothers into accepting his offer price by having him thrashed and terrorised, even threatening that his life would cost no more than a meagre sum. Indignant, the brothers went after the bully. The consequence was one lost life and four broken families. Another incident took place in our village. A village folk had requested a neighbouring old lady’s permission to drive through her field to harvest his corn. Unable to bear with the thought of flattened maize plants, she refused. In a battle of wits, she lay on the field, defying her neighbour to drive “over her dead body”. Refusing to back down, the rumbling vehicle surmounted the determined human barrier. Eventually, the villager paid a couple of ten thousand yuan for a private settlement.
During my childhood days, house doors could be left ajar at night. When I came home from school occasionally to find myself alone, the aunty next door would ask me over. Taking my place at her kitchen table had seemed the most natural thing to do. During busy farming seasons, we would call for neighbours’ helping hands. Appreciation was a simple meal and a cosy tête-à-tête. These days, attitudes and values have gone on a different tangent. Certainly, the government is doing much to develop the rural economy. I am eager to witness better days at home, and am sure that sweeping changes will occur in no time. But the two episodes struck a sensitive chord. Perhaps we should also look into shaping characters and values to prevent the evacuation of moral scruples when prosperity finally ensues.
文章以小品的方式揭露当前的社会弊病。人们为了逐利而舍弃淳朴的乡风，以致道德沦亡。文章的尖锐并不辛辣讽刺，而是温柔震撼。因为娓娓道来，语调低沉，所以更有感染力，更发人深省。译文希望能再现原文的风格，并且做得更好。
北京外国语大学高级翻译学院 李长栓
原文：
明代哲学家王阳明早年被贬到贵州龙场做地方官时，捕获了当地一个强盗头目。该头目在受审时说：“我犯的是死罪，要杀要剐，任你怎么处置，只请你不要和我谈道德良知。像我这种人是从来不谈这个的，甚至连想都没有想过。”王阳明说：“好的。今天我不和你谈道德良知。不过，天气这么热，你看在审案前我们还是把外衣脱了吧。”强盗头目说：“好！”脱去外衣后，王阳明又说：“还是热，再把内衣也脱了吧。”强盗头目当然不会在乎赤膊，于是就脱去内衣。庭上庭下两人身上只剩下一件裤头。而此时王阳明更进一步，说道：“干脆我们把裤头也脱了吧，全身赤裸更自在……”一听说连裤头也要脱，强盗头目赶紧说：“这可使不得！这可使不得！”面对此情此景，王阳明当即来了一番水到渠成的因势利导：“为什么‘使不得’，这是因为在你心中还剩有那么一点羞耻感。可见就是像你这样十恶不赦的家伙，我照样可以和你谈‘道德良知’……”强盗头目心服口服，随即讲自己的种种罪行一一如实供出。
参考译文：
The ancient philosopher Wang Yangming offended some powerful officials of the imperial court and was demoted to the position of a local official in the remote province of Guizhou. During his term, he arrested the head of a burglary gang. In the trial, the suspect said, "I have committed a death penalty crime. You can kill me or torture me all you want but spare me the moral talk. A guy like me never talks morals. I don't even think about them."
Wang replied, "OK, I won't talk morals with you today but since it's hot, I suggest we take off our coats before the trial."
"OK," said the suspect, and took his coat off.
"It's still too hot, perhaps we should take off our shirts too," said Wang.
The gangster naturally didn’t mind being bare-chested, so he took off his shirt. Now both of them had nothing left but their pants. Wang then said, "What about the pants? We’ll be more comfortable if we’re naked."
"No way! No way!" protested the suspect.
At this point, Wang cut to his point and said, "The reason why you wouldn't take off your pants is that you still know shame. This proves that even a notorious and ruthless man like yourself is concerned with morality. "The suspect was so impressed by Wang's argument that he confessed all his crimes. |
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