双相情感障碍——症状篇

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什么是双向情感障碍症状表现？
双相情感障碍会导致剧烈的情感波动。使人在过分地高亢和/或易怒到悲伤与无望之间反复，同时，常常有一个平稳的间歇期位于两者之间。精力和行为的剧烈的
改变常伴随着心境上的改变。心理起伏的高潮和低谷期分别叫作躁期和郁期。

躁狂的症状（或躁期）包括：

精力旺盛，过度活跃，躁动
情绪过分高涨，过度愉快，有欣快感
极端易敏
思维奔逸，语速飞快，观念跳跃转换
随境转移（不能很好集中注意）
几乎不需要睡觉
行为和能力上不切实际的信念
判断力低下
购物狂欢
长期与平时相异的行为
性欲增强
药物滥用，特别是可卡因，酒精和安眠药
否认有任何异常

躁期诊断：除了高昂的情绪外，一天中出现三个或更多症状，几乎每天如此，且持续一周或更长。

抑郁的症状（或郁期）包括：
持久的悲伤，焦虑或空虚感
无望感或悲观
负罪感，价值感缺失或无助感
失去对曾喜欢的活动的兴趣或快乐，包括性活动
精力减少，疲劳感或变得“迟钝”
专注，记忆，做决定困难
躁动或易敏
睡得多或睡不着
食欲变化或/和无意识的体重减轻或增加
慢性疼痛或其它持续的不由疾病或外伤引起的机体症状
自杀或死亡观念，自杀企图

抑郁诊断：一天中出现五项或以上症状，几乎每天如此，且持续两周或更长。

躁狂的轻度到中度的表现称为轻躁。轻躁可使人感觉良好。经历轻躁的人很可能工作更出色而且生产力提高。因此，甚至当家人和朋友学会辨别双向情感障碍的心
境波动，当事人也会否认事情不对头。然而，缺乏恰当的治疗，轻躁会在某些人身上变成严重的躁狂或者会转换为抑郁。
有时，严重的躁期或郁期有精神病症状（与精神病有关的症状）。常见的精神病症状包括幻觉（听觉，视觉或其它感到不存在的事物的存在）以及妄想（人们虚假
地，强烈地持有的信念，它不由逻辑推理或是一个人通常的文化观念所影响）。双向情感障碍的精神病症状往往表现出那时的极端心境状态。例如，夸大妄想——
相信某人是总统或者有特殊能力或者富有，这些可能出现在躁期。自罪妄想或无价值妄想——相信某人分文不值而且完蛋了或者犯了某项重罪，这些可能出现在郁
期。
患有双相情感障碍的群体，同时有这些症状，有时会被误诊为精神分裂症——另一种严重的精神疾病。

把双相情感障碍变幻的心境看作一个系列或是连续的变化是很有帮助的。一端是严重的抑郁，其上是中度抑郁，其次是温和的低落情绪，当短暂发生时，人们称
之“ 忧郁”；当它是慢性时，我们定义为“恶劣心境”。其后才是正常或者是平稳的心境，轻躁位于更高（温和到中度的躁狂），最后是严重的躁狂。

然而一些人，躁狂和抑郁的症状会同时出现，我们称为双相混合态。混合态的症状常常包括焦躁激越，睡眠困难，食欲的重大变化，精神病以及自杀想法。一个人
情绪可能非常悲伤、无望，同时感到十分活跃。

双向情感障碍会显得像个问题而不是精神疾病——例如，酒精或药物滥用，较差的学校或工作表现或紧张的人际关系。这样的问题事实上可能是潜在的心境障碍的
标志。

图片到http://www.flickr.com/photos/34872700@N07/3238921176/观看

What Are the Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder?
Bipolar disorder causes dramatic mood swings—from overly “high” and/or
irritable to sad and hopeless, and then back again, often with periods
of normal mood in between. Severe changes in energy and behavior go
along with these changes in mood. The periods of highs and lows are
called episodes of mania and depression.
Signs and symptoms of mania (or a manic episode) include:
·Increased energy, activity, and restlessness
·Excessively “high,” overly good, euphoric mood
·Extreme irritability
·Racing thoughts and talking very fast, jumping from one idea to
another
·Distractibility, can’t concentrate well
·Little sleep needed
·Unrealistic beliefs in one’s abilities and powers
·Poor judgment
·Spending sprees
·A lasting period of behavior that is different from usual
·Increased sexual drive
·Abuse of drugs, particularly cocaine, alcohol, and sleeping
medications
·Provocative, intrusive, or aggressive behavior
·Denial that anything is wrong
A manic episode is diagnosed if elevated mood occurs with three or
more of the other symptoms most of the day, nearly every day, for 1
week or longer. If the mood is irritable, four additional symptoms
must be present.
Signs and symptoms of depression (or a depressive episode) include:
·Lasting sad, anxious, or empty mood
·Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism
·Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness
·Loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed, including
sex
·Decreased energy, a feeling of fatigue or of being “slowed down”
·Difficulty concentrating, remembering, making decisions
·Restlessness or irritability
·Sleeping too much, or can’t sleep
·Change in appetite and/or unintended weight loss or gain
·Chronic pain or other persistent bodily symptoms that are not caused
by physical illness or injury
·Thoughts of death or suicide, or suicide attempts
A depressive episode is diagnosed if five or more of these symptoms
last most of the day, nearly every day, for a period of 2 weeks or
longer.
A mild to moderate level of mania is called hypomania. Hypomania may
feel good to the person who experiences it and may even be associated
with good functioning and enhanced productivity. Thus even when family
and friends learn to recognize the mood swings as possible bipolar
disorder, the person may deny that anything is wrong. Without proper
treatment, however, hypomania can become severe mania in some people
or can switch into depression.
Sometimes, severe episodes of mania or depression include symptoms of
psychosis(or psychotic symptoms). Common psychotic symptoms are
hallucinations (hearing, seeing, or otherwise sensing the presence of
things not actually there) and delusions (false, strongly held beliefs
not influenced by logical reasoning or explained by a person’s usual
cultural concepts). Psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder tend to
reflect the extreme mood state at the time. For example, delusions of
grandiosity, such as believing one is the President or has special
powers or wealth, may occur during mania; delusions of guilt or
worthlessness, such as believing that one is ruined and penniless or
has committed some terrible crime, may appear during depression.
People with bipolar disorder who have these symptoms are sometimes
incorrectly diagnosed as having schizophrenia, another severe mental
illness.
It may be helpful to think of the various mood states in bipolar
disorder as a spectrum or continuous range. At one end is severe
depression, above which is moderate depression and then mild low mood,
which many people call “the blues” when it is short-lived but is
termed “dysthymia” when it is chronic. Then there is normal or
balanced mood, above which comes hypomania (mild to moderate mania),
and then severe mania.

In some people, however, symptoms of mania and depression may occur
together in what is called a mixedbipolar state. Symptoms of a mixed
state often include agitation, trouble sleeping, significant change in
appetite, psychosis, and suicidal thinking. A person may have a very
sad, hopeless mood while at the same time feeling extremely energized.
Bipolar disorder may appear to be a problem other than mental illness—
for instance, alcohol or drug abuse, poor school or work performance,
or strained interpersonal relationships. Such problems in fact may be
signs of an underlying mood disorder.

guoyueyue

治疗躁狂2－3月出现抑郁怎么办

双向好多年

很对的,不知道感觉比较自信是不是轻燥?感觉没能力是不是抑郁?

猫咪闲子

顶一下

圆圆圆

写的不错，借走了