另外,对晏先生的治疗之所以能获得较好疗效,与他比较单纯,没有沾染社会不良习气,较少共病(指同时患其他精神障碍,如抑郁等)有关。对于共病较多者,除了药物治疗,还需要配合心理治疗,以及家庭、社会对他们的接纳、支持、帮助。作者: 森田正牛 时间: 11-8-30 15:20
Nutritional Treatments For ADHD
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a condition characterized by the inability to focus, over-activity and difficulty controlling behavior. ADHD cannot be cured, but treatment through medication, psychotherapy and education can minimize symptoms. The "Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine" published an article in 2008 that reviewed multiple studies regarding nutrition and ADHD. According to this article, many studies linked toxins like mercury and pesticides to higher levels of ADHD, reported nutritional deficiencies in ADHD, and found that certain nutritional supplements and avoidance of allergens and food chemicals improved ADHD symptoms. The authors concluded that nutrition is connected to ADHD and that more studies are needed to determine the role of nutrition in ADHD treatment.
Feingold Diet
Dr. Benjamin Feingold created the Feingold diet in the 1970s after observing that 30 to 50 percent of his hyperactive patients benefited from a modified diet. The Feingold diet requires elimination of all artificial coloring, flavorings and sweeteners, preservatives and salicylate-containing foods and medications. According to the Center for Science in the Public Interest (CSPI), the Feingold diet is controversial based on a lack of research and knowledge about the percentage of children that respond to the diet, the degree of response from individuals on the diet and what specific additives or foods cause problems.
Food Additives
Researchers from Cornell Medical Center experimented with diet and food additives on 26 children with ADHD and published their findings in 1994 in the "Annals of Allergy." Their findings suggest that eliminating common reactive foods and artificial colors from the diet benefits children with ADHD. According to the Mayo Clinic, food additives like sodium benzoate and artificial colorings like FD&C Yellow No.5 may cause hyperactivity, but more research is needed to identify specific additives that affect behavior and confirm that limiting food additives reduces ADHD symptoms.
Salicylates
Salicylates are naturally occurring chemicals in fruits, vegetables and herbs. Foods containing salicylates are eliminated in the Feingold diet and include berries, chilies, apples, cider, cloves, grapes, oranges, peaches, peppers, plums, prunes and tomatoes. The CSPI says that the elimination of salicylates to treat ADHD is based on unconfirmed reports without scientific evidence.
The "Few-Foods" Diet
The goal of the few-foods diet is to identify which foods, if any, worsen ADHD symptoms. The CSPI says this diet restricts all food additives and foods that children are commonly sensitive to like wheat, eggs, milk and dairy products, chocolate, soy, corn and citrus. Suspected foods are eliminated for at least two weeks while behavior is observed. If behavior does not change the experiment can stop and a normal diet resumed. If behavior improves, foods are reintroduced one at a time and reactions are noted. Foods that do not evoke a reaction are considered safe, but foods that are observed to cause deterioration in behavior are eliminated again and retested later. The few-foods diet should not be used for more than a couple weeks because it lacks essential nutrients and makes it harder to provide a healthy, balanced diet.
Additional Nutrition Treatments
The University of Maryland Medical Center says omega-3 fatty acids and zinc may benefit persons with ADHD but have not been confirmed as effective treatments. Supplements like St. John's wort, gingko biloba, ginseng, melatonin and pine bark extract may help manage ADHD, but there is not enough evidence to support their use. The Food and Drug Administration recommends consulting a physician before using herbs or supplements.
References
• "A Parent's Guide to Diet, ADHD and Behavior"; Center for Science in the Public Interest; 1999
• "Annals of Allergy"; Foods and additives are common causes of the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children; M. Boris, F.S. Mandel; May 1994
• "Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine"; Nutrition and environmental approaches to preventing and treating autism and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): a review; L.T. Curtis, K. Patel; January-February 2008
About this Author
Bethany Fong is a registered dietitian and chef from Honolulu, Hawaii. She has produced a variety of health education materials on multiple topics relating to wellness, and worked in many industries, including clinical dietetics, food service management and public health.作者: 森田正牛 时间: 11-8-30 15:23
ADHD Nutritional Therapy
Overview
Occasional impulsivity, poor concentration and hyperactivity do not necessarily call for treatment. They are part of the normal behavioral spectrum of childhood. However, when these behaviors are persistent or severe, they may be signs of a disorder. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, or ADHD, has a neurological basis. It can be treated, but presently has no cure. Nutritional therapies, however, may help. Consult a qualified health-care professional for more information about nutrition for ADHD.
Reducing Food Additives
Physician Benjamin Feingold first publicly linked food additives to ADHD in the late 1960s. The medical community long rejected that idea as unscientific. However, a study published in the prestigious medical journal "Lancet" has caused many to reconsider. In a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, artificial colors, a sodium benzoate preservative or both caused a statistically significant increase in hyperactivity in children. Since these food additives do not add nutritive value to foods, try eliminating them from your child's diet and see if ADHD symptoms decrease.
Adding Omega-3 Fatty Acids
Omega-3 fatty acids are necessary for healthy brain function. They are naturally abundant in oily fish, including herring, salmon and mackerel. In the book "Nutritional and Herbal Therapies for Children and Adolescents," Monmouth University professor George Kapalka writes that omega-3 fatty acid supplements are likely to be helpful for ADHD symptoms. Although evidence of benefit in ADHD patients is only now emerging, omega-3 fatty acids help stabilize mood and improve symptoms of depression. Fish oil supplements are generally well tolerated, but use them under the supervision of a qualified health-care practitioner.
Boosting Vitamin and Mineral Intake
According to the University of Maryland Medical Center, the symptoms of magnesium deficiency are remarkably similar to the symptoms of ADHD, leading some researchers to propose that ADHD symptoms may be a result of inadequate magnesium intake. Zinc is another mineral that may be deficient in those with ADHD. This mineral regulates the activity of neurotramitters, fatty acids and melatonin, all of which are associated with mood and behavior. UMMC states that vitamin B-6 may also play a role in ADHD. It is necessary for the synthesis of neurotransmitters. A good multivitamin will contain adequate supplies of these nutrients. Overdoses may be dangerous, however, so consult a health-care practitioner for more advice on vitamins and minerals for ADHD.
Avoiding Sugar
The belief that excess sugar leads to symptoms of ADHD, especially hyperactivity, is widespread. However, this belief has not been borne out by scientific research, according to the National Institute of Mental Health. In a clinical study, children were given sugar, and their behaviors were analyzed. The children did not display differences in behavior or learning capabilities when compared with children given a sugar substitute. Still, each child is different. If sugary foods seem to worsen your child's ADHD symptoms, try reducing them in favor of fruits and other healthy choices.
References
• "Lancet"; Food Additives and Hyperactive Behavior in 3-Year-Old and 8/9-Year-Old Children in the Community; D. McCann, et al.; November 2007
• "Nutritional and Herbal Therapies for Children and Adolescents"; George M. Kapalka; 2010
About this Author
Cindy Ell began writing professionally in 1990. A former medical librarian, she has written materials for hospitals, medical associations, the "Nashville Scene" and "Coping Magazine." She received her Bachelor of Arts in linguistics from the University of Massachusetts and her Master of Library and Information Science from Pratt Institute. She is currently a full-time freelance medical writer.作者: 森田正牛 时间: 11-8-30 16:01
多动症威胁着孩子的学习效率和成人的工作效率。
欢迎大家交流多动症的体验和治疗方法。作者: 森田正牛 时间: 11-8-30 16:02
有人认为多动症源于NE和DA等神经递质的缺乏,如此看来,它和所谓的抑郁其实是一路货色。作者: 森田正牛 时间: 11-8-30 16:02
传统的药物疗法为使用利他林,但利他林是管制的药品。作者: 森田正牛 时间: 11-8-31 23:40
注意欠陥・多動性障害
ワーキングメモリトレーニング [編集]
この数年でワーキングメモリにおける障害は、ADHDの主要な障害または中間表現型(エンドフェノタイプ)であることが明らかにされた。神経生理学的にはADHDは脳の前頭葉とドーパミン・システムの変異した機能(altered function)と関係がありえる。(Castellanos and Tannock, 2002[18]; Martinussen et al., 2005[19])
スウェーデン、カロリンスカ医科大学のクリングバーグらは、コンピュータによるトレーニング・メソッドを開発し、2つの研究(Klingberg et al. 2002[20], Klingberg et al., 2005[21])においてワーキングメモリーがトレーニングにより改善可能であり、ADHDの症状を、中枢神経興奮薬のそれに匹敵するイフェクトサイズをもって軽減することを明らかにした。
書籍 [編集]
『LD(学習障害)、ADHD(注意欠陥/多動性障害)の友だち』土橋圭子・文 (金の星社) ISBN 9784323065618
『図解よくわかるADHD』榊原洋一・著 ナツメ社 ISBN9784816345579
ビデオ [編集]
『ADHD注意欠陥・多動性障害~その基礎知識と対応法~』監修・司馬理英子 (アートデイズ) ISBN 4900708658
漫画 [編集]
『片づけられない私をみつめて』しみず宇海・著(講談社) ISBN-10: 4063653390
脚注 [編集]
^ a b c d e f g h R.A.バークレー(マサチューセッツ大学医療センター)著 石浦章一訳 「集中できない子供たち 注意欠陥多動性障害」 日経サイエンス「脳から見た心の世界」 2007年12月10日発行1版1刷
^ a b 麦島 (2006)、p.54
^ ダニエル・エイメン 「わかっているのにできない」脳
^ 麦島, (2006), p56
^ 神戸新聞2011/05/26、2011年8月13日閲覧。
^ Lars Lien et al. "Consumption of Soft Drinks and Hyperactivity, Mental Distress, and Conduct Problems Among Adolescents in Oslo, Norway" American Journal of Public Health Vol96, No.10 2006, pp1815-1820. PMID 17008578
^ Agency revises advice on certain artificial colours (英語) (Food Standards Agency, 11 September 2007)
^ Board discusses colours advice (Food Standards Agency, Friday 11 April 2008)
^ EU plans warning labels on artificial colours (The Guardian, August 11 2008)
^ 平成19年10月26日付厚生労働省医薬食品局総務課長、審査管理課長、安全対策課長、監視指導・麻薬対策課長通知 薬食総発第1026001号、薬食審査発第1026002号、薬食安発第1026001号、薬食監麻発第1026003号通知 PDF
^ ヤンセン・ファーマ「コンサータ錠添付文書」2007年12月作成第1版、医薬品医療機器総合機構公式webページ(2009年6月1日閲覧)。
^ "注意欠陥/多動性障害 (AD/HD) 治療薬「ストラテラ」(一般名:アトモキセチン塩酸塩)製造販売承認取得"、日本イーライリリー公式webページ(2009年6月1日閲覧)。
^ 治験参加のご案内|大人のADHD、日本イーライリリー公式webページ(2009年9月30日閲覧)。
^ 曽良一郎、脳の発達障害ADHD はどこまでわかったか?p5
^ [1]
^ [2] [3] [4] [5][6]
^ 麦島 (2006)、p.55
^ F. Xavier Castellanos and Rosemary Tannock. NEUROSCIENCE OF ATTENTIONDEFICIT/HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER:THE SEARCH FOR NDOPHENOTYPES. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, VOLUME 3, AUGUST 2002,617-628.
^ Martinussen, Rhonda; Hayden, Jill; Hogg-Johnson, Sheilah; Tannock, Rosemary. A Meta-Analysis of Working Memory Impairments in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. JAACAP, April 2005 - Volume 44 - Issue 4 - pp 377-384.
^ Torkel Klingberg, Hans Forssberg, and Helena Westerberg(2002). Training of Working Memory in Children With ADHD. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology,Volume 24, Issue 6 September 2002 , pages 781 - 791. PDF
^ TORKEL KLINGBERG, M.D., PH.D., ELISABETH FERNELL, M.D., PH.D., PERNILLE J. OLESEN, M.SC.,MATS JOHNSON, M.D., PER GUSTAFSSON, M.D., PH.D., KERSTIN DAHLSTR作者: 森田正牛 时间: 11-8-31 23:53
食事・栄養・ミネラルと注意欠陥多動性障害(ADHD)の関係
砂糖の摂取量と注意欠陥多動性障害(ADHD)の関係
2006年、5,000人以上の大規模調査で砂糖の多いソフトドリンクの摂取量と注意欠陥多動性障害(ADHD)の相関関係が観察された。
食品添加物と注意欠陥多動性障害(ADHD)の関係
アメリカやイギリスでは食品添加物を除去した食事とそうでない食事の比較が行われ23の研究で食品添加物と注意欠陥多動性障害(ADHD)との関係がみられた。また、食品添加物を除去した食事ではアレルギー症状の軽減も確認された。
2008年4月、英国食品基準庁(FSA)はADHDと関連の疑われる合成着色料のタール色素についうて2009年中にメーカーが自主規制するよう勧告し、実際、大手メーカーは2008年中にこれらを除去した。
参考:
Schardt David. Diet & behavior in children Nutrition Action Healthletter 27, 2000 March, pp10-11. Washington, DC: Center for Science in the Public Interest.
Agency revises advice on certain artificial colours (英語) (Food Standards Agency, 11 September 2007)
Board discusses colours advice(Food Standards Agency, Friday 11 April 2008)
EU plans warning labels on artificial colours (The Guardian, August 11 2008)
・「NUTRITIONAL BALANCING AND HAIR MINERAL ANALYSIS」(栄養バランスと毛髪ミネラル検査)
ローレンス・ウィルソン(米国国立健康調査機関である、National institute of Occupational Safty and Health の研究員)
*文献より抜粋*
有害ミネラルと注意欠陥多動性障害との関係について
翻訳:アール・オクムラ
監修:安田 寛(薬学博士・ら・べるびぃ予防医学研究所理事)
-許可なく本文書の一部又は全部の無断複写及び引用を禁じます-
水銀の毒性として、性格や行動パターンに影響することが知られている。100年前のおとぎ話、不思議の国のアリスに出てくる「気の狂った帽子屋」は、当時この業界で使用されていた水銀の影響を物語っている。(当時、皮の帽子の接着剤に微量の水銀が含有されていた)Journal of Orthomolecular Medicineに掲載された論文に、水銀には安全なレベルはないと記されている。