非常好！谢谢！
Charlie Z. Song 发表于 13-1-18 06:08 http://www.sunofus.org/bbs/images/common/back.gif
不客气，阳光谁考下来同声传译来的？
Entschlüsse
2012-12-25 09:45 阅读(1) 转载自 发疯的钢琴
Aus einem elenden Zustand sich zu erheben, muß selbst mit gewollter Energie leicht sein. Ich reiße mich vom Sessel los, umlaufe den Tisch, mache Kopf und Hals beweglich, bringe Feuer in die Augen, spanne die Muskeln um sie herum. Arbeite jedem Gefühl entgegen, begrüße A. stürmisch, wenn er jetzt kommen wird, dulde B. freundlich in meinem Zimmer, ziehe bei C. alles, was gesagt wird, trotz Schmerz und Mühe mit langen Zügen in mich hinein.
Aber selbst wenn es so geht, wird mit jedem Fehler, der nicht ausbleiben kann, das Ganze, das Leichte und das Schwere, stocken, und ich werde mich im Kreise zurückdrehen müssen.
Deshalb bleibt doch der beste Rat, alles hinzunehmen, als schwere Masse sich verhalten, und fühle man sich selbst fortgeblasen, keinen unnötigen Schritt sich ablocken lassen, den anderen mit Tierblick anschaun, keine Reue fühlen, kurz, das, was vom Leben als Gespenst noch übrig ist, mit eigener Hand niederdrücken, das heißt, die letzte grabmäßige Ruhe noch vermehren und nichts außer ihr mehr bestehen lassen.
Eine charakteristische Bewegung eines solchen Zustandes ist das Hinfahren des kleinen Fingers über die Augenbrauen.
本帖最后由 般若白莲 于 13-1-24 00:03 编辑
德语学习秘籍
2012-12-25 01:32 阅读(36) 转载自 Snow & Lotus
德语可分成六大板块： 词汇 ，语法，听力，口语，阅读，写作。下面我将分别讲讲我是怎么学习这六大块的。
学好德语的秘籍之 词汇
词汇 ：是语言的血液。没有人会怀疑大词汇量带来的好处和便利，这一点在我们做阅读时感觉最为明显。有这么一种说法：要想进行简单的对话，词汇量的下限为1000，要想基本看懂一般的德文报纸杂志，词汇量下限为5000.于是很多中国学生狂背词汇，又有很多人反对干背 单词 。
那么到底要不要背单词?要背多少单词?先说说一个我身边的例子。有一疯狂迷恋于背单词的朋友，他曾经把单词背得象字典一样，以至于上课时老师偶而忘词了还得向他请教。然而他的德语水平却很一般(尽管最终也过了DSH)，而且只要有一段时间不去复习那些背过的单词，单词很快就会遗忘。
这个例子说明干背单词其实意义不大。单词如果不常用，背得再熟也会忘。不过话又说回来，单词说到底还是要背滴!原因很简单，因为我们不能缺乏血液。“贫血”的后果明显的会让我们做听力，阅读和写作处处受挫。既然单词被遗忘是因为不常用，那么我们只需要背那些最常用的单词就行了。另外常用的单词毫无疑问也是重要的单词，所以必须得背。我估计，这些所谓的最常用单词大约有2000—3000个。这个词汇量记忆任务应当在初级水平——最晚在中级1之前解决。那么怎样判断哪些单词是最常用单词呢?没有标准!你可以根据它出现频率的高低或者用你自己的直觉去判断，要么干脆买本常用词汇手册。
当然，随着你水平的提高，这些最常用单词的数量应该不断扩大。
我们该如何背单词?对于不同的词汇应当用不同记忆方法：
1.常出现在阅读理解里的单词：这些单词通常比较难而且很书面化。背时只要混个眼熟，知道中文意思即可，不需要会读会写——最主要是在做阅读理解时要能知道它的意思。
2. 口语中的单词：你不仅要知道它的意思还要能准确说出来，但会不会写不重要——最主要是你跟别人交流时要能把它说出来。背时要尽可能开口并准确的“读背”。
3. 听力中的单词：听到它时要能迅速反应出它的意思，最好能写出来——这里关键的是要能反应出它的意思，背时可以通过自己的录音，反复的听熟。
4.写作中的单词：除了要能正确拼写出来外，它的性数格要清楚，还要知道怎么用，背时可以采用“抄背”的方法，而且最好在句子中记忆。
事实上在上面四点中哪些单词属于哪一点并不固定，你完全可以凭你的主观判断去决定对某个单词采取哪种记忆方法。我上面所说的，从另一个角度讲，是为了提醒大家外语听说读写中对词汇掌握程度的要求。
单词的重现对记忆很有帮助。有一种值得一试的方法：你去买一本“分类词汇手册”，接着你背某一特定的分类词汇，例如背和“健康”相关的一类词汇，背完这一类词汇后你尽可能的多做一些和“健康”相关的练习，比如你可以在网上找一些和健康相关的德文文章来阅读。在阅读这些文章的过程中你会发现，很多你刚背过的单词在文章中出现了。你看的文章越多，背过的单词重现的可能性和次数就越大，这种重现对你的词汇记忆很有帮助。当然你还可以在老师课堂上开始一个新的Thema前背熟相关的词汇，因为课堂上也很可能会重现你曾经背过的单词，这样一来又再次加深了你的印象，而且你上起课来要比别人轻松一些。
事实上词汇量的积累不仅仅在“背”上，在你练习听力，阅读和写作时，你的词汇量也在悄悄的增加，尤其是阅读，它对词汇的巩固很有帮助。
学好德语的秘籍之 语法
语法是语言的骨架。在语法的条条框框中填入适当的单词就形成了语言。要想看懂复杂的语句，要想把话说的准，要想文章写的对，就得有扎实的语法功底。语法和词汇都是学好语言的基础，两者都是在初级时最需要打好的基本功。
但有人持另外一种轻视语法的观点，我说的是某些专家。他们反对背语法的条条框框，他们认为语言的表达——例如说话——应该靠语感。说话应该是一种想说什么就能脱口而出的行为，说话时大脑里不应该先去分析这句话的语法，然后再说出来。也就是说，我们说话应该是一种自然而然的行为，而不是需要预先思考语法的逻辑思维。例如我们说汉语时就完全靠语感，从来就不会去考虑它的语法结构，学德语也应该如此。你不需要知道某句话为什么要这么说，你只需要知道这句话本来就是这么说，并且要不断的把这句话说成习惯，养成自然。
听上去似乎是有道理的。但我想说的是，这种观点至少对我行不通，事实上很多人也是这样。因为我们都不是小孩了，不能光靠模仿去学习语言，然后再形成只靠语感的语言习惯。我们已经变得复杂的大脑会影响我们对语言的单纯模仿，因此我们必须好好学语法，尤其是在开始阶段。那学习语法的意义有哪些呢?首先对于初学者，如果不去了解语法这个骨架，他们甚至学完了初级还不懂得造句，因为德语和汉语是完全不同的两种语言，而我们的大脑一直受着已有汉语思维的左右，但是我们又不能用左右着我们的汉语语感去造德语句子。所以我们只有先了解和掌握语法这个骨架才能明白，德语和汉语有哪些不同，德语的语序是按照什么秩序组织起来的，我们只有知道了这个规则才能够造出句子，这对初学者涉入德语殿堂意义重大。再说了，语法是咱们中国人的传统强项，和其他学习德语的老外相比我们简直就是语法天才。尽管 考试 时语法所占的分值不多，但我们没有理由放弃这块容易到手的瘦肉。所以说语法得好好学。
另外在初始时，如果学了语法，我们说话，造句，写文章就会常常去套语法公式，但这只是在开始阶段，只要我们说多了，写多了，熟练了，自然就有语感了，说话和写作就会转向语感而不是套语法了。我想可以这么说：学习语法是，而且也只能是德语入门的必要方式。
学好德语的秘籍之 听力
听力是中国人的传统弱项，很多人在考DSH时都有会这么说：只要听力考好一切都不成问题!既然听力是我们的弱项，而且在大多时候是我们是否能通过DSH的决定因素，那么从现在开始请你把最多的时间，最旺盛时的精力献给听力!
有人说学习外语最先要打通的第一关是听力。听得懂是一切的开始。其次要打通的依顺为口语和阅读，最后才是写作。他们认为这样的顺序符合人类学习语言的规律。这也许是对的。
下面我想讲讲做听力时常会遇到的一些麻烦：
1.分心。很多人都会有这种情况，听着听着就走神了，这可是考试的一大忌讳啊!你在平常练习听力时就应该彻底改掉这个恶习。事实上你应该把你的大脑养成这样一种习惯：你的大脑在做听力时要不停的运动，不停的去理解，去猜测。如果你的大脑因为听不太懂而懒惰下来，那分心也就跟着来了。分心的原因有两种：要么因为文章太难，太多句子没听懂，听着听着就失去了信心和兴趣，于是便分心了，或者是因为文章太长了以至于注意力不能长期坚持。对于这两种情况你可以选择难度适中的听力文章。对于过长的文章你可以把它分成几个部分，每次听一两个部分，然后总结一下刚才听到的内容，然后再继续听。另外，边听边记也能在一定程度上避免分心。还有，不要连续不断的听同一篇文章，一篇文章听第一，第二遍时注意力通常都比较集中，听第三遍以后就觉得乏味了，也开始分心了，在这种情况下再听下去已经没什么意义，不如就此终止这篇文章，改天再回过头来听，以免养成分心的习惯或形成对听力的厌恶感。
2. 回想。很多人常会有这样一种习惯，在老师念一篇听力文章的过程中，他们经常要去回味和琢磨刚才听到的某句话或某个单词，他们潜意识里认为，刚才那句话我差不多就听懂了，只要再回味一下就能理解它的意思。或者刚才那个单词我以前背过，只是一时忘了它的意思，只要回想一下就肯定就能想起。然而事实往往相反，回想通常是徒劳的，可怕的是在你回想的时间里你必然会错过老师念的许多内容，所以请务必放弃回想!听力考的是瞬间的理解能力，如果你在那一瞬间没有理解的话干脆就拉倒，别去回想，就当自己确实没理解。虽然有时回想一下或许就会理解了，但你往往不值得这么做。你的注意力应该跟随着老师所念到的内容。
如果不幸你已经养成了回想的恶习，那么建议你多做一些速度较快的泛听。所谓泛听就是听文章时不需要记录细节，甚至不需要任何记录，同时你也不需要强求自己听懂文章中的很多话，你只要总体上知道文章是讲什么的，大概意思是什么就行了。这不需要回想，错过了就让它错过吧。例如你可以听听广播，也许很多内容你都听不懂，但没关系，你只要听懂其中的某些话，知道讲什么的就行了。因为广播语速较快，中间停顿少，你也没有多余的时间去回想。用这种方法能够很好的改变你已经养成的回想习惯。
3. 听记两难全。这是所有人都会遇到的困难。请你选择下面适合你自己的听记方式。
a) 老师读第一遍时不记，第二遍时再做记录。当你边听边记时，你的大脑专注的是细节而不是总体。第一遍不记，你便能从总体上把握文章的内容和脉络，第二遍再去记录文章的细节。这样做的好处是：因为你已经总体上听了一遍，所以在你第二遍做记录之前你心里就已经有底了，知道大概要记录哪些东西了。即使你在关键的地方没听懂或者没记下来也没关系，因为你已经知道了文章的整体思想和作者的观点，不懂的地方你可以凭借你对文章的印象去猜测，这种猜测往往八九不离十，虽然不一定能猜全，但答案的方向肯定不会错。
b) 上面这种方法是大多老师所提倡的。不过我想，这对于听力水平高的同学值得提倡，但对于听力较差的学生或许就不那么凑效了。因为他们听完第一遍后根本没什么感觉，他们至少要听两遍才能知道文章的大概内容。对于这样的同学我建议：两遍都记!别去管文章总体讲什么，你的注意力要充分集中在关键部分和答案细节。如果两遍都记，那么你记下来的细节会更多，命中可能性会更大，完了最后正式答题时再去整理你的记录。
本帖最后由 般若白莲 于 13-1-24 05:18 编辑
德国人的“精”工“细”活
2012-12-25 08:44 阅读(0) 转载自 秋日暖阳
很喜欢，只是图片太多，复制过来不能显示，去我空间里看吧：
http://user.qzone.qq.com/597019606/blog/1356396290
德国制造给我们的启示
2012-12-25 08:58 阅读(10) 转载自 大海
据《青岛早报》报道：2006年，德国商人亨利安来到青岛投资生产大型齿轮。而在他之前，亨利安家族已经有三代生产齿轮的历史。2010年6月，亨利安80岁的父亲来到青岛，父子两人游览到江苏路基督教堂时，走进塔楼里看到了教堂钟表依然在正常使用。亨利安说：“当我们在钟表上看到‘J.F.WEULE’这几个字，父亲就很激动，因为这是德国100多年前就有名的钟表制造商。100多年前，J.F.WEULE钟表的齿轮，都是我们亨利安家来供应。”保证钟表正常运转的齿轮有小有大，总共20多个，每一个都如102年前设计者设计的那样，严丝合缝，正常运转。教堂工作人员说，这么多年来从来没有维修过这座钟表，就是每三四天都要给这些齿轮涂抹一次机油。亨利安表示：“根据目前的情况，这些齿轮没有任何问题，还能再用上300年，真要维修时，恐怕是我的曾孙一代了。”(段海鹰。百年不用修还能跑三百年。青岛早报，2011.3.4(5)。), ^1 J* q) N( P5 ]
( A5 x
不仅如此，青岛啤酒厂100年前德国制造的酿酒设备、电机、变速箱、标贴机和选麦机等，至今还能使用。青岛老市区100年前德国人留下的地下排水系统，雨污分离，设计合理，无论多大雨量都能正常运行。昔日德国总督府的家具、吊灯等每个细节的工艺都正如今天解说员面向参观者津津乐道讲解的那样神奇，引起听众阵阵唏嘘。
% Q8 V0 _, W( `# K' j& S 无论百年前的教堂大钟、酿酒设备、地下排水系统、建筑与家具，还是今天的奔驰、宝马、双立人刀具，“德国制造”具备了如下四个基本特征：耐用(Haltbarkeit)、可靠(Zuverlaessigkeit)、安全(Sicherheit)、精密(Praezision)。这些可触摸的特征，是德国文化在物质层面的外显，而隐含其后的，则是“德国制造”独特的精神文化。
]3 U( W) X9 F' z 德国制造文化内涵及关键因素对比分析
! g( j! r1 U9 Z" U 德国人“理性严谨”的民族性格，是其精神文化的焦点和结晶。“理性严谨”是黑格尔、康德的哲学；“理性严谨”是卡拉扬的手；“理性严谨”是德国足球；“理性严谨”更是“德国制造”的核心文化。其在制造业的具体表现，则可归纳为六大行业文化。
' d4 w& ^% l! ?) x 专注精神
_& z' B$ c3 I9 |. }/ a! A 在德国，“专注”是其“理性严谨”民族性格的行为方式。德国制造业者，“小事大作，小企大业”，不求规模大，但求实力强。他们几十年、几百年专注于一项产品领域，力图做到最强，并成就大业。此所谓“大业”特指——“大事业”，在业内有地位、受尊敬。这些大业者，有些今天仍是中小企业，例如：Koenig&Bauer的印染压缩机，RUD的工业用链，Karcher的高压专业吸尘器都是行业的全球领袖，(尹一丁。德国小公司如何征服世界.21世纪经济报道，2011.3.25(23)。)而有些则已经成长为大企业。“大”并不是目的，而是“强”的自然结果。这恰恰印证了老子的哲学：“天下大事必作于细，……，圣人终不为大，故能成其大。”
' T1 N1 W9 K2 b! @! q" F; t 1853年由DanielStraub先生在德国小镇盖斯林根创建的小型金属制品加工厂，WMF，即符腾堡金属制品厂(WuerttembergischeMetallwarenfabrik)，100多年来专注于厨房用具，今天则成长为一个大企业。它是全球厨房用品顶级奢侈品牌，并成为不锈钢厨房及餐桌餐具用品的代名词。其产品包括餐具、锅具、刀具、厨房器具、餐桌用品、咖啡机等，品种超过1.5万多种。WMF一直是世界上大多数五星级酒店、高档餐厅的指定首选，并于近年来进入我国中心城市高档商场，是厨房中的“奔驰宝马”。- @! l- k" t"
y, V2 l7 Q8 _
标准主义
9 k. h6 I) k9 i5 U, C/ T# X, |3 U 德国人“理性严谨”的民族性格，必然演化为其生活与工作中的“标准主义”。德国人生活中的标准比比皆是，如：烹饪佐料添加量、垃圾分类规范、什么时间段居民不可出噪音、列车几点几分停在站台的哪条线。他们是一个离开标准寸步难行的民族。这种标准化性格也必然被带入其制造业。从A4纸尺寸，到楼梯的阶梯间距，我们今天时常接触的标准很多都来自德国。全球三分之二的国际机械制造标准来自“德国标准化学会标准”——DIN(DeutschesInstitutfuerNormung)。可以说，德国是世界工业标准化的发源地。DIN标准涵盖了机械、化工、汽车、服务业等所有产业门类，超过3万项，是“德国制造”的基础。
" z( a8 ^+ L. M5 F7 n 标准主义在德国企业的具体表现首先是“标准为尊”。在德国制造的过程中，“标准”就是法律。尊重标准、遵守标准，就像戴安全带和遵守红绿灯一样自然。其次是“标准为先”，亦即在具体的生产制造之前，先立标准。奔驰公司通过实施“标准为先”的质量文化，实现“零缺陷”目标。其有效途径就是尽可能详细地完善每个环节和部件的标准。(王小瑛。奔驰：质量基因裂变。商学院2006.6.)# a4 R0 X0 W2
Q% n: _3 \$ C3 [
“德国制造”的标准主义有着其深刻的文化渊源。语言是思维的工具、是文化的第一载体。德语语法就是德国的语言标准。德语是世界语言中标准最多的，如名词“性数格”、动词变位等严格规定。一旦掌握了德语语法，就可以造出完美的德语句子。
7 x4 精确主义, g2 e6 y)
r" o/ M' a; u' B* ^2 \
对于标准的依赖、追求和坚守，必然导致对于精确的追求。而对于精确的追求，必然反过来提高标准的精度。前述“德国标准化学会标准”，DIN是世界上最高的工业标准。. z/ Q&
G( e) p) S
德国人做事讲究精确，无论是工作还是生活上，都很突出。在德语口语中，Genau，类似于Yes、Ja，即“是”或“对”，在口语交谈中出现频率最高，表示“精确”、“准确”。德国人不精确的话不说，不精确的事情不做。不少来华安装设备的德国技师，使用带水准仪的四脚梯子，先将梯子调试水平，再保证设备安装的水平。作家刘震云亲自经历了德国式的精确：“我问他们，莱茵河有多深，这让德国人很犯难——春夏秋冬四季，河水深度都不一样，他们不知道如何回答才最精确。”(范宁。“莱茵河有多深”难倒德国人。楚天都市报，2009.10.25(17)。)卡拉扬的手，曾经以德式精确，指挥柏林爱乐乐团重新演奏德国古典乐曲。他要求每个音符必须精确无误，容不得半点含糊。是他把该乐团带入了交响乐史上的一个巅峰时代。
! B0 v( x( H, I) J# a 德国人的精确主义，必然会带入其制造业。据《欧洲时报》报道，德国制衣业委托一家研究所重新测量和统计有关德国人身材的数据，目的是为了获得更准确的制衣尺寸。精确主义直接给德国制造带来了精密的特性。H% N
# q, c% x6 `
相比之下，中国语言中的高频词汇则是：“差不多”，在表现出中国人驾驭“不确定性”功力的同时，则也显示了一种负面的不求精确的模糊性和随意性。
; ~8 I3 S" U" T, {! h1 G 完美主义
% L6 G, N5 V) H8 k0 ? 在专注精神、标准主义、精确主义的递进发展中，必然产生完美主义。这四个文化要素具有明显的递进包含逻辑关联。“完美主义”，是“专注精神、标准主义、精确主义”的综合表现；而“完美至臻”则德国制造的根本特征。
: Q& J/ s2 B* b, x1 W2 N 追求完美(Gruendlichkeit)的工作行为表现是“一丝不苟、做事彻底”，也就是“认真”。这已经是德国人深入骨髓的性格特征。哲学家费希特在“至德意志民族”演讲中强调了这个民族性格——“我们必须严肃认真地对待一切事物，切切不可容忍半点轻率和漫不经心的态度。”德语有一谚语：“犯错误，都要犯得十全十美。”德国人做什么都要彻底到位，不论是否有人监督，也不论是职业工作还是做家务，做不完美、有瑕疵就深感不安。
5 V1 n0 I% P( d$ ~- P) z1 [% t 1984年底，海尔总裁杨绵绵负责到德国引进冰箱生产线。她曾回忆了德国工人认真的工作表现：“我在利勃海尔看到德国一个普通的做果菜盒的操作工人，注塑出来一个果菜盒，他就欣赏一下。他的动作应该称为检查，但我从他的眼光里看到的是一种欣赏，对自己劳动成果的欣赏。欣赏之后，他就在这个机器周围一通忙活，让下一个干得更好。这种精神感动了我。我一下子看到，原来世界上还有这么认真负责的人。这个工人让我感动了很久，给了我灵魂上的震撼。我想我们也应该这么做，要想改善自己，先从认真做事开始。”(段晓东。青岛“20人的20年”海尔杨绵绵：1984开始奔行。青岛日报，2004-05-24(1)。)后来就开始了以“砸冰箱”为序幕的海尔制造文化再造，并由此引进德国制造业文化。
6 R# on/ G& l8 d+ q 必须指出的是，德式认真，比起日式认真，其背后蕴含着深刻的美学情怀。“这片土地，饱受欧洲古典音乐浸润滋养。”(陈晋总撰稿。大国崛起。中央电视台，2007.)我认为，在以古典音乐为主要艺术形式的审美熏陶中，德国不仅像霍尔德林所言“诗一般地栖息”；还“美学地生活和工作”。记得在德国学习期间，曾看到一位小伙子在墙上陶醉地挥舞刷子，犹如乐手登台演奏。我起先以为是艺术系学生在作画。后来发现他是个油漆工，在粉刷外墙。这与前述海尔杨绵绵总裁所提到的那个“眼光里充满欣赏的工人”，都是在“美学地工作”。由此不难理解马克思的美学思想——美是人类本质力量的对象化。6 l! A+ h%
m# [/ V! a3 h9 g
秩序(程序)主义7 z! y4 i
! _6 k! s& X
“标准主义”的时间维度表现是“程序主义”，其空间表现则是“秩序主义”。而广义的“秩序”概念却涵盖了“程序”，是个内涵很广的概念。德语“秩序”(Ordnung)一词，与本文相关的含义有：整顿、整理，整齐，调理，规则、规章，次序、顺序，制度，(转)安宁、秩序、纪律。6 Lb
- d/ ~* }0 Ew3 Z0 YC
德国人严守秩序。有一谚语：“秩序是生命的一半。”德国人特别依赖和习惯于遵守秩序，离开了秩序就会感到焦虑和寸步难行。- q3 a
0 B% @6 r0 ^0 {7 P
这个秩序感首先体现在时间管理上。德国人不分男女老幼，人手一册《日程日历》(Terminkalender)，每天各时段的活动，乃至圣诞节做什么，一切日程提前计划，而不是临时即兴决定。德国社会以及企业都是在时间坐标轴上理性地运转着。德国人认为，与时间形成严密关系的人，才能理性地驾驭人生和工作，并有所成就。康德那钟表般的生活和工作节奏就是典型。
]5 Q$ M4 W2 p2 fq 秩序主义在具体工作中则主要表现为流程主义。例如：在某企业德国设备安装现场，六名技师先是对着图纸和流程图开会研究，然后开始工作。看不到闲散窝工者，也看不到忙乱无措者。一切按照程序悄然推进。总之，德国人无论是擦玻璃、做饭，还是加工零件、安装设备，“不论干什么都离不开雷打不动的两个前提：一个是程序，另一个是工具。什么程序必用什么工具，什么工具必配什么程序，不得有丝毫变通。”(赵彤。德国：擦玻璃也追求完美。家庭保健报，2010-04-01(15)。)9 U/ V: k4 P# o\( A,
X" B
秩序主义的空间表现，则是物品放置的条理性。无论是家庭中的杯子、碟子，还是领带、衬衣，乃至工作场所的文件、工具等物品，都摆放井然有序；否则便找不到东西。所以，加上德国人的洁癖，在德国企业无需推行5S(整理、整顿、清扫、清洁、素养)，一切都在自觉之中。
9 {9 厚实精神2 \$ i; m/ t2 g. |8 d'
@
以上“专注主义”、“标准主义”、“精确主义”、“完美主义”、“秩序主义”，是德国制造业文化的“工具理性”层面。而“德国制造”的坚固耐用，还有其深刻的“价值理性”基础。这就是曾一度被誉为普鲁士精神，并继而成为全德意志人精神的“责任感、刻苦、服从、可靠和诚实。”(陈俊森，樊葳葳主编。外国文化与交际。华中理工大学出版社，2000:77.)其中的“责任感、可靠和诚实”，可以用中文的“厚道实在”表达，简称“厚实精神”。这使得“德国制造”在设计和材料使用上，实实在在地考虑用户利益，注重内在质量，胜过外观和华而不实的功能。德国汽车的安全系数和耐用性，明显超过一些竞争对手。
1 q4 P( l( W9 x2 h! k$ E. v) d3 B, { “责任感、可靠和诚实”使得德国无假货，并且货真价实。“责任感”使得德国严肃地承担战争责任，而得到国际社会接纳，并于目前成为联合国非常任理事国。德国人对工作负责、对客户负责、对产品负责，并以人的可靠和诚实，保证了产品的可靠和真实。总之，“德国制造”的厚实外观与表现，来自于其制造者的厚实精神。* }
4 u" w& V+ o& F4 p, S
万明坤指出：“德国人并不把勤俭务实、遵纪守法当作是一种对自己难受的约束；也不把忠厚诚实、信守承诺看作是一种付出。他们自觉地这样做完全是出于一种理性的考虑，即只有这样才能保证一个社会高效而有序地运转。这是一个现代国家的公民应有的素质，也是一个现代国家必不可少的条件和重要标志。一个理性的民族才是一个真正成熟的民族。”(季羡林等著，万明坤等主编。旅德追忆：20世纪几代中国留德学者回忆录。商务印书馆，2000:503.)费孝通也呼吁：“我们与西方比，缺了‘文艺复兴’一段，缺乏个人对理性的重视，这个方面，我们也需要补课，这决定着人的素质。现代化的发展速度很快，没有很好的素质，就无法适应现代化的要求。这是个文化问题，要更深一层去看
从宝马到西门子：德国企业的“责任感”文化
2012-12-25 02:42 阅读(23) 转载自 天道酬勤
德国强调依法治国、注重法制教育、强调法制管理，在市场经济条件下长期形成的完备的法律体系，为德国企业建立诚信、遵守法律的企业文化奠定了基础。同时，宗教主张的博爱、平等、勤俭、节制等价值观念，在很大程度上也影响了德国企业文化的产生与发展。另外，德国人长期形成的讲究信用、严谨、追求完美的行为习惯，使企业从产品设计、生产销售到售后服务的各个环节，无不渗透着一种严谨细致的作风，体现着严格按照规章制度去处理问题，对企业形成独特的文化产生了极大的影响。德国企业文化明显区别于美国的以自由、个性、追求多样性、勇于冒险为特征的企业文化，也区别于日本企业强调团队精神在市场中取胜的企业文化。
德国是一个工业发达国家，有一批世界级的公司，这些公司除了有驰名世界的品牌外，还有自己独特的企业文化。比如，宝马公司的文化理念是：“只有每一个人都知道自己的任务，才能目标一致”。奥迪公司是“竞争是从来不睡觉的。”西门子公司是“过去总是开头，挑战在后头”。重视企业文化建设，培养良好的企业文化是德国企业管理中的重要组成部分，对外是企业的形象问题，这种形象不光是企业的品牌、效益，更重要的是培养企业和职工对社会的责任感，使企业从上到下、从里到外展示给社会的是美好的东西；对内则主要是培养团队精神。比如，海德尔纸业公司是一家有着150多年历史的家族企业，对公司人员的管理主要体现在企业文化上，公司将“持续、可靠、公开、诚实”作为企业的理念，不间断地对员工进行价值观和传统教育，如怎样对待失败，怎样与同事友好相处，甚至连生活与工作环境的清洁、秩序以及个人的外貌举止等等都不当作小事处理，不但要求每个员工知晓，还要求中层以上干部起好表率作用。这样，通过企业文化把人事管理十分自然地融合起来，极大地增强了企业的凝集力和感召力。
同时，在尊重人格、强调民主的价值观指导下，德国企业普遍重视职工参与企业决策，不论是大众、戴姆勒·克莱斯勒、西门子还是高依托夫、路特等中小企业，员工参与企业决策是一种普遍现象。
德国的企业文化还体现出企业员工具有很强的责任感。这种责任感包括家庭责任、工作责任和社会责任，他们就是带着这些责任感去对待自己周围的事物。企业对员工强调的主要是工作责任，尤其是每一个人对所处的工作岗位或生产环节的责任。
德国企业十分注重人际关系，努力创造和谐、合作的文化氛围。例如，1994年受世界石油危机影响，大众公司在德国本土的公司经济面临困难，需要解雇2万多名员工。然而，公司的员工在参与企业决策时却表示：宁愿减少自己收入的20％，把每周工作5天改为4天，也不要让那些人失业。而同类的事情，当大众公司在巴西的分公司也试图这样做时，却被巴西员工拒绝了。
德国企业十分重视企业兼并重组过程中的文化整合。为解决企业兼并重组中的文化冲突，保持和谐的文化氛围，保证企业兼并重组目标的实现，他们在公司并购、重组时，十分注重企业文化的融合。如德国戴姆勒·奔驰公司与美国克莱斯勒公司合并后，为解决两国企业在文化上的差异和冲突，成立了专门委员会，制定出3年的工作计划，通过加强员工之间的联系与沟通，进行文化整合。
德国企业非常重视产品质量，强烈的质量意识已成为企业文化的核心内容，深深植根于广大员工心中。大众公司在职工中树立了严格的质量意识，强调对职工进行职业道德熏陶，在企业中树立精益求精的质量理念。西门子公司以“以新取胜，以质取胜”为理念，使西门子立于不败之地。就注重产品质量而言，戴姆勒·克莱斯勒公司非常有代表性。首先，他们认为高质量意识与员工的高素质是分不开的，因此十分注重培养具有专门技能和知识的员工队伍，千方百计提高员工的质量意识。其次，具有精工细作、一丝不苟、严肃认真的工作态度，这种态度几乎到了吹毛求疵的地步。
日语的那些优美句子~
2012-12-25 03:10 阅读(0) 转载自 一定会搞定数理化的YUKI
されることは幸福ではない。愛することこそ幸福だ。 （ヘルマン?ヘッセ ）
被爱不一定是幸福，去爱才真的幸福。
愛することにかけては、女性こそ専门家で、男性は永远に素人である。 （三岛由纪夫）
对於爱，女人往往是专家，而男人永远是外行。
安定は恋を殺し、不安は恋をかきたてる。 （マルセル?ブルースト）
恋爱在安定中灭亡，在不安中升华。
男がどんな理屈を並べても、女の涙一滴にはかなわない。 （ボルテール）
不管男人有如何道理，也敌不过女人的一滴眼泪。
男にとって愛は生活の一部だが、女にとって愛はその全部である。 （バイロン）
对男人来说恋爱只不过是生活的一部分，对于女人来说爱就是生活的全部。
男は目で恋をし、女は耳で恋に落ちる。 （ワイアット）
男人是用眼睛去爱的，但女人却由甜言蜜语而恋爱了。
恋の喜びは一瞬しか続かない。恋の悲しみは一生続く。 （フロリアン）
恋爱的喜悦只是不持续的一瞬，而那悲哀却是一生相随。
恋人どうしのけんかは、恋の更新である。 （テレンティウス）
对恋人们来说，吵嘴是爱的革新。
恋をして恋を失った方が、一度も恋をしなかったよりマシである。 （テニソン）
勇敢的去爱，即使失败也总比一次也没爱过好强。
心がわりせぬことは、恋愛の妄想である。 （ヴォーヴォナグル）
永不变心，不过是恋爱的美好愿望而已。
全ての場合を通じて、恋愛は忍耐である。 （萩原朔太郎）
总的来说，所有的恋爱就是忍耐。
その女を手に入れる事ができない期間だけ、男はその女に熱狂させられる。 （キルケゴール）
只有在还没追到的时候，男人才对女人狂。
尊敬ということがなければ、真の恋愛は成立しない。（フィヒテ）
没有尊重对方的心，就没有真正的爱情。
男性は女性の最初の恋人になりたがるが、女性は男性の最後の恋人になりたがる。 （オスカー?ワイルド）
男人总想是女人的初恋，而女人总想成为男人的最后一个爱人。
ひどく憎んでいる限り、まだいいくらか愛しているのである。 （デズウリエール夫人）
深深地恨著那个人，因为你还爱那个王八蛋
ほどほどに愛しなさい。长続きする恋はそういう恋だよ。 （シェークスピア）
请恰如其分的去爱，那样恋爱才能长久吧！
もっとも永く続く愛は、報われぬ愛である。 （モーム）
最长久的爱是不求回报的爱
今、手をつないでいるその人に出会えたのは、キセキのような、かくりつです。光の中に出ても、その手をはなすことのないように。by 野ブタをプロデュース
与现在牵着手的人相遇的几率，如同奇迹一般，就算走到了光明的地方也不要放开那只手。By野猪大改造
◆人は誰でもタイムマシンを持っている。过去へは記憶が、未来へは希望が连れて行ってくれる 。by タイムマシン
每个人都拥有一个时光机器，让我们带着过去的记忆和未来的希望前行。By 时光机器
◆俺がお前の記憶になる。by わたしの頭の中の消しゴム
我会成为你的记忆。By 我脑海中的橡皮擦
◆目はいつも欲しいものを追い求める 。by ハンニバル?レクター
眼睛总是追逐着想要的东西。By Hannibal Lecter
◆大いなる力には大いなる責任が供なる 。by スパイダーマン ベン?パーカー
能力越大，责任越大 BY 蜘蛛侠
◆何かを手に入れれば何かを失う。何かを求めて前に進むんだ。同じところにとどまっていたらダメなんだ。by 头文字D 秋山 渉
得到什么就会失去什么。有所追求才会向前行进。不能停留在同一个地方。By 头文字D 秋山涉
◆失敗を恐れては若い芽は育たない。by 海猿
害怕失败就培育不出幼芽。By 海猿
◆これからは後ろを振り返り、弱かった自分を見つめながら、ゆっくり前へ進むよ。走ったりはしない。ゆっくりと??。 by 恋空 美嘉
从此以后边回顾身后、注视柔弱的自己，边慢慢前进。不会奔跑，而是慢慢地，前行… By 恋空 美嘉
◆誰にも光と影がある。大事なのはどちらを選ぶかだ。人はそこで決まる。by ハリーポッターと不死鳥の骑士団
谁都有正直和黑暗的一面。重要的是选择哪边。人因此而不同。By 哈利波特与不死鸟的骑士
◆運命というのは 努力した人に 偶然という橋をかけてくれる。by 猟奇的な彼女
命运会给那些努力了的人搭一座叫做偶然的桥。（命运垂青那些努力的人。）By 我的野蛮女友
◆あなたとのたくさんの思い出が、私の人生を輝かせてくれた。本当に側にいてくれてありがとう。忘れないよ。あなたと過ごした大切な時間。by 世界の中心で、愛を叫ぶ
和你之间那么多的回忆照耀了我的人生。真的很谢谢你在我身边。我不会忘记的哦，和你度过的那些珍贵的时间。By 在世界的中心呼唤爱
◆傷の深さも痛みも半分ずつ。二人で割って半分こだね。by KIDS 小野アサト
伤也好痛也好，两个人分担的话就会减少到一半。By KIDS（伤） 小野アサト
◆人生の悲劇は二つしかない。ひとつは金のない悲劇。そしてもうひとつは金のある悲劇。
世の中は金だ。金が悲劇を生む。by ハゲタカ
人生的悲剧只有两个，一个是没钱的悲剧，另外一个就是有钱的悲剧。
人世就是金钱的世界，金钱是悲剧的开始。By 秃鹰
君がいるだから、今の僕は、幸せです。
どうも、ありがとうございます。
因为有你在，所以现在的我很幸福。
非常感谢你。
世界が终るまでは、離れることもない
即使到了世界的尽头，我们也不会分离
ただ、君を愛している
今、言いたい言葉は、それだけです
I love you
我现在想说的只是这一句
人生は、ゲームは、単纯な幸福を缲り返しています
生命是游戏，重复着简单的快乐。
覚えているを覚えて、忘れることは忘れて、変更を変更し、同意して受け入れがたい
记住该记住的，忘记该忘记的，改变能改变的，接受不能接受的。
一目见てから 惚れました
自从第一眼见到开始 就迷上了
帰れるから、旅は楽しいです
因为能够回来,所以旅程是快乐的
これはあたしがほしい爱情じゃない
这不是我要的爱情
環境を変えることはできない、しかし、自己の考え方は変えることができる。
（你不可能总是控制环境，但你可以控制自己的思想。）
失敗に失望するな。もし挑戦しないなら、そ れは失敗と同じなのだから。
（失败了，你也许会失望；但如果不去尝试，那么你注定要失败。）
頭脳は鍛えてこそ、健康を保持することがで きる、体と同じである。
（大脑需要锻炼才能保持健康，就象你的身体一样。）
情熱を失っては、何もできない。
（失去热情就干不了任何大事。）
いつも食事の前に本を読むこと。この習慣が 確実に成功をもたらす。
（闻到饭香先读书，好习惯是成功的保证。）
仕事での大きな成功は、能力によるものでは ない、たゆまぬ努力と強い意志によるものである。
（伟大工作的完成不是靠力量，而是靠坚持不懈的意志。）
大きなことができないのならば、大きな想い で、小さなことをすればよい。大きなチャンス を待つのではなく、毎日の小さなチャンスをつ かみ取り、大きなチャンスに変えるのだ。
（如果不能成就伟大的事业，那么就以伟大的方式去做渺小的事情。不要空等伟大的机会，要抓住每天的普通机会，使它们变得伟大。）
恵まれた環境での成功を期待してはならない。小さなチャンスを地道に見つけ、つかみ取るのだ。
（不要期望依靠非凡的境域取得成功，要抓住每一个平常的机会。）
どんな困難にも打ち勝とうとする強い決心が あれば、挫折に負けることなどない。
（挫折摧不垮我，任何挫折都会向坚定的决心屈服。）
間違いを恐れることはない、この世界に、間 違いなどないものではないのだから。
（不要害怕犯错，因为这个世界上是没有不犯错的。）
１長者の万灯より貧者の一灯 千里送鹅毛，礼轻情谊重
2一葉落ちて天下の秋を知る 一叶知秋
3一事が万事 触类旁通
4.人を呪わば穴二つ 害人终害己
5.三人寄れば文殊の智恵 三个臭皮匠顶一个诸葛亮
6.胸三寸におさむ 不动声色
7.三寸の舌に五尺の身をあやまる 言多必失
8石の上にも三年 水到渠成；功到自然成
9、五十歩百歩 五十步笑百步；半斤八两
10男子家を出ずれば七人のてきあり 在家千日好，出门万事难
11九仞の功をいっきにかく 功亏一篑
12十日の菊、六日の菖蒲（しょうぶ） 明日黄花；事过境迁
13花より団子 舍华求实
14言わぬが花 沉默是金
15。他人の花が赤い 家花不如野香
16。腐ってもたい 瘦死的骆驼比马大
17蓼を食う虫にも好き好き 萝卜白菜各有所好
18.馬にはのってみよ人には添ってみよ 路遥知马力；日久见人心
19.人生万事塞翁が馬 塞翁失马焉之非福
20。うまの耳に念仏 对牛弹琴
21.青息吐息(あおいきといき) 长吁短叹，无计可施
22.一言居士(いちげんこじ) 遇事总要发表自己见解的人
23.绝体绝命(ぜったいぜつめい) 一筹莫展，穷途末路
24.手前味噌(てまえみそ) 自吹自擂，自我吹嘘
25.当意即妙(とういそくみょう) 随机应变
26.十人十色(じゅうにんといろく) （人的性格爱好，想法）各有不同
27.歳月人を待たず 岁月不等人
28.人は身かけによらぬ 人不可貌相
29.目には目を、歯には歯を 以牙还牙，以眼还眼
30毒をもっと毒を制す 以毒攻毒
31.鬼も十八番茶も出花 女人十八一朵花
32.三十六计 は逃げるに如かず 三十六计走为上策
33.立て板に水 口若悬河
34.善は急げ 先下手为强
35.后の祭り 马后炮
36.待てば海路 の日和あり 好戏在后面
37.一目惚れ 一见钟情
38.痘痕もえくぼ 情人眼里出西施
39.かめの甲より年の功 姜还是老的辣
40泣き面に蜂 雪上加霜
41.猫に小判 对牛弹琴
42.虎の威を借る狐 狐假虎威
43.鹿を指して馬となす 指鹿为马
44.炒り豆に花が咲く 铁树开花
45.落花情あれども流水意なし 落花有意流水无情
本帖最后由 般若白莲 于 13-1-24 02:48 编辑
林超伦《实战口译》
MP3 下载地址：http://www.verycd.com/topics/143460/
单元1 中英论坛讲话1
It is a real pleasure to be here to open the third meeting of our forum and to be welcoming such a distinguished and influential group of people from both our countries, many of whom are now old friends. The forum aims to represent the strength of the relationship between our two countries outside the political relationship and looking round today it is clear that the relationship is very strong indeed.
我很高兴地宣布我们论坛的第三次会议正式开幕,并在这里欢迎来自我们两国高层的、具有影响力的代表们。我们中的很多人都已经是老朋友了。论坛是为了体现我们两国这间关系的力量——在政治关系之外的力量。环视今日会场，显然，我们的关系非常坚固。
It is a sign for me that the forum goes from strength to strength and I believe it is playing a key role in the relations between our two countries as confirmed by the Prime Minister in our call on him this morning. This year, we have taken the theme "The Challenge of Globalization" for our meetings and discussions. This theme has a particular resonance for me.
这是一个迹象，表明我们的论坛越来越强大。我相信，论坛在我们两国关系中扮演着一个关键的角色。今早，首相在我们拜访他时就确认了这一点。今年，我们选择的主题是“全球化的挑战”，我们将就此进行会谈和讨论。对于这个主题，我尤其有感触。
On 11th September, I, along with a number of world statesmen, was in Beijing to discuss China and the World in the 21st Century. None of us could possibly have known as we debated economic development, environmental change and security issues what was going to happen that day. But many of the speakers warned of the fragility of the world order. It made me realize more clearly than at any other time just how very important "understanding" between the nations of the world is.
9月11号那天，我正在与一些国际政治家们在北京讨论中国与21世纪的世界。我们当中谁也没有想到，就在我们辩论经济发展、环境改变和安全问题的时候，那天将要发生什么事情。但是，很多发言人都警告说，世界秩序很脆弱。这使我比以往任何时候都更加清楚地认识到国家之间相互理解的重要性。
Our Forum, and the discussions we will have in the next day and a half, are part of this vital process of understanding. Globalization is a challenge for all of us, both developed and developing countries and we have a lot to share and learn. As globalization increases and as all our countries come to terms with the global reach of many industries, we can, as different nations, work together to understand the issues and effects these developments bring.
我们的论坛，以及今后一天半内的讨论，就是这种关键的相互理解过程中的组成部分。全球化对我们大家都是一个挑战，无论是发达国家还是发展中国家都一样。我们有很多需要分享和学习之处。随着全球化的发展，各国都在接受很多行业都已经跨国经营的现实。作为不同的国家，我们可以相互合作，认识这些问题以及这些发展带来的影响。
These opportunities can only be grasped by people. People talking, travelling, exchanging ideas and experiences. And that is what we are here today to do. Our discussions here will centre around a number of very interesting issues: trade and the environment in the globalization of the economy, Chinese culture facing the world, e-learning and e-commerce, balancing public purposes and commercial interests in the media, and China after WTO to name but a few.
这些机遇必须由人来把握：人们之间互相交谈、旅行、交流看法和经验。这正是我们今天要做的事情。我们这里的讨论将集中于几个很有意思的问题。经济全球化过程中的贸易与环境、面向世界的中国文化、电子学习、电子商务、在媒体的公共责任和商业利益之间保持平衡、中国入世之后等等。
As far as I can see, joining the WTO presents a huge challenge for China. The requirements of joining WTO for corporate governance, for transparency and for reliable and enforceable laws, whilst producing some pain in the short term, will no doubt be part of the way in which economic growth can be encouraged and sustained. I personally am much looking forward to my own involvement in the discussions on small and medium sized enterprises.
在我看来，加入世贸组织对中国是个巨大的挑战。世贸组织的要求包括公司行为准则，透明度，以及可靠的、可执行的法律。这些东西短期内可能带来痛苦，但无疑是鼓励经济增长、实现持续发展的必经之路。
China's decision to embrace the dynamism of the private sector brings up the role small firms can play in achieving rapid growth and innovation. They are, and can be, a significant engine for economic development. So we have much work to do in our forum. We want to show our Chinese friends how much of a partner the UK can be but also that as a sign of a mature and true relationship, we can afford to be frank and open in our discussions with one another.
中国决定利用私营领域的活力。这就提出了小企业在取得高速发展和创新方面的作用。小企业是——也可以是——经济发展的重要动力。所以，我们的论坛有很多工作要做。我们要向中国朋友显示，英国是中国强有力的伙伴。另外，作为我们之间关系成熟、真诚的表现，我们能够开诚布公地相互讨论。
This will be particularly true in the sessions on issues of competitiveness and corporate governance that will be held tomorrow. We are building on discussions and relationships that are already well founded and I believe that this forum will take the special role that our meeting plays in the relations between our two countries further forward.
这在有关竞争力和公司行为准则——这些将于明天讨论——的话题中尤其如此。我们是在具有良好基础的讨论和关系上更上一层楼。我相信，这个论坛将把我们的会谈在两国关系中的特别作用向前推进。
单元2 中英论坛讲话2
我们同英国朋友再次聚首在美丽的泰晤士河畔，召开我们的第三次大会。我谨代表参加此次会议的中方代表，感谢英方的盛情邀请和精心安排。自去年的大会以来，中国又发生了很大变化。
We are meeting our British friends once again by the beautiful River Thames, for our third conference. On behalf of the Chinese delegates, I'd like to thank our British colleagues for your invitation and your excellent programme. Since last year's conference, China has undergone yet more changes.
尽管当前国际经济形势并不理想，但是中国的经济仍然保持了较高的增长速度。前9个月工业增长10.3% ，农村经济仍然繁荣。还有一个方面使中国人民高兴：外资企业仍然大量到中国寻求发展。
Although the world economy isn't doing well, the Chinese economy has continued to grow at a relatively high rate. In the first 9 months, industrial output grew by 10.3%. The rural economy continues to prosper. There is something else that the Chinese people are happy about. Foreign companies continue to come to China in large numbers.
今年1至9月，新批准外商直接投资项目18,580个，直接投资493.47亿美元，实际使用322亿美元，比去年增长20.66%。今年前3季度，中国经济增长率达到7.6%。
From January to September, 18,580 foreign direct investment projects were approved, with direct investment worth 49.347 billion dollars, of which 32.2 billion dollars has been utilized. This is an increase of 20.66% on last year. In the first 3 quarters of this year, the Chinese economy grew at a rate of 7.6%.
立足于促进、提高国内市场需要，是保证中国经济持续、快速、健康发展的关键。加入WTO以后，中国将更严格地遵循国际通行的市场规则，进一步对外开放。
Increasing domestic demand is the key to maintaining high growth and a healthy economy. After WTO entry, China will bring its own practices in line with the international market and will open up further.
我们相信，一个13亿人口的大市场，会为拉动世界经济发展提供可观的动力。中国还要大规模开展基础设施的建设，改造和提升工业企业的装备水平，还要提高农业的生产和加工能力。
We believe that a market as big as 1.3 billion people will provide substantial impetus to the world economy. China will continue its large-scale infrastructure programme, upgrade its industrial equipment and improve agricultural production as well as its processing capability.
这都需要在国际合作的环境中才能实现。今后10年，中国大约还要进口价值3万亿美元的设备、技术和产品。这意味着巨大的市场和商机。中国入世以后，国内弱势产业将面临严重挑战。
All of the above requires an environment of international cooperation. In the next 10 years, China will import about 3,000 billion dollars of equipment, technology and products. That is a massive market with huge commercial opportunities. After WTO entry, weaker industries in China will face serious challenges.
在环境、能源、水资源以及经济体制改革、开发大西北、缩小贫富差距等方面，还存在许多需要解决的问题。中国已敞开大门，张开双手，欢迎包括英国在内的世界各国继续参与互利合作。中英合作伙伴关系的发展，需要两国保持健康、稳定的政治关系。
There are still many problems to be solved in environment, in energy, in water resources, in the reform of the economic system, in the development of the northwest, and in reducing the gap between the rich and the poor. China has thrown its door wide open, and reached out with open arms, welcoming UK as well as other countries in the world to continue to cooperate for our mutual benefit. The development of a partnership between China and the UK requires a healthy and stable political relationship between the two countries.
不断扩大的经贸和各领域的合作关系，又有助于推动两国政治关系的发展。这符合两国人民的利益。希望我们出席这次大会的所有朋友合作努力，共同为推动中英友好合作关系的全面发展，不断做出新的贡献。
Expanding economic and trade cooperation and cooperation in other fields are conducive to the development of a bilateral political relationship. It is beneficial to the interests of our two peoples. I hope all our friends at this conference will make joint efforts, to continue to contribute to the comprehensive development of the Sino-UK relationship.
单元3 英中30年讲话(英音)
In the space of a single generation, relations between the United Kingdom and the People's Republic of China have been transformed. Government-to-government and business-to-business links are closer and more varied than ever before. But the most exciting changes have been in the links between the British and Chinese peoples. Chinese communities have long existed as a respected and cherished presence in British cities.
在短短一代人的时间内，英国和中华人民共和国之间的关系已经发生了彻底的变化。政府之间、商界之间的关系从未像如今这样紧密、多样。但是，最令人兴奋的变化当属英中两国人民之间的联系。华人社区在英国城市中长久以来都受到尊重和珍视。
But today, more and more British people are visiting China to see for themselves the new dynamism of great cities like Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. We are re-discovering China's incomparably rich cultural heritage, as well as its immense economic potential. The Chinese ar re-discovering Britain, too. We are delighted to welcome more Chinese visitors to our country each year. Many more Chinese are finding out about Britain through modern media like television and the Internet.
但是今天，越来越多的英国人访问中国，亲眼目睹像北京、上海、广州这样的大城市的新活力。我们正在重新发现中国无与伦比、丰富多彩的文化遗产以及她巨大的经济潜力。中国人也正在重新发现英国。我们每年都很高兴地欢迎越来越多的中国客人来访。通过电视和因特网这样的现代媒体了解英国的中国人大大增加。
Indeed, there are more Chinese people learning the English language than there are native speakers of English in the world today. This growing relationship is measurable, too, in financial terms. British firms now have a huge presence in China, a sign of their confidence in the country and its future. The UK is the largest European investor, and a British company, BP, is investing more capital in China than any other foreign firm. The largest foreign manufacturing investment in Western China is also British.
毫不夸张地说，当今世界上学习英语的中国人已经超过了以英语为母语的人了。这种关系的发展也可以从经济角度来衡量。英国公司现在在中国有很大的规模。这表明他们对中国及其未来的信心。英国是欧洲在华的最大投资国。英国的BP公司在中国的投资超过了其他任何外国公司。中国西部最大的外国制造业投资也来自英国。
The UK is China's second largest European trading partner. British exports to China last year, at ￡3.72 billion were up 17% on the year 2000. China's exports to Britain are at an all-time high. Many Chinese enterprises now regard Britain's flexible and open economy has an ideal launching pad into the wider European market. All this is a far cry from 1972, when the UK and the PRC first exchanged Ambassadors. Then, there were virtually no Chinese students in Britain. Today, there are over 20,000--one of the largest overseas communities at our universities.
英国是中国在欧洲的第二大贸易伙伴。去年英国对华出口额达37.2亿英镑，比前年增长17%。中国对英国的出口达创记录水平。许多中国企业现在把英国灵活、开放的经济看作进军更大的欧洲市场的理想跳板。这一切与1972年英中两国首次互换在使时的情景大不相同。当时，英国几乎没有中国学生，而今天有两万多，是英国大学中人数最多的海外群体。
Then, there were no direct air services between Beijing and London. This year, more than a quarter of a million British tourists will travel to China. Then, no serving British Prime Minister or Foreign Secretary had ever visited China. Last year, there were visits from eleven British ministers. The changing nature of international relations requires governments to work ever more closely together for their mutual benefit. In the globalised world economy, the security and prosperity of individual countries often depends on events beyond our borders.
1972年，北京和伦敦之间没有直接通航。而今年，将有25万多名英国游客前往中国。1972年，在位的英国首相或外相中没有人访问过中国。而去年，英国有11位大臣及部长到访中国。国际事务性质的变化，要求政府之间出于相互利益而更加紧密地合作。在全球化的经济中，每个国家的安全和繁荣经常受制于国界之外发生的事件。
We are interdependent as well as independent. Challenges such as fighting environmental damage, ensuring global human rights are properly observed, removing barriers to trade and investments, and reducing poverty, have become truly global issues. They loom larger on the agendas of multilateral organizations like the UN, the WTO and ASEM. In the 21st century, bilateral relations between countries will depend on progress on issues like these.
我们既相互独立，又相互依赖。对付环境破坏，确保全球人权得到应有的尊重，撤除贸易和投资的障碍，减少贫困，这些挑战都已经成为名副其实的全球问题。在联合国、世界贸易组织和亚欧会议这样的多边组织的日程上，这些问题显得越来越严重。在21世纪，国家之间的双边关系将取决于在这些问题上取得的进展。
As two of the five permanent members of the UN Security Council, our governments work together on a daily basis on problems affecting every corner of the world. Another change in the relationship between Britain and China has been developments in Hong Kong. I am delighted that Hong Kong has prospered since 1997, and that "On Country, Two Systems" is proving such an effective approach.
作为联合国安理会常任理事国五位成员中的两位，我们双方政府每天都在相互合作，处理影响到世界各地的问题。英中两国关系的另一变化是香港问题的发展。令我感到高兴的是，香港自从1997年回归以来，继续保持繁荣，证明了“一国两制”是非常有效的做法。
As a signatory of the Joint Declaration, the UK has an abiding interest in the continued well-being of the Special Administrative Region. But this is only a part of our wider commitment to China. We are increasing the resources we allocate through our Department for International Development to poverty reduction in China from ￡25m this year to ￡60m by 2004.
作为《联合声明》的签约国，英国对香港特别行政区保持良好状况具有长期的兴趣。但这只是我们对中国更广泛承诺的一部分。我们通过国际发展部，把用于中国扶贫项目的拨款资金从今年的2500万英镑，增加到2004年的6000万英镑。
单元4 中国经济介绍
当前我国经济发展势头良好，经济增长的内在机制不断增强，基本做到了速度、质量和效益的统一。但是我们也要清醒地看到，世界上还没有一个国家的经济发展长盛不衰，永远保持高速度。中国也不可能例外。
Our economy is doing really well. The internal mechanism for economic growth has been strengthened. We have, to a large extent, struck the right balance between speed, quality and economic benefit. But it is also clear to us that there are no countries in the world that can perpetuate an economic boom and high-speed growth. China won't be an exception.
改革开放取得的成就是有目共睹的，但是，随着经济形势的变化，又出现了一些新的矛盾和问题。比如，国企改革问题、大量失业和待业问题、两极分化问题、腐败问题、金融风险问题、生态环境破坏问题等。这些问题都需要我们高度重视，尽快找到有效的解决办法。
The achievements of the reform have been there for all to see. But, as the economic climate changes, there are now new problems. These include the reform of the state-owned enterprises, substantial unemployment, the polarization of income, corruption, risks in the financial sector and ecological and environmental damage. All of them require our immediate attention and effective solutions in the shortest time possible.
我个人认为，当前中国经济发展需要注意以下几个方面：一是加强房地产投资引导，运用经济、法律手段，约束高档商品房的盲目发展，促进经济适用房建设。二是做好国际国内经济形势的跟踪监测，及时制定应对方案。
Personally, I believe China needs to pay attention to the following areas. One, we must provide guidance more forcefully using economic and legal means in the property development market, restrict blind development in up-market properties, and to promote the construction of economical and practical properties. Two, we must monitor international as well as domestic economic development closely so as to be able to respond quickly.
三是加强对汽车和钢材等行业的宏观监控，禁止低水平重复建设和无序竞争。既要及早制止某些行业过热倾向的进一步蔓延，又要鼓励经济增长中的合理因素。这里需要解决的是如何掌握分寸的问题。
Three, we must strengthen the regulation of the automobile and steel industries, reigning in low-grade repetitive construction and disorderly competition. We need to stop overheating in some sectors from spreading while at the same time encouraging rational elements in our economic growth. This is an issue of maintaining the right balance.
既要调控和引导一些行业中出现的投资增长过快的倾向，又要采取措施解决部分生产要素供需矛盾加剧的问题。四是多方采取措施，解决部分地区电力供应紧张问题。要切实加强水资源管理，缓解部分地区的缺水局面，同时加快城市和农业用水价格的改革进度。
Whilst we need to regulate the overheating of investment in some sectors, we need to take measures to solve the problem of supply falling further behind demand in others. Four, we need to coordinate our efforts to solve the problem of severe shortages of power supply in some regions. We must improve the management of water resources and seek to reduce water shortages in some regions. At the same time, we must accelerate the reform of water pricing in cities and rural areas.
五是要在当前和今后一个时期，继续深入开展廉政建设和反腐败工作。我们要从国务院开始，建设规范的行为机制，以保证政府运转协调、公正透明、廉洁高效。这些措施显示出中国领导层力求在各个层面上扫清路障，为经济增长开辟顺畅的通道的决心。
Five, we must continue our campaign to have a corruption free government. We are starting with the State Council, to set an example of conduct, to ensure that our government is well co-coordinated, fair and transparent, uncorrupted and highly efficient. These measures demonstrate our determination to clear the road ahead, the road to economic growth.
目前我国还很穷，按官方规定年人均收入600元以下为贫困线来计算，我国还有2000多万人没有脱贫。这是中国的标准。如果按联合国的贫困线每人每天1美元标准来计算，我国未脱贫的有一亿多人。
China is still poor. Based on the official poverty threshold of 600 yuan, we still have over 20 million people living in poverty. That's using China's criteria. Based on the UN's threshold of one dollar per person per day, we have over 100 million people living in poverty.
我国各种债务总数大约有13.3万亿人民币。相当于一年的国内生产总值的1.3倍多。这是一种非同小可的财政负重。另外，如何应对入世带来的挑战也是一项艰巨的任务。中国的金融改革必须加快步伐，加大力度，做好迎接国际金融竞争的准备。总体来说，我对中国经济达到年增长超过7%的目标持乐观态度。
China's total debt is about 13,000 billion yuan, the equivalent of 1.3 times of our GDP. This is a considerable burden. On the other hand, challenges brought by our WTO entry are also difficult tasks. The financial reform in China must speed up to be ready for international competition. On the whole, I'm optimistic about China achieving over 7% growth a year.
单元5 新车推出仪式(美音)
Good morning everybody. And welcome to the launch of our new L50, and to this presentation. In a way, launch is no longer the correct word. Many of you have already had a chance to get to know the new car in your test drive this morning. So, I will not dwell on the technical capabilities of thsi car. What I would like to do is to share with you the thoughts that have gone into developing this new model so that you'll have a better idea of why it's such an exciting car to drive.
早上好。欢迎参加L50的推出仪式，欢迎参加这场推介会。从某种意义上说，“推出”这个词已经不合适了。你们很多人今天早上在试车时，都已经对新车有了了解。所以，我不会喋喋不休地谈论这款车的技术性能。我是想与大家一起分享一下这款新车设计过程中的一些思路。这样你们就能更加清楚地知道，为什么这款车开起来是如此令人兴奋了。
I will also talk a bit about what has been happening in our company--the direction we are heading, our strategy, and our ambitions. After that, I'll talk about some of the major stages in our design and development of this model. After this presentation, we'll have lunch, which is served in the main conference hall. Our chef has promised a few surprises. I'm as curious as you are about what these might be. But, back to the presentation.
我还要谈谈我们公司内的发展：我们的前进方向，我们的战略，我们的雄心。然后，我要谈谈这款新车设计与开发过程中的一些主要阶段。推介会之后，我们吃午饭，午饭在大会厅内。我们的厨师跟我拍胸脯，说准备了一些你们想不到的东西。我和你们一样好奇，不知这些东西会是什么。好，继续我们的推介会。
Our new L50 is the first in a family of new cars to be launched this year and in the next couple of years. It is the result of the most ambitious investment in our company's history--￡125 million, in design and development, in production capabilities, in sales network and in our own people. The investment is based on our understanding of the market and our goal for the future. So what are they then?
我们的新款L50只是个开端，今年以及今后一两年中，我们还将陆续推出一整个系列的新车。这是我们有史以来最大的一个投资项目的成果。我们把1.25亿英镑投资于设计和开发、生产能力、销售网络和我们的员工。投资的基础是我们对市场的了解，以及我们今年的目标。那么，这些目标是什么呢？
We want to sell 800,000 cars a year for the next 5 years. So far this year, we've already sold 560,000, and congratulations to those of you that have contributed to this success. This represents nearly 20% increase over the previous year at a time when the market has declined by nearly 10%. Much of the increased sales have come from the commitment and dedication of our dealers and our staff. Thank you and well done.
我们今后五年的销售目标是每年80万辆车。今年到目前为止，我们已经销售了56万辆。祝贺你们为这项成就所作的贡献。这个数字相当于比去年增加了将近20%。而同期市场下跌了将近10%。销售增长中的大部分来自于代销商和我们员工的全心投入和勤奋。感谢大家，干得真漂亮。
The launch of this L50 will mark the beginning of a series of launches, giving us a full range of new cars, 3-door, 5-door, estate, diesel, and from 1 liter all the way up to our luxury 2 liter saloons. A convertible and a 4-wheel drive are also in the final design stage. With this new family, we'll be able to compete robustly with any competitor in US, and will be able to take on the EU market too. But products alone are not enough.
L50的推出标志着新车家族系列推出的开始。这将给我们带来全套新车，3门车、5门车、连箱车，柴油车、小到一公斤、大到两公斤的豪华车，应有尽有。敞篷车和四轮驱动车也已经进入设计的最后阶段。有了这个新车家族，我们就可以与任何美国厂家进行有力竞争，一比高低，而且可以进军欧洲市场。但是光有产品还不行。
We've put substantial amount of money and effort into upgrading our retail operation, into our dealer network and into our own sales force. This is built on our in-depth knowledge of our customers, what they want and what they need. It is based on the strength of our brand. If you visit one of our re-branded showrooms, you'll get a strong impression of our brand and what we stand for. We are taking market shares from our competitors. We are on target to take even more.
我们还花费了大量的资金和力气，改进我们的零售业务、我们的代销商网络和我们的销售队伍。我们的起点是我们对顾客的深入了解：他们想要什么？他们需要什么？我们的基础是我们品牌的力量。如果参观一下品牌重新标志的展厅，就会对我们的品牌和我们的价值观留下很深刻的印象。我们正在从竞争对手那里夺来市场份额。我们正在依照目标去夺得更多的市场份额。
We believe that the most effective way of getting more customers and growing our business is by new cars. Not just any new cars. It has to be new cars that re-enforce our brand value. Having test driven the L50, I'm sure you will all agree with me that the new L50 is exactly that--an embodiment of performance, safety, and functionality. These are the core elements of our brand value. These are the features that have caught the attention of media across Europe. These will be repeated in each and every new member of the family.
我们认为，获得更多顾客和发展业务的最有效的方法就是新车。但不是任何新车，而是那些可以加强我们品牌价值的新车。在试开过L50之后，我敢肯定你们大家都同意，这款新L50正是如此。它充分体现了性、安全、功能这些我们品牌的核心组成部分。这些品质吸引了欧洲各地媒体的注意，而且将在所有新车家族成员身上体现出来。
That's all I'd like to say at this stage. My colleagues will now take you through some of te highlights in the design and development. This is a short video we produced just before this launch. It is meant to answer some questions .What is the thinking behind this development? How do we translate concepts into a new model? How does our core value influence the thinking of people on the factory floor and in showrooms? Ladies and gentlemen, the new L50.
我就讲到这里。我的同事们将向各位介绍一些设计和开发过程中的小高潮。这是一部简短的录像，是这次推出仪式前刚刚录制的，旨在回答几个问题：这次开发背后的考虑是什么？如何把概念转化成新车型？我们的核心价值是如何影响工厂工人和销售员的？女士们、先生们，我们的新L50。
单元6 中国金融介绍
今天，我想就中国的金融体制改革，谈谈几点建议。中国金融改革在“九五”期间已经取得了巨大成就，但是需要做的事情还很多。由于时间关系，我在这里不求全面，只想提出几个我感触比较深的想法，供大家参考。
Today, I'd like to talk about the financial reform in China. China has achieved a great deal in the Ninth Five-Year Plan, but we still have a lot to do. Given that time is short, I won't try to cover everything, but to put forward a few ideas that I feel quite strongly about, some food for thought.
加入WTO的过渡期充期量只有两年多。中国必须在这短短的时间内，完成迎接外资进入中国金融市场的战略安排，完成对国有独资商业银行的体制改革，推动符合条件的商业银行上市，在金融全球化的潮流中激流勇进。
After WTO entry, the transition period is not much more than 2 years. China, within this short time, must complete its strategic set-up in preparation for the entry of foreign competitors. We must complete the reform of the wholly state-owned commercial banks, and help qualified commercial banks to seek listings in the stock market. We need to ride the wave of financial globalization.
我认为，“十五”期间，中国必然将几大国有的独资商业银行重组为更多数量的股份制商业银行，由中国人民银行继续担任中央银行的角色。应该开始考虑允许建立省级银行。各行实行独立的法人制度。
In my view, during the Tenth Five-Year Plan, China must break up the handful of wholly state-owned commercial banks into a greater number of share-owed commercial banks. The People's Bank of China will remain the central bank. We should begin to consider allowing the establishment of provincial level banks. Each bank will be an independent legal person.
中国必须进一步完善商业银行内部的结构改革。我尤其希望要加强银行经理人员的培训，提高他们的素质。这里我建议，参照发达国家银行业的培训方法，为我国造就一批知己知彼、了解竞争对手的人才。
China must improve the structural reform of its commercial banks. I particularly want to see better training for managers and improvement in their skills. I would suggest here that we learn from banks in developed countries and produce a generation of Chinese managers that know themselves and their competitors equally well.
我建议尽早开始综合经营的试点。允许试点金融机构开展国外商业银行普遍参与的业务，提供更加全面的客户服务。试点的挑选必须是近年来业绩显著、实力雄厚、体制改革成功的银行。
I recommend early piloting of comprehensive services, allowing pilot financial institutions to operate in areas common among foreign commercial banks, to offer a wide range of services to customers. The selection of pilot banks must be based on their performance in recent years, their strength, and their success in the financial reform.
新业务可以包括按照市场供需原则开发、推出新的贷款品种，以满足经济发展和社会发展的需要。近年来，在抵押贷款方面的尝试就是一个很好的成功例子。另外，发达国家银行提供保险和个人投资服务的做法，也很值得借鉴。
The new business areas may include the launch of new loan products, according to the market principle of supply and demand, so as to meet the requirements of economic and social development. Mortgages over recent years are an excellent example. In addition, banks in developed countries offer insurance and personal investment services. That's also worth considering.
与此相关，中国必须尽快建立起贷款利率的市场机制，让商业银行参照中央银行的基本利率，根据市场动作需要和自身利益确定各自的浮动利率。这不仅是个银行改革问题，还将大大改善银行业对消费者的服务，刺激经济发展。
Linked to this, China must establish the market mechanism for interest on loans as soon as possible, to allow commercial banks to decide on their own floating interest rates by taking into account the base rate from the central bank, and their own operations in the market as well as their own interests.This is not just an issue of banking reform. It will greatly improve the services banks offer to consumers, stimulating economic growth.
我们必须理顺监管体制。监管机关必须既拥有监管混业经营的能力，又能够根据不同对象的性质分别对待和处理，也就是说必须区别对待不同类型的商业银行。我认为，目前情况下，国有独资商业银行尚不具备混业经营的条件。
We must rationalize our regulatory system. The regulator must have the capacity to regulate comprehensive services. It must also be able to recognize the nature of business of each bank and treat them accordingly. That is to say, the regulator must be able to treat different commercial banks differently. Under the current circumstances, I don't think the wholly state-owned commercial banks are ready for comprehensive services.
单元7 英国金融体系(英音)
Traditionally HM Treasury, along with the Bank of England, has been responsible for deciding all aspects of the UK's economic and financial policy. Following the 1997 election, in which the Labor Party came to power, the macroeconomic policy framework has been reformed. The aim of this reform is to help provide a framework for improved macroeconomic stability and economic growth.
传统上，由财政部和英格兰银行负责英国经济和金融的各方面政策。1997年大选之后，工党上台掌权，改革了宏观经济框架。改革的目的是为了提供一个框架，以加强宏观经济稳定，促进经济增长。
I would like to explain the key features of the UK economic policy framework, identify the key institutions, their leaders and their main responsibilities. There are three main institutions. The first is HM Treasury which is responsible for the overall economic framework and for fiscal policy in particular. It is led by the Chancellor, Gordon Brown who is an elected politician.
我想解释一下英国经济政策框架的特点，介绍主要机构、领导人和他们的主要职责。一共有三个主要机构，第一个是财政部。财政部负责整体经济框架，尤其是财政政策。财政部由财政大臣布朗领导，他是当选的政界人士。
He is supported by 4 junior ministers with specific responsibilities, who are also elected politicians. The Ministers receive advice from three main sources: civil servants, political advisers. And for some specific projects, business leaders also prepare advice. Fiscal policy is decided through two main processes: the budget and the spending review process.
他由4位负有具体职责的次长支持工作，这些次长也是当选的政界人士。次长们有3个咨询来源：公务员，政治顾问，还有在一些具体项目中，商界领导人也会准备咨询意见。财政政策的决定有两个主要程序：一个是预算，另一个是开支回顾。
The budget is presented each spring to Parliament. It sets out tax policy for the year. Since 1997 there has also been a pre-budget report. This explains progress and suggests some ideas for discussion. Later in the Spring Budget a decision is made. Spending policy is decided every three years. There are two main elements of spending policy. Both are decided at the same time.
预算每年春季提交给议会。预算定出本年的税收政策。1997年以来，实行了预算前报告的做法，报告解释预算进展，提出一些想法供讨论，然后在春季预算里做决定。开支政策每3年定一次，政策中有两个主要组成部分，同时进行确定。
One, the amount of money which each department receives and two, using this money, targets each department will achieve. For example for the Education Department a target for how many children pass exams. The second main institution is the Bank of England. It is led by someone non-political; at the moment, Eddie George. In 1997 it was given full independence to set interest rates. A committee, which includes a Treasury civil servant, makes the decision.
一个是政府部门的拨款额，另一人是用这些钱达到什么目标。比如，教育部的目标包括有多少儿童通过考试。第二个主要机构是英格兰银行，行长是非政界人士，现任行长是埃迪•乔治。英格兰银行于1997年开始完全独立地确定利率，由一个有财政部公务员参加的委员会作出决定。
The level of interest rates is set in order to achieve a certain rate of inflation. This target rate is decided by the Chancellor. Therefore although the bank can decide the level of interest rates without any interference, the macroeconomic position is guided by an elected politician who is responsible to the country. The Bank also deals in the foreign exchange market.
确定利率水平是为了达到一定的通胀目标，这个目标是财政大臣确定的。虽然英格兰银行可以不受干涉地确定利率，但是宏观经济政策由一位当选的政界人士指导。这位政界人士向全国负责。英格兰银行还参与外汇市场的交易。
Finally, the Financial Services Authority is responsible for monitoring and regulating the financial services industry. It has four main aims. One, maintaining confidence in the UK financial system. They supervise stock exchanges. Two, promoting public understanding of the financial system. They help consumers to become informed consumers, so that they can manage their financial affairs more effectively.
最后，是金融服务当局，其责任是监管金融服务行业。当局有4个目的，第一是维护人们对英国金融体制的信心，他们还监管股市。第二是向公众宣传金融体制，帮助消费者掌握信息，更有效地理财。
Three, securing the right degrees of protection for consumers. They monitor how firms and individuals are meeting standards. Where serious problems arise they investigate and, if appropriate, discipline or prosecute those that have violated rules. Four, helping to reduce financial crime. Their work focuses on three main types of financial crime: money laundering; fraud, and criminal market misconduct such as insider dealing.
第三是为消费者提供适当程度的保护，监督公司和个人是否符合行为标准。出现严重问题时，进行调查。适当时，处分或起诉违反规定的人。第四是协助减少金融犯罪。他们的注意力集中在3个方面：洗钱，诈骗，还有像知情者交易这种违法的市场行为。
单元8 中国电讯行业
首先，欢迎各位参加我们今天的介绍会。大家知道，中国已经正式成为世界贸易组织成员。按照签署协议的承诺，中国将逐步开放电讯基础业务和增值业务市场，允许外资在中国直接投资并建立合资企业。
First of all, I would like to welcome you to this presentation. As you know, China has become a member of the WTO. In accordance with the agreement, China will gradually lift its restrictions on the telecommunications infrastructure market and the value-adding market, allowing foreign companies to invest directly in China or to set up joint ventures.
中国电讯市场的前景无量。单是国内手机市场的规模，就不低于1500亿元人民币。可以预测，仅电讯业务、电讯基础网络和用户设备三项，到2005年至少有价值1.5万亿元人民币的市场需求。市场的巨大增长潜力，可以从多方面来看。
The telecommunications market in China has enormous potentials. The mobile phone market alone will be worth no less than 150 billion yuan. It is estimated that the telecommunications industry, the telecommunications infrastructure network and user equipment, just the three of them combined, will be worth at least 1,500 billion yuan by 2005. The growth potential of the market can be seen in many ways.
其一，电讯用户数量还在不断增加，每年都需要为新增用户提供大量用户设备。不仅如此，原有用户的设备也需要更新换代。用户规模的扩张，又要求网络等基础设备的规模不断扩大、更新、改进，从而带动对网络设备的需求以及与网络设施相关的工程建设。
One, the number of telecommunications users continues to grow. Every year, we need to provide a large amount of user equipment for new users. Not only that, existing users need to upgrade their equipment too. The growth of users in turn requires networks and the infrastructure to expand, upgrade and improve, driving the demand for network equipment and the constructionof network-related facilities.
其二是，由于电讯领域利润丰厚，一些非电讯业务公司，也在跃跃欲试，希望进入电话市场。一些经营增值业务的企业、电脑网络公司，更希望进入基础电讯领域经营。电讯市场进一步开放，会给这些公司创造机会，这将迅速成为外资投资的新领域。
Two, as telecommunications is a very profitable business, some non-telecommunication companies are also itching to have a piece of the action. Companies in the value-adding and computer network business are particularly keen to enter the telecommunications market. Further liberalization will bring opportunities to these companies. This will make it a new area for foreign investment in the very near future.
其三是电讯技术发展迅速。新技术、新设备不断出现。国际电讯制造业都看好中国素质较高而且价格低廉的劳动力。国内在电讯用户设备和网络设备方面的制造优势正逐渐显现。随着电讯和网络设施不断进步、更新，电讯制造业商机勃勃。
Three, telecommunication technology is developing fast. New technology and new equipment are introduced all the time. The international telecommunications manufacturing industry is attracted by relatively high quality and yet cheap labor in China. The manufacturing of telecommunications user equipment and network equipment in China is beginning to show its supremacy. As telecom and network facilities continue to develop and upgrade, there will be numerous opportunities in manufacturing.
其四，经过多次改革，已经形成由中国联通、中国铁通、中国电信、中国网通、中国移动和中国卫星等六家企业为主体的电讯新格局。这六家企业都急需扩大自身实力，争取外资的愿望十分强烈，成为外资打入中国市场的一条捷径。
Four, after several stages of reform, there are now China Unicom, China Railcom, China Telecom, China Netcom, China Mobile and China Satellite, the six main players. They are all keen to become stronger, keen to attract foreign investment, offering foreign capital a fast-track entry into the Chinese market.
中国电讯业在过去十几年中已经积累起了巨额资产，而且盈利丰厚，可以为外国资本提供足够的合资机会。到2005年，中国电讯基础网络设施的投资每年都会超过2500亿元人民币。其中不仅包括新设备、新设施的投资，还包括现有设备的维护和修理等的投资。
The telecommunications industry in China has accumulated fast capital for over a decade. It's highly profitable and will provide sufficient finance for joint ventures. In 2005, investment in telecommunications infrastructure and network facilities in China will exceed 250 billion yuan. That includes not only new equipment and new facilities, but also the maintenance and repair of existing equipment.
当然，中国电讯市场的开放是分阶段的。但是，限制会越来越少。很多人已经把中国电讯市场比喻成吸引外资投放的“金矿”。过去10年间，外商在中国电讯市场上的投入已获得丰厚的回报。因此，我希望各位不要再犹豫，否则，市场完全开放了，好机会就可能已经被人家先抢走了。
Of course, the lifting of control will take place in stages. But there will be fewer and fewer restrictions. Many people are describing the telecommunications market in China as a goldmine for foreign investment. In the past decade, foreign investment in China's telecommunications market has been richly rewarded. So, I hope you won't hold back any more. When the market is completely open, the best opportunities may have been snatched up by others.
单元9 威尔士宴会讲话(英音)
Your Excellencies, distinguished guests, my lords, ladies and gentlemen, it is with great pleasure that I welcome you tonight to this magnificent castle. We warmly welcome you and your distinguished delegation to Wales. Wales is a small country compared with China. However, the Welsh people have made a significant contribution to the development of the United Kingdom and to the part the UK has played throughout the world.
诸位阁下，贵宾们，勋爵们，女士们，先生们，我非常高兴在这里欢迎各位今晚到这座雄伟的城堡来。我们热烈欢迎你们和你们尊贵的代表团来访咸尔士。威尔士与中国相比是个小地方。但是，威尔士人民对英国的发展作出了重要贡献，在英国的国际角色中也作出了重要的贡献。
Welsh companies make an important contribution to the United Kingdom economy. Some are represented here this evening. Many already trade with China. Many more would like to do so. This is one aspect of the growing relationship between our two countries. China is a focal point for trade and investment from Wales. Wales' exports to China are valued at over ￡250 million. It's good, but not good enough. I would encourage Welsh companies to do better.
威尔士的公司为英国经济作出了重要贡献。有些公司的代表今晚就在场。许多威尔士的公司已经和中国有贸易关系。希望与中国交易的公司远不止这些。这是我们双方关系发展的一个方面。中国是威尔士贸易和投资的一个焦点。威尔士对华出口价值2.5亿多英镑。局面很好，但还不够。我希望威尔士的公司更上一层楼。
I would also ask you, Mr. Chairman, to help increase the awareness of Wales among Chinese companies, particularly among Chinese companies that are considering their first move into Europe. Fr many years, Wales has been one of the most popular destinations for foreign investment in Europe. Investors in Wales have brought over ￡12 billion into the country and continue to reinvest once established.
我想请你，主席先生，为在中国公司中提高对威尔士的认识助一臂之力，尤其是那些正在考虑打入欧洲的中国公司。多年来，威尔士一直是外国在欧洲投资最受欢迎的地方之一。投资者给威尔士带来了120亿英镑，继续追加投资。
Investors are not limited to US and Europe. Many companies from the Far East have chosen to establish their European operations here. Our Welsh Development Agency has set up an office in China. It demonstrates our commitment to your country. Meanwhile, Welsh companies are increasingly focused on outward investment and establishing joint ventures with partners in China. China's accession to the World Trade Organization will present new opportunities for both our economies.
投资者不限于美国和欧洲。许多远东的公司也已选择威尔士作为它们在欧洲开展业务的地点。我们的威尔士工商发展局已经在中国设立了办事处。这表明了我们对中国的决心。同时，威尔士公司越来越注重对外投资，与中国伙伴建立合资企业。中国加入世界贸易组织后，将给双方经济带来新的机遇。
Developing special relationships with China is something to which we attach great importance, not only through trade but in other areas such as science, education and justice. Recently, the Welsh Science Mission visited China. The visit raised Wales' profile with the Chinese scientific community. It also established an exchange scheme in which Welsh scientists will benefit.
发展与中国的特别关系是我们非常重视的事情。不仅要通过贸易，而且要通过科学、教育和司法渠道发展特别关系。最近，威尔士科学考察团访问了中国。这次访问提高了威尔士在中国科学界的地位，并建立起一个威尔士科学家们将从中获益的交流项目。
The warm reception the delegation received in China was a clear signal of the highly productive relationship which Wales and China have developed. During the visit, we signed a Memorandum of Understanding with our Chinese counterparts in the scientific community. This will encourage and facilitate greater scientific co-operation between China and Wales. I understand that tomorrow morning; there will be several working group meetings to explore other areas of common interest. I look forward to receiving their report in due course.
代表团在中国受到的热烈欢迎清楚地显示，威尔士和中国之间已经建立起富有成果的关系。访华期间，我们与中国科学界的对应单位签署了理解备忘录。这将鼓励并促进中国和威尔士之间更多的科学合作。我知道明天上午将举行多个工作小组会议，探讨共同感兴趣的领域。我期待着看到有关会议成果的报告。
Mr. Chairman, as you are aware, there has been contact at ministerial level. Not long ago, we were delighted to receive a visit from his Excellency Mr. Wen Jiabao. As you know already, his visit was a great success. In return, our Deputy First Minister has just accepted a generous invitation to lead a delegation to China later this year. They will be visiting Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. They are looking forward to the visit.
主席先生，如你所知，我们双方之间已经有了部长级的接触。不久前，我们很高兴地接待了来访的温家宝先生。你已经知道，他的访问非常成功。作为回应，我们的副首席部长刚刚接受了盛情邀请，将于今年晚些时候率团访华。他们将前往北京、上海和广州。他们正期待着这次访问。
These visits are clear signals of the highly productive relationship which Wales and China have developed. Judging by the crowds that have gathered here tonight, I am very confident that the relationship will continue to grow. Thank you for taking the time to include a visit to Wales in your busy and demanding programme. We are honored by your presence here this evening and would ask you to take back with you the warmest good wishes from the people of Wales and the United Kingdom. May I now propose a toast.
这些访问清楚地显示，威尔士和中国之间已经发展出很有成果的关系。根据今晚在场的人数来看，我很有信心，这一关系将继续发展下去。感谢你们从紧张的日程中抽出时间访问威尔士。今晚有你们在场，我们感到很荣幸。我请你们把威尔士人民以及全英国人民的热情问候带回中国。请允许我祝酒。
单元10 中国农业介绍
现在，我介绍一下中国农业几方面的现状。种植业：这方面结构调整的幅度较大，优质农产品生产发展迅速，订单农业成为新增长点。农业立法执法进一步加强，抗灾保丰收成效显著。我们基本上实现了种植业发展的计划目标。
Now, I'm going to talk about agriculture in China.Crops and plantations: There has been substantial restructuring, leading to considerable development in high quality agricultural products. Production to order has become a new area of growth. Agriculture related legislation and law enforcement have improved. Fighting natural disaster to protect harvests has generated impressive results. We have largely achieved the objectives in our plan.
林业：中国政府对林业高度重视，造林绿化稳步推进，林业经济持续增长。2002年，全国林业总产值约3900亿元，林业资源的管理与保护成效显著，林业投资大幅度增加，2002年，林业投资170.57亿元。
Forestry: The Chinese government attaches great importance to forestry. Our tree planting and green creation projects have made steady progress. The forestry economy continues to grow. In 2002, the total value of forestry output was 390 billion yuan. Remarkable results have been achieved in the management and protection of forestry resources. Our investment in forestry continues to grow. In 2002, it stood at over 17 billion yuan.
渔业：中国渔业经济保持平衡发展态势，全国水产品总产量为4279万吨，产值2807.7亿元。水产养殖快速发展，渔业法律法规体系建设取得重大突破，出口势头强劲，国际合作进一步加强。
Fisheries: The fishing economy in China has maintained its balanced development. The total production of aqua products stands at 42.79 million tons, worth over 280 billion yuan. Marine farming is developing well. There have been major breakthroughs in laws and regulations in the fishing industry. Our export is strong. So is our international cooperation.
畜牧业生产继续保持稳定增长。2002年肉类总产量6523.4万吨，奶类总产量998.1万吨，饲料总产量7800万吨。畜牧业加大了内部结构调整力度，草原生态建设全面展开，畜牧管理部门机构改革对行业发展起了极为重要的作用。
Animal husbandry production continues to grow. In 2002, we produced a total of 65.234 million tons of meat, 9.98 million tons of dairy products and 78 million tons of animal feed. The animal husbandry industry has increased efforts to adjust its internal structure. Eco-development in grassland areas is being carried out on all fronts. Reform at administration level has also played an extremely important part in the development of the industry.
农业机械化继续保持高速度、高质量的发展态势，为农业和农村经济发展作出积极贡献。联合收割机作业进一步发展，农业机械化技术的推广工作卓有成效。我们吸收和借鉴国外先进技术和管理经验，进一步扩大了对外交流与合作。
Agricultural mechanization continues in pace and in quality, contributing to agriculture and the rural economy. There has been further progress in the use of combine harvesters, and achievements in the promotion of mechanization technology. We have drawn on advanced technology and management expertise of foreign countries, and have extended our exchanges and cooperation.
农田水利基本建设2002年投入73亿个工日，投入资金518亿元，确立了全国20个大型灌区作为改革试点单位，全国共投入农村饮水工程建设资金20多亿元，解决近900万人的饮水困难问题。
In 2002, we spent 7.3 billion days working on irrigation infrastructure projects, with a total investment of 51.8 billion yuan. We designated 20 large irrigation areas as reform pilot programmes. The total finance for drinking water projects in the rural areas in China amounted to more than 2 billion yuan, solving drinking water problems for nearly 9 million people.
我们在农业生态环境保护和可再生能源建设方面取得了很大成就。生态农业示范县的建设、生态家园计划取得了明显的经济效益、生态效益和社会效益。我们把生态农业建设与农业结构调整结合起来，把中国生态农业建设推进到一个新的阶段。
We have achieved a great deal in agricultural environmental protection and in the development of renewable energy. The eco-agriculture demo counties and the eco-homeland plan have generated clear economic, ecological and social benefit. We combine eco-agriculture with restructuring, bringing eco-agriculture in China to a new stage.
在国内外市场竞争越来越激烈的情况下，乡镇企业以改革为动力，继续保持了健康的发展势头。全国乡镇企业总数达到2500万家，从业人员1.3亿人。乡镇企业实缴税金高达2000多亿元，是中国农村经济中的一支生力军。
In the face of increasing competition at home and abroad, township enterprises, driven by the reform, have maintained healthy growth. There are over 25 million township enterprises in China, employing 130 million people, generating tax revenue of more than 200 billion yuan. They are a powerhouse in the rural economy of China.
单元11 辉瑞制药有限公司(美音)
Welcome to Pfizer--the world's largest, most valuable and fastest-growing pharmaceutical company. Ours is a noble purpose: to help realize humanity's quest for longer, healthier, happier lives. Our mission is to become the world's most valued company in serving patients, customers, colleagues, investors, business partners and the communities where we work and live. We now employ 90,000 people worldwide, turning well over $30 billion a year, spending more than $5 billion a ear on research & development. Our products are available in more than 150 countries.
欢迎各位光临辉瑞。我们是世界上最大、最受尊重、增长最快的医药公司。我们有着崇高的目标，这就是帮助人类实现梦寐以求的理想：延长寿命，增强体质，生活幸福。我们的宗旨是要在为病人、顾客、同事、投资者、商业伙伴和我们工作与生活的社区服务这些方面，都成为世界上最受尊重的公司。今天，我们在世界各地拥有9万员工，年营业额达300亿美元，每年在研究开发方面的开支是50亿美元。我们的产品畅销150个国家。
It all started back in 1849, when Charles Pfizer & Company opened as a fine-chemicals business. It was a modest red-brick building in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn, New York. It served as office, laboratory, factory, and warehouse. The company's first product was santonin--a palatable antiparasitic which was an immediate success. For the past 154 years, Pfizer has been discovering, developing, manufacturing, and marketing leading prescription medicines for humans and animals and many for the world's best-known consumer brands.
追根溯源，1849年，查尔斯•辉瑞公司宣告成立，经营精细化学品。当时，公司只是个普普通通的红砖建筑，地处纽约布鲁克林区的威廉姆斯堡地段。大楼既是办公楼、试验室，又是工厂和仓库。公司的第一个产品叫“三托宁”，是一种味道不错的抗寄生虫药。上市之后，大受欢迎。此后的154年中，辉瑞公司不停地发现、发展、制作、推销领先的处方药品，既有给人使用的，也有动物使用的，还有许多世界上最著名的消费品牌。
Pfizer is built on three pillars: a broad portfolio of human pharmaceuticals meeting essential medical needs; a wide range of consumer products aimed at self-care and well-being; and health products for livestock and companion animals. Research and development is the lifeblood of our business. To continue our heritage of innovation, we support the world's largest privately funded biomedical research organization, engaging 12,000 scientists and other research colleagues worldwide.
辉瑞建立于三大支柱之上：种类多样的给人使用的医药品，用来满足基本的医疗需要；一系列消费产品，针对的是自我保健和保持良好状态的需要；还有牲畜和宠物的健康产品。研究开发是我们的生命线。为了保持创新的传统，我们支持的是世界上最大的私营生物医学研究机构，在世界各地雇佣1.2万名科学家和其他研究人员。
We currently have nearly 100 new medicines in various stages of development, and are working on dozens of new uses for our current medicines. Our targets include many of humanity's most feared illnesses, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, Alzheimer's, cancer, HIV/ADIS, depression and schizophrenia. Pfizer is also a leader in contributing to the development of communities where we live and work.
目前，我们有将近100种新药品正在开发的不同阶段中。我们还开发现有药品的新用途。我们的目标中包括人类的一些最恐怖的疾病，比如心血管病、糖尿病、老年痴呆症、癌症、艾滋病、抑郁症和精神分裂症。辉瑞还带头为我们生活与工作的社区的发展作出贡献。
We have pioneered numerous initiatives to improve access to medicines including the International Trachoma Initiative, aimed at the world's greatest cause of preventable blindness, and the Diflucan Partnership, aimed at HIV/AIDS patients in developing nations. Through the Pfizer Foundation, we are building with our partners an advanced infectious disease treatment and medical education center in Kampala, Uganda.
我们率先采取了很多行动，改善获得医药的途径，其中包括国际沙眼项目，针对的是导致盲眼的最主要的、而且是可以预防的原因。还有Diflucan伙伴关系，针对的是发展中国家的艾滋病人。通过辉瑞基金会，我们和伙伴单位一起，正在乌干达的坎帕拉建立一个先进的传染病治疗与医疗教育中心。
In the United States, we sponsor the Pfizer for Living Share Card, a program that provides eligible, low-income Medicare recipients without prescription drug coverage the opportunity to purchase a 30-day supply of Pfizer medicines for $15 per prescription. A career with Pfizer is one of the most rewarding choices you can make. Pfizer has been recognized as one of the nation's best employers and most admired companies. We seek talented people from a broad array of disciplines and prize diversity of thought and experience.
在美国，我们赞助辉瑞生命分享卡，这个项目在符合条件的、低收入的医疗接受者不受处方药品限制时，向他们提供可以购买30天用的辉瑞公司药品的机会，而收费只有每处方15美元。在辉瑞工作是最有收获的选择之一。辉瑞被认为是美国最好、最令人钦佩的雇主之一。我们挑选各类学科的人才，并且重视思路和经历的多样化。
Our company is thoroughly grounded in our values. They begin with a prized personal and organizational quality--Integrity--and end with a shared concern for Community. Our values include Leadership, Innovation, Performance, Teamwork, Customer Focus, and Respect for People. These values guide every decision we make, everywhere we make them. As you can sense by now, these are exciting times for our company.
我们公司完全以我们的价值观为根基。这些价值包括从个人和组织都珍视的品质----正直到对社区的共同关心。我们的价值包括领导、创新、表现、团队合作、注重顾客和尊重人。这些价值指导着我们所有的决策，无论何时何地。大家可能已经体会到了，对我们公司来说，这些都是激动人心的时刻。
We demand of ourselves and others the highest ethical standards, and our products and processes will be of the highest quality. We are deeply committed to meeting the needs of our customers, and we constantly focus on customer satisfaction. We play an active role in making every country and community in which we operate a better place to live and work. I hope you will enjoy your visit for the rest of the day. Thank you.
我们对自己和别人都有最高的道德标准。我们的产品和流程将是最高质量的。我们致力于满足顾客的需要，不断地关注顾客的满意程度。我们积极努力，把我们业务所在的国家和社区建设成生活和工作的更加美好的地方。我希望和唯美 今天的访问愉快，谢谢。
单元12 中国能源行业
女士们，先生们，我很高兴来到美丽的德国城市汉诺威，参加著名的汉诺威工业博览会，并就能源市场开放和中德能源合作问题发表演讲。首先，我代表中国政府有关部门，对邀请我参加今天的论坛表示衷心的感谢！
Ladies and Gentlemen, I'm delighted to be here in the beautiful city of Hanover, to attend the prestigious Hanover Industrial Exhibition, and to speak on the opening of the energy market as well as on cooperation between China and Germany in the area of energy. Firstly, on behalf of the Economic and Trade Commission of China, I'd like to thank you for inviting me to this forum.
改革开放20多年来，中国经济持续快速增长，国内生产总值以年均9.5%的速度递增，进出口贸易额增长了12.4倍。2001年，面对世界经济和贸易增长大幅下滑的严峻局面，我国坚持扩大内需的方针，实施积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策，继续深化改革，调整结构，成绩显著。
After 20 years of reform and opening up to outside world, the Chinese economy is continuing to grow at a fast pace. Our GDP growth averages 9.5% per year. Imports and Exports have grown by 12.4 times. In 2001, the world economy and trade growth suffered severe setbacks. But domestic demand continued to grow in China. We adopted a pro-active fiscal policy and prudent monetary policy. We pressed on with reforms and restructuring and achieved excellent results.
国内生产总值比2000年增长了7.3%，外贸进出口总额突破5000亿美元，增长7.5%。今年一季度，我国工业增加值完成6494亿元，同比增长10.9%，为实现今年国内生产总值增长7%左右的预期目标奠定了基础。
Our GDP grew by 7.3% compared with 2000. Imports and exports broke through 500 billion US dollars barrier, an increase of 7.5%. In the first quarter of this year, our industrial added value reached 649.4 billion yuan, a year on year increase of 10.9%. It has paved the way for achieving the planned GDP growth of 7%.
能源是国民经济和社会发展的重要基础和保证。中国是世界上最大的能源生产国和消费国之一。为缓解经济快速增长和能源供给之间的矛盾，多年来，中国政府在能源投资、开发利用、价格、信贷等方面制定了一系列鼓励政策。
Energy is an important basis as well as safeguard for economic and social development. China is one of the largest energy products and consumers in the world. In order to ease the pressure of economic growth on energy supply, the Chinese government, over the years, has formulated a series of encouraging policies in energy investment, energy development and application, in pricing, and in the credit system.
经过长期不懈的努力，到20世纪90年代末，中国能源供需的总体形势发生了重大变化，能源总量短缺的局面基本结束。到2000年，全国能源生产总量达到10.9亿吨标准煤。
After continuous efforts, towards the end of the 1990s, there was a significant shift in China's energy supply and demand. We said goodbye to overall energy shortages. In 2000, the national energy output reached 1.09 billion tons of standard coal units.
主要能源煤炭、原油产量和发电量分别居世界第二位、第五位和第二位，能源产业成为拉动和保证中国经济增长的重要力量。在能源生产总量持续快速增长的同时，我国积极推进经济结构调整，加大技术开发力度，加强资源节约与综合利用，单位能耗不断下降。
Of the main sources of energy, our coal output number two in the world, our crude oil is number five and our electricity number two. The energy industry has become an important driving force in the Chinese economy. Whilst energy output continues to grow at a fast pace, China presses forward with economic restructuring. We are increasing our efforts in technical development. We are working harder to save our resources and to increase integrated applications. Our energy consumption per unit continues to fall.
1995年到2000，我国每万元国内生产总值能耗由3.97吨标准煤下降到2.77吨标准煤，累计节约和少用能源达4.1亿吨标准煤。既降低了企业生产成本，又促进了环境保护。随着中国对外开放的不断扩大，中国能源市场对外开放的步伐也逐步加快。
From 1995 to 2000, China's energy consumption per 10,000 yuan GDP dropped from 3.97 tons of standard coal to 2.77 tons. The cumulated saving and reduced energy use amounted to 410 million tons of standard coal. It reduces production costs and helps the environment. As China continues to open to the outside world, the energy market is opening up faster.
外商投资涉及电力、煤炭、油气等主要能源领域，电力行业外商投资总额累计已超过170亿美元。与此同时，中国煤炭出口也不断增加。2001年煤炭出口8590万吨，比2000年增加46%，跃升为世界第二煤炭出口大国。
Foreign companies are investing in major energy areas such as electricity, coal, oil and gas. In electricity generation alone, cumulative foreign investment exceeds 17 billion US dollars. Meanwhile, Chinese coal exports have also been on the increase. In 2001, coal exports amounted to 85.9 million tons, an increase of 46% throughout 2000, making China the second largest coal exporter in the world.
单元13 渣打银行(英音)
Standard Chartered is the world's leading emerging market bank. It employs 29,000 people in over 500 offices in more than 50 countries in the Asia Pacific Region, South Asia, the Middle East, Africa, United Kingdom and the Americas. Our global headquarters is in London. The Bank serves both Consumer and Wholesale Banking customers. The Consumer Bank provides credit cards, personal loans, mortgages, deposit taking activity and wealth management services to individuals and medium-sized businesses.
渣打银行是国际领先的新兴市场银行，在50多个国家拥有500多个办事处，2.9万名员工，遍布亚太地区、南亚、中东、非洲、英国和美洲。我们的全球总部在伦敦。我们既服务于消费者，也服务于批发业务客户。消费银行业务提供信用卡、个人贷款、抵押贷款、存款，并为个人和中型公司提供理财服务。
The Wholesale Bank provides services to multinational, regional and domestic corporate and institutional clients in trade finance, cash management, custody, lending, foreign exchange, interest rate management and debt capital markets. Like all companies we are operating in a climate of massive change. We are therefore developing new strategies to ensure that our business keeps abreast of the moves to apply the principles of Corporate Social Responsibility.
批发银行业务为跨国公司、区域性和国内大公司及金融机构提供服务，项目包括贸易资金、现金管理、托管、借贷、外汇兑换、利率管理和借贷资本市场。和所有公司一样，我们的业务也处在大变革的气候之中。所以，我们正在发展新战略，以确保我们的业务能够与时俱进，符合公司社会责任的原则。
Standard Chartered recognizes its responsibilities to its staff and to the communities in which it operates. We believe that with appropriate policies and practices in place we can be a legitimate influence for good by promoting the best standards of socially responsible business in the developing world. By doing so we hope to stimulate positive change and greater engagement. Standard Chartered strives to operate in a manner that meets or exceeds the ethical, legal, commercial and public expectations of society.
渣打银行认识到了在各个业务地区对自己员工和社区的责任。我们相信，有了合适的政策和做法，我们就能够在发展中国家倡导公司社会责任的最佳标准，以这种方式起到良好的影响作用。我们希望以此促进积极的改革，带来更多的交流沟通。渣打银行在业务中努力达到或者超过社会在道德、法律、商业和公共事务方面对我们的预期。
Our objective is to benefit all of our stakeholders including our shareholders, customers, staff and the communities in which we operate. We strongly support the trend towards delivering shareholder value in a socially, ethically and environmentally responsible manner. We also believe that improved transparency through reporting and improved engagement through dialogue offers clear benefits, not only for society, but also for Standard Chartered.
我们的目标是让所有利益相关者受益，其中包括股东、顾客、员工和我们业务所在的社区。我们坚决支持以对社会、道德、和环境方面负责任的方式来为股东创造价值的这种趁势。我们还相信，作汇报能改善透明度，对话能加强交流，这些做法都能够带来明显的好处：不仅对社会，而且对我们银行都有好处。
A responsible organization will be better able to attract and retain its customers, employees, shareholders and suppliers. It will operate with greater cohesion and clearer focus. It will be better able to listen and respond rapidly to changing needs and markets. Responsibility, dialogue, action and reporting are the key elements in a virtuous circle through which everyone benefits. We are proud to promote our support for Corporate Social Responsibility.
一个负责任的组织更有能力吸引并保留顾客、员工、股东和供应商，能够运作更连贯，焦点更清楚。这样的组织更善于倾听意见，并对变化中的需要和市场作出快速反应。责任、对话、行动和汇报是良性循环中的关键组成部分。这个良性循环使大家都受益。我们很自豪地宣传、推进对“公司社会责任”这个概念的支持。
Standard Chartered offers personal financial solutions relevant to you as an individual. Some of these include priority banking, credit card, insurance, personal investment as well as deposit and retail services. We treasure building a relationship with you, developing an understanding of your changing financial needs at different stages of your life. Our long heritage of nearly 150 years has enabled us to change with time, offering quality products by means that are convenient to you.
渣打银行提供适合你本人的个人金融解决方案，其中包括优先银行服务、信用卡、保险、个人投资、存款和零售服务。我们珍视和你建立起关系，培养对你在一生的不同阶段中、不同的金融需要的了解。我们有将近150年的经验，有能力跟上时代的变化，以方便于你的方式，提供高质量的产品。
Business Financial Services offer one of the widest ranges of banking products and services in the market today. Managing a growing business demands most of your time and energy. That is why working with the right bank can help your business sail more smoothly. Corporate & Institutional banking provides cash management, custody and trade finance services. We offer a one-stop risk management solution to our customers--the local corporate, multinational companies, investment and financial institutions, and central banks.
商业金融服务提供当今市场最广泛的理财产品和服务。管理一个蓬勃发展的公司花去你大多数时间和精力。所以，选用银行恰当，能够帮助你的业务更加平衡地发展。公司和金融机构理财提供现金管理、托管和贸易资金服务。我们为顾客提供一站式风险管理解决方案，无论是当地公司、跨国公司、还是投资和金融机构，以及中央银行都能受益。
Corporate & Institute banking provides cash management, custody and trade finance services through our strong market networks in Asia, Africa, the Middle East and Latin America. We provide a bridge to these markets for clients from the U.S and Europe. With 150 years in the emerging markets the Bank has unmatched knowledge and understanding of its customers in its markets.
公司和机构银行服务通过我们在亚洲、非洲、中东和拉丁美洲强大的市场网络，提供现金管理、托管和贸易融资服务。我们为美国和欧洲的客户提供进入这些市场的桥梁。我们拥有在新兴市场中150年的动作经验，对顾客和市场的了解无可比拟。
单元14 中国能源行业2
目前，中国能源发展面临的问题主要是结构性矛盾十分突出：国内石油供需缺口越来越大，进口量逐年上升，天然气在全国一次能源消费结构中的比例远远低于世界平均水平；洁净、高效能源比重很低，难以满足节能环保需求。
The problem we are facing is structural, and very acute. Domestic oil supply is increasingly falling behind demand. Imports are increasing every year. The proportion of natural gas in our primary energy consumption has fallen well below the world average. There is very little clean and highly efficient energy. It does not meet the requirements of energy efficiency and environmental protection.
能源工业技术装备水平落后，能源安全生产状况有待改善。今后10年，甚至更长时期，中国经济将继续以年均7%左右的速度增长，综合能源与电力消费的年均增幅预计将达到3%和6%。
The energy industry still works with outdated technology and equipment. There is much room for improvement in safe production practices. In the next ten years, or even more, Chinese economy will continue to grow at about 7% per annum. Comprehensive energy and power consumption are expected to grow at 3% and 6% respectively.
经济的持续快速增长，人民生活水平的不断提高，环境保护的进一步加强，对能源发展提出了新的更高要求。实现能源的可持续发展，处理好能源生产和消费与环保和社会的协调发展，是摆在中国政府面前的重大课题。
As our economy continues to grow, as standards of living continue to rise, as environmental protection improves, the demands for energy development are reaching a new level. The Chinese government faces a major issue. That is to achieve sustainable energy development and to balance energy production and consumption with the environment and society.
为了适应经济和社会可持续发展的需要，中国政府将继续坚持“开发与节约并举，把节约放在首位”的能源发展方针，发挥资源优势，优化能源结构，提高利用效率，加强环境保护。
To meet the demand for sustainable social and economic development, the Chinese government will continue with its policy of "developing energy and at the same time saving it, with the saving taking priority". We will take advantage of our rich resources, optimize our energy structure, and improve energy efficiency and environmental protection.
“十五”期间，中国将以煤炭为基础，提高优质煤比重；推进大型煤矿改造，建设高产高效矿井，开发煤气层资源；加大洁净煤技术研究开发力度；实行油气并举，加快天然气勘探、开发和利用，提高天然气消费比重。
During the Tenth Five-Year period, China will rely primarily on coal and will increase the use of high quality coal. We will reform large-scale mines and develop high output and high efficiency mines. We will develop coal bed resources and increase our efforts in the research and development of clean coal technology. We will work on oil and gas simultaneously, speeding up our exploitation and use of natural gas, increasing its use in our energy consumption.
重视发展风能、太阳能、地热等新能源和可再生能源，争取到2005年，我国新能源和可再生能源的年开发量由现在的300万吨标准煤，提高到1300年吨标准煤。加强能源节约和综合利用，争取到2005年，每万元国内生产总值能耗降低到2.2吨标准煤。
We need to pay attention to wind energy, solar energy, geothermal energy, and other new and renewable energy sources. We are aiming to quadruple the annual exploitation of new and renewable energy sources by 2005 from 3 million tons of standard coal to 13 million tons of standard coal. We will improve our ability to save energy and promote integrated applications. We aim to reduce our unit consumption per ten thousand yuan GDP to 2.2 tons of standard coal in 2005.
中国与欧盟在能源领域的交流与合作已有20年的历史。德国在新能源开发与环保技术方面处于世界领先水平。我们欢迎德国企业投资中国的能源，特别是新能源的开发利用。中国加入世贸组织后，能源市场对外开放领域将进一步扩大，层次将进一步加深。
China and the European Union have enjoyed 20 years of good relations in the energy area. Germany has world-class technology in the development of new energy and in environmental protection. We welcome German companies to invest in the development and application of energy sources, particularly the application of new energy sources in China. After WTO entry, we will open up our energy market wider and further.
三峡电站、“西气东输”、“西电东送”等一系列大型工程的建设，电力等垄断行业体制改革的深化等等，将为中德两国加强在能源领域的合作，创造更多的机会。我们愿与德国一起，在多年合作的基础之上，进一步加强合作。谢谢大家。
There are a whole range of large-scale projects such as the Three Gorges Power Station, "Western Gas Going East" and "Western Electricity Going East". They will create more opportunities for cooperation in the energy field between China and Germany. We would like to work with Germany, to strengthen cooperation on the basis of many years of joint efforts. Thank you.
单元15 保诚保险集团(英音)
Prudential was founded in 1848, as the Prudential Mutual Assurance, Investment and Loan Association in London. The company grew from a small life assurance company, with a customer base limited to the well-off middle classes, to Britain's largest life company by number of policy-holders. In 1854 Prudential opened its industrial department and began to sell "penny policies" that could be afforded by poorer people.
保诚诞生于1848年。当时叫保诚共同保险、投资和贷款协会，地处伦敦。保诚从一家小小的人寿保险公司，顾客基本都是富有的中产阶层，发展成为英国按保单计算的最大的人寿保险公司。1854年，保诚开设了工业部，开始销售所谓的“便士保单”，穷人也买得起。
The department really began to expand in 1856 when the company pioneered infantile insurance, allowing parents to insure the lives of children under the age of ten. By keeping statistical records about policy-holders, Prudential was able to calculate accurate premium rates and improve the benefits payable on policies. By the turn of the century one third of the population was insured with "the Pru". By the mid-1870s, the company started to employ lady clersk and use "modern" calculators and typewriters.
工业部1856年开始扩展，他们开创了婴儿保险，让父母为10岁以下的子女投保。由于保留了保单持有人的统计记录，保诚能够准确计算保单收费率，增加向投保人支付的赔偿金。到世纪初时，英国人口有三分之一投保于保诚。19世纪70年代中期，公司开始雇佣女员工，使用当时的现代化计算器和打字机。
By 1900 there were nearly 15,000 agents collecting Prudential premiums. Until 1915 Prudential sold life assurance only. In 1915 the range of business was extended with the opening of the general branch, through which fire, accident, marine and other forms of insurance were sold from 1919 onwards. During the 1920s Prudential began to expand overseas and agencies were set up all over the world to sell Prudential policies.
到了1900年，有将近1.5万名代理人为保诚收取保费。1915年以前，保诚只销售人寿保险。1915年，业务范围扩展，设立了普通保险部，从1919年开始销售失火、事故、海上和其他形式的保险。20世纪20年代，保诚开始向海外发展。世界各地都成立了代理机构，销售保诚的保单。
In Britain, new policies were introduced for women, family protection and long term saving opportunities. In the post war period the range of Prudential's products changed towards an emphasis on savings, annuities, pensions and family income protection. In the 1970s a number of acquisitions were made and in 1978 Prudential Corporation was set up as the holding company for the group. The focus on adopting new sales and marketing techniques to promote products dominated the 1980s.
在英国，为妇女、家庭保护和长期储蓄推出了新保单。战后时期保诚产品的范围转变，更加强调储蓄、年金、退休金和家庭收入保护。20世纪70年代，收购了几个公司。1978年，保诚总公司成立，作为集团的控投公司。注重采用新的销售和推广技巧来推销产品是20世纪80年代的主要内容。
The sales force was restructured to deal better with customer needs and new channels of communication were opened through telephone sales and Independent Financial Advisers. In 1986, Prudence was launched as the new image for Prudential Corporation, the traditional values of the company presented in a modern forward-looking way. The 1990s saw further diversification of products and methods of communication.
销售队伍的结构重新调整，以更好地满足客户的需要。开辟了新的通讯渠道，通过电话销售和独立金融顾问发展业务。1986年，推出“谨慎女神”，作为保诚总公司的新形象，公司传统价值的体现有了现代化、向前看的风范。20世纪90年代，产品进一步多样化，宣传方式进一步多样化。
Sales by telephone and through IFAs have gradually reduced the role of direct sales in customer's home. In 1997 Scottish Amicable was acquired, strengthening Prudential's position in the IFA sector. The launch of Egg in 1998 saw Prudential use a new distribution channel, targeting the Internet generation. The acquisition of M&G, the fund managers, in 1999 strengthened the Group's investment portfolio. In recent years Prudential has expended in key markets, principally the United States and Asia.
电话销售和独立金融顾问的发展逐渐减少了直接到顾客家里的销售。1997年，我们收购了苏格兰友好保险，加强了保诚在独立金融顾问行业的地位。1998年推出蛋蛋银行，保诚使用了一种新的营业渠道，目标是互联网的一代。1999年收购M&G这个基金管理公司，加强了我们集团的投资组合。最近几年，保诚在关键市场中扩展，主要是在美国和亚洲。
Prudential Corporation Asia has operational businesses in Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, India, China, Vietnam and the Philippines. New business ventures have been established in Japan and Korea in the last year. In the Unites States, Prudential's subsidiary, Jackson National Life is represented in all states and distributes products through independent agents as well as financial institutions and broker-dealers. The extent of the importance of international business can be seen by the fact that over 50% of the group's sales are international.
保诚总公司亚洲部在新加坡、马来西亚、泰国、印尼、中国、越南和菲律宾都有实际业务。去年，在日本和韩国也建立志了新业务。在美国，保诚的子公司杰克逊国民人寿保险公司在各个州都有分支，销售产品的渠道不仅有独立代理商，还有金融机构和证券经纪人。我们集团50%的销售额来自国际业务，其重要性可见一斑。
Prudential's history ahs been about change and innovation. Throughout its history Prudential has had to survive in difficult markets where other businesses folded. It recognized that it had to grasp the difficulties of communicating the value of its products to differing and diverse markets through periods of great political and social change. The development of new products and the emergence of new markets have established Prudential as a significant player in the world of international retail financial services.
保诚的历史是变革与创新的历史。年复一年，保诚在他人破产的困难市场中生存。公司认识到必须把握难点，即使是在政治和社会变革时期，也必须能够把自己产品的价值在各不相同、复杂多样的市场内说明清楚。开发新产品，以及新市场的出现，使保诚在国际金融零售服务领域成为一位举足轻重的成员。
单元16 中国信息行业1
我想先给大家介绍一下中国信息化发展的现状，谈谈我们面临的挑战，然后给大家介绍一下我们的计划。随着信息技术的迅猛发展，以及经济全球化和全球信息化的推进，改革开放的中国抓住发展的机遇，实现了电子信息产品制造业、通讯业和软件业的快速发展。
First, I'd like to talk about the development of informatisation in China. I'll then talk about the challenges we face and our plans. Information technology is developing rapidly. Economies are becoming globalised. The world is moving towards informatisation. As part of our reform and opening up our market, China has seized the opportunity and has achieved fast growth in the manufacturing of electronic information products, and in the telecommunication and software industries.
尤其是上个世纪90年代以来，中国信息产业发展速度始终保持在20%以上，超过同期GDP增长速度的两倍。目前，中国信息产业已经达到相当的规模和水平，对国民经济增长的贡献和对其他产业的带动作用日益增强。
During the 90s of the last century in particular, China's information industry grew at over 20%, twice the speed of its GDP during the same period. The Chinese information industry has developed to a considerable scale and standard, increasing its contribution to the national economy, and becoming increasingly a driving force for other industries.
电子信息产品制造业成为国民经济的第一大支柱产业。已经形成了整机与元器件、科研与生产协调配套的产业体系。加工制造能力不断提高，部分关键技术有所突破。中国已经成为全球彩电、激光视盘机、程控交换机、显示器和一些元器件产品的主要生产国。
The electronic information manufacturing industry has become the number one pillar industry. China is now capable of producing whole machines as well as components. We have a very well balanced industrial structure with research and development as well as production capabilities. Processing capabilities have been improving. There have been breakthroughs in some areas of technology. China has become a major producer in the world of color TV, DVD, digital exchanges, displayers and components.
电子信息产品出口到世界各地。在全球IT业不景气的形势下，今年全国IT产业仍保持快速发展。2001年1到9月份，电子信息产业累计完成工业总产值9425亿元，增长速度达到30%。下面我简单介绍一下中国的通讯业。
Electronic information products are being exported to other parts of the world. Whilst the world IT market is down, the Chinese IT industry maintains its speed of growth. From January to September 2001, the cumulated industrial output of the electronic information industry amounted to 942.5 billion yuan, an increase of 30%. Now, I'll talk briefly about China's telecommunications industry.
通讯业成为国民经济和社会发展的重要基础设施。已经建成了具有世界先进水平的通讯网。固定电话和移动电话网络规模、覆盖范围位居世界前列。用户数分别达到世界第二位和第一位。通讯业务种类齐全，能基本满足社会对通讯业务的多层次需求。
The telecommunications industry has become an important basis for our economic and social development. China has a world-class telecommunications network. The size and coverage of our network of fixed landline and mobile phones put us among the leading countries in the world. Our user numbers are number two and number one in the world respectively. The Chinese telecommunications industry offers a whole range of services. It meets the basic needs of the country at many levels.
到2001年9月份，国内长途光缆130万公里，全国电话用户总数3亿。全国电话普及率超过24%，其中移动电话普及率超过9.2%。中国电信体制改革也取得重大突破。从1998年以来，中国加快了电信体制改革步伐，打破独家垄断的格局。
By September 2001, there were 1.3 million km of long distance fiber optic cables, and 300 million telephone users. China has telephone penetration of over 24%, of which mobile phones make up over 9.2%. There has been a major breakthrough in the reform of the telecommunications system. After 1998, China accelerated the pace of its reform, breaking up the monopoly.
目前已有中国电信、中国移动、中国联通、中国网通等多家电信运营企业，形成了相互竞争的格局。我们还将按照加入WTO的双边和多边协议，允许国外电信企业逐步进入中国市场。这将使中国电信业的竞争能力趋于国际化。
There are now China Telecom, China Mobile, China Unicom, China Netcom, and many other operators. Competition among them has replaced the monopoly. We will implement our WTO bilateral and multi-lateral agreements, allowing foreign companies to enter the Chinese market gradually. The telecommunications market in China will begin to open up to international competition.
软件业成为国民经济新的增长点。中国在中文信息处理技术方面一直处于世界领先水平。最近，中国政府制定了旨在促进软件产业和集成电路产业发展的专项政策，创造了良好的外部环境。
The software industry has become a new growth area in our national economy. In the area of Chinese language processing, China leads the world. Recently, in order to help the software and the integrated circuit industries, the Chinese Government issued special policies, creating a favorable environment.
单元17 罗克维尔公司(美音)
Rockwell Automation is a leading industrial automation company focused to be the most valued global provider of power, control and information solutions. With a focus on automation solutions that help customers meet productivity objectives, the company brings together leading brands in industrial automation.
罗克维尔自动化公司是著名的工业自动化公司，致力于成为在动力、控制和信息解决方案方面最受珍视的全球供应商。我们的焦点是自动化解决方案，帮助顾客达到生产力目标。公司在工业自动化领域拥有领先的品牌。
We are also a leading provider of contact management technologies and applications, marketed under the Rockwell FirstPoint Contact brands that help companies more efficiently manage interaction with their own customers. Global technical and customer service is an integral part of Rockwell Automation, with nearly 5,600 distributors, system integrators and agents serving customers in 80 countries.
我们还是接触管理技术与应用方面的著名供应商。在“罗克维尔第一接触点”的品牌下推广，帮助顾客公司更有效率了管理和他们的顾客之间的互动。全球技术和顾客服务是罗克维尔自动化公司不可分割的组成部分。我们有近5600个分销商，系统整合专家和代理商，为80个国家的顾客服务。
We extend our capabilities through partnerships with a network of reliable local companies in distribution, software and product referencing. With leading brands and strategic partnerships, we deliver industry solutions around the world. Rockwell Automation is financially and strategically focused on helping manufacturers address the growing competitive pressures to reduce costs, conserve resources, improve productivity and reduce the time to market for material goods and services.
我们与许多可靠的当地分销公司、软件和产品检索公司结成伙伴关系，并以此扩展了我们自己的能力。由于有了领先的品牌和战略伙伴，我们在世界各地提供行业解决方案。罗克维尔自动化公司从财务和战略上都把焦点放在帮助制造商对付在降低成本、保有资源、提高生产力、缩短产品和服务的推出时间方面越来越大的竞争压力。
For example, the newly formed Global Manufacturing Solutions business will be a focal point of Rockwell Automation's core growth strategy. It will provide total cost of ownership solutions, such as asset and integration management and consulting services that will allow manufacturers to quickly respond to industry trends. The company has three major business units and 50% stake in the Rockwell Scientific Company.
比如，新成立的全球制造解决方案业务将成为罗克维尔自动化公司核心增长战略的一个焦点。它将为拥有者提供解决方案的总成本，例如资产与统合管理，以及咨询服务，这使制造商能够迅速地对行业走向作出反应。我们公司有三大业务部门，并且拥有罗克维尔科学公司50%的股份。
First, Rockwell Automation Control Systems. The business is organized into three operating units: Components and Packaged Applications, Automation Control and Information Group and Global Manufacturing Solutions. These businesses provide a comprehensive suite of automation solutions along a value-added continuum that ranges from power and components to control and information platforms to global manufacturing solutions.
第一，罗克维尔自动化控制系统。这方面业务分成三个运营单位：零部件和成套应用、自动控制和信息集团，还有全球制造解决方案。这些业务提供了一整套自动化解决方案，组成了增加价值的持续过程，从动力和零部件到控制和信息平台，直至全球制造解决方案。
Second, Rockwell Automation Power System. The business is organized into two groups including, Dodge mechanical power transmission products and Reliance Electric industrial motors and drives found in every industry and commercial application. Reliance Electric and Dodge products have been powering industrial plants since the early 1900s, controlling machine movement and speed in some of the most demanding manufacturing environments.
第二，罗克维尔自动动力系统。这方面业务分成两组，一个是道齐公司的机械传动产品，另一个是可靠电动公司的工业马达和各种行业以及商业用途的驱动器。可靠电动公司和道齐公司的产品自20世纪初期就开始为工厂提供动力，在一些要求最高的制造业环境中控制机械的移动和速度。
Third, Rockwell FirstPoint Contact. It is a global provider of complete customer contact solutions that support multiple channels, including voice, e-mail, web, wireless and VoIP, through a unique open interaction infrastructure. The first to develop technology to help automate customer call centers, Rockwell FirstPoint Contact has a 30 year global reputation for reliability, dependability, on-time, on-budget delivery and superior customer service.
第三，罗克维尔第一接触点。这是一个全套顾客接触解决方案的全球供应商，这些方案支持多种渠道，包括声音、电子邮件、网站、无线和VoIP。采用的是一种独特的开放式互动基础结构。第一个开发技术使顾客服务电话中心自动化的就是“罗克维尔第一接触点”。他们30年来，由于可靠、可仰赖、及时并且依照预算的送达，还有超凡的顾客服务而誉满全球。
In addition to its business divisions, Rockwell Automation shares ownership of Rockwell Scientific Company with avionics and communications industry leader Rockwell Collins Operating from facilities in Thousand Oaks and Palo Alto, California. Rockwell Scientific Company conducts research on projects ranging from disruptive technologies intended to catalyze new business opportunities to technology application and transition.
除了这些营业分部外，由罗克维尔自动化公司部分地拥有罗克维尔科学公司。另外的股东是航空动力学和电讯方面的著名公司罗克维尔•柯林斯公司，他们在加州的绍森欧克斯和帕罗阿尔托都有工厂。罗克维尔科学公司进行的研究从用于促进新业务机会产生的新低简技术，到技术应用和过渡都有。
单元18 中国信息行业2
中国信息化建设既快速发展，又循序渐进。从互联网发展情况看，目前中国境内上网计算机突破1000万台，互联网用户数近3000万户，获准经营互联网业务的单位有3600家，网上中文站点26万个。
Informatisation in China has achieved a good balance between speed and well-planned progression. In we look at the Internet, there are now over 10 million computers connected with nearly 30 million users. There are 3,600 licensed operators with over 260,000 Chinese websites.
按这种趋势推算，到2002年底，中国的上网用户人数将达6100万，仅次于美国。作为互联网的主要应用，电子商务在中国得到了较快的发展。调查显示，目前中国电子商务网站数量已达1100余家。2000年中国电子商务交易额达771.6亿人民币。
If this trend continues, by the end of the year, there will be 61 million users, second only to the US. As one principle application of the Internet, e-commerce has seen good growth in China. Studies show that there are now over 1,100 e-commerce websites. In 2000, e-commerce sales reached 77.16 billion yuan.
据预测，到2003年中国将成为亚太地区第三大在线市场，电子商务销售额将超过565亿美元。预计未来几年内，中国软件和信息服务业发展将保持30%以上的发展速度。为实现上述目标，我们面临着艰巨的任务。首先必须努力在带宽“瓶颈”上取得突破。
It is estimated that in 2003, China will become the third largest on-line market in the Asia-Pacific with sales of over 56 billion US dollars. It is expected that in the next few years, the software and information service industries in China will maintain their growth rate of over 30%. To achieve that target, we face serious challenges. First, we must break through the bottleneck of band width.
我们必须加快建设超大容量、技术先进、灵活高效、规模效益、具有较强国际竞争力的科研生产体系。我们要在应用上取得突破，实现统一协调与互动共享，以改造传统产业为重点，全面推进信息化建设。中国信息产业既是信息化建设的基础，同时也是信息化的重要组成部分。
We must accelerate the development of our R&D as well as our production capabilities with super capacity, advanced technology, flexibility as well as efficiency, and an economy of scale. We must achieve breakthroughs in application as well as integration, coordination and interactive sharing. Our priority has to be the transformation of traditional industries, driving forward informationsation on all fronts. The information industry in China forms the basis for informatisation. It is also part of the process.
按照我们的理解，所谓信息化就是指在农业、工业、科学技术和社会各个方面应用现代信息技术。经过十几年的实践，我们逐步形成了符合中国国情的完整信息化体系，不断推进领域信息化、区域信息化、企业信息化和社区信息化建设。
In our understanding, informatisation refers to the use of modern information technology in agriculture, industry, science and technology and in society. Over several decades, we have built up a comprehensive information system that meets China's needs. We are continuing to drive forward informatisation in all fields, regions, enterprises and communities.
目前，中国对信息化重要性的认识提高到了全新的高度。中国已把大力推进国民经济和社会信息化，作为国家重大战略决策和覆盖现代化建设全局的战略举措；并提出以信息化带动工业、以信息化促进现代化、发挥后发优势，实现社会生产力的跨越式的发展。
Our understanding of the importance of informatisation has reached a new level. China has made the informatisation its national strategy, encompassing the entire modernization programme. We declare that we want to drive industrialization and modernization with informatisation. We want to take the advantage of the fact that we are a new comer to make substantial improvements in our social productivity.
国家重点企业有70%以上已经接入互联网，50%以上建立了内部局域网。许多企业如联想、海尔、康佳等已经开始给企业管理信息系统升级。这些工作将有助于中国的企业进一步提升核心竞争力。
70% of the national priority enterprises have been connected to the Internet. Over 50% have set up an intranet connexion. Many companies such as Lenovo, Haier and Konka have started upgrading their management information systems. All this will help to improve the core competitiveness of China companies.
以上是我对中国信息产业现状、挑战和发展方向的简要介绍，希望有助于各位对我们的了解。接下来我很乐意回答大家的问题。
That was my introduction to China's information industry, its challenges and future direction. I hope it helps you to understand us. Now I'm happy to take your questions.
单元19 霍尔塞特公司 (英音)
Our reputation for engineering excellence has created a sound base for our future business. The Holset turbocharger is an intrinsic part of the modern diesel engine, delivering efficient combustion and high levels of power density reliably--mile after mile, hour after hour. We are clearly focused on the heavy-duty turbo-charger market, thereby committing our engineering resources to the specific product requirements of this key market sector.
我们在工程方面声誉卓著，为未来的业务打下了坚实的基础。霍尔塞特涡轮增压器是现代柴油发动机不可缺少的部分，它改善燃烧效益，提高功率密度，非常可靠，日复一日，年复一年，我们的焦点很清楚，就是重型涡轮增压器市场。为此，我们把工程资源投放在这个关键市场中的具体的产品要求之上。
With our continued investment in technology, people and facilities, the future of Holset has never looked so bright. We will continue to bring you integrated air handling solutions to the demanding requirements of tomorrow's medium and heavy duty diesel engines, and beyond .We pride ourselves on our industry-leading standards of customer care. Our worldwide aftersales activities are operated through a separate division known as Holset Service.
我们在技术，人员和设备上的不断投资，霍尔塞特的未来异常光明。我们将继续推出整套空气压缩解决方案，适应未来的大中型柴油屐机的严格需求。我们为自己行业领先的顾客服务标准感到自豪。我们遍布全球的售后服务活动通过一个名为“霍尔塞特服务”的特别分部负责。
Wherever you are in the world we will provide you with a comprehensive range of replacement turbochargers and spare parts. Our service and distribution centers in the UK, Holland, Brazil and the USA supply 170 distributors in 70 countries, and are supported by the latest integrated computer systems for planning and controlling inventory. The network's technical capability and impressively fast response ensures the maximum up-time to keep our turbos and your engines running and running.
无论在世界的哪个角落，我们都能提供整套的涡轮增压器替换件和零配件。我们在英国、荷兰、巴西和美国的服务和配送中心为70个国家的170个配送商提供货源。这个服务与配送中心运用最先进的整合计算机系统来计划和控制库存。这个计算机网络的技术能力和令人赞叹的快速反应，把故障时间减少到最低程度，使我们的涡轮增压器和你的发动机都能不停地运转。
Holset recognizes the link between a skilled, trained and motivated workforce and the company's overall performance. In all areas of our activity--new products, manufacturing systems, technology, customer service and even our local communities--it is Holset people who make the difference. In encouraging these attitudes, Holset people can expect 5% of their time with the company to be spent on training. We provide the best working conditions, buildings and facilities.
我们公司认识到，一支技能熟练、训练有素、士气高昂的员工队伍和公司的整体表现密切相关。在我们运作的各个方面，包括新产品、制造系统、技术，顾客服务，甚至是公司所在的社区，都是霍尔塞特的员工在起着决定作用。为了鼓励这些，公司的员工都知道，他们的工作时间中有5%将花在培训上。我们提供的是最佳的工作条件、办公楼和设施。
Our system of team-based working is designed to bring out the best in our people in whose minds and hands the next generation of turbocharger technology will ultimately take shape. Holset has a proven track record in delivering outstanding technology solutions and bringing innovation to the turbocharger place. Our turbocharger specialists pursue an in-depth understanding of the fundamental elements that combine to produce world class turbochargers.
我们的制度是按照团队工作，这样是为了充分发挥我们员工的能力。他们的脑中和手中掌握着涡轮增压器的未来。霍尔塞特在提供出色的技术解决方案，把创新用于涡轮增压器方面成绩卓著。我们的涡轮增压器专家们孜孜不倦地深入了解各项关键组成，以生产出世界水平的涡轮增压器。
This expertise coupled with our comprehensive design criteria and development resources combine to create definitive turbocharger solutions. Since 1973 Holset has been owned by Cummins Inc. of Indiana USA, the world's largest producer of heavy-duty diesel engines. Backed by the resources of Cummins Inc. Holset turbochargers can invest in technology, people and facilities to bring turbocharger technology to the market place.
这样的水平，再加上我们的全套设计标准和研发资源，使我们能够创造出具有定义性质的涡轮增压器解决方案。自从1973年以来，霍尔塞特一直为美国印第安纳州的康明斯公司所拥有，该公司是世界最大的重型柴油发动机制造商。由于有康明斯公司各种资源的支持，霍尔塞特公司可以在技术、人员和设备方面大量投资，把涡轮增压器技术推上市场。
To support the growing Chinese market, in February 1996 Wuxi Holset was established. This is a joint venture between HOlset Turbochargers and Wuxi Power Engineering Co. Ltd. Wuxi Holset enjoys a leading position in MR turbos in the Chinese turbocharger market and serve an extensive customer base including leading Chinese truck manufacturers. They also have a strong and growing presence in the aftermarket.
为了适应中国市场的不断增长，在1996年2月，我们成立了霍尔塞特无锡公司。这是霍尔塞特公司和无锡动力工程有限公司的一个合资企业。霍尔塞特无锡公司的MR涡轮增压器在中国市场占有领先地位，有很大的客户群，其中包括了中国主要的卡车制造商。无锡霍尔塞特还在售后服务市场占有坚实的地位，而且在不断扩展。
Holset Turbochargers aim to improve the quality of life in local communities through donations, supporting activities of our employees, business/community partnerships and practices that encourage and support our employees in contributing their time and resources to this end. Our world-wide sites achieve this through community action committees representative of the entire workforce.
我们致力于通过捐赠改善当地社区的生活质量，支持我们的雇员、商业伙伴或者是社区伙伴的活动，鼓励并支持我们的雇员把时间和资源花在这个目的上。我们在世界各地的办事处都是通过代表了全体员工队伍的社区行动委员会来达到这一目的的。
单元20 中国法制改革1
今天，能有机会来到这所历史悠久、享有盛誉的著名大学进行参观和演讲，我感到十分高兴。回首百年，我们两国的政治、经济、社会、法律等领域，都有了符合本国实际的十分巨大的发展和变化。改革开放20多年来，中国发生了沧桑巨变。
Today, I'm very pleased to have the opportunity to visit this historic and prestigious university, and to give a speech. Looking back over the past one hundred years, there have been tremendous developments and changes in the political, economic, social and legal spheres that were appropriate to the individual characteristics of our respective countries. After 20 years of reform, China has undergone a world of changes.
今天，我想重点向各位介绍一下中国法制建设和司法改革的情况。中国的法制建设是根据中国的国情进行的。20多年来，中国为了促进改革开放和现代化建设的顺利进行，在坚持经济体制改革的同时，也进行了政治体制改革，民主法制建设也不断得到加强。
Today, I'd like to focus on the development of our legal system and our judicial reform. The rule of law in China has been developed in accordance with the individual characteristics of China. For over 20 years, in order to safeguard and facilitate reform and modernization, we have carried out political reforms along with economic reforms. We have also been working on our democratic legal system.
人民代表大会制度是中国的根本政治制度。国家各级行政、审判、检察机关都由人民代表大会产生，并对其负责。这种政治体制适合中国的国情，是中国人民的正确选择。第九届全国人大第二次会议通过了宪法修正案，把依法治国，建设社会主义法制国家的基本方略写进了宪法。
The People's Congress is the comer stone of the political system in China. The state administrative, judicial and procuratory organs at all levels are appointed by the Congress and accountable to it. This system suits China. It is the correct choice made by the Chinese people. At the second plenary session of the Ninth People's Congress, we approved the revised constitution. The rule of law, to develop a socialist country ruled by the law, has been written into the constitution as our basic strategy.
这是中国法制建设进程中的一个里程碑，表明中国坚持法制的坚定立场和明确态度。20多年来，中国的立法工作取得了重要进展。全国人大及其常委会已制定了370多件法律和有关法律问题的决定；中央政府制定了800多件全国性行政法规；地方人大制定了7000多件地方性法规。
That was a milestone in the development of our legal system. It demonstrates China's commitment to the rule of law and its unequivocal attitude. It the past 20 years, we have achieved much in legislation. The National People's Congress and its Standing Committee have instigated 370 laws and decisions about the law. The central government formulated more than 800 national level administrative regulations. The local People's Congresses formulated over 7,000 bylaws and regulations.
为了建立社会主义市场经济体制，中国先后制定了公司法、担保法、票据法、证券法、合同法、个人独资企业法等法律。为了发展社会主义民主政治，维护公民合法权益，修改了刑事法、刑事诉讼法、村民委员会组织法。与此同时，制定了行政复议法等。
In order to develop the socialist market economy, China has instigated Corporation Law, Guarantee Law, Negotiable Instruments Law, Securities Law, Contract Law and Sole Proprietor Enterprise Law. In order to develop socialist democratic politics, and to protect the lawful interests of citizens, we have revised the Criminal Law, Criminal Prosecution Law and the Law of the Organization of Village Councils. At the same time, we have instigated Administrative Reconsideration Law.
最高人民法院制定了大量的诉讼程序方面的司法解释。这些制度的制定与实施，是中国司法改革进程的重要成果。总的来说，以宪法为基础的社会主义法律体系的框架已初步形成。按照依法治国的方略，中国有信心到2010年形成有中国特色的社会主义法律体系。
The Supreme People's Court has promulgated many judicial interpretations of procedural matters in prosecution. The formulation and implementation of the system is a major achievement in the reform of the judicial system in China. Generally speaking, we now have the initial framework of a socialist legal system based on our constitution. In accordance with the strategy of ruling the country by law, China is confident that it will have a socialist legal system with Chinese characteristics by 2010.
中国是个多法域国家。香港、澳门回归后，中国成功实行了“一国两制”。内地实行社会主义制度，而香港和澳门继续实行原有的社会制度、经济制度和生活方式。原有的法律制度也基本未变。这就出现了世界上其他国家没有的一种独特法律现象。
China is a country of several legal traditions. After the return of Hong Kong and Macao, China successfully implemented the policy of "One Country, Two Systems". The Inland China uses the socialist system. Hong Kong and Macao continue with their previous social and economic systems, maintaining their way of life. Furthermore, there has been very little change to their legal systems. This has created a unique entity unseen anywhere else in the world.
为了避免发生法律冲突，中国内地与香港、澳门制定了一套解决一国之内因法域不同而产生的法律冲突的规则。这些努力，促进了两地之间司法方面的联系与协助，促进了“一国两制”、“港人治港”、“澳人治澳”方针的施行。
To avoid clashes between legal systems, China has instigated, in conjunction with Hong King and Macao, a set of regulations aimed at resolving legal conflicts arising from different legal traditions. This has improved judicial communication and coordination across legal boundaries. It has also facilitated the implementation of the principles of "One Country, Two Systems", "Hong Kong Ruled by Hong Kong People" and "Macao Ruled by Macao People".
单元21 梅森律师事务所 (英音)
Welcome to Aylesbury Street. We are delighted to have the opportunity to talk to you this morning regarding some of the practical legal issues that we have come across on rail projects. We hope that this session can stimulate some useful discussions which we can continue over lunch, to which we have invited a number of our railway industry associates from differing businesses and organizations.
欢迎到访我们事务所。我们很高兴今天上午有机会跟你们谈谈一些实际的法律问题，也就是我们在铁路项目上遇到的法律问题。我们希望这个介绍可以带动讨论，讨论会在午饭期间继续进行。届时我们邀请了铁路行业不同公司和组织的几位同行共进午餐。
Masons and Rail. As a leading international construction and engineering law firm, Masons has a long and active involvement in providing advice to and working with members of the railway industry. Projects with which we have been associated include Hong Kong. We have provided advice to KCRC over many years, including advice on the development of the light rail scheme in the New Territories.
梅森和铁路。作为国际建筑和工程法律方面的著名律师行，梅森长期以来，积极向铁路行业的成员提供咨询并与他们合作。我们参与过包括香港在内的合作项目。我们多年来为KCRC提供咨询，包括新界轻轨项目的发展。
Channel Tunnel. We acted as advisor to the TML consortium regarding a wide range of issues arising from the construction of what is probably the greatest European civil engineering project of the last century. Malaysia. We have acted for the sponsors of the Kuala Lumpur light rails stem and associated infrastructure. Singapore. We worked with the contractor for the MRT system. Sough Africa. We are currently working with the government of the Gauteng/Johannesburg province in relation to the procurement of a new rail network using private-public partnership methods.
英法海底隧道：我们担任了TML财团的咨询顾问，就广泛的建设问题提供咨询，为这个很可能是上个世纪欧洲规模最大的建设工程项目作出了贡献。马来西亚：我们的客户是吉隆坡轻轨系统和相关基础设施的赞助者。新加坡：我们与MRT 系统的合同商合作。南非：我们正在帮助Gauteng、约翰内斯堡的省政府，策划购买一个新的铁路网络。通过采用公私伙伴关系的方式。
UK. We are perhaps the pre-eminent law firm in the light rail sector, having acted for the concession company on the Arrow Light Rail project in Nottingham in the Midlands, which is the first such scheme to reach financial close under the UK government's "private finance initiative", and we are currently active on the four other light rail schemes that have gone out to bidders.
英国：我们在轻轨铁路行业也许是最著名的律师事务所，在英格兰中部诺丁汉市的神箭轻轨铁路项目中为特许承建公司负责法律事务。这是同类中第一个在英国政府的私营资金行动计划中财政完结的项目。我们还在积极参与另外四个正在招标的轻轨项目。
Masons lawyers were involved in advising contractors on the major Jubilee Line Extension of London Underground, and we are currently advising on aspects of the LUL PPP scheme. Europe. Europe. Masons has worked on projects throughout Europe. We have acted for bankers in relation to the Barcelona metro, provided advice on private rail franchises in Scandinavia and are currently acting for the Irish governments' Railway Procurement Agency in the procurement of a metro system for Dublin.
梅森的律师们参与了伦敦地轶Jubilee延伸线合同商的咨询工作。我们还在伦敦地铁的公私伙伴项目中提供咨询。欧洲：梅森参与过的项目遍布欧洲。我们在巴塞罗那地铁项目中为银行服务，就斯堪的纳维亚的私营铁路承包提供咨询，我们还正在为爱尔兰政府的铁路购买署就都柏林的地铁系统的购买提供法律服务。
Rail opportunities: As I am sure you are aware, these are very exciting times for those of us who work on rail projects. For example, in United Kingdom, the government has announced that it proposes to invest ￡6 billion in the rail sector over the next 10 years. In many countries, much of the infrastructure that is being used dates back to the end of the nineteenth and early twentieth century and needs replacing.
铁路方面的机会：我敢肯定，各位都清楚，对于我们这些以铁路项目为本行的人来说，眼下是个令人兴奋的时期。比如，在英国，政府已经宣布提议在今后10年中在铁路行业投资60亿英镑。在很多国家，目前的基础设施中不少都是19世纪末、20世纪初建成的，需要更换。
There are many projects under way at present in the United Kingdom and further field to up-date out-dated technology in the field of signaling and control systems, track geometry, rolling stock and so on. In the wider context, the demand to reduce the harmful environmental effects of private vehicle use is leading to demands for a "modal shift" to public transportation, and we are seeing increasing numbers of schemes being drawn up for light rail systems, tramways, guided buses and metros.
现在在英国和其他国家就有很多项目正在实施，在信号和控制系统、铁轨几何、铁路车辆等方面更新换代。从更广泛的意义上说，在减少对环境有害的私家汽车的使用的呼声下，人们要求改乘公车。我们看到越来越多的轻轨、有轨电车、导向公车和地铁项目正在筹划之中。
Rail challenges: From both a technological and legal perspective, rail projects can produce bigger challenges than almost any other type of infrastructure projects. The next hour or so, my partner Jon Hart will be speaking about particular issues that they see as fundamental, including funding and financing aspects of rail projects as well as design, construction and some operational issues. There will also be time for questions.
铁路的挑战：从技术和法律角度看，铁路项目带来的挑战会超过任何其他形式的基础设施项目。在接下来一小时左右的时间里，我的合伙人Jon Hart将谈谈他们认为具有根本性质的几个特别问题，其中包括铁路项目的资金来源和融资，还有设计、建设和一些操作上的问题。然后还有时间提问题。
单元22 中国法制改革2
随着法制建设的不断加强，中国法院各项工作也在不断改进和加强。人民法院在国家的社会生活中日益发挥着重要的作用，重视履行宪法和法律赋予的职责，打击严重刑事犯罪，保证人民安居乐业，为国家经济建设创造良好的社会环境，依法惩处破坏市场经济秩序的犯罪。
As our legal system continues to develop, our courts are improving, too. The People's Courts are playing an increasingly important role in the social life of our country. We carry out duties bestowed on us by the Constitution and the law. We fight serious crimes. We protect the life and property of the people. We create the social conditions for economic development. We use the law to punish those who sabotage the order of the market economy.
人民法院维护市场经济秩序，坚决打击贪污贿赂犯罪，惩治腐败，依法审理民事、经济、行政案件；调节经济关系，化解社会矛盾，维护社会正义。人民法院对各种社会矛盾和纠纷的依法公正裁判，成为经济发展和社会生活中不可或缺的一个重要环节。
The People's Courts maintain order in the market economy, crack down on embezzlement and briber, punish corruption, handle civil, economic and administrative cases, balance economic relations, resolving social conflicts, and upholding social justice. The People's Courts pass fair judgments in social conflicts and disputes, and have become an indispensable part of our economic development and social life.
中国颁布实施《法官法》，是中国法制建设中的一件大事。《法官法》第一次确立了中国法官的地位和职责，明确了法官的权利和义务，规定了有关法官的各项管理原则和制度，为建立和完善中国的法官制度奠定了基础。
China has promulgated the Law on Judges. This is a major event in our legal development. The Law on Judges has established the status and duties of judges in China for the first time. It has clarified the rights and obligations of judges, and specified management principles and systems relating to judges. It has laid the foundation for future development of the judge system in China.
中国最高人民法院按照国家关于推进司法改革的要求，以宪法和诉讼法等法律为依据，加大了司法改革的步伐，理顺了法院的管理体制，实行了高级人民法院统一管理、统一协调的新体制，建立完善了人民陪审员制度，实行“阳光下的审判”。
The Supreme People's Court of China is meeting the State's request to drive forward judicial reform. In accordance with the Constitution and such statutes as Prosecution Law, we have increased our efforts to rationalize the management system of our courts. We have now implemented central management and coordination by the Senior People's Courts. We have established the system of People's Jurors. It is now all above board.
全国法官取消过去的制服，开庭身着红色前襟、配有装饰性黄色领口的黑色法袍，体现了人民法官职业的时代特点，反映出中国民主法制建设的进步。最高人民法院公布了司法救助的规定，标志着中国司法救助制度从雏形走向完善。
Judges across the country have abandoned the old uniform, and now wear black robes with red lapels and a neckline decorated with a yellow band in court. This keeps with the times. It symbolizes the progress of democratic legal development in China. The Supreme People's Court has issues regulations of legal aid, a sign that the legal aid system in China is moving from inception towards maturity.
这些司法改革的重大步骤，对中国民主法制进程具有积极的作用。经过努力，我们有信心建设一个更加公正、更加廉洁、更加高效、更加文明，具有中国特色的社会主义审判机制和组织体系。中国的历程充分证明：法制是现代社会发展的必由之路。
These are major steps forward in our judicial reform. It has brought momentum to the development of our democratic legal system. We are confident that we will have a socialist trial mechanism and an organizational system that is fairer, corruption free, more efficient and more civilized, with Chinese characteristics. China's experience has proven that the rule of law is the only way forward for a modern society.
不实行法制，国家无以富强，人民无以幸福。不实行法制，社会难以实现长治久安。中国已经明确提出把发展社会主义民主政治、依法治国、建设社会主义法制国家作为社会主义现代化建设的重要目标。为适应经济体制改革和现代化建设的要求，我们将继续推进政治体制改革。
Without the rule of law, a nation can't prosper and people won't be happy. Without the rule of law, there will not be long-term order and security. China has clearly stated its goal is to be the development of socialist democratic politics, a country ruled by law, and the development of a socialist country ruled by law. In order to meet the requirements of economic reform and modernization, we will continue to drive forward the reform of our political system.
我们要加强民主法制建设，推进司法改革，严格执法，公正司法。中国的法制建设和司法改革充满希望。我们两国之间法律界和司法界的友好交流已经有了良好的基础。中国法律界和司法界愿同贵国同仁一道加强交流与合作，为促进两国友好合作关系作出新的贡献。
We will strengthen our democratic legal system, carry forward the judicial reform, implement laws to the letter, and uphold judicial justice. There is great prospect in the development of our legal system and judicial reform. We have an excellent foundation for friendly exchanges between the legal and judicial professions of our two countries. The legal and judicial profession in China wishes to strengthen exchanges and cooperation with colleagues in your country, and to make new contributions to the friendly cooperation between our two countries.
单元23 万能工具公司 (美音)
Universal Instruments is a global electronics productivity specialist, providing innovative circuit, semiconductor, and back-end assembly technologies and equipment, integrated system solutions, and process expertise to manufacturers in every sector of the electronics industry. A subsidiary of Dover Corporation, which is listed in the New York Exchange, Universal Instruments is headquartered in Binghamton, New York.
我们万能工具公司是个全球电子生产力专业公司，提供富有创新的线路板、半导体、后方组装技术和设备、集成系统解决方案和流程技术。我们服务于电子行业的所有制造厂商。我们是在纽约上市的多佛总公司的子公司。万能工具公司总部在纽约的宾厄姆顿。
Universal Instruments is a multinational company with sales, service, product training, and parts distribution locations throughout the world. In addition, the corporation operates manufacturing facilities in both Binghamton, New York, and Shekou, China. Universal Instruments employs more than 1,100 people and operates in more than 30 countries. All Universal employees worldwide operate under a common mission: to be a global supplier of automated electronic assembly technology, equipment, and support through product innovation and enhancement of customer productivity.
我们是个跨国公司，拥有销售、服务、产品培训和零部件配送中心，遍布世界各地。除此之外，我们在纽约的宾厄姆顿和中国的蛇口都有制造工厂。万能工具公司有员工1100人，遍布全球30多个国家。所有员工都以一个宗旨行事，这就是要通过产品创新和增进顾客生产力来成为自动电子组装技术、设备和支持的全球供应商。
Universal Instrument traces its roots to the Universal Instruments and Metal Company, a safety pin manufacturer founded in 1919. Through time, the company discontinued safety pin production and made a transition to a machining and tool and die business. By controlling costs during the Great Depression, Universal continued to grow through World War II, when the company's tool and die talents were pressed to meet the needs of the state's small arms manufacturers.
我们万能工具公司起源于万能工具和金属公司，1919年成立时，我们只是个安全别针的生产商。随着时间的推移，公司停止生产安全别针，转而经营机械加工、工具和铸件业务。在大萧条时期，由于我们控制成本好，二战期间，公司继续增长。当时公司的工具和铸件人才非常紧张，忙于满足国家小型武器生产商的需求。
This work continued until the 1950s, when Universal entered the electronics assembly equipment manufacturing industry. Universal first built electronic circuit assembly equipment for through hole components in the 1960s. In the early 1990s Universal developed a modular platform concept and shipped its first platform-based surface mount technology machines in 1993.
这项工作持续到20世纪50年代，我们进入了电子组装设备制造行业。公司先是在60年代建立了通孔零部件的电子线路组装设备。90年代初，公司开发出组合平台概念，于1993年首次运交平台支持平面安装技术机器。
With an installed base of several thousand machines, Universal's GSM Platform is widely accepted an has evolved into an industry standard. Today, Universal Instruments is regarded as a leading manufacturer of electronic assembly equipment. Universal Instruments offers a robust and flexible line of products to meet virtually all your circuit assembly equipment needs. Combined with our direct service and support, Universal is well positioned to be your full line supplier.
我们已经安装了数千台机器，我们公司的GSM平台被广泛接受，并已经发展成为行业的标准。今天，万能工具公司被看作电子组装设备的领先制造商。万能工具公司提供既可靠又灵活的产品系列，以满足几乎所有线路组装设备的需要。有了我们的直接服务和支持，万能工具公司具有成为你们全线供应商的优越条件。
We use these products, in addition to our process expertise, to help you meet your challenges. Universal Instruments provides industry-leading support and services worldwide to help our customers achieve maximum efficiency and productivity. Indeed, Universal Instruments is considered to have developed and deployed the most comprehensive service infrastructure in the industry. We combine that infrastructure with a team of skilled, dedicated employees who are committed to providing the best service possible.
我们利用这些产品，再加上我们在流程方面的专长，帮助你们迎接你们的挑战。万能工具公司拥有行业领先的、全球范围的支持和服务，帮助我们的顾客取得最大效率和生产力。万能工具公司被认为已经开发出、并且部署了行业内最全面的服务基础设施。我们既有全面的基础设施，又有一支技能水平高、忠于职守的员工队伍，他们致力于提供最佳服务，竭尽所能。
At Universal Instruments, we expect service to become an increasingly significant competitive differentiator as the sophistication of manufacturing processes increases. Changes in customer demographics are placing increasing demands on our global customers as new and used machines find their way into environs with inexperienced or limited support infrastructure. With this in mind, you can be sure Universal Instruments takes its service commitment very seriously.
我们万能工具公司的成员认为，服务将越来越成为竞争上的区别因素，因为制造流程越来越精密。顾客组成的变化正不断地增加对我们全球顾客的要求，新的和二手机器进和使用领域，却没有经验，或只有有限的支持服务基础设施。鉴于此，大家可以放心，万能工具公司对服务上的承诺非常认真。
At our technology day road shows, being scheduled in locations throughout the world during 2003, you can look forward to meeting members of Universal's team who are eager to help you develop an assembly solution that not only meets, but surpasses your manufacturing goals. What is more, Universal experts can help solve process issues, service and training concerns, and ultimately, work with you as a partner to ensure your success. Our first show will take place on Wednesday, at the Rosen Plaza in Orlando, Florida.
我们的巡回技术展览预定于2003年在世界各地举行。届时，大家可以会见万能工具公司的成员，他们热心于帮助你们发展组装解决方案，不仅要满足，而且要超出你们的制造生产目标。不仅如此，万能工具公司的专家们还能够帮助解决流程问题，解决服务和培训上的问题，而且最终与你们一起确保你们的成功。我们的巡回展览的第一站是星期三，在佛罗里达的奥兰多的Rosen Plaza。
单元24 北京开发区介绍
北京经济技术开发区地理位置优越，背靠首都，面向渤海，东依京津塘高速公路，驱车30分钟可抵达首都国际机场，10分钟即可抵达市区，15分钟可达北京火车货运站，一个半小时可达天津新港。
The Beijing Economic and Technological Development Area is very well located. We have the Capital behind us, the Bo Sea in front, and the Jingjintang Motorway to the east. It takes only 30 minutes to drive to the Capital's International Airport. 10 minutes to the city, 15 minutes to the Beijing Railway Cargo Station, and one and half hours to the Tianjin New Port.
开发区成立于1994年8月，是经国务院批准的北京市唯一的国家级开发区，享有与北京市人民政府同等的项目审批权限。我们是一个具有与国际接轨的新型管理体制的经济区域。
The Area was established in August 1994. It is the only national level development area in Beijing approved by the State Council. We have the same authority to approve projects as the municipal government of Beijing. We have a management system of international standards.
在北京市人民政府及其开发区管理委员会的领导下，我们充分利用国家的各项优惠政策，取得了很大成就，已经有美国、日本、德国、英国、法国、意大利、加拿大、荷兰的跨国公司前来落户。
Under the leadership of the People's Government of the City of Beijing and the Management Committee of the Area, we have taken full advantage of the preferential policies and achieved impressive results. There are already multinational companies from the US, Japan, Germany, UK, France, Italy, Canada and Holland, settling down in our area.
北京开发区一期15平方公里内，规划合理，井井有条。东侧是高尔夫球场，西边是凉水河，北侧为一公里宽的城市规划绿地。区内东部是工业区，西部是生活区，中部为公共建筑区。
The first phase of the Beijing Development Area covers 15 square kilometers. It has been well planned. There is a golf course to the east, Liangshui River to the west, and a green belt, one kilometer wide to the north. Within the Area, there is an industrial zone in the east, a residential area in the west, and an area for public utilities in-between.
另外还有143平方公里的配套协作区，为开发区及投资商的进一步发展提供了广阔的空间。目前，北京开发区已经形成了以制药业、信息技术、光机电一体化、新材料等为主的产业格局。局面喜人。
In addition, there is a 143 square kilometers support area, providing ample space for future development. We now have a good mix of companies in pharmaceutical manufacturing, information technology, in opto-mechatronics as well as in new materials. We are very pleased with the way things are going.
区内共有企业963家，投资额达35.4亿美元。其中三资企业269家，世界500强企业33家。投资总额近27亿美元，注册资本23.6996亿美元。内资企业共694家，注册资本69.9082亿元人民币。
Currently, there are 963 companies in the Area with total investment of 3.54 billion US dollars. Among them, there are 269 of the three types, and 33 from the world's top 500, with a combined investment of nearly 2.7 billion dollars. Their registered capital was just under 2.37 billion dollars. There are 694 Chinese companies with a combined registered capital of just under 6.9 billion RMB.
北京开发区将在今后若干年内，继续采取有力措施，进一步改善投资环境，培育新的优势，使其成为北京地区吸纳高新技术产业、吸纳跨国公司投资、吸纳大型骨干工业企业的乐园。
In the next few years we will continue to take strong measures to improve the investment environment, to develop new competitive advantages, and to make our area a happy home for hi-tech and new-tech companies, multinationals, and large-scale backbone industrial enterprises.
北京开发坚持走“生态型开发”和可持续发展的道路。我们的多项环境指标都明显地比城区好。为了确保环境质量，我们提出“以绿引资，以资养绿”的发展目标。开发区内真可谓绿草成茵，鲜花盛开，空气清新，环境优雅。
We have been pursuing the policy of ecological and sustainable development. Many of our environmental indicators are better than in the city itself. To ensure the quality of the environment, we set our goal as "attracting investment by being green, staying green through investment". Within our area, we have green grass, blossoming flowers, clean air and a truly lvely environment.
单元25Enviros环保公司(英音)
Enviros was founded in 1995 and brought together a number of consultancies with a track record of performance in the environmental field, including Aspinwall, March and Quantisci. Enviros has over 350 people in ten offices in the UK, one office in the Irish Republic, two offices in mainland Europe and one office in Canada. Through partner organizations we extend globally, with active projects on every continent.
Enviros成立于1995年，组合了几家在环保领域业绩优良的咨询公司，其中包括Aspinwall、March和Quantisci。Enviros有350名员工，在英国有10个办事处，爱尔兰一个，欧洲大陆两个，加拿大一个。通过伙伴公司，我们的范围横跨全球，各大陆上都有正在进行的项目。
Enviros is managed on cross-office basis in line with our market facing divisions. Each division is headed by a director and, together with Dave Murphy, Jeff Iliffe and the four support service directors--Finance, HR, IT and Marketing, make up Enviros' senior management team. Each division is then divided up into groups and the teams reflecting our ideas of expertise. A team typically consists of 5 to 10 consultants.
Enviros实行跨办事处管理，按照面对市场的部门划分。每个部门都由一位董事领导，另外，Dave Murphy, Jeff Iliff和四位支持服务部门的董事，即财务、人事、信息技术和市场推广董事，组成了高层经理队伍。每个部门分成小组，小组分成团队，反映出我们的专长。团队的典型人数是5~10名咨询人员。
Enviros offers a comprehensive package of expertise in business strategy, economics, energy engineering and management, feasibility studies, design and project management, training and specialist software to enable clients to comply with laws and regulations. We help clients to meet climate-change-related requirements of legislation and key performance criteria as well as deliver significant cost savings.
我们提供内容广泛的专业服务，在商业战略、经济学、能源工程和管理、可行性研究、设计和项目管理、培训和专用软件各个方面，帮助客户达到法规的要求。我们帮助客户达到与气候变化相关的立法要求和关键表现标准，另外还为客户明显节省开支。
We work with clients and their financial intermediaries to assess the environmental assets and liabilities of a business. We cover all the main regional finance centers in the UK, and through our membership of the CAT Alliance, we can offer advice in more than 50 countries for cross border deals. We are an associate member of the British Venture Capital Association and, with the CAT Alliance, a member of the European Venture Capital Association.
我们与客户以及他们的金融中介公司合作，评估公司在环保方面的资产和负担。我们覆盖英国的所有的区域金融中心。作为CAT联盟成员，我们能够在50多个国家提供跨境交易的咨询。我们是英国风险投资协会的联系会员。作为CAT联盟的成员，我们又是欧洲风险投资协会的成员。
Sustainable waste management requires organizations to design products that use fewer materials; use processes that produce less waste; put waste to good use through re-use, recycling, composting and using waste as fuel; and to choose products made from recycled materials. In waste and resources management, Enviros provides strategic, technical and economic solutions throughout the UK, Ireland and the rest of Europe.
可持续废物管理要求各个公司和组织设计出使用材料比较少的产品，采用产生废物比较少的流程，通过再次使用、回收使用、堆化土料、变废料为燃料的方法，利用废物，并且选用回收使用的材料作为原材料。在废物和资源管理方面，Enviros提供战略、技术和经济解决方案，在英国、爱尔兰和欧洲各地服务。
We have an enviable record of the environmental management of land and water assets for major landholders. With an increasing need to regenerate "brown field" sites, a solutions-based approach to land and water resources has created an unrivalled reputation in the field of contaminated land, redevelopment and its associated disciplines. Decisions on environmental protection require knowledge of how potential hazards would be affected by changes in management practices.
我们拥有令人羡慕的业绩，在为大面积土地拥有者提供土地和水资产环保管理方面，成绩卓著。由于治理“棕色土地”的需要不断增加，以解决方案为主的土地和水资源管理为我们带来了无可比拟的声誉，在受污染土地、重新开发，以及相关领域都出类拔萃。考虑环保方面的决定时，需要知道潜在危害与改变管理做法之间的关系。
With respect to storage and disposal facilities for radio-active and other hazardous wastes, it is crucial to understand how contaminants move through the geosphere and how long-term performance of disposal facilities can be affected by geological and climatic changes over time. Alongside its UK offices, the group has an office in Barcelona which serves the main local and international waste management agencies as well as key industrial multinational companies.
至于放射性和其他有害废物的储存和处理设施，关键是了解污染物如何在陆界中移动，以及这些处理设施的性能会随着时间的推移，受到地质和气候的影响。除了英国办事处之外，我们在巴塞罗那有个办事处，服务于当地的和国际上的大型废物管理机构，以及主要跨国工业公司。
The team in Barcelona provide chemical and geochemical, hydrological and geological, environmental assessment and software application capabilities, and apply these to a range of radioactive and industrial waster management, soil and ground water pollution problems and environmental management related issues. A major project the Barcelona teams have contributed to is the Epicenter Project to improve environmental performance in organizations across the EU.
我们在巴塞罗那的队伍提供化学和地质化学、水文地质和地质及环境评估和软件应用能力。他们利用这些能力来解决一系列放射性和工业废物管理问题、土壤和地面水污染，以及与环保管理有关的问题。我们在巴塞罗那的人员作出贡献的一个主要项目是震中项目，为的是改善欧盟内许多组织在环保上的表现。
单元26 上海招商介绍
上海地处长江三角洲前缘，正当我国南北海岸线的中部，地理位置优越。这里平均海拔高度为4米左右，属热带季风气候，四季分明，日照充分，雨量充沛。中国第三大岛崇明岛就在上海。
Shanghai is on the tip of the Yangtze Delta, in the middle of China's coastline running down from the north to the south. It is very well located. Shanghai averages about 4 meters above sea level. It has a tropical monsoon climate, with four different seasons, plenty of sunshine and good rainfall. The third largest island in China, the Chongming Island, is within Shanghai's territory.
上海的面积从1949年的636.18平方公里增至现在的6340.5平方公里，人口从1949年的520万人，增至现在的1327.14万人。上海正向现代化国际大都市的目标迈进，肩负着面向世界、服务全国的重任。
Shanghai has grown from about 636.18 square kilometers in 1949 to about 6,340 square kilometers today. Its population has grown from 5.2 million in 1949 to about 13.27 million today. Shanghai is striving towards its goal of becoming a modern, international metropolitan city. It is China's window to the world and a powerhouse of the Chinese economy.
中国改革开放以来，上海国民经济保持经济快速增长势头。2001年全市GDP总值4950.80亿元，人均GDP突破4500美元，全年货物吞吐量2.21亿吨，出口总额276.28亿美元，财政收入1995.62亿元，社会固定资产投资1984.31亿元。国内生产总值连续10年保持10%以上的增长率。
After the reform and opening up, Shanghai's economy has maintained rapid growth. In 2001, its GDP was 495 billion yuan. Its per capita GDP broke through 4,500 US dollars barrier. It handled 221 million tons of cargo. It exported 276 million US dollars worth of goods and services. It brought in 199.56 billion yuan of tax revenue and invested 198.43 billion yuan in fixed assets. Its GDP growth has been at over 10% a year for 10 consecutive years.
上海的工业总产值占全国1/12，港口货物吞吐量占全国1/10，口岸进出口商品额占全国1/4，财政收入占全国1/8。上海为全国现代化建设作出了重大的贡献。
Shanghai is responsible for one twelfth of China's industrial output, one tenth of cargo handling, a quarter of imports and exports, and one eighth of the tax revenue. Shanghai has been making substantial contributions to the modernization of China.
上海作为一个国际化的大都市，交通十分发达。有通往世界59个城市国际的航线和14条海上国际航线，两个国际机场；有中国最大的港口，与世界上200多个国家和地区的1100多港口建立航运关系；有各种铁路线近百条。便利的交通，促进了上海与世界各国的交往。
Shanghai is an international city with excellent transport links. It has airline routes to 59 cities in the world, 14 international sea routes. There are 2 international airports and it has the biggest port in China, linking up with over 1,100 ports in over 200 countries and regions. There are nearly one hundred railway lines. Shanghai's excellent transport links have benefited its relationship with the rest of the world.
上海拥有全国领先的现代化教育体系。全市普通高等院校32所，成人高校37所，高等职业技术学院5所，中等职校267所。上海在“十五”期间将不断地完善终身教育体系，加快优秀人才培养和集聚，形成人才资源高地。
Shanghai leads China with its modern education system. There are 32 institutions of higher education, 37 adult colleges, 5 senior trade and technical colleges and 267 mid-range trade and technical schools. In the Tenth Five Year Plan, Shanghai will continue to improve its lifelong learning system, accelerate the training and gathering of talents, in order to build up a large pool of human resources.
上海是一个金融发达的城市。中国人民银行、中国银行、中国工商银行、中国建设银行、中国农业银行、交通银行等设立的分行，以及众多的证券交易网点遍布大街小巷。更值得一提的是，已有诸多的外国银行在上海设立了分行和办事机构。
Shanghai is a highly developed financial city. The People's Bank of China, the Bank of China, the Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, the Construction Bank of China, the Agricultural Bank of China and the Communication Bank of China all have branches in Shanghai. Together with the share dealing networks, they are everywhere. It is particularly worth mentioning here that many foreign banks have set up branches and offices in Shanghai.
上海有良好的投资环境和优惠的投资政策，涉及十多个领域的几十个行业。还有产品全部直接出口的特许待遇。为了鼓励外国投资，凡从事投资额大、回收期长的项目，比如能源、交通基础设施的建设和经营者，除一般外资待遇之外，还有特别优惠。
Shanghai has an excellent investment environment and excellent policies, covering dozens of sectors in more than ten industries. There are also concessions for products that are solely destined for export. In order to encourage foreign investment, if you invest in large projects that take a long time to recover investment, for example in the construction and operation of energy and transport infrastructures, you will be entitled to special concessions in addition to the benefits enjoyed by foreign investors.
单元27 富戴劳公司(英音)
In 1884 Joseph and Jules Fuerst established in London an international trading company. It traded as Fuerst Brothers until 1957 when it was acquired by Mrs. Eileen Day Lawson. Trading thereafter as Fuerst Day Lawson the company prospered and expanded into many of the fields covered by the present Group.
1884年，Joseph和Jules Fuerst在伦敦成立了一家国际贸易公司。以富尔斯特兄弟为名营业到1957年，然后被戴•劳森太太收购。收购后，以富尔斯特•戴•劳森为名，公司繁荣发展，扩展到现有集团经营的许多领域。
Organic growth was supplemented by the acquisition of other trading companies in related product areas including Union Merchants Overseas in 1968, Fox Roy Merchants and R. Verney in 1972 and J. C. Duffus in 1978. During the 1980's separate trading identities were created. An increasing involvement in fruit juices led to the formation of Fuerst Day Lawson Citrus and was followed by moves into generic pharmaceuticals, food additives and honey.
自我增长之外，我们还收购了其他相关产品领域的贸易公司，其中包括1968年收购联合海外商品公司，1972年收购Fox Roy商品公司和R. Verney公司，1978年收购J.C.Duffus公司。80年代，建立了不同的贸易品牌。果汁方面的业务越来越多，于是成立了富尔斯特•戴•劳森柑橘公司，接着进入普通医药、食品添加剂和蜂蜜行业。
In 1984 more open policies in China encouraged a substantial development of the Group's business with the world's most populous country and a representative office in Shanghai was opened. In 1987 and after 14 years in the business, Maurice Day Lawson became Group Chief Executive and the majority shareholder. In 1992 the Group acquired part of the activities of the London Export Corporation, adding a liaison office in Beijing to its existing office in Shanghai.
1984年，中国改革开放，促进了我们集团与这个世界上人口最多的国家的业务，我们在上海成立了代表处。1987年，在工作14年之后，莫里斯•戴•劳森成为首席执行官和多数股票股东。1992年，我们集团收购了伦敦出口总公司的部分业务，在北京增设了联络处。
By the end of 1996 annual sales exceeded 220 million US dollars. Following significant growth it was decided in 1997 to simplify the operational and trading structure of the Group into divisions under the Fuerst Day Lawson name. The Holding Company, Fuerst Day Lawson Holdings Ltd, provides strategic direction and other services to its subsidiary companies. Its principal subsidiary, Fuerst Day Lawson Ltd, comprises six specialist divisions.
1996年底，我们的营业额已经超过了2.2亿美元。在强力增长之后，我们在1997年决定简化集团的运营和贸易结构，在富尔斯特•戴•劳森的名下分部经营。控股公司为富尔斯特•戴•劳森持股有限公司，负责向子公司提供战略方向及其他服务。其主要子公司富尔斯特•戴•劳森有限公司由六个专业部门组成。
While each division has its own logistics department providing contract administration, it can also draw on Group services. These include the Group's leverage in the international freight market, giving competitive costs of carriage, and a tracking system which can identify the location of a single container and determine its shipment and arrival time to within 24 hours. The Group also provides centralized computer and communications services supported by a team of Information Technology experts.
每个部门都有自己的物流部，负责合同执行上的管理工作，但也可以获得集团服务的支持。其中包括集团在国际运输市场中的力量，可以提供有竞争力的运费；还有一个跟踪系统，可以确定某一个集装箱的地点、起运和到达时间，误差不超过24小时。我们集团还提供中央电脑和通讯服务，由一组信息技术专家负责。
The key to FDL's success is its people, skills, knowledge and experience. Over 50% of the account executives and directors have been with the Group for more than ten years. The successful selection, development and training of personnel is critical to FDL's ability to provide a high standard of service to its customers and to respond t otheir needs. The Group therefore provides bonus, profit share and incentive schemes to aid staff motivation, to strengthen personal commitment and to build teams which embrace with enthusiasm both personal and corporate objectives.
富戴劳成功的关键在于我们的员工、技能、知识和经验。多半数的客户经理和董事都已经在集团内工作了十多年。成功地选择、发展、培训人员对富戴劳很关键，使我们能够为顾客提供高水准的服务，对他们的需要做出反应。我们集团提供奖金、利润分成和奖励措施，提高员工的积极性，加强员工的忠诚度，建立热情拥抱个人和公司目标的团队。
As a market leader, FDL is able to attract quality staff. It actively seeks out those who are energetic, persistent, and sensitive to other nations' cultures and good communicator. The FDL account executive is enthusiastic, committed and ready to board an airplane at a moment's notice to manage the consequences of floods and droughts, local politics and customs, and the complexities of currencies and rising markets in order to deliver security to FDL customers 365 days a year.
作为市场龙头企业，富戴劳还能吸引高质量的员工。我们积极寻找那些干劲大、坚持不懈、对其他民族的文化敏感、善于沟通的员工。富戴劳的客户经理都积极热情，忠于职守，随时可以跳上飞机，几乎不需要提前通知，前往现场，处理洪水、干旱、地方政治和海关干扰、复杂的汇率、看涨的市场，以便为公司的顾客带来安全感。一年365天，天天如此。
Individual training programmes are regularly monitored and updated to ensure that staff widen their knowledge of trading, business and management practices. Staff als are encouraged to keep abreast of innovations in the markets in which they operate. Investment in the development of personnel at all levels is one of the processes which enables FDL to maintain a high quality service for its customers and to ensure its own continued success and growth.
个人培训计划得到定期监督、修订，以确保员工能扩大知识，更多地了解贸易、商业和管理上的做法。我们还鼓励员工随时掌握他们业务所在的市场中的革新。在个人发展的各个层次投资，这种过程使得富戴能够不断为顾客提供高质量服务，并确保自身不为获得成功，不断发展。
单元28 广东招商介绍
我很高兴今天有机会与各位朋友同聚一堂，共商经贸合作。我愿向各位朋友介绍广东的经济发展情况以及未来经济发展的战略和规划，希望有助于增进各位朋友对广东的了解。
I'm delighted to have the opportunity today to be here with you and to talk about economic and trade relationships I'd like to tell you about the economic development in Guangdong, and our strategy and plans for the future. I hope this will help you to understand Guangdong better.
广东是中国大陆最南端的省份，拥有17.8万平方公里的土地和7700多万人口，濒临南海，毗邻港澳，侨胞众多，人才汇集，对外交往便利，对外贸易历史悠久，全省形成了多层次、宽领域、全方位的对外开放格局。
Guangdong is at the southern end of China, covering an area of 178,000 square kilometers, with a population of over 77 million. We are next to the South China Sea, close to Hong Kong and Macao SARs, with a large population of overseas Chinese. We have an abundant supply of talents, excellent external communications and a long history in foreign trade. Our contact with the outside world is multi-leveled and multi-dimensional.
经过20多年的改革开放，广东已从原来一个经济比较落后的边陲省份，一跃成为大陆经济最发达的省份之一。全省GDP由1978年的185.85亿元增至2001年的10556.47亿元，增长57倍，地方财政增长15.1倍，社会消费增长39.6倍，城乡居民储蓄存款余额增长428.8倍。
After 20 years of reform and opening up, Guangdong has developed from a relatively backward border province, to one of the most developed economies in China. Our GPD grew from 18.5 billion yuan in 1978 to 1055 billion yuan in 2001, a 57-fold increase. Our tax revenue increased by over 15 folds, consumption 39.6 times, savings 428.8 times, savings 428.8 times.
2001年末，广东省城市基础设施投资400多亿元，城市供水能力237.23万立方米/日，新增城市道路868.94公里，新增桥梁135座，用气普及率93.93%，城市绿地覆盖率33.73%。广州市被国际公园协会评为“国际花园城市”。
By the end of 2..1, we had invested over 40 billion yuan in the urban infrastructure. Our water supply capacity was more than 2.37 million cubic meters per day. There were 868.94 kilometers of new roads in the city and 135 new bridges. Our gas utilization had reached 93.93%. Our green coverage was 33.73%. Guangzhou has been awarded the title of "International Garden City" by the International Garden Association.
广东基础设施有了长足的发展，公路、高速公路、民航旅客运输量、吞吐量均居全国首位。2001年交通运输建设投资271.24亿元，建成了一大批公路、航道、站场、港口、码头等设施。全省拥有一类口岸51个，二类口岸99个。
Guangdong has come a long way in its infrastructure development. It's number one in China in highways, motorways, passenger and cargo transport. In 2001, we invested 27 billion yuan in our transport system, developed many roads, routes, stations, ports and docks. We have 51 class-one ports and 99 class-two ports.
对外贸易。2001年全省进出口总额1764.95亿美元，传统出口市场稳步发展，开拓新兴市场初见成效，对美国、欧盟、日本市场出口稳步增长；对非洲、东盟、印度、俄罗斯出口的增长更快。
In terms of foreign trade, our total exports in 2001 stood at 176.495 billion US dollars. We have seen steady growth in our traditional export market, and initial results in our newly developed markets. Our exports to the US, EU and Japan have been increasing steadily. Our exports to Africa, ASEAN, India and Russia have been growing even faster.
广东省十分注重环境保护。2001年广东省建成投产项目“三同时”执行合格率97.8%，建设项目环境影响评价制度执行率99.8%，全省五县被列为国家级生态示范区建设试点县，城市环境综合整治定量考核范围扩大到52个建制市。
Guangdong takes environmental protection very seriously. In 2001, we invested in the project of "three concurrencies". The rate of implementation has been 97.8%. 99.8% of the development projects have done their environmental impact assessment as required. 5 counties of the province have been included in a pilot project to establish National Ecological Demonstration Areas. The quantitative assessment of the integrated improvement of urban environments has now been extended to cover 52 municipalities.
广东省已确定了跨世纪改革和发展的宏图，主要是实施外向带动战略、科教兴粤和可持续发展战略。战略主要体现在科技先行，教育为本。我们需要吸引大量技术和人才到广东，实行科技和生产紧密结合，使高新技术产业成为广东经济发展的第一增长点。
Guangdong has decided on its blueprint for reform and development in the new century. The core components are the strategy of an externally driven economy, science and education led, and sustainable development. The strategy will be embodied mainly in the priority given to science and technology, and to education. We need to attract a large number of technical and other types of talents to Guangdong, to integrate technology and production, to make hi-tech and new-tech industry the priority area of growth in our economy development.
单元29 惠普公司(美音）
It all began in the garage and a pie shop. In 1939, Stanford University classmates Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard founded HP. The company's first product, built in a Palo Alto garage, was an audio oscillator--an electronic test instrument used y sound engineers. One of HP's first customers was Walt Disney Studios, which purchased eight oscillators to develop and test an innovative sound system for the movie, "Fantasia". Compaq Computer Corporation was formed after a 1982 meeting in a Houston, Texas, pie shop.
一切都从一个车库和一个馅饼店开始。1939年，斯坦福大家的同学休利特和帕卡德创立了惠普。公司的第一个产品是在帕洛阿尔托的车库里生产的，是个声摆，是音响技术员用的电子测试工具。惠普的早期顾客之一是迪斯尼制片厂。他们购买了8个声摆，用来开发、测试一种创新的音响系统，用于一部叫《狂想曲》的电影。康柏电脑总公司始创于1982年德州休斯顿的一家馅饼店中的一次会晤之后。
Together, employees in the new HP share a passion for customer, an intense focus on teamwork, speed and agility, and a commitment to trust and respect for all individuals. Today, HP is a leading global provider of products, technologies, solutions and services to consumers and business. The company's offerings span IT infrastructure, personal computing and access devices, global services, and imaging and printing.
同心协力，新惠普的员工都对顾客非常热情，都高度重视团队的协作、速度和灵活性，都坚定地信任并尊重每一个人。今天，惠普是全球著名的产品、技术、解决方案和服务的供应商，既服务于消费者，也服务于公司。我们的业务范围横跨信息技术基础设施、个人电脑及连接装置、全球服务、图像处理和打印。
Our $4 billion annual research and development investment fuels the invention of products, solutions and new technologies so we can better serve customers and enter new markets. We invent, engineer and deliver technology solutions that drive business value, create social value and improve the lives of our customers. Since our first year in business in 1939, HP has given back to the communities in which we do business, in the form of philanthropic donations of technology, money and time.
我们每年花费40亿美元用于研究与开发。这种投资刺激了产品、解决方案和新技术的出现，使我们更好地服务顾客，进入新市场。我们能够发明、制作、送交技术解决方案，驱动商业价值，创造社会价值，改善我们顾客的生活。自1939年创业以来，惠普已经向我们业务所在的社区，以技术、现金和投入时间的慈善捐赠方式，做了回报。
While the scale and reach of our business has changed during the past 60 years, our commitment hasn't. The challenge is to continue to shape the impact of corporations as a constructive force, using our heritage and our actions as tools for doing so. Today, we're employing new models of engagement and new business and technology solutions to enable more people to participate in the world economy, via information technology.
虽然我们业务的规模和范围在过去60年中发生了改变，我们的承诺不变。我们的挑战仍然是把公司的影响，变成富有建设性的力量，利用我们的传统和行动作为工具来实现。今天，我们采用了新的参与模式，以及新的商业和技术解决方案，使更多的人能够通过信息以及技术参与世界经济。
HP has four core business groups. Enterprise Systems Group. ESG focuses on providing the key technology components of enterprise IT infrastructure to enhance business agility, including enterprise storage, servers, management software and a variety of solutions. Imaging and Printing Group. HP is the leading provider of printing and imaging solutions for both business and consumers.
惠普有四大核心业务集团。企业系统集团。他们的焦点是提供企业信息基础设施所需的关键技术组成部分，以此提高企业的灵活程度，其中包括企业存储、服务器、管理软件，以及各种解决方案。图像和打印集团。惠普是著名的打印和图像解决方案的供应商，既服务于商界，也服务于消费者。
IPG includes printer hardware, all-in-ones, digital imaging devices such as cameras and scanners, and associated supplies and accessories. It also is expanding into the commercial printing market. HP Services. HP Services is a premier global IT services team. It offers guidance, know-how and a comprehensive portfolio of services to help customers realize measurable business value from their IT investment.
图像和打印集团包括打印机硬件，全套组件，如照相机和扫描仪这样的数码图像设备，以及相关的供应件和配件。该集团还扩展到商业打印市场。惠普服务集团。惠普服务集团是个高级全球信息服务团队，提供指导、技术知识和整套组合服务，帮助消费者通过自己的信息投资实现可以衡量的商业价值。
Personal System Group. PSG focuses on providing simple, reliable and affordable personal-computing solutions and devices for home and business use, including desktop and notebook PCs, workstations, thin clients, smart handhelds and personal devices. In addition to the four business groups, HP Labs provides a central research function for the company. HP Labs is focused on inventing new technologies that change markets and create business opportunities.
个人系统集团。该集团的焦点是提供简单、可靠、价钱适宜的个人电脑解决方案，个人和公司使用的装置，其中包括台式电脑、笔记本电脑、工作站、瘦型客户机、智能手持装置以及个人用装置。除了这四大集团之外，惠普实验室为公司提供一个中心研究功能。惠普实验室的焦点是发明能够改变市场、创造商业机会的新技术。
The May 2002 merger of Hewlett-Packard and Compaq Computer Corporation forged a dynamic, powerful team of 140,000 employees with capabilities in 160 countries and doing business in 43 currencies and 15 languages. Revenues for the combined companies were $72 billion for the fiscal year that ended October 31, 2002. Chairman and CEO Carly Fiorina leads HP, which has corporate headquarters in Palo Alto, California.
2003年5月，惠普与康柏电脑总公司合并，组成了一个充满动力的强大的公司，14万员工在160个国家运作，以43种货币和15种语言经营业务。合并后的营业额在2002年10月31日结束的财政年度里，达到720亿美元。董事长兼首席执行官菲奥里纳是惠普的领导人。我们的总部在加州的帕洛阿尔托。
单元30 福建招商介绍
首先向大家介绍一下我们福建的概况。然后谈谈福建今后发展的主要内容。福建是中国加快发展的重点地区之一。福建地处中国东南沿海，毗邻浙江、江西、广东，与台湾隔海相望，是中国大陆距离东南亚最近的省份之一。
Firstly, I'd like to give you a general introduction to Fujian. Then, I'll talk about the main activities of our future plans. Fujian is one of the priority development areas of China. It is along the southeast coast of China, bordering Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Guangdong. It faces Taiwan across the sea. It is one of the closest provinces to Southeast Asia.
福建省是中国与世界交往的重要窗口和基地。境内温暖湿润，年平均温度17到21摄氏度。平均降雨量1400到2000毫米。全省土地面积12.14万平方公里。较大港湾22处，可建万吨深水港口。
Fujian is an important gateway between China and the rest of the world. Fujian has a mild and humid climate. Temperatures average 17-21 degrees centigrade. The average rainfall is 1,400--2,000mm. Fujian covers an area of 120,140 square kilometers. It has 22 deep ports where ten-thousand-ton docks can be built.
到2000年为止，全省常住人口达到3470万人。福建又是著名侨乡和台胞祖籍地，旅居海外的华人、华侨达800多万人。台湾同胞中80%祖籍福建。福建省海域辽阔，海岸线长达3300多公里，有大小岛屿1400多个。
In the year 2000, Fujian's population stood at 34.7 million. Fujian is well-known as the home for overseas Chinese. It is also the ancestor land for people in Taiwan. More than 8 million overseas Chinese as well as 80% of the people in Taiwan can trace their roots back to Fujian. Fujian has a long coastline of more than 3,300 kilometers with over 1,400 islands both large and small.
福建海域是东海和南海的过渡海区，属亚热带。水产资源相当丰富。全省可作业的海洋渔场面积12.5万平方公里。适宜海产品养殖的面积达2700平方公里。鱼类达500多种，是我国主要产鱼区。
The East China Sea and the South China Sea converge off the coast of Fujian, a subtropical zone with rich fishing resources. 125,000 square kilometers of sea are suitable for fishing. 2,700 square kilometers of sea are suitable for seafood farming. There are over 500 species of fish. Fujian is one of the main fishing areas in China.
福建地下水资源也很丰富，已发现的温泉有100多处，大多为40至60度的中温热水。福建是中国四大林区之一，林地面积达600多万公顷，木材蓄积量近4亿立方米，产量居全国第三。森林覆盖率达52.4%，居全国首位。
Fujian has very rich underground water resources. There are over 100 hot springs. Most hold warm water at between 40-60 degrees centigrade. Fujian has one of the four largest forests in China, with over 6 million hectares of forest and nearly 400 million cubic meters of timber reserve. Its timber output is number 3 in China. Its forest coverage is 52.4%, number one in China.
1978至1998年，福建的国民经济和社会发展发生了历史性的变化。经济实力显著增强，国民生产总值居全国的位次从1978年的第23位上升到目前的第11位。福建的人均国内生产总值已经从全国的第22位上升到第6位。
Between 1978 and 1998, there was fundamental change in Fujian's economy and social development. Its economic strength improved substantially. GDP rose from number 23 in 1978 to number 11 now. Per capita GDP rose from number 22 to number 6.
城乡居民收入显著提高，生活水平明显改善。福建的对外开放向高层次、宽领域、纵深化推进。全省已初步形成了经济特区、沿海开放城市、经济技术开发区、台商投资区、保税区、高科技园区等多层次、多方位的对外开放格局。
The people in both urban and rural areas have seen their incomes increase and their standards of living improve. Fujian is opening up deeper and wider to the outside world. It has special economic zones, open cities along the coast, economic and technological development zones, investment zones for Taiwanese business, tax exemption zones and hi-tech parks. This is truly multi-level and multi-dimensional development.
我们培育和发展了适应市场经济、符合国际惯例的商品和要素市场。为充分发挥福建在对外开放，特别是吸收外商投资等方面的窗口和纽带作用，国家把中国唯一的、以招商引资为主的投资促进活动定在福建省厦门市举行。
We have developed a market economy in line with international practices. To enable Fujian to benefit fully, and to attract foreign investment, the Chinese government holds China's only inward investment and trade fair in Xiamen, Fujian Province.
单元31 国际发展援助(英音)
DFID's overarching objective is the elimination of global poverty. Despite remarkable progress over the last twenty years, there are still large numbers of poor people in China--approximately 200 million--who live in abject poverty, on a daily consumption level of less than 1 dollar per day.
国际发展部的最主要目标就是在全球范围内消除贫困。尽管在过去20年里取得了长足的进步，但是中国仍然存在着大量的贫困人口。大约有两亿人生活赤贫，每天消费水平不到1美元。
Relatively recently, China has undergone fundamental changes from a centrally planned economy to one which embraces market forces; and from a largely rural based society to an increasingly urban one. Although rapid economic development has dramatically reduced the numbers of poor people, inequality has increased, especially between the more affluent coastal eastern regions and the poorer inland western regions.
近年来，中国经历了根本的变革，由中央计划经济转向利用市场的力量。原来基本上以乡村为基础的社会逐渐都市化。高速的经济发展虽然大大减少了贫困人口的数量，但是不平等现象也有增加。东部沿海较富裕地区与西部较贫困的内陆地区的差距尤其突出。
The commitment of the Government of China and their strong track record in poverty reduction makes DFID confident that it can work effectively with the Government and key partners to further reduce poverty; and to make progress towards a set of internationally agreed development goals.
中国政府的承诺及其在扶贫方面的显著业绩使国际发展部相信，我们能够与中国政府以及主要伙伴有效地合作，进一步消除贫困，向国际协定的一组发展目标前进。
DFID's Country Strategy Paper for China and further details of our project portfolio are available via the Internet. Our Country Strategy Paper explains how DFID aims to contribute to progress towards the Millennium Develo9pment Goals in China, and provides a basis to measure progress. We are hoping to complete an updated version of the Country Strategy Paper by mid-2002.
国际发展部制订的中国国家战略文件，以及我们的项目组成的详细内容可以从因特网上获得。国家战略文件介绍了国际发展部将如何为中国千年目标的进展作出贡献，并提供衡量进展的基础。我们希望于2002年中完成中国国家战略文件的最新版本。
The China Programme is about to enter a period of expansion. Depending on the availability of resources it is hoped the programme will expand from ￡25 2001/2 to around ￡60 in 2004/5. The principal activities of the programme are outlined below.
中国项目即将进入一个扩展时期。如果资金允许，我们希望把中国项目从2001/2年的2500万英镑增加到2004/5年的6000万英镑。主要活动介绍如下。
Human Development. DFID work in this area focuses primarily on the fields of education and health: In education, the current programme supports improvement in basic education and skills for development. In Gansu Province, our programme focuses on increasing access to education for poor boys and girls and minorities; and on improving the quality and effectiveness of teaching in poor counties.
人类发展：国际发展部在这方面的重点是教育和卫生。在教育方面，目前我们的项目是支持改善基础教育，提高发展技能。在甘肃，我们项目的焦点是，增加贫困儿童和少数民族人口受教育的机会，提高贫困县的教学质量和效果。
We are developing a partnership with the World Bank and Chinese Government which supports similar objectives for basic education in more provinces. The final details for this co-financed project, through which DFID grant funds will be blended with World Bank loan funds, have yet to be confirmed, but the DFID contribution is expected to be between ￡35m-￡55m.
我们正在发展与世界银行及中国政府的伙伴关系，在更多省份内支持类似的项目。这个联合资助项目的细节，也就是把国际发展部的拨款与世界银行的贷款混合使用的细节尚未确定。但是国际发展部的贡献预期有3500到5500万英镑。
We are entering into a partnership with the All-China Women's Federation (DFID contribution: ￡2m) which focuses o improving the skills and promoting the rights of women and girls. DFID is also developing teacher training projects in the poorer western provinces. This is a Distance Learning Project and is worth ￡4m.
我们正在与全中国妇女联合会合作，共同致力于改善妇女和女孩的技能，增进她们的权益。国际发展部的贡献是200万英镑。国际发展部还在比较贫困的西部省份发展教师培训项目。这是一个远程学习项目，价值400万英镑。
单元32 辽宁招商介绍
辽宁省位于中国东北部的南端，西南以山海关为界与河北省接壤，西北与内蒙古自治区毗邻，东北与吉林省为邻，东南与朝鲜隔江相望，全省总面积14.75万平方公里，人口4238万人。属季风气候区，日照丰富，气候温和。
Liaoning is in the southern part of Northeast China. We have Hebei Province in the southwest via the Shanhai Pass, Inner Mongolia in the northwest, Jilin Province in the northeast and North Korea in the southeast, across a river. Liaoning covers an area of 147,500 square kilometers, with a population of 42.38 million. It is in the monsoon zone with plenty of sunshine and a mild climate.
辽宁省具有丰富的农业、矿产、旅游、海洋资源。中部平原盛产粮食，西南盛产水果，已发现各类矿藏100多种。辽宁省是中国清王朝的发祥地，有著名的沈阳故宫和清初三陵。海岸线2920公里，近海水域面积5万平方公里。
Liaoning has rich agricultural, mineral, tourist and marine resources. We produce large quantities of crops in the central region, and large quantities of fruits in the southwest. Over 100 types of mineral ores have been discovered. Liaoning Province was the birthplace of the Qing Dynasty. We have the Shenyang "Forbidden City" and the Three Tombs from the early Qing Dynasty. Liaoning has a coastline of 2,920 kilometers with 50,000 square kilometers of exploitable sea close to land.
辽宁是中国重工业基地。2001年全省GDP总值5033.1亿人民币，人均年收入11876元。工业有百年的历史，总产值3556.97亿元。农业布局4个农业区，2001年农林牧渔总产值1045.6亿元。乡镇企业异军突起，2001年总产值1671.6亿元。
Liaoning is a heavy industrial centre in China. In 2001, our GDP was 503.31 billion RMB, averaging 11,876 yuan per person. We have a hundred years of industrial history. Total output is 355.697 billion yuan. Agriculture is spread out in 4 regions. In 2001, the total value of output from agriculture, forestry, husbandry and fishing was 104.56 billion yuan. Township enterprises are a new powerhouse, contributing 167.16 billion yuan to the economy in 2001.
辽宁属于科技强省，科研机构门类齐全，科技基本配套，有较强的攻关和开发能力。有各类科研和开发机构962个，国家重点实验室10个，国家工程技术研究中心16个，各类专业技术人员150余万人，全省高新技术产值1281亿元。
Liaoning is strong in scientific research. We have a whole range of science and research institutions, with a fairly balanced portfolio of capabilities. We are fairly strong in project research and in development. There are 962 research and development organizations working in a variety of fields, 10 national priority laboratories, 16 national engineering research centers, and more than 1.5 million specialists and technicians. The hi-tech and new-tech industries in Liaoning generate output to the value of 128.1 billion yuan.
辽宁交通运输十分发达。有铁路干线6条，支线29条；高速公路通车里程2000多公里。市市通高速，乡乡通油路；有10个港口，泊位150个，港口货物吞吐量1.1亿吨；有6个机场，其中两个为国际机场，国内航线114条，国际航线13条。
Liaoning has excellent transport systems. There are 6 trunk railway lines and 29 branch lines. We have over 2,000 kilometers of motorway. Every city is linked by a motorway. Every village is linked by a tarmac road. We have 10 ports with 150 berths, capable of handling 110 million tons of cargo. We have 6 airports, of which 2 are international airports serving 114 domestic routes and 13 international routes.
辽宁的对外交往层次高、渠道广、领域宽、效果佳。2000年以来，先后接待过俄罗斯、德国、朝鲜、印度、阿联酋、澳大利亚、日本、欧盟、意大利等国家的领导人，同22个国家和地区结成友好城市78对。
Liaoning's international relations are led by senior officials, using many different means. It is wide ranging and has generated good results. Since 2000, we have received heads of state or government from Russia, Germany, North Korea, India, the UAE, Australia, Japan, the EU and Italy. Liaoning is twinned with 78 cities in 22 countries and regions.
近年来，辽宁省对外经济合作以及外贸出口保持了增长的势头。辽宁有三资企业22000多家，投资国家和地区50多个，调入外资250多亿美元，外商投资额500万美元以上的大项目有310个。
In recent years, Liaoning has maintained steady growth in its foreign economic relationship and export. It has over 22,000 inward investment ventures from over 50 countries and regions, with a total investment of 25 billion US dollars. It has 310 projects with an investment of 5 million US dollars.
辽宁的教育、文化、体育事业兴旺发达。全省有各类学校38738所，在校生978.47万人。国家级重点学科9个，国家级重点实验室8个。辽宁的体育长盛、辉煌；获世界冠军50个，亚洲冠军104个，经常参加体育活动的人数达2000多万人。
Liaoning's education, culture and sports are all blossoming. There are 38,738 schools, colleges, and universities with 9.78 million students. There are 9 national priority subject areas, 8 national priority laboratories. Sports are crowned with glory. Liaoning has 50 world champions and 104 Asian champions. More than 20 million people regularly participate in physical exercise.
单元33 国际发展援助2 (英音)
HIV/AIDS is a major concern in China. DFID is helping to prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS by strengthening capacity in HIV/AIDS planning and policy development at national and provincial levels. The HIV/AIDS Prevention and Care Project will spend ￡15.3m over 5 years and aims to develop replicable models of prevention, treatment and care. The two focus provinces are Yunnan and Sichuan.
艾滋病在中国引起很大的关注。国际发展部正在协助预防艾滋病的传播。做法是加强制订艾滋病计划和政策发展方面的能力，在国家和省一级部门进行。“艾滋病预防与治疗项目”将于5年内出资1530万英镑，发展可以推广的预防、治疗和护理方面的模式。两个试点省是云南和四川。
DFID has designed, with Chinese counterparts and the World Bank, a major programme in TB prevention and control, recognizing that TB is primarily a disease of the poor. This blended finance project is worth US $104m over 7 years. DFID's contribution is approximately ￡28m. The environment. Protection of the environment is directly relevant to the livelihoods and well being of poor people. It has clear implications for sustainable development and wider global concerns.
国际发展部与中方对应部门以及世界银行一起设计了肺结核预防与控制方面的一个大型项目。我们认识到，最常得肺结核的是贫困人口。这个混合资金项目价值1.04亿美元，分7年进行。国际发展部的贡献大约2800万英镑。环境。环境保护与贫困人口的生计和生活状况直接相关，而且影响到可持续发展，以及更大范围内的国际关注。
DFID supports environmental management in a number of ways. The Yunnan Environmental Development Programme in Yunnan Province assists the provincial government to prepare and implement pro-poor, environmentally sustainable development plans. The Water Sector Development Programme aims to assist the introduction of sustainable water resource management, and rural water and sanitization. Here, DFID's contribution is ￡6.9m over 3 years.
国际发展部从几个方面支持环境管理。云南省的云南环境发展计划协助省政府准备并实施侧重穷人的及环境上可持续的发展计划。水领域发展计划旨在协助推出可持续水资源管理以及农村用水与卫生。国际发展部的贡献是3年内690万英镑。
The Water Equity Project is worth ￡5m over 4 years. It is working towards reforming the management of small-scale rural water facilities. The reform process is participatory, socially equitable and environmentally sustainable in order to maximize the benefits to poor farmers, particularly women. In another collaboration with the World Bank, DFID is working to improve the farming conditions, with focus on poverty reduction, spending up to ￡5m over 4 years.
我们的水资源平等项目4年内出资500万英镑。目的是要改革小型农村水设施的管理。改革进程具有参与性，社会平等性和环境上的可持续性，以便最大限度地增加带给贫困农民，尤其是妇女的好处。在另一个与世界银行的协作项目中，国际发展部正在努力改善耕作条件。项目以扶贫为焦点，并将于4年内开支500万英镑。
This project is due to start in August 2002. DFID is providing technical support to the Chinese government in their review of the national Water Law. And DFID supports the Environmental Economics Working Group of the China Council for International Co-operation on Environment and Development. The aim here is to help China to integrate environmental considerations into development policies and planning.
项目将于2002年8月启动。国际发展部正在向中国政府提供技术支持，协助对国家《水法》的修改。国际发展部支持中国环境与发展国际合作理事会的环境经济学工作小组，目的在于帮助中国把环境上的考虑容纳到政策和计划制订中。
DFID is also working with the World Bank and Global Environmental Facility to improve energy efficiency in China. This initiative will help to decrease the growth of greenhouse gas emissions and associated global impacts, and contribute towards sustainable development. Social and economic reform. Support to State Owned Enterprise reform is a central theme. A three-year SOE reform project addresses two main issues: enterprise restructuring and enterprise development.
国际发展部还正在与世界银行和全球环境资金合作，改善中国的能源效率。这将有助于减少温室气体排放的增加及其相关的涉及全球的影响，为可持续发展作出贡献。社会和经济改革。支持国有企业改革是个中心内容。我们有一个历时3年的国有企业改革项目，处理两个问题：企业结构调整和企业发展。
The project is located in Sichuan and Liaoning provinces. DFID contribution is ￡19m. The enterprise restructuring element will develop models fro the survival of enterprises which would otherwise be liquidated, thereby saving jobs and reducing social dislocation in the long term. The enterprise development element is designed to help absorb labor laid ff by the process of SOE reform through providing support to small enterprises. In recent years there have recorded much faster growth than the SOE sector.
项目设在四川省和辽宁省。国际发展部的贡献是1900万英镑。企业结构调整部分要发展出生存模式，帮助那些本来要破产的企业，以此挽救就业机会，从长远减少社会分裂。企业发展部分是为了协助吸收国有企业改革过程中产生的下岗劳动力，是通过支持小企业的方式进行的。近年来，小企业增长很快，超过了国有企业。
As additional support to pro-poor private sector development, DFID works with the International Finance Corporation in implementing a private sector development project in Sichuan Province. The International Finance Corporation--China Project Development Facility will see DFID spend ￡2.1m over 3 years. A pilot project focusing on the provision of unemployment insurance is expected to reduce urban poverty in six counties through the establishment of social security safety nets.
作为对有益于穷人的私营领域发展的额外支持，国际发展部与国际金融总公司合作，在四川省实施一个私营领域的发展项目。国际金融总公司属下的中国项目发展资金中，国际发展部将于3年内出资210万英镑。我们的一个以提供失业保险为焦点的试验项目，预计将在6个县减少城市贫困。方法是建立社会保障安全网。
单元34 江西招商介绍
江西省位于中国东南部，东临福建，南靠广东，西依湖南，北与浙江、安徽、湖北接壤。全省总面积16.69万平方公里，人口4139.8万人。全省气候温暖，雨量充沛，生存环境良好，森林覆盖率达59.7%，居全国前列。
Jiangxi is in the southeast of China with Fujian to the east, Guangdong to the south, Hunan to the west and Zhejiang, Anhui and Hubei to the north. Jiangxi covers an area of 166,900 square kilometers with a population of 41.398 million. We have a mild climate, plenty of rainfall, and an excellent eco-environment. 59.7% of our land is covered by forests. We are among the best regions in China.
江西省自然资源十分丰富。全省有种子植物4000余种，脊椎动物600多种，矿产资源140多种，温泉百余处。开采地下水年平均值68亿立方米，可开发的水力资源有610.89万千瓦，年发电量215.6亿度。全省境内有大小河流2400余条。
Jiangxi has rich natural resources. There are over 4,000 species of seed plants, over 600 species of vertebrates, more than 140 mineral ores and over 100 hot springs. Underground water exploitation averages 6.8 billion cubic meters a year. We potentially have 6.1 million kilowatts of hydroelectric power to be exploited. We generate 21.561 billion kilowatt-hour of electricity. There are over 2,400 rivers in Jiangxi.
国民经济保持较快增长。2001年全省GDP总产值2176亿元。农业以粮食、油料、蔬菜、生猪、蜜橘、淡水鱼为主，在全国占重要位置。工业形成了汽车、机械、电子、化工、冶金、建材、食品、纺织、医药等多门类的工业体系，一些工业企业产品接近或达到国内先进水平。
Our economy has maintained good growth. In 2001, our GDP was 217.6 billion yuan. In agriculture, we have crops, edible oil, vegetables, pigs, oranges and fresh water fish. We are an important agricultural province in China. We have automobile, mechanical, electronic, chemical, metallurgical and construction material industries as well as food processing, textile and pharmaceutical capabilities. Some of our industrial products are either close to, or already among the best in China.
江西省持续加大对水利、能源、交通、通信等基础设施的投入，建成了一大批骨干工程，基础设施大为改善。1996年通车的京九铁路，穿越江西26个县、市、区，在江西境内长达700余公里。江西已经建成多条高速公路，有4个民用航空港。
Jiangxi continues to boost its investment in hydroelectric power, energy, transport and telecommunications infrastructure. We have completed a large number of "backbone projects", substantially improving our infrastructure. The Jingjiu Railway that was opened in 1996 runs through 26 counties, cities and regions in Jiangxi. It extends more than 700 kilometers throughout our province. Jiangxi has several motorways as well as 4 civil aviation airports.
大力实施“科教兴赣”战略，教育投资逐年增加。全省共有普通高校32年，在校生196455人，普通中等专业学校在校生151036人，职业高中在校生10307人。文化事业健康发展，全省有艺术表演团体78个，文化馆113个，公共图书馆104个，博物馆81个，电视台12座。
We are driving forward our strategy of "Developing Jiangxi with Science and Education" and increasing our investment in education year by year. There are now 32 institutions of higher education with 196,455 undergraduates, 151,036 junior vocational school students, and over 10,307 senior vocational school students. Our cultural sector is developing healthily. We have 78 performing arts groups, 113 cultural centers, 104 public libraries, 81 museums, and 12 television channels.
经贸方面。全省消费品市场稳中趋旺，全年实现社会消费品零售总额763.3亿元。对外贸易全年进出口总额15.3119亿美元。全省有三资企业2284家，外资企业169家，实际利用外资5.4046亿美元。
In terms of economy and trade, the consumption market remains steady and good. Retail is worth a total of 76.33 billion yuan a year. The total value of imports and exports stands at 1.53 billion US dollars. There are 2,284 companies of the "three types" and 169 foreign investment companies. The total investment utilized stands at 540 million US dollars.
环境保护意识增强，环保事业发展加快。全省建成了69个烟尘控制区，面积达419.2平方公里；建成51个环境噪声达标区，面积237.3平方公里；批准国家级生存示范区13个，自然保护区57个，其中国家级自然保护区3个。
We are much more aware of environmental protection and are doing more in this area. We have made considerable progress. There are now 69 smoke and dust control areas covering 419 square kilometers. There are 51 areas where noise has been reduced to the required level, benefiting a total area of 237 square kilometers. We have 13 nationally approved ecological demonstration areas, 57 nature reserves, of which 3 are national level ones.
人民生活和社会保障。全省人口总量低速增长，城镇居民收入水平继续提高，年均收入5506元，农村居民年均收入2231.60元。就业和再就业形势基本稳定，社会福利事业成效显著。我们欢迎各位到江西来投资、建厂、发展事业。
People's welfare and social security. Our population has been growing very slowly. The income of residents in urban areas continues to rise, averaging 5,506 yuan a year. The income of the rural population averages 2.231 yuan a year. We have largely stable employment and reemployment. We have made considerable progress in our social welfare development. We welcome you to Jiangxi to invest, to set up factories and to develop your business.
单元35 Interpublic集团 (美音)
Interpublic is more than a company; it's a concept--a group of commonly owned but autonomous advertising and communications services enterprises. They include such industry leaders as McCann Erickson World group, FCB Group, a new global marketing resource called The Partnership, and the Advanced Marketing Services Group. Interpublic is a truly global company in a fast-moving global economy, prepared to serve its multi-national clients as well as regional and local businesses in markets everywhere.
Interpublic不仅是一个公司，而且是一个概念——一组既不属于同一集团，又是自治的广告和沟通服务企业。其中包括行业领先的McCann Erickson环球集团。FCB集团，一个以“伙伴关系”命名的全球市场推广新资源，和高级市场推广服务集团。Interpublic是个名副其实的全球公司，在快速发展的全球经济中，随时准备在任何市场为跨国客户和区域以及当地企业服务。
Interpublic values its nearly 60,000 employees, who work for Interpublic agencies in approximately 130 countries. They are responsible for anticipating and satisfying client needs--and, hence, for Interpublic's success. Interpublic's stock trades on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol IPG. The beginning of the Interpublic Group of Companies dates to the turn of the twentieth century, with the birth of the Alfred W. Erickso Agency in 1902 and the H.K. McCann Company in 1911.
Interpublic珍惜自己的将近6万名员工。他们在分布于约130个国家的各个分公司工作。他们的职责是提前想到并满足客户的需要，以此为Interpublic取得成功。
In 1930, the two agencies merged to form McCann-Erickson, the genesis of an advertising powerhouse that would later encompass a myriad of agencies and reach around the globe. Interpublic joined the New York Stock Exchange in 1971. In the decades since, we have carefully added building block after building block to our organization, offering clients the strength and consolidated resources of a major holding company and the personal attention and individual creativity of the agencies and communications specialists that comprise its family.
1930年，两家公司合并，成立McCann-Erickson，形成了广告业的一支生力军，并将包纳各种各样的代理行，遍布全球。Interpublic于1971年在纽约上市。此后几十年中，我们小心地添砖加瓦，发展我们的公司。我们为客户送去大型控股公司的力量和稳固的资源，同时也不乏组成这个控股公司的代理行和沟通专家们所特有的悉心关照和独特创意。
Center for Marketing Intelligence. Today's Center for Marketing Intelligence (CMI) is a unique research entity that provides the Interpublic Group companies with fast, accurate and complete information about the U.S. market. CMI's research covers a broad spectrum of product and service categories and advertising and marketing subjects. CMI has extensive resources to develop its vital research.
市场推广情报中心。今日的中心是个独特的研究部门，为我们集团的各家公司提供快速、准确和完整的有关美国市场的信息。市场推广情报中心的研究涵盖产品和服务类别，以及广告和市场推广的广泛内容。市场推广情报中心资源雄厚，开展具有关键意义的研究。
CMI's 20-person staff responds to individual company requests for analysis of markets and trends to assist in gaining new business and servicing existing clients. CMI briefings to clients of Interpublic Group companies encompass category trends, brand shares and trends analysis, brand positions and advertising, new products and outlooks. CMI will also take on special assignments for Interpublic Group companies, including workshops and seminars on special topics.
情报中心的20名员工随时准备响应集团公司的要求，分析市场和走向，帮助公司获得新业务，并且为现有客户服务。中心为我们集团公司的客户担当的任务范围很广，从类别走向、品牌市场占有份额和趋势分析、品牌定位，到广告、新产品和前景。中心还为Interpublic集团公司承担特别任务，其中包括就一些特殊议题举办研讨会和座谈会。
Strategic Ventures Group. The Interpublic Group of Companies is committed to a consistent mission: helping clients build brands and businesses and strengthening relationships with customers via its range of advertising, marketing and communications services. The Strategic Ventures Group is committed to connecting strategic resources to our clients. We've established close relationships with many of the innovative leaders within our companies who champion new ideas.
战略风险集团。Interpublic集团公司致力于不变的宗旨。这就是通过全套广告、市场推广和沟通服务，帮助客户发展品牌和业务，加强与顾客的关系。战略风险集团致力于向客户提供战略资源。我们已经和集团内部许多富有创意的领先公司建立了紧密的关系，他们是创意的先锋。
We also have enhanced our due diligence process to ensure our partners are meaningfully aligned and connected with our companies and clients. To optimize our process, we monitor and respond to our companies' ability to deliver robust marketing and communications services. No matter how the services and technologies evolve, Interpublic remains dedicated to staying ahead of the curve--providing superior capabilities, tools and solutions required by clients around the globe.
我们还加强了应尽职责过程，以确保我们的合作伙伴与我们的成员公司和客户接轨。为了优化流程，我们监测各公司提供强力市场推广和沟通服务的能力，并就他们的能力做出反应。无论服务项目和技术如何演变，Interpublic总是致力于走在最前面，在全球范围内提供客户所需的超等能力、工具和解决方案。
Year after year, no other organizations serve as many marketers, selling so many diverse products and services in so many parts of the world, as do the agencies and companies of the Interpublic Group. Interpublic is growing in new ways, too, adding an array of specialized resources to help our agencies and their clients meet increasingly complex communications challenges. In just over 30 years, the Interpublic Group has watched its gross income and profits rise over 1,100 percent.
没有哪个公司能像我们Interpublic集团成员公司那样在世界这么多地方，为如此众多的市场推广人员服务，销售如此多种多样的产品和服务。Interpublic正在以新的方式发展，增添了一系列专业资源，帮助我们的代理行和他们的客户迎接越来越复杂的沟通方面的挑战。在仅仅30年多一点的时间里，Interpublic集团的毛收入和利润都增加了1100%。
单元36 云南招商介绍
非常高兴能和大家一起交流。首先向大家介绍我们云南省的概况，然后谈谈云南今后发展的主要内容。云南省们于中国的西南部，是中国西部大开发的省份之一。全省面积39.4万平方公里，北依亚欧大陆，南连越南、老挝、缅甸。
I'm very pleased to be here with you. First, let me give you an introduction to Yunnan Province. I'll then talk about the main areas for future development. Yunnan is in the southwest of China and is one of the provinces designated for development by the policy for the development of the West. It covers an area of 390,000 square kilometers with the Euro-Asian continent to the north, Vietnam, Laos, and Burma to the south.
云南国境线长达4061公里，拥有口岸20个，对外通道90多条，已日渐成为中国陆路联系南亚、东南亚的重要通道。云南省是中国多民族的省份，全省人口4280万、有26个民族。云南是远古文明的发源地之一，具有多姿多彩的人文资源。
Yunnan has borders of over 4,000 kilometers. There are 20 ports and over 90 channels linking us with the outside world. Yunnan is becoming an important land route linking China with South Asia and Southeast Asia. Yunnan is home to many nationalities. The population of just under 43 million includes 26 nationalities. Yunnan was the cradle of ancient civilizations. We have a very colorful cultural heritage.
云南省是中国资源最富集的省份之一，有植物一万多种，昆虫一万多种，脊椎动物1700多种，矿产储量大，矿种全。水源总量2222亿立方米，水能发电量9000多万千瓦。素有“植物王国”、“动物王国”、“生物基因库”美称。
Yunnan has some of the richest resources in China, with more than 10,000 species of plants and the same again for insects. We have more than 1,700 species of vertebrates and large quantities of a whole range of mineral deposits. We have water reserves of 222.2 billion cubic meters, with a hydroelectric power capacity of over 90 million kilowatts. We are known as the Kingdom of Plants, Kingdom of Animals, and Gene Bank.
中国实行改革开放23年来，云南省国内生产总值年均增长率超过9%，磷肥、磷矿产量居全国第一位，蔗糖和橡胶居第二位，茶叶居第三位，，有色金属问题居第二位。
After 23 years of reform and opening up our market, our GDP has been growing at more than 9% a year. Our output of phosphoric fertilizers and phosphorus ore is number one in China. Our sugar cane and rubber are number two. Our tea, number three, and our non-ferrous metals number two.
丰富的自然资源和独具特色的人文资源，云南旅游业方兴未艾，并步入云南支柱产业的行列。2001年全省接待海外游客110多万人次，国内游客4570万人次，旅游收入达210多亿元人民币。
With rich natural resources and a unique heritage, tourism in Yunnan is prospering. It has become one of the pillar industries in Yunnan. In 2001, there were more than 1.1 million person-visits from abroad and 45.7 million person-visits from within China. The income from tourism was over 21 billion yuan.
云南省已同世界上110多个国家和地区建立了贸易关系和友好往来。拥有进出口经营权的公司和科研单位660多家。15种商品的出口额均在1000万美元以上。出口商品主要有锡、铝、铅、锌、钢材、茶叶等。进出口额达19.9亿美元。
Yunnan has established trading and friendly relationships with over 110 countries and regions around the world. There are over 660 companies and research organizations with import and export licenses. 15 products each brought in more than 10 million US dollars from exports. The main export earners are tin, aluminum, lead, zinc, steal, and tea. Our total exports amounted to 1.99 billion US dollars.
1959年云南省即与贵国建立了友好往来与经贸合作关系，仅1996年至2001年，贸易额达2.33亿美元，贵国在云南投资项目19个，投资总额9590万美元。贵国女王伊丽莎白二世陛下于1986年访华期间，成功访问了云南省。贵国贸工部国务部长史蒂芬•拜尔斯阁下和驻华大使高德年爵士于1999年亲率代表团参加了“99昆明世博会”。
Yunnan established friendly and trading relationship with your country in as early as 1959. Between 1996 and 2001, bilateral trade amounted to 233 million US dollars. The UK has 19 investment projects in Yunnan with a total investment of 95.9 million US dollars. When Her Majesty the Queen Elisabeth the Second visited China in 1986, she successfully visited Yunnan. Your Secretary of State for Trade and Industry, His Excellency Stephen Byers, and your Ambassador to China, Sir Anthony Galsworthy led a delegation to the Kunming Expo in 1999.
在中国与东盟构建自由贸易区的过程中，云南省将成为中国与东盟推进投资贸易自由化的先行地区之一，加入中国西部大开发战略正全面实施。云南省相继启动了许多重大建设项目，投资需求增长很快，这将在若干领域为国外朋友提供新的商机。
In the process of developing a free trade zone between China and the ASEAN, Yunnan will be among the first to introduce free investment and trade. We are fully implementing the strategy to develop the West. Yunnan has launched many major projects. The need for more investment is increasing fast. This will create new opportunities in several areas for our friends at home and abroad.
本帖最后由 般若白莲 于 13-1-24 03:44 编辑
北外高翻笔记
The barbed, opinionated female columnist, rushing to judgment on everything and everybody, was a uniquely American contribution to the craft of journalism, untill it crossed the Atlantic in the late 1960s.
说话尖酸刻薄又固执己见，能迅速对任何事情和任何事物做出自己的评论的女性专栏作家，一直都是美国人为新闻事业做的贡献的独特贡献。直到20世纪60年代后期，这一职业才从美国传到了大西洋彼岸。
She thrived in the celebrity culture that emerged in the late 20th century because it gave her a large and rapicly changing cast of heroes and villains to write about.
她的事业繁荣于20世纪末的名人文化时期,因为这种文化给了她大量快速更新的英雄和恶棍来供他评论.
She railed against hypocrisy, pretentiousness and self-regard, while lauding modesty, fidelity, decency, and achievement.
她不喜欢虚伪,矫饰和自大,而崇尚谦逊，忠诚，正派和成就。
我国改革开放25年来的成就
China's 25-Year Achievement Of The Economic Reform Program And The Opening Up To The Outside World
中国虽然取得了很大的发展成就，但中国人口多，底子薄，生产力不发达，发展很不平衡，生态环境、自然资源与经济社会发展的矛盾比较突出。虽然中国人均国内生产总值已经突破１０００美元，但仍排在世界一百位以后。中国要实现现代化，使全体人民都过上富裕生活，还需要进行长期不懈的艰苦奋斗。
Though China has scored impressive achievements in its development, we must not lose sight of our problems: overpopulation, a weak economic foundation, underdeveloped productivity, highly uneven development, and the fairly sharp contradictions between the country's ecological environment and natural resources on the one hand and its economic and social development on the other.
China's per capita GDP, though reaching the record high of 1,000 US dollars last year, still ranks well behind the 100th place in the world. To realize China's modernization program and offer all the Chinese people a prosperous life there is yet an uphill battle to fight.
我们已经明确了本世纪头２０年的奋斗目标，这就是全面建设惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会，到２０２０年实现国内生产总值比２０００年翻两番，达到４万亿美元，人均国内生产总值达到３０００美元，使经济更加发展、民主更加健全、科教更加进步、文化更加繁荣、社会更加和谐、人民生活更加殷实。
We have already set our vision for the first 20 years of this century, which involves the building of a moderately prosperous society of a higher standard in an all-round way for the benefit of well over one billion Chinese people. By 2020 the GDP will be quadrupled from the figure of 2000 to 4 trillion US dollars, with the per capita level averaging at 3,000 US dollars. By then the nation will be immersed in an ambience of greater social harmony with an improved quality of life for the people, featuring a more developed economy, more sound democracy, more thriving culture and more advanced science and education.
中国虽然取得了很大的发展成就，但中国人口多，底子薄，生产力不发达，发展很不平衡，生态环境、自然资源与经济社会发展的矛盾比较突出。虽然中国人均国内生产总值已经突破１０００美元，但仍排在世界一百位以后。中国要实现现代化，使全体人民都过上富裕生活，还需要进行长期不懈的艰苦奋斗。
Though China has scored impressive achievements in its development, we must not lose sight of our problems: overpopulation, a weak economic foundation, underdeveloped productivity, highly uneven development, and the fairly sharp contradictions between the country's ecological environment and natural resources on the one hand and its economic and social development on the other.
China's per capita GDP, though reaching the record high of 1,000 US dollars last year, still ranks well behind the 100th place in the world. To realize China's modernization program and offer all the Chinese people a prosperous life there is yet an uphill battle to fight.
我们已经明确了本世纪头２０年的奋斗目标，这就是全面建设惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会，到２０２０年实现国内生产总值比２０００年翻两番，达到４万亿美元，人均国内生产总值达到３０００美元，使经济更加发展、民主更加健全、科教更加进步、文化更加繁荣、社会更加和谐、人民生活更加殷实。
We have already set our vision for the first 20 years of this century, which involves the building of a moderately prosperous society of a higher standard in an all-round way for the benefit of well over one billion Chinese people. By 2020 the GDP will be quadrupled from the figure of 2000 to 4 trillion US dollars, with the per capita level averaging at 3,000 US dollars. By then the nation will be immersed in an ambience of greater social harmony with an improved quality of life for the people, featuring a more developed economy, more sound democracy, more thriving culture and more advanced science and education.
日记3
I've got more sentences from a passage entitled Aragat, Father and Leader of Palestinian Nationalism
1. Yasir Arafat, who died this morning in Paris, was the wily and enigmatic father of Palestinian nationalism. He was 75
2. Mr Afafat assumed many poses, but the image that endures was that of the Arab fighter , the guerrilla in olive-green military fatigues and his tradewark checkered head scarf.
1.wily: Full of wiles; cunning, sly 老谋深算的,诡计多端的
2.enigmatic: Of or resembling an enigma; puzzling 谜一般的
1.老谋深算，如谜一般的巴勒斯坦民族主义之父西尔.阿拉法特今晨在巴黎病逝，享年75岁。
2阿拉法特一生中有过很多的形象，但永不磨灭的那个是作为阿拉伯战士的形象，一个穿着橄榄绿军装和戴着他那标志性的方格头巾的游击队员的形象。
同声传译是各种翻译活动中最难作的一种翻译。
在国际会议那种紧张环境里，译员要能不间断地边听边译，是很不容易的。
要学好这样的技能，需要具备一定的条件，如：扎实的英、汉语言基础，英语的听说能力要强，英汉两种语言的语音、语调要好，要思维敏捷，反应快，对国际问题兴趣，知识面要广。
所以录取时以考生的复试成绩为主。
考生可根据自身情况及专业对考生的要求，有针对性地进行准备。
关于考试，英汉互译笔译试卷是由本院命题的。不考理论，只考实践，目的是考察学生实际翻译能力。
基础英语试卷与英语学院其他专业相同。
Among all categories of translation, simultaneous interpretation is the hardest.
Amid the tense atmosphere of international conference, it is difficult to listen to the speaker and interpret his words simultaneously.
To acquire such skills, one is required to have the following qualifications: solid foundation of both Chinese and English, proficient English listening and speaking, good pronunciation and intonation of both languages, quick-wittedness, quick response, a genuine interest in international affairs, and encyclopedic knowledge.
So Students will be admitted mainly based on their performance in the second round of the test.
Examinees can prepare for the exam on their own according to the requirement.
The test of Translation from English to Chinese and from Chinese to English is given by GSTI. The test aims at testing examinees' translation ability. Translation theories will not be tested.
The English proficiency test is given by the English Department. Candidates for GSTI and the English Department will take the same proficiency test.
1. As in Asia and Africa, China is rapidly expanding its economic and diplomatic presence in Latin America.
正像在亚洲和非洲一样，中国正迅速扩大其在拉丁美洲的经济和外交影响。
2. China is, of course, not popular everywhere in the region. Hundreds of thousands of jobs have been lost in the sectors such as textiles and electronics in Mexico and elsewhere in Central America due to Chinese competition in manufacturing exports. But this is increasingly being offset, especially in the South, by the booming commodity trade.
当然，中国在拉美也不是处处受欢迎的。由于中国在制造业出口方面的竞争，墨西哥和中美其他地区的纺织，电子等行业就已经失去了几十万的工作机会。
3. China is expected to eclipse Argentina as Brazil's second-largest export destination by next year.
明年中国有望赶超阿根廷成为巴西的第二大出口目的国
4. "You can't arrive to do business in Beijing and trot out English--- that won't do."
“你到北京做生意不能老是只说英语，那根本行不通。”
5. "When your culture has 5,000 years under your belt, you've got the patience to move slowly."
“要是你们国家也已经有了5000年的文化，你也会有这种耐性。”（上面说了中国乐于缓慢推进贸易关系，以便不和美国激烈争抢生意所以这里不必译出 to move slowly.”
Still water runs deep. 大智若愚。
四．Background knowledge of interpretation
Advice to Students Wishing to Become Conference Interpreters
We live in an age of international communication. International contacts are on the increase, and as a result more people than ever, from different backgrounds and cultures and who speak different languages, find themselves coming together to discuss issues of all kinds - economic, political, legal, cultural, technical. If they are to communicate effectively these people must feel able to express themselves in complete confidence that they will be understood by others.
This is where conference interpreters have an invaluable role to play, facilitating communication between people who speak a different language and serving as a bridge between different cultures. But what exactly is conference interpretation? How is it practiced? How does one become an interpreter? These are some of the questions which this publication sets out to answer.
五．经典例句欣赏（每次10句）
1. She is the last person to trust with a secret.
怎么也不能把秘密告诉她。
2. I want to talk to you about your late husband.
我想跟你谈谈你前任（或已过世）丈夫的情况。
3. The late mayor is still working actively in politics.
前任市长仍然活跃于政坛。
4. You are killing me.
你把我逗死了。
5. The story about him became smaller and faded from the public eye by and by.
关于他的传闻逐渐从公众的视野中消失了。
6. We should seek settlement in the context of that incident.
我们应该根据这一事件的前因后果寻求解决办法。
7. It has been said that the individual American is generous, but that the American nation is hard.
据说作为个人美国人非常慷慨，而作为一个民族则十分刻薄。
8. IBM has a quite handsome increase of productivity this year.
IBM今年生产力有了很大增长。
9. The expansion of educational opportunities promoted the American ideal of equal opportunity for all.
由于教育不断普及，推动了机遇面前人人平等的美国理想的实现。
10. The diverse population presents great challenges to the society; racism and discrimination remain problems.
多民族的人口结构也给社会带来一定的问题，种族歧视和偏见依然存在。
A flow of words is no proof of wisdom. 口若悬河，不能证明真有才智。
四， background knowledge
1. What is conference interpretation?
To interpret a speech is not to translate it word for word. To interpret a speech from its source language is to transfer its semantic, connotative and aesthetic content into another language, using the lexical, syntactic and stylistic resources of the second, or "target" language for that purpose. To interpret is first and foremost to understand the intended message perfectly. It can then be "detached" from the words used to convey it in the original and reconstituted, in all its subtlety, in words of the target language. Interpreting is a constant to-ing and fro-ing between different ways of thinking and cultural universes.
There are two modes of interpreting:
•Simultaneous interpretation: the interpreter sits in a booth, in front of a microphone, listens through headphones to the incoming message in the source language and communicates it over the microphone to whoever is listening in the target language. In other words, simultaneous interpretation is an intensive information processing task and in a six-hour working day the interpreter will "process" the equivalent of about 65 typewritten pages.
•Consecutive interpretation: the interpreter sits at the conference table with the delegates, listening to whoever is speaking in the source language and making notes as the speech progresses. When the speaker has finished, the interpreter reproduces (consecutively) the message in the target language, in its entirety and as though s/he were making the original speech.
Whereas simultaneous interpretation is advisable for meetings in which a number of languages are spoken and with a large number of participants or in the media, consecutive interpretation is often more suitable for smaller meetings which are technical or confidential, or for formal occasions such as banquets and official visits, where two or a maximum of three languages are being used.
五， 经典例句欣赏
11. Both newspapers and periodicals are heavily dependent on advertising for financial support.
报纸和杂志的经费来源主要是依靠广告收入。
12. 一个国家一定要有稳定的形势，才能把经济建设搞上去。
The stability is essential for the promotion of economic growth in a country.
13. 中国不搞扩张。
China does not pursue expansion.
14. 我们要搞好信息基础网络建设。
We will build information network infrastructure.
15. 大力加强社会主义精神文明建设。
We should vigorously promote socialist cultural and ethic progress.
16. The percentage of US children living without their father present has ballooned.
美国没有父亲的单亲孩子比例激增。
17. E-commerce has not yet been enthusiastically embraced.
电子商务至今没有受到人们热情的拥护支持。
18. 千方百计扩大就业。
We should expand employment by all possible means.
19. 今后五到十年，是中国经济和社会发展的重要时期，也是我国改革的攻坚阶段。
The coming five to ten years will be an important period for China’s economic and social development and also a crucial period for its reform.
20. 参加上海全球财富论坛的代表一致看好中国市场。
Participants in the Shanghai Fortune Global Forum agree that China’s economy has great potential/holds great promise.
Participants in the Shanghai Fortune Global Forum agree that China’s market promises to be thriving.
六， 每天一个口译常用词汇
Be compatible with
1．Their marriage came to an end because they were simply not compatible with each other.
他俩简直无法相处所以就离婚了。
2．Compatible family relations
和睦的家庭关系
3．compatible blood.
不会产生排斥的血
4．Incompatible
性质相反的, 矛盾的, 不调和的
5,incompatible blood types.
不相容的血型
6. incompatible views on religion.
在宗教问题上无法达成共识的观点
7. the incompatible offices of prosecutor and judge.
检察官和法官的职位不能由一个人兼任
8, a medication that is incompatible with alcohol.
一种不能与酒同时服用的药物
The one that is incompatible.
无法共处的人
Zeal without knowledge is the sister of folly.
无知的热情近乎愚蠢
Folly
愚蠢, 荒唐事, 轻松歌舞剧, 讽刺剧, 傻念头, 傻话, 耗费巨大而又无益的事, <古>放荡
He regretted the follies of his youth.
为他年轻时的愚蠢行为而后悔
2. The interpreter's professional status
A conference interpreter can be self-employed (free lance) or employed as a permanent or staff interpreter by a national or international organization in the public or the private sector. There are pros and cons to each of these professional statuses.
Depending on language combination, a freelance has considerable freedom of choice and greater mobility: the interpreter's working life can be organized according to preference, accepting or refusing offers of work. Certain language combinations may involve more travel than others. As a freelance, the interpreter works for a range of organizations, public and private, is likely to cover a wide variety of topics and to come into contact with very diverse groups. An interpreter's reputation rests on the quality of her/his work. Such a reputation takes a number of years to establish but once solidly established, colleagues and organizations will call on that person.
A very important consideration in any freelance's career is the choice of location from which the interpreter operates, which in turn will depend on her/his language combination. The large international organizations tend increasingly to recruit locally - at a time of tight budgets, costs, including travel allowances, must be contained. So an interpreter with a language combination of interest to the European Union will have more chance of getting work if based in Brussels than if located in Geneva or Rome.
The staff interpreter, on the other hand, has a steady job and the various benefits that go with it. Having only one employer s/he becomes part of a group and can become involved in the organization's activities. Life as a staff interpreter is more predictable.
This notwithstanding, it should be clearly understood that being a freelance or a staff interpreter is not simply a matter of choice. The great majority of conference interpreters work free lance; becoming a staff or permanent interpreter depends on a variety of factors, language combination being one. Even so, it is a fact that interpreters may and do change status - permanents become freelancers and vice versa. In the interpreting teams of international organizations, the two work side by side without distinction, a fact that is a defining feature of the profession. Both kinds of interpreters share the same responsibility, regardless of status, seniority or gender.
Section 4 classic sentences 经典例句欣赏
词义的褒贬：
21. The popularity of television and the difficulty of financing plays have helped to close many theatres. But now it seems the theatre is about to pick up again after a period of decline.
电视普及，加上戏剧筹资困难，许多剧院被迫关门。然而经过一段时期的衰落后，现在剧院似乎又将重新焕发生机。
22. Great knowledge, experience and wisdom will help a man in a top position to achieve his ambition.
广博的知识、丰富的经验和无穷的智慧对处于高位的人实现自己的抱负将大有裨益。
词性的转译：
23. Americans are great joiners, as the huge number of organizations available in the United States attests.
美国人最热衷于参加各种活动，看看不胜枚举的各种组织就足以证明这一点。
24. The American airline industry has enjoyed significant expansion in the last twenty years.
过去的20年当中，美国的航空运输业迅速发展。
25. The growing concentration of wealth in the hands of a few people raised social and political issues.
财富逐渐集中在少数人手中，引发了许多社会问题和政治问题。
26. Antiwar demonstrations, black civil rights protests, women’s rights activities, and rebellion by young people against traditional authority characterized the 1960s.
反战示威运动、黑人民权运动、妇女权益保护运动和青年人反对传统势力等一系列运动是美国60年代的特点。
27. Population grew both as a result of natural increase and of continued immigration.
人口的增长是自然增长和不断移民的结果。
28. They are waiting for a sight of the Queen passing by.
他们在等候观看女王经过那儿。
29. He personified the evil that was in the world.
他是世上一切邪恶的化身。
30. We can house/accommodate you if the hotels are full.
如果旅馆都客满了，我们可以给你提供住处。
Section 5.Bilingual news
Administration officials say Powell presented the broad outlines of a possible U.N. resolution, which the U.S. hopes could give reluctant3 countries like India, France, and Germany necessary political cover to send troops to Iraq. The resolution could also include a call for countries to donate4 money, to unfreeze Iraqi assets and a warning to Iraq’s neighbors to keep Jihads out.But a key stumbling block continues to be U.S. reluctance to cede5 any power in Iraq.
政府官员说，鲍威尔提交了一项很可能成为联合国决议的概要，美国希望它能够为很不情愿向伊拉克派兵的印度、法国和德国提供必要的政治保护。该决议还会包括如下内容：要求其它国家捐钱、解冻伊拉克的资产，并警告伊拉克邻国要抵制杰哈德圣战。但是美国不愿意放弃在伊拉克的任何权力，这仍然是这一决议得以实施的一块很大的绊脚石。
Section 6 a word to the wise
Embodiment 体现，化身，具体化
1． An embodiment of democracy
民主的化身
2． The new highway is the embodiment of the very latest designing ideas.
这座新的高速公路体现了最新设计思想。
3．“As John Adams embodied the old style, Andrew Jackson embodied the new”(Richard Hofstadter)
“正象约翰•阿达姆斯体现了旧风格，安德鲁•杰克逊体现了新风格”(理查德•霍夫施塔特)
Section 7. Hot words
无绳来电显示电话
cordless telephone with caller ID
无线应用协议
WAP （ wireless application protocol ）
下海 plunge into the commercial sea
下网 off line
小康之家 well-off family; comfortably-off family
新秀 up-and-coming star, rising star
新新人类 New Human Being ； X Generation
信息港 inforport
形象小姐 / 先生 image representative of a product or a brand
证券营业部 stock exchange; security exchange虚拟网 virtual net
学生处 students' affairs division
研究生毕业证 / 学位证 graduate diploma/graudate degree's diploma
摇钱树 cash cow
以人为本 people oriented; people foremost
易拉罐 pop can
舆论导向 direction of public opinion
运球 dribble
在职博士生 on-job doctorate
早恋 puppy love
招生就业指导办公室 enrolment and vocation guidance office
1. A lawyer would make a better statesman than a soldier.
(律师比军人更易成为政治家）
A lawyer would make a better statesman than soldier.
（律师更易成为政治家而不是战士）
2. He is a child of ten.
He is a father of ten.（十岁孩子的父亲）
3. He served me with a kind of coffee.
He served me with coffee of a kind.（象是咖啡的东西）
4. You love me better than he.(和you平行）
You love me better than him.（和me平行)
5. This is a photo of me.(本人的）
This is a photo of mine.（我所有的）
6. They are an industrious people.（民族）
They are industrious people.（人）
7. He is not a fool.
He is no fool.（很聪明）
8. He has no more than ten books.（只有十本）
He has not more than ten books.（不足十本）
9. He is not a little afraid of it.（很怕）
He is not a bit afraid of it.（一点不怕）
10. I ask you nothing.（没问你什么）
I ask you for nothing.（没求你什么）
11. We hadn't anything to eat.（没吃的东西了）
We didn't have anything to eat.（没吃什么）
12. This is the same knife as I have lost.(和我丢刀子一样)
This is the same knife that I have lost.(就是我丢的刀子)
13. Ask him when he comes back.(他回来时问他)
Ask him if he will come back.(问他是否回来)
14. He is afraid to go out.(不敢出去)
He is afraid of going out.(怕出去)
15. He is the only son of a poor man.（独生子）
He is only a son of a poor man.（不过）
16. I am busy at the moment.（眼下）
I am busy for the moment.（暂时）
17. He went to Beijing for pleasure.（游玩）
He went to Beijing with pleasure.（高兴地）
He went to Beijing at pleasure.（随心所欲地）
18. He presented a pistol to me.（送我一支手枪）
He presented a pistol at me.（拿手枪对着我）
19. His English is anything but correct.（错误百出）
His English is nothing but correct.（不错）
20. He is a man of family.(出身豪门）
He is a family man.（有家室的人）
21. He is too glad to do so.
He is only glad to do so.（极高兴）
22. I know him.
I know of him.（听说过他）
23. I hope he will come.
I wish he would come.（多希望他来）
24. I sent him to the doctor.
I sent him for the doctor.(请医生）
25. He threw a bone to the dog.
He threw a bone at the dog.（用石头砸狗）26. He has nothing to write.（没写什么）
He has nothing to write with.（没笔写）
27. He has no one help him.（不让人帮他）
He has no one to help him.（没有帮他的人）
28. Have you finished your work yet?
Have you finished your work already?（已完，表示吃惊）
29. Did you do any work last night?
Did you do some work last night?（表示知道，肯定）
30. I left the window open.（忘了关窗户）
I kept the window open.（表示故意）
31. Your request is out of question.（没问题）
Your request is out of the question.（不可能）
32. The old man is in charge of the children.（照料孩子）
The old man is in the charge of the children.（被孩子照料）
33. He is a worker and writer.（是工人兼作家）
He is a worker and a writer.（是工人又是作家）
34. He asked her to keep house.（管家）
He asked her to keep the house.（看家）
35. He is a woman with child.（怀孕）
He is a woman with a child.
36. They are sitting at table.（吃饭）
They are sitting at the table.
37. He has words with me.（争吵）
He has a word with me.（说两句话）
38. They are of age.（成人）
They are of an age.（同龄）
39. We are not behind time.（落后）
We are not behind the times.（落伍）
40. They began to run in sight of this.（看见这个）
They began to run in the sight of this.（鉴于这个）
41. Anyhow, he works.(不管怎样）
He works anyhow.（马马乎乎）
42. You may as well take this.(还是收下）
You may take this as well.（也收下）
43. His speech was reported at length in the newspapers.(详细地）
At length, his speech was reported in the newspapers.（终于）
44. He kept her company.（陪着她）
He kept company with her.（交朋友）
45. He simply spoke.(只不过）
He spoke simply.（简单地）
46. They saw him through.（帮他到底）
They saw through him.（看透他了）
47. May we meet again!(愿我们再见）
We may meet again.
48. He had something to say.
He had to say something.（必须发言）
49. Aren't you ashamed to talk like that?(规劝，表示事情没发生）
Aren't you ashamed of talking lie that?（责备，表示事情已发生）
50. The soil is fit to plant cotton.(可以种）
The soil is fit for cotton planting.（适宜种）
51. We asked him to speak from experience.（经验）
We asked him to speak about his experiences.(经历）
52. It is his manner that annoys me.(举止）
It is his manners that annoy me.（礼貌）
53. He is my boy friend.(男朋友）
He is my boy's friend.（男孩的朋友）
54. You helped him, as well as I.（象我一样）
You helped him, as well as me.（你帮我，也帮他）
55. What's the time?
How's the time?(还有多少时间）
56. He went to sea.(当水手）
He went to the sea.（到海滨）
57. What kind of doctor is he?(什么博士）
What kind of a doctor is he?(他算什么博士啊）
58. She bought a red and green dress.（一件）
She bought a red and a green dress.（两件）
59. He thought about the problem.（考虑）
He thought of the problem.（想到）
60. He doesn't think much about that suggestion.（他没怎么考虑那条建议）
He doesn't think much of that suggestion.(评价不高）
61. He worked at a table.(伏案工作）
He worked on a table.（做桌子）
62. We shall not be home by six.(6点不能到家）
We shall not be home till six.（6点才能到家）
63. The teacher began by telling them a story.(故事作引子）
The teacher began with a story.（先讲了个故事）
64. Give me a glass for wine.(酒杯）
Give me a glass of wine.（一杯酒）
65. He was familiar to me.(很熟）
He was familiar with me.（很随便）
66. He escaped prison.(没进监狱）
He escaped from prison.（越狱）
67. He quotes Shakespeare.（莎士比亚的话）
He quotes from Shakespeare（莎士比亚的作品）
68. We camped there for the summer.(整个夏天）
We camped there in the summer.（夏天）
69. Cloth is made from cotton.(棉花加工成）
Cloth is made of cotton.（棉纱织成）
70. He sat on my left.(挨着左边）
He sat to my left.（坐在左手）
71. He is one of the boys who has seen the film.
He is the one of the boys who has seen the film.(唯一个）
72. He opened the door to me.(给我开门）
He opened the door for me.（替我开门）
73. It is very useful to him.(他觉得）
It is very useful for him.（对他来说）
1．收入分配关系尚未理顺
Things have to be straightened out in the distribution of income.
2．市场经济秩序有待继续整顿和规范。
The order of the market economy has to be further rectified and standardized.
3．有些地方治安不太好。
Public order is poor in some places.
4．一些党员领导干部的形势主义，官僚主义作风，和弄虚作假，铺张浪费的行为相当严重，有些地方腐败现象还很严重。
Formalism, bureaucratic style of work, falsification, extravagance and waste are still serious problems among some leading cadres in our Party, and corruption is still conspicuous in some places.
5．党的领导方式和执政方式与新形势新任务的要求还不完全适应，有的党组织软弱涣散。
The Party’s way of leadership and governance still is still unable to meet the requirements of the new situation and new tasks. Some Party organizations are feeble and lax.
6．我们必须高度重视存在的问题，继续采取有效的措施加以解决。
We must attach great importance to these problems and continue to solve these problems though effective measures.
7．五年来的成就，是在改革开放特别是一九八九年十三届四中全会以来的实践基础上取得的。
Our achievements over the past 5 years have been scored through reform and opening up especially since the Fourth Plenary Session of the Thirteenth Central Committee in 1989.
8．这十三年来，国际风云变幻，我国改革开放和现代化进程波澜壮阔。
These thirteen years have witnessed a highly volatile international situation and a magnificent upsurge in China’s reform, opening up and modernization.
9．二十世纪八十年代末九十年代初，国内发生严重政治风波，东欧剧变，苏联解体，世界社会主义出现严重曲折，我国社会主义事业的发展面临空前巨大的困难和压力。
From the late 1980s and the early 1990s, there occurred serious political disturbances in China, drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union. Socialism in the world has suffered serious setbacks. China was faced with unprecedented difficulties and pressure in developing the socialist cause.
10．在这个决定党和国家命运的重大历史关头，：）紧紧依靠全党同志和全国各族人民，坚持十一届三中全会议来的路线不动摇，成功地稳住了改革和发展的大局，捍卫了中国特色社会主义伟大事业。
At this critical juncture bearing on the destiny of the Party and state, the Party Central Committee relied firmly on all the comrades in the Party and the Chinese people of all ethnic groups and unswervingly adhered to the line prevailing since the third plenary session of the eleventh Central Committee and thus brought the overall situation of reform and development under control, and safeguarded the great socialist cause with Chinese characteristics
11．邓小平同志南方谈话以后，十四大确立社会主义市场经济体制的改革目标，改革开放和现代化建设进入了新的阶段。
After comrade Deng Xiaoping made remarks on his tour of the south, the Fourteenth Congress decided to establish a socialist market economy as the goal of reform, thus ushering in a new stage for reform, opening up, and modernization.
12．在社会主义条件下发展市场经济，是前无古人的伟大创举，是中国：）人对马克思主义发展做出的历史性贡献，体现了我们党坚持理论创新，与时俱进的巨大勇气。
To develop a market economy under socialism is a great pioneering undertaking never tried before in history. It is a historic contribution of the Chinese communists to the development of Marxism. It has given expression to our Party’s tremendous courage to persist in making theoretical innovation and keeping pace with the times.
13．由于计划经济体制向社会主义市场经济体制的转变，实现了改革开放新的历史性突破，打开了我国经济，政治和文化发展的崭新局面。
The shift from the planned economy to the socialist market economy represented a new historic breakthrough in reform and opening up and brought about entirely new prospects
14．邓小平同志逝世以后，我们高举邓小平同志的伟大旗帜，开拓进取，把中国特色社会主义事业全面推向21世纪。After the demise of comrade Deng Xiao Ping, we held high the great banner of Deng Xiaoping Theory and made pioneering efforts to advance the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics into the 21st century in an all-round way.
15．十三年来，我们思想统一，目标明确，工作扎实，取得了重大的历史性成就。Over the past 13 years, with clearly defined objectives, we worked with one heart and one mind and scored historic achievements.
16． 2001年，我国国内生产总值达到九万五千九百三十三亿元，比一九八九年增长近两倍，年均增长百分之九点三，经济总量已居世界第六位。
In 2001, China’s GDP reached 9.5933 trillion yuan, almost tripling that of 1989, representing an average annual increase of 9.3 percent. China came up to the sixth place in the world in terms of economic aggregate.
17．人民生活总体上实现了由温饱到小康的历史性跨越。
On the whole, the people made a historic leap from having only adequate food and clothing to leading a well-off life.
18. 人们公认，这十三年是我国综合国力大幅度跃升，人民得到实惠最多的时期，是我国社会长期保持安定团结，政通人和的时期，是我国国际影响显著扩大，民族凝聚力级大增强的时期。
As is universally recognized, the 13 years have been a period in which China’s overall national strength has risen by a big margin, the people have received more tangible benefits than ever before, and China has enjoyed long-term social stability and solidarity and had a good government and a united people. China’s influence in the word has grown notably and the cohesion of the nation has increased remarkably.
19．我们党和我国人民做出的艰苦努力和取得的伟大成就举世瞩目，必将载入中华民族伟大复兴的光辉史册。
The hard work of our Party and people and their great achievements have attracted worldwide attention and will surely go down as a glorious page in the annals of the great rejuvenations of the Chinese nation.
20．回首这十三年来，我们走过的道路很不平坦，成绩来之不易。
A review of the past 13 years shows that we have traversed a tortuous course and that our achievements are hard won.
[英文]：Life is a great big canvas, and you should throw all the paint on it you can.
[中文]：人生是一幅大画布,你应该努力绘出绚丽多彩的画面.
英译汉中四字词组运用
汉语的四字词组，广义而论，既包括结构严密，不能随意拆开的四言成语，如“雪中送炭”，也包括任意组合而成的四字词组，如“悲喜人生”。这种以“四字格”为基本形式的四字词组，言简意赅，形象生动，音节优美，韵律协调，是汉语的一大特点。英译汉时，若使用恰当，则既能保存原作的丰姿，又使译文大为生色。现代翻译学认为，译文与原文在意义上应动态对应，不要形式对等。因此，从原文的深层意义出发，英语句中的单词，短语，习语，甚至整句，都可译成相应的汉语四字词组。例如：
The girls arrayed themselves in their finest clothes．
这些姑娘打扮得花枝招展。
The truth comes out．
真相大白。
The two theories vary， but they are compossible.
这两种理论虽然各有千秋，但它们是并行不悖的。
Misery loves company.
同病相怜。
I congratulate myself on my narrow escape.
我庆幸自己死里逃生。
All things conspired to make him happy.
事事巧合使他心满意足。
She is richly endowed by nature.
她有极高天分，得天独厚。
She exulted to find that she had succeeded.
她为自己大功告成而狂喜。
He contrived to make a mess of the whole thing.
他挖空心思反而把事情全盘弄糟了。
You can't come round with such yarns．
你别想用这套花言巧语来哄骗我。
It has no counterpart in the world．
举世无双。
The storm clouds gathered darkly.
乌云密布。
The data is not enough to be convincing.
资料不足，尚难令人信服。
He was daunted by the amount of work still to be done.
还有那么多工作要做，弄得他灰心丧气。
He was silent in default by any excuse.
他无可推委，哑口无言。
There is no denying the fact．事实无可否认。
Her eyes became dimmed with tears. 她泪眼蒙眬。
Defeat after defeat filled us with despair.接二连三的失败，使我们深感绝望。
His speech was dreary.他的演讲枯燥乏味。
The state was in disruption.这个国家处于分崩离析之中。
由此可见，熟练掌握汉语的四字词组，充分理解、挖掘英语原文的深刻含义，就能在翻译中得心应手、运用自如。
Play truant: 逃学
Mend one’s way : improve one’s habits repent: 悔过
Brocade curtains :织锦帘子
Weave: 用手工或机器编织
Sneak out oftheclassroom,: 悄悄溜出教室
愤慨的，愤怒的：indignant
The quest for knowledge/ gold/ happiness:探求
Cast an eye /a glance on:literarily means look
Make one’s hair stand on end ：使人毛骨悚然
Shake with anger: 气得发抖
A pair of scissors :scissors won’t cut through wire.
Confound 使迷惑
语重心长的说：say sth with feelings
Feeling: showing strong emotion , heartfelt
Serve: divide or break or separate sth by cutting
Conscience-stricken: filled with remorse于心不安的；受良心责备的
羞愧的；羞怯的： shamefaced Regretful: 痛惜的，遗憾的
钻研各家学说： study the doctrines of various schools
Arrange for sb to do sth: 安排某人做
捅：poke sb with sth/give sb a slight push
聋哑人：deaf mute
手语：sign language
自愿：on one’s own account
帝国主义：imperialist
The Northern Warlord government: 北洋军阀
巴黎和会：the Paris Peace Conference
无产阶级，小资产阶级民族资产阶级：
the proletariatthe petty bourgeoisiethe national bourgeoisie
罢工：to go on stike
Step up: increase the amount of sth or speed up the process of sth in order to improve the situation
帝国主义加紧侵略 ： step the aggression \invasion against china
Met out sth to sb: 给予（ 处罚，奖赏等）
Dismiss from office:撤职
作为促成某事的手段： be instrumental in doing sth
Pave the way for sth为 ~~~开路
第二国际成立大会：the congress marking the founding of the Second International
Streamer 横标
专刊：special issue
平民教育：popular education
八小时工作制：the eight-hour day
Americans working hong hours often look jealously upon Europeans's month-long vacations. While, Europeans envy Americans' high salaries. An opinion piece from the US New Yorker magazine explains how one side of the Atlantic ended up with more free time while the other got more cash.
整天繁忙工作的美国人总嫉妒欧洲人那足足有一月之久的假期，而与此同时欧洲人则嫉妒美国人的高薪。美国纽约人杂志上的一篇杂文就阐述了为什么大西洋两岸相距不远却十分迥异，欧洲人有更多的空闲，而美国人则更有钱。
All presidents, whatever their confession or denomination, are closet numerologists. Numbers are how they read the mood and track the progress of the nation they govern, For George Bush, the numbers-rising casualty rates in Iraq, falling approval ratings at home-have not been good of late. Hence he is turning with some enthusiasm to a happier set of figures: those tracking the American economy's resilience and resurgence.
所有的总统，不管他们是什么教派的，也不管他们承认与否，私下里都是数字命理学者。他们利用数字来猜测大众的心理，监测本国的发展状况。
最近,伊拉克美军伤亡人数的不断增加, 国内支持率不断下降, 这些都对布什总统不利。因此他就尽量避开这些负面的数字,转而谈及一些正面的数字---也就是那些能显示出美国经济有着较强的适应能力以及美国经济复苏的那些数字。
Ariel Sharon has spent more of his life as a soldier than a politician, and it has often been said that he is better at tactics than strategy.
This familiar point is highly relevant today because even he cannot foresee the outcome of his dramatic decision to resign as leader of the Likud and form a new party to fight early elections
沙龙一生当兵的时间要比做政客还要长，人们一直认为相对于他的政治战略来说,他更擅长军事战术。这个众所周知的看法和当前的形势密切相关，因为即使他不能遇见他辞去利库德党首领的职位，并成立一个新的党派在提前的大选中竞选会有什么后果。
What a noble medium the English language is. It is not possible to write a page without experiencing positive pleasure at the richness and variety, the flexibility and the profoundness of our mother-tongue.
If an English writer cannot say what he has to say in English, and in simple English, it is probably not worth saying. What a pity that English is not more generally studied. I am not going to attack classical education. No one who has the slightest pretension to literary tastes can be insensible to its attraction. But I confess our present educational system excites in my mind grave misgivings, which I cannot believe is the best or even reasonable, a system that thrusts upon reluctant and uncomprehending multitudes treasures which can only be appreciated by the privileged and gifted few. To the vast majority of children who attend our public schools, classical education is from beginning to end long, useless and meaningless. If I am told that classical subjects are the best preparation for the study of English, I reply that by far this preparatory stage is incomplete and without deriving and of the benefits which are promised as its result.
英语是不愧为一种高贵的传播媒介。
每当用我们母语英语写一页文字的时候，我们都无一例外的为其语言的灵活, 丰富和奥妙而感到欣慰。要是有个作家无法用英语，而且是用简单英语来表达一件事的话，
那么那件事很可能就是不值一提。英语还没有被更广泛推广真,这可真是莫大的遗憾阿！我不是要专门抨击古典文学教育，只要你有一点点学习文学的愿望，你就会被它所吸引。可是我得承认我们目前的教育体制让我对它产生了深深的疑虑，我认为这种体制还有很多地方需要改进，甚至有时可以说它有点不可理喻，它强迫那些缺乏领悟能力的普通人不情愿地去读那些古典文学著作，而那些文学著作是如此晦涩难懂，只有少数天才才能欣赏。古典文学教育对大多数进入公立学校上学的孩子们来说十分冗长，而且毫无价值，毫无意义。要是有人告诉我古典文学的科目是学习英语最好的准备，我会告诉他到目前为止，这种准备既不全面也没有根据，还达不到预计的效果。
1.小青对白素贞说:"姐姐,你的剑术已经达到了炉火纯青的地步。”
Greenie said: “My sister, you have surely achieved perfection in sword dancing."
2."姐姐,法海之事,我们还不能麻匹大意呀!"
we really should not slacken our vigilance against Fa Hai
This is the last time I log on to the internet before the postgraduate entrance exam.
I am well prepared and I am embattled to try my best in the exam.
God bless me!
There is a well-versed sentence by Ms Liu Xin. I want to share it with all of you, hoping that you and me and all others who are striving for our goal could finally make it!
" Well ten years ago, when I was competing in this competition, I spoke about choice. Well I really do think we are making choices all the time, but sometimes some choices turn out to be so significant that they actually set the course for the next phase of your life. For that I feel deeply grateful for China Daily and all the others who together make this competition a big success."
2006年同传试卷
1. A radical change in mentalities is under way both in the public sector, which has now been forced to admit that its own means of action are insufficient to meet their development targets, and the private sector, which is becoming aware of its capacity to contribute to the developing countries’ emergence on the world stage in the role of future partners in local and global markets.
Dialogue can be established within the framework of an already increasing number of forums, as well as in project formulation. The presence of other civil society actors and support from the international organizations – as much in the thinking and debate as in the actions undertaken– are crucial factors or enabling people to make sense of the new prospects for cooperation.
The new twenty-first century world order demands that decision-making be opened up to dialogue with new actors. Civil society’s innovative energy has already produced a good number of important initiatives and proposals in many areas. And the business world offers economic resources and know-how that can greatly contribute to development strategy deployment and the promotion of cultural diversity. These are the reasons behind the United Nations Secretary-General's decision to launch the “Global Compact” programme, which outlines a basic code of ethics for private sector partnership. UNESCO intends to establish cultural patronage agreements with businesses aimed, inter alia, at supporting the initiatives of countries in the South.
2. Economists have long been a natural constituency in favor of growth. Since even the richest country has limited resources, the central economic problem is choice: Shall we fund tax cuts for the rich or investment in infrastructure and research and development, war in Iraq or assistance for the poor in developing countries and our own? By providing more total resources, growth should, in theory, make these choices less painful.
The United States, however, has powerfully demonstrated that while growth increases supply, it also raises aspirations. Choices that rich countries have to make thus seem to be no easier than those confronting poor countries, even though the tradeoffs are more heart-wrenching in the case of the poor. Brazil, for example, must choose whether to use its limited health budget to pay full-market price for AIDS drugs; some AIDS victims may live as a result, but people in need of other health care will die, because money that could have been spent on their needs is simply not there. More growth-provided resources, in this instance, mean the difference between life and death.
Still, growth has had its critics. There is a well-developed populist antigrowth literature concerned with, among other things, the impact of growth on the environment and on poverty.
Historically, economists have questioned whether, at least in the early stages of development, growth is accompanied by societal goods such as greater equality and a better environment. Nobel Prize-winning economist Simon Kuznets argued, based on experiences largely before World War II, that there is an increase in inequality in the early stages of development. Arthur Lewis, another Nobel economist, went further: greater inequality, he argued, is necessary to generate the savings that growth requires. A later generation of economists has posited the existence of an environmental Kuznets curve: the early stages of growth cause environmental degradation, not environmental health.
Kuznets and his descendants held out the prospect that eventually growth would bring more social justice (greater equality, less poverty) and a better environment. But there is nothing inevitable about this -- which means that even if it has been true in the past, it may not be in the future. Inequality did seem to fall in the United States after the Great Depression, but in the last 30 years it has increased enormously. Many forms of pollution have gone down as richer countries have turned their mind to air-quality issues, but greenhouse gas emissions -- with all the dangers they present for global warming -- have continued to increase with economic growth, especially in the United States.
3. 中国是欧亚地区重要的国家。中国的发展离不开世界，更离不开欧亚地区。同样，世界的发展、欧亚地区的发展也离不开中国。中国的发展给世界各国尤其是欧亚地区国家带来重要机遇。中国稳定和谐的政治社会环境、丰富优秀的劳动力资源和潜力巨大的市场，为与世界各国尤其是欧亚地区国家开展互利互惠的经济合作提供了理想的场所。我们高兴地看到，通过这些年的不懈努力，中国的中西部地区和东北等老工业基地有了长足进步，呈现美好的发展前景。我们欢迎欧亚地区国家积极参与中国西部大开发和东北老工业基地振兴，增强中国与欧亚地区各国互利合作的生机与活力。欧亚地区国家与中国有传统友谊，经济互补性强，中国政府将鼓励、支持中国企业与欧亚地区发展贸易、投资办厂，实现共同发展。
4. 中国公司想创造世界品牌，外国公司想增加在中国的销量，这些都正改变着中国的设计产业。中国制造商意识到，若他们想在本国市场脱颖而出，在外国市场崭露头角，就必须设计更好的产品。索尼这样的外国公司也开始明白，从前海外公司常把随便什么地方设计的产品拿到中国来卖，而现在，中国消费者变得更加挑剔，他们不再那样容易满足了。
尽管全球大量的电子产品和鞋等都是中国制造，但这些产品的设计都是在欧美或日本完成的。中国公司制造自己品牌的产品时，通常是模仿国外。但如今不同了，他们都想开创自己的品牌。随着中国公司在设计上的改进，跨国公司意识到，他们的产品需要专门针对中国消费者的品味进行“量身定做”了。这些使中国设计产业开始繁荣起来。中国公司开始建立设计中心或雇人帮他们打造自己的品牌。成百上千的设计顾问公司在上海、北京和广州涌现。国外年轻设计师也开始拥入中国，想在这个全球最有活力的消费市场上一试身手。
现在，中国约有400所学院提供设计课程，每年有1万名毕业生。一些中国设计师获得国际大奖，许多人开始到米兰、东京、纽约等地工作。设计成为中国最热门的专业之一，甚至已渗入到社会生活中。
Climate change
If people mean anything at all by the expression “untimely death”, they must believe that some deaths run on a better schedule than others. Death in old age is rarely called untimely—a long life is thought to be a full one. But with the passing of a young person, one assumes that the best years lay ahead and the measure of that life was still to be taken.
History denies this, of course. Among prominent summer deaths, one recalls those of Marilyn Monroe and James Dean, whose lives seemed equally brief and complete. Writers cannot bear the fact that poet John Keats died at 26, and only half playfully judge their own lives as failures when they pass that year. The idea that the life cut shor t is unfilled is illogical because lives are measured by the impressions they leave on the world and by their intensity and virtue.
如果人们说起“英年早逝”的却有什么意味的话，他们一定时认为相比之下，某些死亡更合天意。年迈而终很少被称作未尽天年，人们便认为长寿即，意味着生命的圆满。 但是，如果一个年轻人与世长辞，人们便认为他最好的年华尚在后头，其前途无可限量。
然而历史否定了 这种。 在有名的“英年早逝”者中， 我们会想起马丽莲。梦露和詹姆斯。迪恩，他们的生命极短促又圆满。约翰济慈26岁就逝世了。虽难作家难以接受这个实事，但他们过了26岁，就会半开玩笑地说他们此生是失败的。 视英年早逝为不圆满的观念是不和逻辑的，因为衡量生命的尺度是生命给世界留下 的印记，是生命的力度和美德。
中国现行的语言教育体制导致其实际的教育目的发生了一定的偏差，偏离的文化交流的语言教育的主体目标，而向单纯以考为纲以分数为本的错误方向发展，因此，学生因为一味追求能够达到国家指定的语言考试标准，而忽略了对各种文化的了解学习，进而导致学生对枯燥的语言工具学习的厌倦，同时也因为没有语言学习目标而对文化交流缺乏兴趣，这样就对我国未来的国际化发展产生了巨大的影响。这种教育误区长久以来已经造成了很严重的负面效应，国人因为对各种文化知之甚少，产生了对外来文明或不理性的盲目追求或心怀恐惧，阻碍了我国对外开放与国际接轨的改革进程。我家三代从教，我作为一名教师，深知肩负着传统文化的传承者以及新文化的开创者的责任，我有义务帮助学生或者是更多的人了解不同文化之间的通同及差异，影响其他人使其对外来文化抱有广阔的胸怀，为达此目的，首先需要我深入的学习不同文明间差异。
另外，中国有句古语，国家兴亡，匹夫有责。如我文中所说，国家面临着因外来文明的冲击、内部不同文化信仰间的冲突以及自身传统主体儒家文化断裂产生的诸多或道德或经济或社会稳定上的问题，我也有责任尽我之力，帮助决策者对内引导人民走向理智宽容的融合外来文明同时发扬完善我中华民族传统文化特有的文化传统的道路，对外进一步了解不同文明的种种差异，更好的参与国际事务，为我国的经济发展创造良好的国际环境。所以也要求我对了解很少的伊斯兰文化及西方文化进行学习。
The actual aim of the present language educational system has to some degree deviated from its main purpose of cultural communication to an exam-oriented one. Therefore, Students are solely interested in passing the language test required by a foreign country, but pay little attention to studying various cultures. The consequence of this is that students become tired of language learning and since they lose the purpose of language learning they become less interested in cultural communication, which will have a big impact on China’s globalization. This fallacy in language education has long been having a negative effect on China. For lack of knowledge about various cultures, some Chinese people tend to either blindly worship or remain fearful toward foreign cultures saying that they would block China’s opening up to the outside world and hinder China’s engagement with the outside world. I live in a family with three generations of teachers. As a teacher, I am aware of my responsibility as a cultural inheritor and a creator of new cultures and my obligation to help students and other people understand the similarities and differences between various cultures, and critically assimilate foreign cultures. In order to achieve this goal, I should have a deep understanding of the differences between different cultures.
In addition, as an ancient saying goes, the rise and fall of a country concern its every citizen. As I have stated above, our country is confronted with many problems in ethics, economy or society as a result of cultural clashes from abroad, clashes between domestic cultural beliefs and the change in Confucianism which has remained the main culture of China for thousands of years. To cope with the above problems, I have the responsibility to help leaders to help people to be more rational and tolerant toward the assimilation of foreign and Chinese cultures while carrying forward and perfecting our traditionally cherished culture, in order to further understand the differences between different cultures, actively participate in international affairs and create a favorable international environment for China’s economic development. All these require me to learn more about Islamic and other western cultures which still remain a mystery to most Chinese people.
blow the whistle
To expose a wrongdoing in the hope of bringing it to a halt:
揭发：怀着使违法行为得以中止的希望而告发：
an attorney who blew the whistle on governmental corruption.
一个揭发政府腐败的律师
The recent airplane crash confirms my belief that stronger safety regulations are needed.
最近的坠机事件使我更坚信我们需要更健全的安全法规
1 assess a penalty 征收罚金
2 cost function 价值函数
3 demand function 需求函数
4 parameter 参数
5 marginal cost 边际成本
6 file a petition申请诉讼
在英译汉过程中，我们常常遇到这样一种情况，即原词所表达的并不是其字面意义，而是其字面意义的反义，或者说是对其字面意义的否定，可这种否定又往往不出现否定词，这种情况并不很少，给翻译工作带来很大的麻烦。
下面是常见的两个词组，请注意它们的汉语意思：
① riot police 防暴警察（即anti-riot police，而不是暴乱的警察）
②crisis law 反危机法案（即anti-crisis law)
这两个词组的翻译采用的就是反译法，译文都是其字面意义的否定或反义，这样既表达了原文的真正含义，又符合汉语的表达习惯，使人一看就懂。
另外，英文报刊文章标题的翻译有时也采用反译法。如《中国日报》（China Daily）曾刊登一则新闻，题目是Inflation is target of bank's new policy，主要说的是银行在1995年将来取有力措施制止通货膨胀。但题目的字面意思恰恰相反。因此我们在翻译时必须把inflation看成是anti-inflation，使之文题一致。这样的标题在英文报刊中比较常见，目的是为简练及醒目，在翻译时要格外注意，切勿望文生义。
再让我们来看看下面的例子：
(1) Sidney Simon called the college grading system "archaic,prescientific,bureaucratic invention"，and "about as accurate as police estimates of crowds of peace marches."
如果按字面翻译，这句话是这样的：
西德尼•西蒙称这种大学评级制度“是过时的，缺乏科学验证”，而且还是“官僚主义的产物”,“简直同警察估计和平示威人数一样准确。”
既然前面已说了这个评级制度“过时无用，缺乏科学验证”，而且还是“官僚主义的产物”，后面又怎么能说它“准确”呢？这显然自相矛盾，西蒙所表达的真正含义绝非如此。
以上译文，忽略了说话人的语气。其实，西蒙是在抨击大学评级制度。他说话时，前面直接用了archaic，prescientific和bureaucratic几个贬义词，而后面的褒义词accurate实际上是一个反语。因为我们知道，警察在估计示威人数时只能说出大概，往往和实际人数出入很大，极不准确。所以说话人所表达的真正含义是not accurate，或inaccurate。这样，可理解成about as inaccurate，as police estimates of crowds of peace marches，译成汉语就是：简直同警察估计和平示威人数一样不准确。就是把accurate反过来译，即反译。
以上例句是通过分析说话人的语气来采用反译法正确表达语义的。有的句子前面所表达的意思是否定的，但根据这个意思得出来的结论却是肯定的。为了使其真正含义不至于前后矛盾，我们也采取反译后面结论的方法。
(2) This sort of situation highlights a critical weakness in the ANC leadership: accountability.
如按字面则译成：
这种情况突出了非国大领导层方面的极为严重的弱点：有责任心。
“有责任心”怎么能是“弱点”呢？这种译文显然是错误的。作者在句尾所表达的真正含义其实和前面提到的“弱点”是一致的，即可理解成unaccountability。那么全句应译成：这种情况突出了非国大领导层方面的极为严重的弱点，玩忽职守（无责任心）。
还有一些句子则通过正确理解上下文，仔细推敲关键同的实际含义，再相应采取反译法进行翻译。
(3) In fact, the willingness to experiment is one of the most striking features, and it seems to be rooted in confidence rather than security.
实际上，乐于进行试验是最显著的特点之一。它来源于信心，而不是出于不安全感。
综上所述，所谓反译法即把原文中个别词语（大多为名词或形容词）否定或取其反义之后再翻译成汉语，以便译文和原文所表达的真正含义相一致。这就要求我们能正确理解原文，弄清作者所抱的思想感情和运用的语气，同时又要熟知汉语已有的习惯表达方式。而这些能力只有通过不断的翻译实践才能逐步提高。
在英译汉过程中，我们常常遇到这样一种情况，即原词所表达的并不是其字面意义，而是其字面意义的反义，或者说是对其字面意义的否定，可这种否定又往往不出现否定词，这种情况并不很少，给翻译工作带来很大的麻烦。
下面是常见的两个词组，请注意它们的汉语意思：
① riot police 防暴警察（即anti-riot police，而不是暴乱的警察）
②crisis law 反危机法案（即anti-crisis law)
这两个词组的翻译采用的就是反译法，译文都是其字面意义的否定或反义，这样既表达了原文的真正含义，又符合汉语的表达习惯，使人一看就懂。
另外，英文报刊文章标题的翻译有时也采用反译法。如《中国日报》（China Daily）曾刊登一则新闻，题目是Inflation is target of bank's new policy，主要说的是银行在1995年将来取有力措施制止通货膨胀。但题目的字面意思恰恰相反。因此我们在翻译时必须把inflation看成是anti-inflation，使之文题一致。这样的标题在英文报刊中比较常见，目的是为简练及醒目，在翻译时要格外注意，切勿望文生义。
再让我们来看看下面的例子：
(1) Sidney Simon called the college grading system "archaic, prescientific, bureaucratic invention"，and "about as accurate as police estimates of crowds of peace marches."
如果按字面翻译，这句话是这样的：
西德尼•西蒙称这种大学评级制度“是过时的，缺乏科学验证”，而且还是“官僚主义的产物”,“简直同警察估计和平示威人数一样准确。”
既然前面已说了这个评级制度“过时无用，缺乏科学验证”，而且还是“官僚主义的产物”，后面又怎么能说它“准确”呢？这显然自相矛盾，西蒙所表达的真正含义绝非如此。
以上译文，忽略了说话人的语气。其实，西蒙是在抨击大学评级制度。他说话时，前面直接用了archaic，prescientific和bureaucratic几个贬义词，而后面的褒义词accurate实际上是一个反语。因为我们知道，警察在估计示威人数时只能说出大概，往往和实际人数出入很大，极不准确。所以说话人所表达的真正含义是not accurate，或inaccurate。这样，可理解成about as inaccurate，as police estimates of crowds of peace marches，译成汉语就是：简直同警察估计和平示威人数一样不准确。就是把accurate反过来译，即反译。
以上例句是通过分析说话人的语气来采用反译法正确表达语义的。有的句子前面所表达的意思是否定的，但根据这个意思得出来的结论却是肯定的。为了使其真正含义不至于前后矛盾，我们也采取反译后面结论的方法。
(2) This sort of situation highlights a critical weakness in the ANC leadership: accountability.
如按字面则译成：
On Sustainable Development
Governments and the UN system have also marginalized sustainable development by failing to articulate serious objectives and coherent strategies for its implementation. Agenda 21 embraced every goal offered up in anticipation of the Rio summit, but it set no specific priorities or targets, making it impossible to mobilize support for any strategy or to measure progress. At the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development, the process reached its lowest point with a sprawling and incoherent plan. Participants endorsed eight broad Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)--including the eradication of extreme poverty, the provision of universal primary education, and the assurance of equality for women--that had been crafted at the UN's Millennium Summit two years earlier. Since then, the UN Secretariat has parsed these broad objectives into 18 specific targets and 48 indicators. But the MDGs are already losing traction because governments have limited power to directly affect these outcomes. Most of the world is closer to meeting the MDGs now that it was a decade ago, but that is largely because human welfare has generally been improving. The most striking exceptions are found in the many African countries that score worse today on most measures of human welfare.
汉语当中的现在，将来，过去，已经等表示时态的词汇在翻译成英语的时候通常可以省略，用英语的时态变化来取而代之．
________________________________________
1.现在，我们总比过去好得多．
Anyway, things are much better than before.
2.又比如上海，目前完全有条件搞得更快一点。
Shangai is another example. It has all the necessary conditions for faster progress.
3.当前，全世界都在关注着我国的改革。
The world is watching the reforms in our country.
4.未来经济发展在很大程度上取决于---the development of our economy will depend to a large extent on ---
5.过去两个超级大国主宰世界，现在情况变了。
The world used to be dominated by two superpowers. Now things have changed.
6.过去没有人知道淮河是能够徒涉的---
Nobody had ever known that one could walk across the Huaihe.
十一五”时期的战略重点和主要任务
《纲要（草案）》对“十一五”时期的经济建设、社会发展、改革开放等方面，都作出了全面部署，提出了明确的任务和政策措施。
一是建设社会主义新农村。《纲要（草案）》把解决“三农”问题放在各项战略任务的首位。强调坚持统筹城乡经济社会发展，按照生产发展、生活宽裕、乡风文明、村容整洁、管理民主的要求，扎实稳步地推进社会主义新农村建设。要进一步提高农业综合生产能力，推进农业结构调整，加强农村基础设施建设，增加农民收入。着力抓好大型粮棉油生产基地、优质粮食产业、农田水利、饮水安全、公路、沼气和农村教育、文化、卫生建设等重点工程。全面推进农村综合改革，基本完成乡镇机构、农村义务教育和县乡财政管理体制等改革任务。培养造就有文化、懂技术、会经营的新型农民。各地方、各部门必须在经济工作思路和重点上有一个大的转变。建设资金要更多地向“三农”倾斜，公共服务要更大范围地覆盖农村，全社会都要大力支持农村发展
Strategic priorities and major tasks during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period
The Outline (draft) lays out the overall arrangements for economic and social development and for reform and opening up in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period and sets out clear tasks and policy measures.
First, we must build a new socialist countryside. Among all the strategic tasks before us, the Outline (draft) gives top priority to solving the problems facing agriculture, rural areas and farmers. The outline stresses the need to continue balancing economic and social development in urban and rural areas and to make steady progress in building a new socialist countryside by developing production, improving living standards, fostering more civil behavior, improving the overall cleanliness of villages, and exercising democratic management. We need to increase overall agricultural capacity, promote agricultural restructuring, intensify development of rural infrastructure, and increase farmers’ incomes. We will focus on implementing key projects to establish large production bases for grain, cotton and edible oil, industrialize production of superior quality grain varieties, build water conservancy facilities and safe drinking water supplies, build roads and methane production facilities, and develop education, culture and health in rural areas. We must also comprehensively promote overall rural reform and basically complete reform of town and township government bodies, rural compulsory education, and fiscal management in counties and townships. We need to create a new type of farmer who has a good basic education and understands both agricultural techniques and business operations. All localities and government departments must substantially change their thinking and priorities in their economic work. More development funds need to be directed toward solving the problems of agriculture, rural areas and farmers, and public services need to be made more widely available in rural areas. All of society should energetically support rural development.
大纲强调坚持统筹城乡经济社会发展，按照生产发展、生活宽裕、乡风文明、村容整洁、管理民主的要求，扎实稳步地推进社会主义新农村建设。
A: There is a clear stress in the outline on the need to continue balancing economic and social development in urban and rural areas and to make steady progress in building a new socialist countryside by developing production, improving living standards, fostering more civil behavior, improving the overall cleanliness of villages, and exercising democratic management.
B: The outline stresses the need to continue balancing economic and social development in urban and rural areas and to make steady progress in building a new socialist countryside by producing more goods, making people better off, encouraging them to behave in a more civil manner and to manage in a democratic way.
本标书经过详细的研究，并结合考虑本单位的施工能力，提出合理的报价为4833192元，工期为12个月！
After studying this bidding document carefully, and considering the construction ability, we present a reasonable offer of 4833192 Yuan with 12 months the time limit for the project
1. France was convulsed by a new labor contract that will weaken job protection for young employees.
convulse :To shake or agitate violently: 使…强烈地震动或狂躁不安：
2. scam 诡计
3. foil a coup attempt挫败了一起预谋的政变
4. defect
To disown allegiance to one's country and take up residence in another:
叛逃：背叛某人的祖国并取得在别国居住资格：
a Soviet citizen who defected to Israel.
一个叛逃到以色列的苏联公民
To abandon a position or an association, often to join an opposing group:
背叛：抛弃职位或联盟，通常是为了加入敌对的组织：
defected from the party over the issue of free trade.
在自由贸易的问题上背叛了自己的政党
5. His chief opponent will be Horacio Serpa, a Liberal whom he defeated in 2002 and who won a party primary held in parallel with the legislative vote.
Primary: A meeting of the registered voters of a political party for the purpose of nominating candidates and for choosing delegates to their party convention.
候选人提拔会：某一政党已登记的选民为提名候选人及为选择政党会议代表而举行的会议
6. Canada’s new Conservative Prime Minister, Stepen Harper, made a two-day visit to his country’s troops in Afghanistan. He rejected calls for a parliamentary debate on their deployment, which was ordered by the previous Liberal government.
Deployment: n.展开,部署,调度
7.Democratic leaders backed away from a move by Russ Feingold, a senator from Wisconsin, to censure Mr. Bush for a controversial domestic eavesdropping program.
Censure: To criticize severely; blame. 指责：严厉批评；责备
To express official disapproval of:
公开谴责：正式表示不赞成：
“Whether the Senate will censure one of its members for conflict of interest”(Washington Post)
“参议院是否会以利益冲突为由公开指责一名议员”(华盛顿邮报)
Eavesdropping: 偷听
8.Human Rights Watch that Representatives from Sri Lanka’s Tamil Tiger rebels were extorting money from the Sri Lankan diaspora, mainly in Britain and Canada to fund a “final war”.
Extort: To obtain from another by coercion or intimidation.
敲诈，勒索：通过强迫或威胁从另一个人处获得
Diaspora:
The dispersion of Jews outside of Israel from the sixth century b.c. , when the Jews were exiled to Babylonia, until the present time.
犹太人在外的散居：从公元前 6世纪起，那时犹太人被驱逐到巴比伦，在以色列外边散居，直到现在。
Often diaspora The body of Jews or Jewish communities outside Palestine or modern Israel.
常作 diaspora 散居在外的犹太人机构或团体：在巴勒斯坦或现代以色列之外的犹太人机构或犹太人团体
diaspora A dispersion of an originally homogeneous people.
diaspora 向国外散居：原本同一种民族人民的散居
diaspora A dispersion of an originally homogeneous entity, such as a language or a culture:
diaspora 传播：原本同一种民族实体的传播，比如语言或文化：
“the diaspora of English into several mutually incomprehensible languages”(Randolph Quirk)
“英语的传播成为几种彼此难以理解的语言”(伦道夫•夸)
15．No one knows what he will be like in that job, despite his quite successful tenure as Chancellor of the Exchequer.
1)Tenure 任期
2) Chancellor of the Exchequer财政部长
16．Coddling monsters has a price
coddle
1) To cook in water just below the boiling point:
用文火煮：在恰低于沸点的水中煮：
coddle eggs. 煮鸡蛋
2) To treat indulgently; baby.See Synonyms at pamper
溺爱地对待；纵容参见 pamper
17. Malign
1) Evil in disposition, nature, or intent.恶毒的，邪恶的：性情、本质或动机上邪恶的
2) Evil in influence; injurious.有害的：具不良影响的；有害的
3) Having or showing malice or ill will; malevolent.恶意的：具有或表现出恶意或不良愿望的；含有恶意的
Slobodan Milosevic
Mar 16th 2006
From Economist.com
Slobodan Milosevic became president of Yugoslavia in 1989. In the ensuing six years he ignited conflicts in Croatia (1991) and Bosnia (1992) that killed thousands. These wars ended with the signing of the Dayton peace agreement in 1995.
Having been almost overthrown, Mr. Milosevic bounced back to be re-elected president in July 1997. Later that year, in response to a rebellion in Kosovo, he brutally repressed the province's ethnic-Albanian residents. This angered fellow NATO members whose bombing campaign (and the imposing of sanctions) undermined Mr. Milosevic. In September 2000 he relinquished the presidency to Vojislav Kostunica, but only after popular protests.
Mr. Milosevic was indicted for war crimes in May 1999 and went on trial in The Hague. Proceedings were interrupted by his poor health, and also that of the presiding judge, whose decision to step down in the spring of 2004 almost forced a retrial. In the end, he cheated justice: on March 11th 2006 he was found dead in his cell. Historians will mull why Mr. Milosevic’s presidency was tolerated for so many years.
18. Serbia 塞尔维亚
19 afield
1)Off the usual or desired track. See Synonyms at amiss
偏离地：偏离惯常或预期的轨迹地参见 amiss
2)Away from one's home or usual environment.
离开家乡地：离开家乡或惯常的环境地
3) To or on a field.上战场，在战场上
20 demagogue
A leader who obtains power by means of impassioned appeals to the emotions and prejudices of the populace.
煽动者，政治家：通过慷慨激昂的手段赚取民众的情感或偏见而得到权力的领导者
21. wreak :To bring about; cause:带来；引起：
wreak havoc.带来灾难
1) To inflict (vengeance or punishment) upon a person.
施行报复：对某人施以（报复或惩罚）
2) To express or gratify (anger, malevolence, or resentment); vent.
发泄：表示或使满足（愤怒、恶意或憎恨）；发泄
22 collude
To act together secretly to achieve a fraudulent, illegal, or deceitful purpose; conspire.
共谋，串通：秘密地聚集在一起行动以达到叛逆、不合法的或欺骗目的；阴谋策划
23. carve up 瓜分
24．Loom 临近
25．Belgrade: The capital and largest city of Yugoslavia, in the eastern part of the country at the confluence of the Danube and Sava rivers. Founded in the 3rd century b.c. , it was the primary city of Serbia from the 12th century until the formation of Yugoslavia in the 20th century. Population, 936,200.
贝尔格莱德：南斯拉夫首都和最大城市，位于该国东部的多瑙河与萨瓦河的汇合处。建于公元前 3世纪，从12世纪到南斯拉夫形成的20世纪，该城为塞尔维亚的主要城市。人口936,200
26.condone To overlook, forgive, or disregard (an offense) without protest or censure. See Synonyms at forgive
宽恕：毫无抗议或责备之意地忽视、谅解或宽恕（冒犯行为）参见 forgive
9. NASDAQ-----National Association of Securities Dealers Automated Quotation System.
全国证券交易商自动报价系统协会
10. Consolidation: The merger of two or more commercial interests or corporations.
合并：两个或多个商业上的利益集团或法人团体的合并
11．MP下院议员 a member of the house of commons
12. Petulant
Unreasonably irritable or ill-tempered; peevish.任性的，脾气坏的：无理由地激怒的或发脾气的；易怒的
Contemptuous in speech or behavior.言行无礼，狂妄的
13.mark time: 踏步, 停顿不前
14 patronage
1)Support, encouragement, or championship, as of a person, an institution, an event, or a cause, from a patron.庇护，保护：保护人对某人、机构、事件或事业的支持、鼓励或维护
2)Support or encouragement proffered in a condescending manner:施惠：恩赐的态度所给予的帮助或鼓励：
It seems our little establishment has finally been deemed worthy of the bank's patronage.
看来银行终于认为值得资助我们这种小机构
3) The trade given to a commercial establishment by its customers:
光顾，惠顾：顾客对商业机构的光临：
Shopkeepers thanked Christmas shoppers for their patronage.店老板感谢圣诞节顾客的光临
4) Customers or patrons considered as a group; clientele:顾客，常客：顾客或老主顾总称；常客：
The grand old hotel has a loyal but demanding patronage.
这家显赫的老旅店拥有忠实但颇多要求的顾客
5) The power to distribute or appoint people to governmental or political positions.
授与职务的权力：分派或委任给某人政府职位或政治地位的权力
6) The act of distributing or appointing people to such positions.
官职的委派：分派或委任某人这种地位的行为
7) The positions so distributed or filled.
被委派的职务：这样分配和委任的职位
8) The right to grant an ecclesiastical benefice to a member of the clergy.
圣职授与权：赐与牧师教会圣职的权力
27. Queasiness n.恶心
28 peacekeeper 维和部队
29．Statecraft
The art of leading a country: 治国艺术：领导国家的艺术：
“They placed free access to scientific knowledge far above the exigencies of statecraft”(Anthony Burgess)
“他们将获得科学知识的自由置于治国术的迫切需要的上”(安东尼•伯吉斯)
30. integral
1) Essential or necessary for completeness; constituent:必须的：构成整体所必须的；应有的：
The kitchen is an integral part of a house.厨房是房子不可缺的部分
2) Possessing everything essential; entire.完整的：具有全部要素的；完整的
3) Expressed or expressible as or in terms of integers.整数的：用整数表示的或可用整数表示的
4) Expressed as or involving integrals.积分的：表示为或包含整数的
n.（名词）
5) A complete unit; a whole.整体；全体
31 stomach: Courage; spirit.勇气，精神
32. Interlocutor:
1) Someone who takes part in a conversation, often formally or officially.
对话者：参加谈话的人，通常是正式地或官方地
2) The performer in a minstrel show who is placed midway between the end men and engages in banter with them.
问话者：在滑稽说唱表演中，站在滑稽插话演员中间与他们戏谑的演
33. And confronting a monster may ultimately be harder if you have spent many years playing down his monstrosity.
Monstrosity:
1) One that is monstrous.可怕的人
2) The quality or character of being monstrous.怪异的特点或性质
Play down 降低, 贬低, 减少
34. egregious: Conspicuously bad or offensive. See Synonyms at flagrant
极端恶劣的：明显的坏的或令人恼怒的参见 flagrant
35. pawn
1) Something given as security for a loan; a pledge or guaranty.
抵押品，典当物：当作借贷保证的事物；保证物或抵押物
2) The condition of being held as a pledge against the payment of a loan:
抵押：当作偿付贷款的保证的条件：
jewels in pawn.典押的珠宝
3) A person serving as security; a hostage.
人质：作为保证的人；人质
4) The act of pawning.
抵押：抵押的事例
5) To give or deposit (personal property) as security for the payment of money borrowed.
典当：给予或寄存（个人财产）作为偿还借款的保证
6) To risk; hazard:冒险；赌：
7) pawn one's honor.以名誉作赌注
36. teething troubles: 暂时的困难
37 stalwart:
1) Having or marked by imposing physical strength.强壮的或表现为结实的
2) Firm and resolute; stout. See Synonyms at strong
坚定和坚决的；勇敢的参见 strong
n.（名词）
3) One who is physically and morally strong.
强壮的人：身体和意志坚强的人
4) One who steadfastly supports an organization or a cause:
坚定分子：顽强支持某一组织或事业的人：
Party stalwarts.
党的坚定支持者
38. farce
A ludicrous, empty show; a mockery:
闹剧：一种荒唐的、空洞的表演；一个笑柄：
The election was a farce, for it was fixed.
这次选举是一幕闹剧，因为它是预先安排好的
39 unnerve
1) To deprive of fortitude, strength, or firmness of purpose.
使…失去意志：使…失去坚韧，力量或对目标的执着
To make nervous or upset.使…紧张或慌张
40 Sorbonne
索邦神学院(巴黎大学的前身),巴黎大学
41. OECD=Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
经济合作和发展组织
42.for them even the two years under the new job contracts would offer them job experience that might lead up to something better than the life on a dole.
Dole:
1) Charitable dispensation of goods, especially money, food, or clothing.
救济：尤指金钱、食物或衣物等救济品的发放
2) A share of money, food, or clothing that has been charitably given.
救济品：一份食品或衣物等救济品或救济金
3) Chiefly British the distribution by the government of relief payments to the unemployed; welfare.
【多用于英国】
失业救济金：政府发给的失业救济金；福利
43．Quarry
1) An open excavation or pit from which stone is obtained by digging, cutting, or blasting.
学词汇: repudiate
To reject the validity or authority of:
拒绝接受：拒绝接受…的效力或权力：
“Chaucer . . . not only came to doubt the worth of his extraordinary body of work, but repudiated it”(Joyce Carol Oates)
“乔叟…不仅开始怀疑他的庞大的作品体系的价值，而且拒绝接受它”(乔伊丝•卡罗尔•奥茨)
To reject emphatically as unfounded, untrue, or unjust:
否定：断然公认为是无根据的、不真实的或不公平的：
repudiated the accusation. 驳斥控诉
To refuse to recognize or pay: 拒付：拒绝承认或请偿：
repudiate a debt.
拒绝清偿债务
To disown (a child, for example).
抛弃：声明与（如孩子）断绝关系
To refuse to have any dealings with.
与…断绝关系：拒绝与…有任何交往
1. tenure
The status of holding one's position on a permanent basis without periodic contract renewals:
终身职位：不用续签有期限的合同的而永久地保有其职位的状态：
a teacher granted tenure on a faculty.
某系的一位有终身职位的老师
2. prude n.
装成规矩的女人,故做正经的女人
2.crap
Excrement. 粪便
An act of defecating. 通大便的行为
Worthless nonsense; rubbish.
无用的东西；废物
63.account ：财务帐；帐户
A record of financial transactions kept in a ledger.
在分类帐中保存的财务来往记录。
A bank account
银行帐户
A customer or client
顾客或客户
Let’s check the account again.
我们再查一遍帐。
How much is left in our bank account.
银行帐上还剩多少。
This firm is our best account.
这家商行是我们最好的客户。
64.accounting ：会计
A system and process of gathering and recording financial information that provides a continuous balance between assets and liabilities.
收集和记录财务住处的制度和过程，并据此不断提供资产和负债之间的余额。
You need to discuss that matter with the accounting department.
你应当和财务部讨论这个问题。
65.accumulation ：资本增益
An addition to capital investments or stock from profits.
资本投资的收益或股分增值。
What kink of accumulation are you getting on the ABC stock?
你有ABC公司的股份有什么资本增益？
66.affluence ：富裕
The condition of substantial wealth and economic power.
拥有雄厚财富和经济实力的状况。
Luxury cars are targeted towards the affluent segment of a population.
豪华轿车是以人口中的富裕阶层为销售对象的。
67.affiliate ：成员，分公司
A business that contracts to work with another business.
签订合同与另一公司合作的公司。
The ABC office supply company is one of our many affiliates.
ABC办公用品公司是我们众多分公司的其中之一。
提高英汉翻译水平小经验；一点小经验，抛砖引玉，向各位讨教
1、首先思想上要重视。本来我说，我是中国人，汉语就不用跟我提啦！~造成思想上不重视，对自己没什么要求，总以为需要时只要花时间就能做好，结果根本不是那么一回事；
2、多向“笔杆子”请教。很多单位都有自己的笔杆子，学中文的、学秘书专业的很多人都可以请教。我记得有一次，我不知道说了什么一句话，我们的党支部书记就纠正了我：这样这样说更简练，大家一般这么说。我当时听了虽然很惭愧，心理上震动很大。所以有时候我做了点翻译，在自己觉得没办法再改进时就请教他，人家三言两语就切中要害，果真进步特别大。
3、还要提高自己的英语阅读能力。这个很明显，理解不正确，怎么表达都无济于事。
4、翻译时一定要有这样的想法：意思我知道了，可是，让我去写，我还会这样表达吗？要是让我根据这些意思去写，我会怎么去表达呢？
近2个月翻译了大约10万字左右，其中英译汉的占到75%，而汉译英的任务只是25%，感觉到英译汉还是大有文章可做的。做得好坏与否，主要取决于：
1、英文理解。理解不正确肯定不行。laoxianggg还有一名澳洲朋友（不怎么来这里所以不具体说）给我帮了大忙，老是私下麻烦他们。laoxianggg专业涉及面特别广，为人又那么好，真让我感激不尽。相信不止我一个人这么感觉。
2、我一般先做出个理解版再整理。先直译，把自己理解的都写出来。好几次我想一气呵成，可是都耽误了很多时间，效果很不理想。唉，我不是那种出口成章的人，还是老实点吧。
3、然后根据理解的版本重新组织句子。很多稿子直译根本行不通，虽然能让人看懂，但是总让人看得头皮发麻，特别晦涩，象在打谜语。毕竟都是中国人，意思一样，还是符合我们阅读习惯的受欢迎。
4、再对照原文纠偏、润色。特别提出的是我开始只对照我的中文看原文，结果发现漏译现象。亏好双方关系很好很理解，但是确实是个警钟，校对确实应该是全方位的双向的。
我记得当时每天坚持看20篇英文原版文章，到现在折合累计量达到了6000多篇，约600万字。在看到300万字时，突然豁然开朗，看路透社、美联社、纽约时报上的网站的文章一下子不费劲了，觉得理解力一下子有了飞跃。刚开学看时特别羡慕那些老外。但是英语仍然还是我的瓶颈，看样我还要坚持看下去（最近翻译得多，等于精读的多了，泛读的少了），争取下一次再来一个豁然开朗
1 you can't be too careful in your work.
错: 你工作不能太仔细
对: 你工作应当越仔细越好
2 he was only too pleased to let them go.
错:他太高兴了,不肯让他们走
对:他很乐意让他们走
3 all his letters were not received.
错: 他所有的信都没收到
对: 他的信没有全部收到
4 people will be long forgetting her.
错: 人们将在很长时间内忘记她
对:人们会长时间地记住他的
还记得崔健的《一块红布》吗？一块红布蒙住了双眼，也蒙住了天，我问你看见了什么？你说看见了幸福。
美国著名杂志Reader's Digest 上一篇文章谈到“幸福”，现将其中的“幸福”片断节选如下：
幸福，攥在你的手心里。
The notion that we have to work at happiness comes as news to many people. We assume it's a feeling that comes as a result of good things that just happen to us, things over which we have little or no control. But the opposite is true: happiness is largely under our control. It is a battle to be waged and not a feeling to be waited.
幸福不是万事如意。幸福需要一颗感恩的心，感谢生活，感谢每一束阳光。
Most of us compare ourselves with anyone we think is happier--a relative, an acquaintance or, often, someone we barely know, I once met a young man who struck me as particularly successful and happy. He spoke of his love for his beautiful wife and their daughters, and of his joy at being a radio talk-show host in a city he loved. I remember thinking that he was one of those lucky few for whom everything goes effortlessly right. Then we started talking about the Internet. He blessed its existence, he told me, because he could look up information on multiple sclerosis, the terrible disease afflicting his wife, I felt like a fool for assuming nothing unhappy existed in his life.
“人有悲欢离合，月有阴晴圆缺。”有时，遗憾也是生活中的一种美。
Almost all of us have images of how life should be. The problem, of course, is that only rarely do people's jobs, spouses, and children live up to these imagined ideals. Here's a personal example: No one in my family had ever divorced. I assumed that marriage was for life. So when my wife and I divorced after five years of marriage and three years after the birth of our son, my world caved in. I was a failure in my own eyes.
I later remarried but confided to my wife, Fran,that I could not shake the feeling that my family life had failed. She asked me what was wrong with our family now. I had to admit that, our family life was wonderful. "Then why don't you celebrate it?" she asked. That is what I decided to do. But first I had to get rid of the image of a "perfect" family.
幸福的人看到的总是已有的那半桶水。
One effective way of sabotaging happiness is to look at something and fixate on even the smallest flaw. It's like looking up at a tiled ceiling and concentrating on the space where one tile is missing. As a bald man told me, "Whenever I enter a room, all I see is hair." Once you've determined what your missing tile is, explore whether acquiring it will really make you happy. Then do one of three things: get it, replace it with a different tile, or forget about it and focus on the tiles in your life that are not missing.
幸福与贫富无关。
I have spent years studying happiness, and one of the most significant conclusion I've drawn is this; there is little correlation between the circumstance of people's lives and how happy they are, A moment's reflection should make this obvious. We all know people who have had a relatively easy life yet are essentially unhappy. And we know people who have suffered a great deal but generally remain happy
如何表达燃油附加费
受汉语习惯影响，提到“附加费”，您可能会想到由additional，extra，added等一类词汇与fee，fare（费用）复合而成的合成词。瞧下面一段新闻，如何才能简洁、地道地表达“附加费”？
China will lift jet fuel surcharges for the second time in a year on domestic flights to help air carriers cope with the impact of soaring oil prices.
Starting from September 1, the surcharge for each passenger flying less than 800 kilometers will rise to 60 yuan from the current 30 yuan, the General Administration of Civil Aviation of China, the industry regulator, said on its website on Friday.
新闻中说：“为了缓解油价上涨对航空公司造成的压力，中国将再度上调国内航线的燃油附加费”。很明显，surcharge在此处简洁明了地表达了（燃油）“附加费”的内涵——“多向乘客收取的费用”。
Surcharge由词缀sur-（附加的）和词根-charge（要价、收费）组合而成。词缀sur-除表示“在…上面”之外，也指“附加的”，如：surtax（附加税）。
Charge作“索价”时动词和名词兼可用，如：That seaside hotel charges exorbitant prices during the summer holidays.（那家海滨旅馆在夏天休假期间漫天要价）；The charge for a front-row seat is $3.（前排座位票价每张三美元。）
５“起步价”怎么说？
上海的朋友一定不会对下面这则新闻感到陌生：“从5月11日起，上海市区的出租车起步价由目前的10元/3公里调整为11元/3公里；超过3公里后，每公里运价由现在的2元调整为2元1角……”有个疑问，怎么用英文表达“起步价”？
请看《中国日报》相关报道：Taxi passengers in Shanghai started to feel the pinch of soaring fuel prices as the city began to roll out its first taxi fare hike since 1998.
The flag-fall price in downtown, which covers the first 3 kilometers of a trip, has risen to 11 yuan from 10 yuan during the daytime. And the price after 11 pm will climb to 14 yuan from 13 yuan .
估计您也猜出来了，flag-fall price就是“起步价”的相应英文表达。Flag-fall（比赛开始）本是体育术语，尤其在田径比赛时，很形象地描述出了“裁判手中的小红旗朝下一挥，比赛立马开始”的情景。随着计程车的使用，flag-fall（比赛开始）逐渐由体育术语延伸为与人们生活密切相关的“起步（价）”。
另外，既然提到了flag，忍不住想起了Dido那首对爱执著、为爱不言放弃的《White flag》，摘几句歌词：
Well I will go down with this ship/And I won't put my hands up and surrender
There will be no white flag above my door/I'm in love and always will be
“我将乘船一直走下去，永远不会投降；在我的门上也永远不会挂有白旗，我爱你，直到永远。”这里的white flag直译为“白旗”，实质上表达的可是与surrender（投降）相同的意思哦。例如：
A white flag is used as a token of surrender.（白旗被用来作为投降的信号。）
He had to show the white flag at the end of the debate.（辩论到最后他只好认输。）
教育方面的词汇
educational history 学历
educational background 教育程度
educational system 学制
academic year 学年
term/ semester 学期
diploma 文凭
tuition 学费
School 学校
fee-paying school 付费学校/私立学校
public school 公立学校
regular school 普通学校
primary/elementary school 小学
high/middle school 中学
university 大学
college 学院
academy 高等专科院校
normal school 师范院校
Curriculum 课程
courses taken 所修的课程
major 主修课
minor 辅修课
specialized course 专业课
compulsory course 必修课
optional course 选修课
Activities 各项活动
social practice 社会实践
extracurricular activities 课外活动
physical activities 体育活动
recreational activities 娱乐活动
academic activities 学术活动
social activities 社会活动
Rewards 奖励
scholarship 奖学金
excellent League member 优秀团员
excellent leader 优秀干部
"Three Goods" student 三好学生
Faculty and Students 教师和学生
principal 中学校长（美）
headmaster 中小学校长（英）
11. 重复引进introduction of redundant technical facilities; importation of redundant technical facilities; repeated importation of equipment and technology
引进先进技术、设备是必要的。但是我们的立足点要放在吸收、创新上，不能走重复引进的路子。
It is necessary to introduce advanced technology and equipment. However, we should focus on absorption and innovation instead of lingering on importation of redundant technical facilities.
12. 出口创汇能力capacity to earn foreign exchange through exports
该市农产品年出口创汇能力已突破1000万美元，是结构调整前的80多倍。
The capacity to earn foreign exchange through exports of the city’s agricultural products has reached 10 million US dollars, 80 times before the restructuring.
13. 出口加工区
export processing zone; areas for processing export products
经国家批准，成都建设了出口加工区，为项目进入提供了良好的环境。
With the state permission, Chengdu has constructed the export processing zone, which provides a good environment for introducing projects.
14. 创业园high-tech business incubator; pioneer park
我们必须加强创新创业的环境建设，努力抓好大学科技园、软件园和其他科技创业园的能力建设。
We must strengthen the environmental construction of innovative undertaking and work hard on the capacity construction of science and technology parks of universities, software parks and other science and technology pioneer parks.
15. 促进全球经济一体化foster integration with the global economy
网络时代的文化碰撞对促进全球经济一体化的进程，加快知识经济时代的到来，无疑起了推波助澜的作用。
No doubt the cultural impact of the Internet epoch plays an important role in fostering integration with the global economy and ushering in the epoch of knowledge economy.
Newcomers don't like the smells城里人闻不惯那味儿（陈继龙编译）
GEORGE WILLIAMS, one of Scottsdale's last remaining cowboys, has been r_aising______① horses and cattle on his 120 acres for 20 years. （1）The cattle go to the slaughterhouse, the horses to rodeos. But Mr Williams is stomping mad.
________________________________________
乔治•威廉斯是斯科特斯德（注：亚利桑那州中南部城市）仅存的牛仔之一，20年来他一直在他那120亩地里饲养牛马。牛儿进了屠宰场，马儿上了竞技场，而威廉斯却疯也似的跺着脚。
________________________________________
His problems began last year when dishonest neighbours started to steal his cattle. Then other neighbours, most of them newcomers, took offence at his horses roaming on their properties. Arizona is an open-range state: l__ivestock_____② have the right of way and there is no fine for trespassing. This has been on the law books since 1913. （2）Mr Williams, who is elderly and in poor health, is angry that he has to spend so much of his time fielding complaints and retrieving stolen cattle.
________________________________________
去年，有些不厚道的邻居开始偷他的牛，之后他的麻烦便接踵而至。有的邻居（大多数都是刚刚迁来的人）还攻击他那些跑到他们地里的马。亚利桑那是一个开阔的“草原之州”，家畜在公路上享有优先通行权，对家畜侵入他人土地也不予罚款。（译注：“the right of way”可指“优先通行权”和“允许在别人的土地上穿行”，根据上下文，这里是指前者，因为后面的trespass有“进入别人的私人土地”的意思。）自1913年以来，这就一直有法律明文规定。威廉斯很生气，因为年老体弱的他不得不花很多的时间来回应别人的怨言和找回被偷的牛。
Such grumbles are common in Arizona. The most recent Department of Agriculture census shows that 1,213 of Arizona's 8,507 farms closed down between 1997 and 2002. Many cattlemen are moving out to more remote parts of the state. Arable farmers are struggling, too. Norman Knox, a respected grain farmer in Gilbert, recently learned that the owner of his rented land wants to build condos. Mr Knox is 72 and has to move. He r_reckons______③ that 50-70% of the farmland in Gilbert has been sold for development in the past two years.
________________________________________
这样的怨言在亚利桑那到处都可以听到。农业部最近一次人口普查结果显示，1997年至2002年间，亚利桑那8507家农场中有1213家已经关闭。许多牧民正在朝该州一些偏远的地区迁徙。种地农民也是苦不堪言。诺曼•诺克斯是吉尔伯特一位德高望重的粮农，他最近得知，他租种的那块地的主人打算在那儿修建公寓楼。今年72岁的诺克斯只好搬走。据他估算，两年来，吉尔伯特的农田已经有50％～70％被出售用于开发。
________________________________________
This affects not only cowboys and farmers, but small businessmen too. （3）For 20 years, Gary Young, owner of Gilbert's Higley Feed, sold range blocks and cubes to cattlemen who fed them to cattle during the droughts. But 18 months ago he switched to selling pet food and baby chicks to new home-owners.
________________________________________
这不但影响了牛仔和农民，也影响到了小商业者。吉尔伯特Higley饲料公司老板盖瑞•扬二十年来一直向牧民销售固体块状浓缩牧用汤料（译注：range此处是指“草原”，与前文的“open-range”一致；block指块状物体，cube指立方体，这里应该代指块状饲料或“浓缩草料”等，即可能是将牲畜所需饲料进行固化、压缩并切割成块状。是不是类似于“压缩饼干”？另，在英语中stock cube是指“固体浓缩汤料”，加上后面提到的“干旱时饲喂”，因此准确的译文可能为“固体块状浓缩牧用汤料”），干旱时牧民们就用这些汤料来喂牛。可是，一年半前他已经转行向新来的住户售卖宠物食品和小鸡了。
Locals worry about the precious, dwindling cowboy culture. Arizona's tourism boards like to promote a steady interest in all things cowboy and western. Last year more British and German tourists came than usual, and many of them were looking p___recisely____⑤ for that. （5）Arizona's Dude Ranch Association fills its $350-a-night luxury ranches most of the year; roughly a third of the guests are European.
________________________________________
当地人对宝贵的牛仔文化日渐萎缩感到担忧。亚利桑那州旅游管理人士希望这里一切与牛仔和西部电影有关的东西都能产生经久不衰的吸引力。去年，来此地的英、德两国旅行者要多于往年，而且他们当中许多人恰恰就是为了寻找牛仔和西部电影而来。亚利桑那农场度假协会拥有的农场全年大部分时间都客满，其中约有三分之一的客人是欧洲人，而每晚的住宿费高达350美金。
________________________________________
（6）Many of the ranchers themselves see all this tourism as a cheeky attempt to commercialise a real and vanishing culture. In Prescott, estate agents promote “American Ranch-style” homes with posters of backlit horse riders. On the other side of the street is Whiskey Row, a famous strip of historic cowboy bars. But in Matt's Saloon on Saturday night, real cattlemen could not be found.
________________________________________
在很多农场主看来，这种旅游完全是一种厚颜无耻的行径，它试图让一个行将消失的、真正意义上的文化成为商品。在普雷斯科特，房地产经纪人推销具有“美国农场风格”、贴着光芒骑士海报的房屋。街道的另一边是著名的牛仔酒吧区——威士忌街。不过，星期六晚上在马特酒吧却见不到一个真正的牛仔。
Farm folk like Mr Knox and Mr Williams are weighing up their options. Many will migrate to remoter places where land is cheaper and not crowded with city people. （7）Younger ones take on side-jobs as contractors and are cattlehands part-time. Older cowboys aren't sure what to do.
________________________________________
像诺克斯和威廉斯这样的牧农们正在认真考虑着出路。许多人将迁往较为偏远的地方，那里土地比较便宜，城市人也不多。年轻的牛仔承包了牧场干起副业，并兼职做驯牛师。年纪较大的牛仔还不知道该干什么。
________________________________________
The Arizona
Cowboy
College in Scottsdale, which trains cattlehands, conducts the school for profit but also for m____aintaining____⑥ the cowboy culture. The six-day courses include cattle-herding, rustling and ranch-survival skills. The owner, herself a rancher, says the courses are popular, especially with retired businessmen.
________________________________________
位于斯科特斯德的亚利桑那牛仔学院专门培训驯牛师，其办学宗旨不但是为了赚钱，也是为了维护牛仔文化。课程为期六天，内容包括放牧、窃取牲口以及农场生存技能培训。院长本人也是一名农场主，她说，这些课程很受欢迎，特别是受到退休商人的欢迎。
1. 根据上下文和英文释义，补全单词：
①r_______（v. to look after animals or grow plants so that they can be sold or used as food）
②l_______（n. animals such as cows and sheep that are kept on a farm）
③r________（v. to guess a number or amount, without calculating it exactly）
④d________（adj. of a good enough standard or quality）
⑤p________（adv. exactly the right thing）
⑥m________（v. to make something continue in the same way or at the same standard as before）
2. 英译汉（将划线部分英文翻译成中文）：
(LONGMAN)
1. rodeo n. 牛仔驯马、用绳索捕捉牲畜、骑马赛跑等娱乐活动；牧马技术表演
2. stomp v. 踩踏；跺脚
3. open range 开放牧场；开旷草原
4. trespass v.（未经允许）进入别人的私人土地
5. field v. to answer questions, telephone calls etc, especially when there are a lot of them or the questions are difficult回答（问题、电话访问，尤指较多或较难回答时）
6. arable adj.与种植或耕种有关的（arable land可耕地）
7. western n. 西部电影（尤指反映19世纪美国西部牛仔生活的电影）
8. dude n. 在西部牧场度假的城里人；纨绔子弟
9. cheeky adj.无礼的；厚颜无耻的
10. backlight v. 从后面照亮
11. rustle v.偷（牛、马等牲畜）
KEY TO QUIZ]
________________________________________
1. ①raising 饲养
②livestock 家畜
③reckons 估算
④decent 尚可的，不错的
与good有关的词汇：
表示“very good”：excellent极好的, fantastic绝妙的，极好的, wonderful惊人的，极好的, great美妙的，好极了的, terrific非常棒的，妙极了的, neat极好的，极佳的 , superb极好的，一流的, amazing惊人的，了不起的, outstanding杰出的，出色的, brilliant超群的，才华横溢的, impressive给人留下深刻印象的, fine, first-class一流的, out of this world超级的，超一流的
表示“of good quality”high quality, top quality, superior, deluxe精品的, classy上等的，优等的
表示“morally good”： decent大方的，得体的, virtuous善良的，有道德的, respectable可敬的, honorable可敬的，光荣的, upright正直的，诚实的, beyond reproach无可指摘的
⑤precisely 正好
⑥maintaining 保持，维持；保养（continue/carry on • perpetuate使永存，使不朽 • keep up维持，继续 • preserve维持，维护，保存）
2. 中国物价与经济
有观点认为中国物价将会很快提高工业化国家的通货膨胀率，并迫使中央银行家们采取更加严厉的控制措施，并非所有的经济学家都完全同意该观点。
Not all economists buy the overall notion that Chinese prices will soon pump up inflation rates in the industrialized world and force central bankers to press harder on the brakes.
低收入人群的不幸
不同的人群遭遇到的健康问题是不同的，低收入人群更容易患上我们担心的所有健康问题。
Populations are not equal in terms of experiencing health problems, low-income populations tend to experience all the health problems we worry about at greater rates."
大堂：auditorium
无障碍设计：disabled access /wheelchair access
投标人: bidder
招标人：bid inviter
英语文摘上的文章Inequality and American Dream
1. The world’s most impressive economic machine needs a little adjusting.
美国，这个举世闻名的经济机器也需要作一些调整了。
2. More than any other country, America defines itself by a collective dream：the dream of economic opportunity and upward mobility.
译文1：与其他国家不同，美国以大众共有的梦想著称，即赚取财富的梦想，提升自我的梦想。
译文2：美国在世界上以拥有一个共同的梦想自居：经济机会和向上流动的机会。
译文3：与其它国家不同，美国以拥有一个大家共同的梦想而自居，即获得财富的梦想和向上攀升的梦想。
3. Its proudest boast is that it offers a chance of the good life to everybody who is willing to work hard and play by the rules. 美国最引以自豪的就是谁愿意努力工作并遵守规则，就给谁提供获得美好生活的机会。
4. This ideal has made the United States the world’s strongest magnet for immigrants; it has also reconciled ordinary Americans to the rough side of a dynamic economy, with all its inequalities and insecurities.
正是这种理想让美国象磁石般地吸引了大批带着美国梦的移民，也正是这种理想让许多普通美国人接受了强大经济所带来的负面影响，即不平等和不安全的现象。
5. Who cares if the boss earns 300 times more than the average working stiff, if the stiff knows he can become the boss? 尽管蓝领工人们的老板的薪水是他们的300多倍，可谁也不会有半句怨言，因为他们认为说不定将来他们也会成为老板
6. Look ‘around the world and the supremacy of “the American Model might seem assured. 环顾全球，可见美国模式确实已经取得了至高无上的地位。
7. No other rich country has so successfully harnessed the modern juggernauts of technology and globalization. 没有哪个国家能象美国一样如此成功地驾驭了科技和全球化带来的巨大冲击。
8. The hallmarks of American capitalism--- a willingness to take risks , a light regulatory touch and sharp competition---have spawned enormous wealth. 冒险精神、宽松的管理、激烈的竞争这三个标志如今为美国资本主义美国带来了巨额财富。
9. “This economy is powerful, productive and prosperous,” George Bush boasted recently, and by many yardsticks he is right.
“如今，美国有着强大，多产，和繁荣的经济。”从许多指标上来衡量，他的确没有说大话。
10.Growth is fast, unemployment is low and profits are fat.
一方面经济快速增长，失业率低，另一方面也获得的丰厚的利润。
It is hardly surprising that so many other governments are trying to “Americanize” their economies--- whether through the European Union’s Lisbon Agenda or Japan’s Koizumi reforms.
因此，无论是通过“里斯本战略”还是日本小泉的改革，许多其他政府都在试图让自己国家的经济“美国化”，这几乎不足为奇。
A ticket for corruption罚单，为腐败而开（陈继龙编译）
“THE UN needs a good smack in the face,” fumed one city councillor. New York has long been fed up with the United Nations and its diplomats. （1）The city has 1,700 of them, about 1,699 too many. Their meetings cause endless traffic jams and annoying multi-car motorcades. As for their outstanding fines for traffic violations (more than $18m at the last count), these have so infuriated Michael Bloomberg, New York's mayor, that in 2002 he vowed to tow away illegally parked consular vehicles. Colin Powell, then secretary of state, had to step in to broker a c_______①.
一位市议员怒气冲天地说：“该狠狠地给联合国一记耳光。”长期以来，纽约已经受够了联合国和它的那些外交官员们。对于这座城市来说，就算只有一名这样的外交官也嫌多，何况却有1700名。他们开会造成无休无止的交通堵塞，会议用车组成的长长的车队也让人烦恼不已。至于他们违反交通规则却不缴罚款一事（最新统计数字显示超过1800万美金），更是让纽约市长迈克尔•布卢姆伯格感到大为光火，以致于他在2002年就发誓要将那些违规停靠的领事馆车辆拖走。（译注：outstanding 这里是“未付清的，有待偿还的”的意思。at the last count是指“according to the latest information about a particular situation”）时任国务卿的科林•鲍威尔不得不从中斡旋，最后双方才达成妥协。
Can anything be done? In 2002 Chuck Schumer and Hillary Clinton, New York's senators, added an a_______② to a foreign-aid bill that allowed the city to recoup unpaid parking tickets from foreign-aid disbursements to offending countries. But now a new weapon has been discovered: shame. （2）Two economists have found a direct correlation between the number of people who park by the city's fire hydrants and in its loading bays, and the level of corruption in their home countries.
________________________________________
难道真的一筹莫展吗？2002年，纽约两位参议员恰克•舒梅尔和希拉里•克林顿对一项外援法案提出了一个修正意见，即允许该市从援助那些违规官员所在国家的资金中抽取部分用于补偿违规停车罚款欠款。不过，纽约现在又找到了一个新的对付手段，那就是“羞辱”。两位经济学家认为，那些将车停靠在该市消防栓和码头（注：在纽约，这属于绝对禁止停车的地方，一旦违规，惩罚非常重）附近的人的数量，与他们本国的腐败程度直接相关。
________________________________________
A study by Raymond Fisman and Edward Miguel, economists at Columbia University and the University of California, Berkeley, gives a rare picture of how people from different cultures perform under new cultural n_______③. For instance, between 1997 and 2002 diplomats from Chad averaged 124 unpaid parking violations; diplomats from Canada and the United Kingdom had none. The results from 146 countries were strikingly similar to the Transparency International corruption index, which rates countries by their level of perceived sleaze. In the case of parking violations, diplomats from countries with low levels of corruption behaved well, even when they could get away with breaking the rules. （3）The culture of their home country was imported to New York, and they acted accordingly.
________________________________________
哥伦比亚大学和加利福尼亚大学伯克利分院的经济学家雷蒙•费斯曼和爱德华•米盖尔通过研究令人惊奇地发现，来自不同文化的人在新的文化准则下的表现都有所不同。例如，在1997年至2002年间，乍得的外交官平均每年有124次未缴罚金的停车违规，而加拿大和英国的外交官则一次也没有。对146个国家进行研究的结果与“透明国际”腐败目录惊人地相似，后者是根据各国腐败现状对其进行排名。就违规停车而言，来自腐败程度较低的国家的外交官员表现较好，即便他们可能有时会侥幸逃脱违规处罚。他们本国的文化习惯被他们带入纽约，他们的行为也因此受到了本国文化的约束。
The same a_______④ to high-corruption countries. （4）Their diplomats became increasingly comfortable with parking where they liked; as they spent more time in New York, their number of violations increased by 8-18%. Overall, diplomats accumulated 150,000 unpaid parking tickets during the five years under review.
________________________________________
对那些腐败程度较为严重的国家，道理也是一样。这些国家的外交官员在停车方面越来越随心所欲，想停哪里就停哪里。随着他们在纽约生活的时日增多，违规停车的次数也增加了8％至18％。通过回顾调查，五年内外交官员未予缴付的停车罚单总计达15万张。
________________________________________
（5）Yet any moral superiority New Yorkers may feel should be tempered by the behaviour of the American embassy in London. Last year, embassy s_______⑤ stopped paying the congestion charge—now £8, or over $15—for bringing cars into central London. The growing pile of unpaid charges now stands at $716,000.
________________________________________
不过，美国大使馆在伦敦的行为会让纽约人可能产生的任何道德优越感都荡然无存。去年，使馆人员开车到伦敦市中心不再缴纳交通堵塞费（现为8英镑或15元多的美金），目前累计欠缴达到71.6万美金。
1. 根据上下文和英文释义，补全单词：
①c_______（n. an agreement that is achieved after everyone involved accepts less than what they wanted at first, or the act of making this agreement）
②a_______（n. a small change, improvement, or addition that is made to a law or document, or the process of doing this）
③n________（n. generally accepted standards of social behaviour）
④a________（v. to have an effect on or to concern a particular person, group, or situation）
⑤s________（n. the people who work for an organization）
2. 英译汉（将划线部分英文翻译成中文）：
1. motorcade n. 车队
2. infuriate v. 让某人感到极度愤怒
3. consular adj. 领事的
4. broker v.从中调解，安排；斡旋
5. recoup v. 补偿；弥补；挽回损失（recover）
6. loading bay 码头（＝loading dock）
7. sleaze n. 不道德的行为（与性及谎言有关）
8. congestion n. 交通堵塞
By the end of this year, China's foreign exchange reserves will likely exceed $ 1trillion. This is a huge amount of money, about 43% of China's gross domestic product and easily the largest stockpile in the world.
到今年年底，中国的外汇储备将有可能超过1万亿美元。这是一大笔钱，大约占中国国内生产总值的43%，毫无疑问是世界最大的外汇储备。
（注意 a trillion = 一万亿）
It is also far more than China needs.Yet with the mainland abosorbing some $20 billion to $30 billion worth of capital inflows a month from its trade surplus, foreign direct investment, and other sources, there seems to be no stopping it.
这也远远超过了中国的需求，但是由于中国大陆每月从贸易盈余，外国直接投资和其他来源中吸收约200亿至300亿美元的资金流入，这一势头似乎无法阻挡。
The Chinese money machine raises two big issues. Much attention has been focused on how best to stop the reserves from increasing further and whether Beijing financial authorities should let the yuan appreciate. Let's put that debate aside for the moment and dwell on another more interesting question: What should China do with all those money.
中国的货币体系引发了两个重要问题。当前关注的焦点是如何最有效地防止中国外汇储备进一步增长和北京金融当局是否应该让人民币升值。不过我们暂且搁置这一争议，探讨另外一个更有趣的问题：中国该怎么花这笔钱？
失败是成功之母 不要害怕挫折。没有任何时候比你因正当理由而受挫时离胜利更近
Do not be afraid of defeat. You are never so near to victory as when defeated in a good cause
一、主餐一道：泛听练习
以下段落是摘自新闻里的一些重要信息,并不是一个段落的听写.空内信息可在本新闻中全部找到,大家可以根据这些信息复述新闻(本文稿由roxielost听写，欢迎指出错误^^)
On this Labor Day, David Wessel, deputy Washington bureau chief of The Wall Street Journal, talks to Steve Inskeep about wages of the American worker. Wessel says that according to new government figures, American productivity is up, but very often, wages are not.
The economy is growing, the unemployment is usually low by historical standards. But for the typical worker, ___1___. The new census bureau numbers to which we refer said that for workers, ___2___ work full-time year round. The ones at middle of the middle of the income distribution, their wages fell last year by 1.8% after adjusting for inflation. And they are actually lower in 2005 than they were back in 1998.
Where is the money going?
A lot of it is ___3___. It is going to workers but it’s not going to all workers. The best-off workers, the ones with the ___4___ or who have ___5___ with baseball teams or CEOs. Their wages are going up quite nicely. They’re getting a widening slice of the pie.
Why?
There is something wrong with the system in which the economy can be doing so well but the workers at the middle are not doing so well. Or a system in which the gap between the wages of the ___6___ is widening.
___7___ is a symbolic point of this broader issue. ___8___ have saved consumers more money that it might be costing the employees in terms of keeping salaries low and cutting health benefits.
The economy is succeeding if there are more ___9___.
参考答案
1.wages are not going up
2.male workers
3. going into profits
4.most education
5.sweet contracts
6.CEO and the average assembly line worker
7.Wal-mart
8.technological companies
9.winners than losers
谈谈法国的地位吧
①France today is no superpower, but French influence in some spheres significant.
译文：如今法国已不属于超级大国，但其在某些领域还是具有深远的影响。
考点： sphere: 1)range or extent (of sb’s interests, activity, influence, etc) （个人的兴趣、活动、影响的）范围；领域
eg. a sphere of influence: area over which a country, etc claims certain rights
（一国的）势力范围
2)person’s place in society 社会地位
eg. She is distinguished in many different spheres.她在社会各界都出了名。
②Nothing has cemented French influence in the world like the decision made by the victorious World War Ⅱ powers in 1945 to include France as one of the five permanent, veto-wielding members of the Security Council.
译文：这点最直接地体现在1945年二战胜利国所作的决定，即接纳法国成为联合国安理会五大具有否决权的常任理事国。
考点： 正反译法：Nothing has cemented…→这点最直接地体现在
cement: establish (sth) firmly; strengthen 加强
eg. cement a friendship→结成牢不可破的友谊
断句译法：in 1945 to include→决定，即…
③Until the end of the Cold War, France rarely found itself in disagreement with or the U.S. on major issues.
译文：冷战结束以前，法国与英美在一些重大问题上基本不存在分歧。
④But the U.N. veto today takes on larger significance as France struggles to decide whether it wants to lead the European Union in defiance of American power or in partnership with it.
译文：但法国今日却不得不痛苦地作出抉择，究竟是引领欧盟蔑视/违抗美国的权势还是与之继续合作/保持伙伴关系。此时它所掌握的在联合国的否决权更显得越发重要/非同小可。
考点：换序译法
转性译法：名→动 defiance→蔑视 partnership→合作
正反译法：takes on larger significance
take on: （不用于被动式）表现；呈现（某种品质，外表）；装出
eg. Her eyes took on a hurt expression. 她的眼神里透露出伤痕。
⑤As America’s great media outlets have begun preparing for coverage of the D-Day celebrations, the question of a “grand gesture” by the French toward the American war in Iraq has been raised.
译文：随着美国各大媒体开始筹备二战诺曼底/盟军登陆纪念报道，法国是否对美伊战争采取“高姿态”的问题也呼之欲出。
考点： D-day: The unnamed day on which an operation or offensive is to be launched, especially June 6, 1944, the day on which the Allied forces invaded France during World War II.
进攻发起日发动军事演习或侵略战争而未指定的日子，尤指1944年6月6日，第二次世界大战中盟军进攻法国的那一天
（D—designated“指定”的缩写）
转态译法：has been raised→呼之欲出
名词词组译为分句：the question of→是否
⑥Administration officials hint that, perhaps, just perhaps, the French President will use the occasion of France’s rescue as an opportunity to square the accountants——to issue a blanket endorsement of America’s plan for Iraq’s future and throw its support behind the transfer of power looming at the end of the month.
译文：行政官员暗示：面对二战美国对法国的援助，法国总统这次可能会知恩图报——全力首肯美对伊未来规划，支持本月底美在伊的权力交接。
考点： 抽象译法：square accounts with→与…结算； 清算； 向…报仇
blank endorsement→ n. An endorsement on a check or negotiable note that names no payee, making it payable to the bearer.
不记名背书：一种支票或流通票据的背书，没有收款人名字，可支付给持票人
分词短语的翻译：定语前置法：power looming at the end of the month
loom: seem imminent; impend:
⑦France seems unlikely to see D-Day as an opportunity to make good on a 60-year-old debt.
译文：但是法国不想借诺曼度登陆纪念日之际偿还60年的历史债。
考点： make good: pay for, replace or repair sth that has been lost or damaged
⑧Beyond nice speeches and some truly fine cuisine, don’t expect France to liberate America from Iraq.
译文：除了溢美之词和美酒佳肴，可别指望法国拯救美国于伊拉克。
Octopus Kills Shark
An octopus decides on its next meal, and it’s a shark!
Here is a Giant Pacific Octopus in an equally giant aquarium tank. Ok, that’s all great for mum and dad and the whole family who come to see the octopus, except ------ now, there are sharks in this tank as well. Sharks that are ___1___ predators and _____2_____and that had been known to veer from their usual fishy diets to ___3___on an occasional octopus. These are spiny dogfish sharks. Did anybody ask the octopus about this? Uh… No. What the aquarium folks are thinking is that the octopus can use its ability to ___4___itself as protection. And if that doesn’t work, it has the strength to fight off the shark, or at least dash to the nearest hiding hole that it can_____5_____. The aquarium folks soon realize what does happen when you put these sharks and octopi in the same tank. And you are about to see it too, if you got the courage to keep watching if only through your splayed fingers.
The octopus, not in the habit of attacking sharks. The shark, ___________6___________, they can puncture anything that touches them. The octopus, can its powers of defense saved in such tight quarters? The shark, menacing on the prowl, just______________7____________. I’ve got a feeling this real-life version of jaws isn’t going to be pretty. And so the shark, err, um, the, the shark…. err, uh, boy, my glad I didn’t have a bet down on this matchup. That’s right, this is what happened ---- the giant Pacific octopus as seen here in this amazing, so close you feel like you might get squashed footage, was making short berk of the shark in the tank. ______8______kept showing up at the bottom of the tank, what you are seeing, this footage, was taken to see what was doing in the supposedly invisible predators. The aquarium staff learned something new about the octopi, there was a danger in the tank, all right? But it was all to the sharks. That’s one way to defend yourself from a predator---- eliminate them
1. voracious
2. opportunistic feeders
3. munch
4. camouflage
5. squeeze into
6. sharp spines jutting out from its dorsal fins
7. itching to use those rows of teeth to crush its next meal
8. Dogfish carcasses
186.爱国人士 patriotic personage
187.班主任Class Discipline Adviser/Head Teacher
188.半工半读学校 part-work and part-study school
189.半文盲 semiliterate; functional illiterate
190.必修课 required/compulsory course
句子： 成为有理想，有道德，有文化，守纪律的劳动者
To become working people with lofty ideals, moral integrity, education and a sense of discipline
晚间新闻script 听写
1. Two students who have admitted to robbing a Chinese herbalist last month have narrowly escaped lengthy jail terms. Deputy District Court Judge Ada Yim today sent 16-year-old Mak Chi-ho to a correctional centre and ordered Chan Pak-kit who's also 16 to perform 240 hours of community service. The judge also placed both teenagers under a curfew from 8 pm. to 6:30 am. In handing down her sentence, Judge Yim acknowledged the pair: "had the courage to admit their mistakes," which is why she did not give them the maximum penalty of a six-year jail term.
中美首脑最近一次会晤
2006年7月16日，出席八国集团同发展中国家领导人对话会议的国家主席胡锦涛在俄罗斯圣彼得堡同美国总统布什会晤。双方就中美关系和共同关心的重大国际及地区问题深入交换了意见。会晤后，两国领导人对记者发表了谈话。
July 16, 2006
PRESIDENT BUSH: Mr. President, thank you for coming by to say hello. I remember fondly your visit to Washington, D.C., a very successful trip to our Nation's Capital and other parts of our country. I want to thank you for the discussion we've had today.
The United Nations Security Council unanimously passed a resolution dealing with the North Korean issue, and I want to thank you for your leadership on that, Mr. President. We're working together on the Iranian issue. We talked about the Middle East. I want to thank you very much for our continued dialogue on bilateral issues. We spent a lot of time on economics and trade.
All in all, it's a continuation of the very good dialogue we had during your trip to Washington, and I want to thank you for coming.
PRESIDENT HU: (As translated.) Ladies and gentlemen, I'm very happy to have the opportunity to meet you here. As President Bush said, just now we had a very friendly and candid discussion. To start with the discussion, I expressed my heartfelt thanks to the American side for the warm reception afforded to me during my visit to the United States in April this year by President Bush, the American government and the American people.
In addition, we also had an in-depth discussion on the China-U.S. relationship and major international issues of mutual interest. Both President Bush and I speak highly of the development of China-U.S. relationship as it is today. We also are happy to see that the agreement President Bush and I reached on comprehensively moving forward the constructive and cooperative China-U.S. relationship is being gradually implemented[(implement):n.工具 vt. 实现,使生效,执行].
We both agreed to continue to view and handle the China-U.S. relationship from a strategic plane, I mean a long-term perspective. In addition, we also agreed to work hard to expand the convergent interests between the two countries and step up our pragmatic cooperation in the economic, trade, energy, science, technology, counter-terrorism, non-proliferation and military fields.
At the same time, we also believe that we need to respect and properly address each other's concerns and properly handle the sensitive issues in the bilateral relationship, so that we can continue to move forward this relationship.
We both believe that against the current backdrop of a complex and volatile international situation, to enhance the consultation会诊] and the coordination between China and the United States on major regional, as well as international issues, serves the interests of both countries. This is also crucial to international peace and stability.
Both sides expressed their commitment to maintain peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula and in Northeast Asia as a whole, and both sides agreed to continue their efforts to move forward the six-party talks, so that at the end of the day, the entire Korean Peninsula could be denuclearized[(denuclearize):v.撤除核武器] in peaceful way through dialogue and in negotiations.
Both sides expressed their commitment to maintain peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula and in Northeast Asia as a whole, and both sides agreed to continue their efforts to move forward the six-party talks, so that at the end of the day, the entire Korean Peninsula could be denuclearized[(denuclearize):v.撤除核武器] in peaceful way through dialogue and in negotiations.
Both sides indicated their willingness to work together to continue to seek a peaceful solution to the Iranian nuclear issue. We also discussed the situation in the Middle East.
In this afternoon's discussion, we also spent quite a lot of time in an in-depth manner on our economic ties and trade, and on the Taiwan question.
I am satisfied with the discussion with President Bush. Thank you.
中国古代文化系列
有个卖盾和矛的楚国人，夸他的盾说：“我的盾坚固得没有一个东西刺得破啊。”又夸他的矛说：“我的矛锋利得没有一个东西刺不破啊。”有人说：“用您的矛来刺您的盾，会怎么样？”那个人可就回答不出来啦。刺不破的盾和什么东西都刺得破的矛不可能同时存在。
SPEARS AND SHIELDS
There was a man of the state of Chu who sold shields and spears. He bragged about his shields saying:” My shields are so hard that nothing can pierce through them .”He also bragged about his spears saying:” My spears are so sharp that there is nothing they cannot pierce through.” Someone said:” What would happen if people were to use your spears to pierce through your shields?’ That person could not answer. Now, shields that cannot be pierced through and spears that can pierced through anything cannot exist at the sane time.
拔苗助长
宋人有闵其苗之不长而揠之者。芒芒然归，谓其人曰：“今日病矣！予助苗长矣！”其子趨而往视之，苗则槁矣。
天下之不助苗长者寡矣。以为无益而舍之者，不耘苗者也；助之长者，揠苗者也。非徒无益，而又害之。
白话翻译
有个担心他的苗长不大就去把苗拔高一点的宋国人，他很累地回家，告诉他家里的人说：“今天我可累坏啦！我刚才帮助苗长高了！”他的儿子跑著到田里去看苗，苗原来都已经枯了。
天下不帮助苗长的人少得很啊。认为没有好处就放棄它的人是不替苗除掉野草的人；帮助苗长高的人是把苗拔高一点儿的人。揠苗这种做法不仅没有好处，反而还害了它。
PULING UP THE SPROUTS
There was a person from the state of Song who was concerned that his sprouts would not grow tall and who therefore pulled them up a bit. He returned home looking exhausted and spoke to the people in his family saying:” Today I am tired out! I have just helped the sprouts grow taller.” His son rushed out and went to the fields to look at the sprouts; it turned out that the sprouts had all withered.
The people in the world who do not help their sprouts grow are few indeed! The people who think there is no advantage in nurturing them are the people who abandon them; these are the people who do not weed their sprouts. The people who want to help their sprouts grow are the people who pull them up a bit. The method of pulling them up a bit not only has no benefit, but on the contrary also injures them.
科技英语翻译
五、让步，目的（２０１――２４０）
201 Though energy can be neither created nor destroyed, it can be transformed from one form to another.
虽然能量不能被创造出来也不能被消灭，但它可以从一种形式转变成另一种形式。
202. In the subsequent years there was a trend of higher yields in tilled plots, although the increase was non-significant.
在后来的几年中，在耕作过的地里年产量曾有增长趋势，不过这种增长并不明显。
203. The following exercise, while overly simplistic, may nevertheless be helpful in understanding the problem.
以下的练习虽然过于简单，但可能对理解这一问题仍然是有用的。
204. Whereas there are numerous instance of this type of coincidence, there are also many example of the opposite.
虽然这种重合（一致）的例子有许多，但也有许多相反的情况。
205. Not but what the world’s oceans are abundant in various resources, only a small part of them is in use.
虽然世界海洋有多种资源，但只有一小部分为人所应用。
206. As a result, the tsunami of 1957 killed no one in Hawaii, even though water levels were locally higher than 1946.
结果，1957年夏威夷的海啸没有造成一人死亡，虽然局部水位比1946年还高。
207. If for no reason than that electricity was off the machine stopped running, it is too old to work any longer.
虽然只是由于停电机器才停止运转，但它也太旧，不能再工作下去了。
208. Admitting that the vast expanse of oceans seems terrible, they provide us with abundant resources.
虽说浩瀚的大洋凶险莫测，但却为我们提供了各种丰富的资源。
209. The chemical composition of water remains constant whether it is in solid, liquid or gaseous state.
无论处于固态、液态或气态，水的化学成份都保持不变。
210. All substances on the earth, whether gaseous, liquid or solid, are made up of atoms.
地球上所有的物质无论它们是气态的、液态的或是固态的，都是由原子组成的。
我一个网友，将“我们经理点头表示同意”这句话翻译为下面第一行。这样翻译，显然是受汉语的影响，汉语中有“点头”，英语中就有nod，汉语中有“表示”，英语中就有express，等等，汉语有什么，英语也有什么，一一对应，成双成对，这是最典型的一种“中国味”。其实nod既可以当作不及物动词，意思是“点头”，也可以当作及物动词，意思是“点头表示...”，因此，没有“中国味”的英语译文应当是下面第二行。
①Our manager nodded to express his approval.
②Our manager nodded approval.
①Bridegroom and bride bowed to their parents.
②Bride and bridegroom bowed to their parents.
我们可以从《样题》（一）的英译汉部分找一个句子为例，看具体应该怎样做。该题原文第二句是：
Farm experts know that it has taken hundreds of years of breeding different varieties of corn to get the kinds we have today.
理解之初，我们可以从头看起。首先是Farm experts know，这是一个主谓结构，看起来是句子的主句；that it has taken hundreds of years,从连词that来看，它是名词从句；是主句中谓语动词know的宾语；of breeding different varieties of corn为介词短语，是hundreds of years的定语；to get the kinds是不定式短语，从前面的that it has taken……来看，这个不定式短语才是该句子的真正主语，it只是形式主语；最后的we have today又是一个句子，它只能是定语从句，用来修饰the kinds。到这里，全句的意思就清楚了，剩下的便是如何将它整理成文字了。
怎样提高翻译水平
翻译是把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来的一种创造性的语言活动。翻译能力的提高是一个长期实践和不断积累的过程。从事英文护理文献翻译的同志，特别是初学者，要想提高自己的翻译能力，应该在以下几个方面多下功夫。
1.加强自身基本素养
所谓基本素养，是指翻译者必须具备的基本条件，亦即对翻译者的基本要求。除了应该具有高尚的“译德译风”和严肃认真、一丝不苟的科学态度之外，译者必须具备三方面的素养，即一定的英语水平、较高的汉语修养和丰富的学科专业知识。大量的翻译实践表明，这三方面的素养越高，越能顺利地完成翻译工作。关于英语水平，应注意打牢基础，扩大词汇量，广泛阅读，最好能听、说、读、写、译五方面训练同时并进，较之单攻翻译能更快提高英语水平。在汉语修养方面，应加强语法、逻辑、修辞等方面知识的研修，多阅读、多写作、多练习修改文章。在学科专业知识方面，要努力精通本职业务，多了解相关专业知识；经常阅览国内、外护理专业期刊，掌握学科发展动态。
2.在翻译实践中锤炼
翻译是一项创造性的语言活动，具有很强的实践性。不通过大量的实践而要提高翻译能力，无异于想学游泳却又不下水一样。当然，实践也要讲究科学性。初学者若无行家里手的指点，最好是先找一些难度切合自己水平且有汉语译文的材料进行翻译练习。自己的译文写成后同人家的译文相对照。先看看自己在理解方面是否准确，其次看看自己的表达是否符合汉语的语言习惯，从中找到不足。随着水平的提高，可找些比较简单的本专业基础知识方面的文章进行翻译，以后逐步过渡到英文护理文献的翻译。坚持循序渐进多翻译多投稿，定会果实累累。在时间允许的情况下，最好能坚持每天都多少搞点翻译。随着时间的推移，一定会大有长进。
3.向他人学习并勇于创新
初学翻译的同志一方面可多读些英汉对照类阅读材料或有汉语注释的英语读物；另一方面还可根据译文类杂志上提供的某篇译文的原文出处去查找到相应的原文，继而进行对照阅读。通过对比分析，可以找出自己的差距，学习和吸收他人在理解原文精神和翻译表达等方面的长处，促进翻译能力的提高。如果是自己选材进行翻译，当遇到问题难以解决时，要虚心向他人求教。另外经常阅读一些有关翻译技巧的书籍，也有助于翻译能力的提高。与此同时，还要有敢于创新的精神。在翻译过程中，既不能拘泥于别人提供的译文，也不能受囿于以往形成的条条框框。随着翻译能力的不断提高，可以根据翻译标准的要求去创造新的表现手法，进一步完善翻译工作。
综上所述，有志于从事英文护理文献翻译的同志，特别是初涉翻译领地的青年朋友，应不断加强自身素质修养，只要勇于实践，在翻译的田园里辛勤耕耘，翻译能力就会不断提高，一定能结出丰硕之果。
翻译词汇
出口退税机制 Export tax rebate system
多年积累的深层次问题Long-standing and deep-seated problems
改善缺医少药的状况 Alleviate the shortage of medical services and medicines
阶段性政策 Interim policy
公正Notary service
国有商业银行股份制改造试点方案加强农村，支持农业，保护农业
Pilot plan to transform state-owned commercial banks into stock entities strengthen, support and protect agriculture
粮食风险基金Grain risk fund
盲目投资Haphazard investment
南水北调工程东线Eastern route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project
农村非农产业Non-agricultural industries in rural areas
农村税费改革试点Experimental reform of rural taxes and administrative charges
农民人均纯收入Rural per capita net income
配套措施Supporting measures
群众体育Amateur sports
森工Logging industry
社会投资Nongovernmental investment
贴息贷款Soft loan
拖欠工程款Default on construction cost
文化体制改革Cultural restructuring
县乡机构改革Reforms of county and township government institutions
消费信贷Consumption on credit
循环经济和情节生产Recycling industries and clean production
优先安置Hiring preference
增强经济发展后劲Increase the potential for economic development
政府工作的着力点The government’s priorities
执法过错追究制
Mechanism for investigating and prosecuting law enforcement improprieties
职工代表大会Workers’ conference
重大问题集体决策制度、专家咨询制度、社会公式和社会听证制度、决策责任制度
Systems for making collective decisions on major issues, for soliciting opinions from experts, for keeping the public informed and holding public hearings, and for accountability in policy-making
主辅分离、辅业改制
Separate secondary lines of business from core business, turn secondary lines into independent companies
做好资源型城市经济转型
Transform the resource-based economies of certain cities
《城市生活无着的流浪乞丐人员的救助管理办法》
Measures for assisting vagrants and beggars with no means of support in cities
适当增加中央预算内经常性建设投资
Appropriately increase investment from the central budget for regular construction
安全专项整治
Carry out more special programs to address safety problems
保证物流畅通Ensure unimpeded flow of goods and materials
超期羁押Detention beyond the legally prescribed time limits
独立自主自办的原则Principle of independence and self-governance
供养资金Funding
国有企业下岗职工基本生活保障向失业保险并轨
Integrate the subsistence allowances for laid-off workers into the unemployment insurance system
基本建成覆盖城乡、功能完善的疾病预防控制和医疗救治体系
Establish a fully functioning system for disease prevention and control and for emergency medical aid that covers both urban and rural areas
Looting the aged 对老年人的掠夺
A corruption scandal in Shanghai makes political mileage for Hu Jintao
胡锦涛将在上海的腐败丑闻中政治上得分。
EVEN if they were well managed, China's social-security funds would find themselves hugely in the red in a few years' time, as a bulge of retired workers start demanding pensions. But recent allegations of massive corruption in the management of Shanghai's fund, involving the illicit use of $400m, reveal just how much officials can worsen the problem.
即使中国社保基金妥善的管理，也不能应付对退休人员的支付。近期披露发生在上海社保基金的腐败大案中，涉及金额高达4亿美元，更加重了问题的严重性。
For a city that is trying to promote itself as China's sophisticated financial capital, the scandal is a serious blow. For President Hu Jintao, eager to display his authority in the run-up to an important Communist Party conclave next year, it may be beneficial. In his handling of the allegations, he has shown a willingness to crack down on waywardness in the provinces, which have been frustrating the central leadership's efforts to rein in the economy. As a particularly powerful enclave, which enjoys the status of a province, and is reputed—though evidence for this is debatable—to be a bastion of Mr. Hu's political rivals, Shanghai was a perfect case for Mr. Hu to act upon. More than 100 officials have been dispatched from Beijing to investigate the alleged graft, according to the government news agency, Xinhua.
对于正在试图宣传自己作为中国成熟金融中心的上海而言，此次丑闻无疑是一次沉重打击。而对胡锦涛主席，欲将在明年的一次重要的：）会议上树立自身权威来说，也许是有益的。他倾向于惩治地方政府的腐败，以加强中央政府对经济的掌控。上海，尤其作为一个坚固的政治堡垒，通常被认为是胡的政治对手的一个大本营，对胡来说是一个理想的处置对象。据新华社消息，100多名从北京派来的政府官员进驻上海调查此案。
China's official media have described it as Shanghai's biggest financial scandal in many years. It allegedly involves the misappropriation of one-third of the city's $1.2 billion social-security fund. Since the scandal was uncovered in July, the director of Shanghai's Municipal Labor and Social Security Bureau, Zhu Junyi, and a district government chief, Qin Yu, have been sacked. Mr. Qin happens to be a former top aide of the city's party chief, Chen Liangyu, who is also a member of the ruling Politburo. Several prominent people in the business world are being questioned. On September 5th Chinese media said Wu Minglie, the chairman of one of Shanghai's biggest property developers, New Huangpu Group, had been detained.
中国官方媒体将其称为多年来上海发生的最大金融丑闻。对于总额12亿美元的上海社保基金，据说有近1/3的金额遭到违规使用。丑闻在7月份被披露，上海市劳动和社会保障局局长祝均一和一名区长，秦裕因此被撤职。秦曾经是市委书记陈良宇（中央政治局委员）第一秘书。有几位在商界声名显赫的人物也被讯问。中国媒体9月5日报导，吴明烈被双规，吴是上海最大的房地产开发商之一新黄浦集团董事长。
According to Chinese press reports, the fund lent money that was used to invest in risky toll-road and real-estate projects. In theory, social-security funds should mainly be invested in treasury bonds and bank deposits, which yield very low returns. The government has been cautious about allowing funds to be put into stocks because China's capital markets are still rather rough and ready. It also fears that any loosening of controls could encourage abuses by local officials. But a lack of transparency in the management of funds, combined with pressures to make up pension deficits, still result in frequent wrongdoing. Xinhua quoted an official as saying that 16 billion yuan ($2 billion) had been embezzled from the funds since 1998.
据中国媒体报导，此资金被用于投资高风险的高速收费公路和房地产项目上。理论上来说，社保基金应主要投资于收益很低的政府债券和银行存款上。由于中国股市过于动荡，政府对社保基金在股市上的运用持谨慎态度。政府同样担心如放松监管将纵容地方官员对资金的滥用。但由于资金的运用缺乏透明度以及对填补社保帐户赤字的压力，常常导致资金被滥用。新华社引用一位官员的话说，从1998年以来，高达160亿元人民币（20亿美元）的资金被侵占挪用。
Shanghai's case is the latest in a series of big corruption stories reported by the Chinese media in recent weeks. A deputy mayor of Beijing, a chief prosecutor in nearby Tianjin, a deputy commander of the navy and a deputy governor are among those who have been arrested. But the scandal in Shanghai has aroused particular attention because of widespread public concerns about meager pensions and unemployment benefits as well as the fast-rising cost of health care. A commentary on one official newspaper website spoke of a “crisis of confidence” in the social-security system generated by the Shanghai case. The famous words of Lord Acton, a 19th-century historian, were quoted in another: “Absolute power corrupts absolutely.”
上海案件是近几星期被中国媒体报导的一系列案件中最新一起。这一系列案件包括一名北京市的副市长，邻近天津市检察院的一名检察长，海军一位副司令，和一名副省长被逮捕。由于涉及到虚弱的社保基金、失业金以及快速增长的医疗费用，此次上海丑闻引起了广泛关注。近期在官方报纸网站上的评论称，上海案件导致人们对社保系统产生了“信任的危机”。另一篇评论引用了19世纪英国历史学家，阿克顿勋爵一句著名的词语，“绝对的权力导致绝对的腐败”。
The Chinese media say government auditors are now examining accounts at social-security departments across the country. Such checks are conducted regularly, but this time they are being carried out by officials from other regions, in an apparent effort to minimise the possibility of cover-ups.
据中国媒体消息，政府的审计官员正在全国范围内核查社保基金的账户。这种检查是定期进行的，为了减少瞒报的可能性，此次行动是由异地审计官员进行。
Features:
The Economist's primary focus is world news, politics and business, but it also runs regular sections on science and technology as well as books and the arts. Every two weeks, the newspaper includes, as an additional section, an in-depth survey of a particular business issue, business sector or geographical region. Every three months, The Economist publishes a quarterly technology survey.
Articles often take a definite editorial stance and almost never carry a byline. This means that no specific person or persons can be named as the author. Not even the name of the editor (from 2006, John Micklethwait) is printed in the issue. It is a longstanding tradition that an editor's only signed article during his tenure is written on the occasion of his departure from the position. The author of a piece is named in certain circumstances: when notable persons are invited to contribute opinion pieces; when Economist writers compile surveys; and to highlight a potential conflict of interest over a book review. The names of Economist editors and correspondents can be located, however, via the staff pages of the website.
The newspaper has a trademark tight writing style that is famous for putting a maximum amount of information into a minimum of column inches. The one feature most articles have in common is the concluding witticism. Some have joked that as long as the writers can deliver that, their political or other opinions do not matter. Since 1995, The Economist has published one obituary every week, of a famous (or infamous) person from any field of endeavor.
The Economist is famous for its Big Mac index, which uses the price of a Big Mac hamburger sold by McDonald's in different countries as an informal measure of purchasing power parity between two currencies. It has turned out to be a whimsical but surprisingly accurate index for comparison. In January 2004, this index was joined by a Starbucks "tall latte index".
The newspaper is also a co-sponsor of the Copenhagen Consensus.
Each of the opinion columns in the newspaper is devoted to a particular area of interest. The names of these columns reflect the topic they concentrate on:
1.Bagehot (Britain) - named for Walter Bagehot, nineteenth century British constitutional expert and early editor of The Economist.
2.Charlemagne (Europe) - named for Charlemagne, founder of the Frankish Empire.
Lexington (United States) - named for Lexington, Massachusetts, the site of the beginning of the American War of Independence.
3.Buttonwood (finance) - named for the buttonwood tree where early Wall Street traders gathered. This is an online column.
Two other regular columns are:
1.Face Value: about prominent people in the business world
2.Economic Focus: a general economics column frequently based on academic research
The magazine goes to press on Thursdays, is available online from Thursday evening GMT, and is available on newsstands in many countries the next day. It is printed in seven sites around the world.
The Economist newspaper sponsors yearly "Innovation Awards", in the categories of bioscience, computing and communications, energy and the environment, social and economic innovation, business-process innovation, consumer products, and a special “no boundaries” category.
The Economist also produces the annual The World in publication.
History:
The August 5, 1843 prospectus for the newspaper, enumerated thirteen areas of coverage that its editors wanted the newspaper to focus on:
1.Original leading articles, in which free-trade principles will be most rigidly applied to all the important questionsof the day.
2.Articles relating to some practical, commercial, agricultural, or foreign topic of passing interest, such as foreign treaties.
3.An article on the elementary principles of political economy, applied to practical experience, covering the laws related to prices, wages, rent, exchange, revenue, and taxes.
4.Parliamentary reports, with particular focus on commerce, agriculture, and free trade.
5.Reports and accounts of popular movements advocating free trade.
6.General news from the Court, the Metrpolis, the Provinces, Scotland, and Ireland.
7.Commercial topics such as changes in fiscal regulations, the state and prospects of the markets, imports and exports, foreign news, the state of the manufacturing districts, notices of important new mechanical improvements, shipping news, the money market, and the progress of railways and public companies.
8.Agricultural topics, including the application of geology and chemistry; notices of new and improved implements, state of crops, markets, prices, foreign markets and prices converted into English money; from time to time, in some detail, the plans pursued in Belgium, Switzerland, and other well-cultivated countries.
9.Colonial and foreign topics, including trade, produce, political and fiscal changes, and other matters, including exposés on the evils of restriction and protection, and the advantages of free intercourse and trade.
10.Law reports, confined chiefly to areas important to commerce, manufacturing, and agriculture.
11.Books, confined chiefly, but not so exclusively, to commerce, manufacturing, and agriculture, and including all treatises on political economy, finance, or taxation.
12.A commercial gazette, with prices and statistics of the week.
13.Correspondence and inquiries from the newspaper's readers.
Main article: The Economist editorial stance
When the newspaper was founded, the term "economism" denoted what would today be termed fiscal conservatism in the United States, or economic liberalism in the rest of the world (and historically in the United States as well). The Economist generally supports free markets, and opposes socialism. It is in favor of globalization. Economic liberalism is generally associated with the right, but is now favoured by some traditionally left-wing parties. It also supports social liberalism, which is often seen as left-wing, especially in the United States. This contrast derives in part from The Economist's roots in classical liberalism, disfavoring government interference in either social or economic activity. According to former editor Bill Emmott "The Economist's philosophy has always been liberal, not conservative" (this meant in the non-modern-American senses of those terms). In modern American terms its stance is called libertarianism. However, the views taken by individual contributors are quite diverse.
The Economist has endorsed both the Labor Party and the Conservative Party in recent British elections, and both Republican and Democratic candidates in the United States.
A history of The Economist by the editors of Economist.com puts it this way:
What, besides free trade and free markets, does The Economist believe in? "It is to the Radicals that The Economist still likes to think of itself as belonging. The extreme centre is the paper's historical position." That is as true today as when former Economist editor Geoffrey Crowther said it in 1955. The Economist considers itself the enemy of privilege, pomposity and predictability. It has backed conservatives such as Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher. It has supported the Americans in Vietnam. But it has also endorsed Harold Wilson and Bill Clinton, and espoused a variety of liberal causes: opposing capital punishment from its earliest days, while favoring penal reform and decolonization, as well as—more recently—gun control and gay marriage.
The Economist has frequently criticized figures and countries deemed corrupt. In recent years, for example, it has been critical of Silvio Berlusconi, Italy's former Prime Minister (who dubbed it The Ecommunist); Laurent Kabila, the late president of the Democratic Republic of the Congo; and Robert Mugabe, the head of government in Zimbabwe. The Economist also called for Donald Rumsfeld's resignation after the emergence of the Abu Ghraib torture and prisoner abuse. Although The Economist supported George W. Bush's election campaign in 2000 and vocally supported the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003, the editors backed John Kerry in the 2004 election and the editorial tone has since become increasingly critical of the Bush administration due to its general disagreement with the paper's classical liberalism.
Tone and voice
The Economist does not print by-lines identifying the authors of articles. In their own words: "It is written anonymously, because it is a paper whose collective voice and personality matter more than the identities of individual journalists."
The editorial staff enforces a strictly uniform voice throughout the magazine.As a result, most articles read as though they were written by a single author, displaying dry, understated wit, and precise use of language.
It does not explain terms like invisible hand, macroeconomics, or demand curve, and may take just six or seven words to explain the theory of comparative advantage. The newspaper usually does not translate short French quotes or phrases, and sentences in Ancient Greek or Latin are not uncommon, although these are translated.
It strives to be well-rounded. As well as financial and economic issues, it reports on science, culture, language, literature, and art, and is careful to hire writers and editors who are well-versed in these subjects.
The publication is not without a sense of whimsy. Most articles conclude with a witticism; some have joked that as long as the writers can deliver that, their opinions do not matter. The Letters section usually concludes with an odd or light-hearted letter. One notable example simply asked, "What is the idiot's corner, and how can I get published there?"
Business
Circulation for the newspaper, audited by Audit Bureau of Circulations (ABC), was 1,038,552 for the first half of 2005. Sales inside North America were 51 per cent of the total, with sales in the UK making up 15 per cent of the total and continental Europe 20 per cent. The Economist claims sales, both by subscription and on newstands, in 201 countries.
The newspaper consciously adopts an internationalist approach and notes that over 80% of its readership is from outside the UK, its country of publication.
The Economist Newspaper Limited is a wholly-owned subsidiary of The Economist Group. One half of The Economist Group is owned by private shareholders, including members of the Rothschild banking family of England, and the other half by the Financial Times, a subsidiary of The Pearson Group. The editorial independence of The Economist is strictly upheld. An independent trust board, which has power to block any changes of the editor, exists to ensure this.
Letters
The Economist frequently receives letters from senior businesspeople, politicians and spokespeople for government departments, Non-Governmental Organizations and pressure-groups. While well-written or witty responses from anyone will be considered, controversial issues will frequently produce a torrent of letters. For example, the survey of Corporate Social Responsibility, published January 2005, produced largely critical letters from Oxfam, the UN World Food Programme, UN Global Compact, the Chairman of BT, an ex-Director of Shell and the UK Institute of Directors.
Censorship ofThe Economist
Sections of The Economist criticizing authoritarian regimes, such as China, are frequently removed from the newspaper by the authorities in those countries. Nelson Mandela stated that he used to receive The Economist while imprisoned in South Africa until the authorities there realized that it was not restricted to covering economic issues and was taking a very strong line against the apartheid regime. The government of Saudi Arabia (among others) censors the magazine, which often appears on newsstands with missing pages. Some issues (such as one covering King Fahd's death in 2005) were banned from the kingdom. Robert Mugabe's government in Zimbabwe went further, and imprisoned The Economist's correspondent there, charging him with violating an infamous statute against "publishing untruth" (although he was later acquitted, only to receive a deportation order). In June 15, 2006 Iran banned the sale of The Economist due to a map incorrectly labeling the Persian Gulf as the 'Gulf' . Iran's action can be put into context within the larger issue of the Persian
胡锦涛访美
原文：Mr Hu finally goes to Washington
A state visit in Chinese eyes, but not in America's. Don't expect a love-in“VERY positive and complex.” That is how George Bush ambivalently characterized his country's relations with China this week. When his counterpart, Hu Jintao, pays his first presidential visit to the White House on April 20th, Mr. Bush will struggle to manage a relationship that many in Washington view more simply as negative. The two leaders are anxious to avoid letting their disputes seriously damage ties. But much will depend on how they manage opinion at home.
This is a particularly sensitive time. The approach of America's mid-term elections in November is encouraging both Democrats and Republicans to play to voters' concerns about the threat China's rapid economic rise is said to pose to American jobs. The administration wants China to help check the nuclear ambitions of Iran and North Korea. China wants America to restrain Taiwan, where the approach of presidential elections in 2008 is already threatening to whip up new turbulence in the island's uneasy relationship with the mainland. Neither side thinks the other is delivering enough.
Mr. Hu is especially keen for this visit, his first to Washington since he became Communist Party chief in 2002 and president in 2003, to establish his credentials at home as a statesman. He should have gone last September, but the trip was blown off course by Hurricane Katrina. However, Mr. Bush, anxious not to appear too friendly with a country that so many Americans view with suspicion, is not laying out the full red carpet. Chinese officials insist on calling this a state visit. The White House is not using that level of protocol. State visits involve a formal dinner; Mr. Hu will only be given lunch.
Gulf naming dispute.neral Newspaper.
Such niceties are important to Mr. Hu. Like Mr. Bush, he is under pressure at home. The party is beginning to gear up for its five-yearly congress next year and Mr Hu needs all the authority he can muster to ensure that he succeeds in placing his protégés in key positions. As in America's Congress, there is growing anxiety in China about the impact of globalisation. Mr. Hu wants to look strong in the presence of Mr. Bush. This means not appearing to capitulate to America's trade demands.
But Mr. Hu is making conciliatory gestures. China does not want a trade war that could damage its biggest overseas market. To help reduce America's record trade deficit with China, valued by the Americans at $202 billion last year (see chart), a Chinese delegation last week embarked on a buying tour in America that is expected to result in some $15 billion-worth of deals. As part of this, on April 11th, China signed a deal agreeing to buy 80 Boeing planes worth $4.6 billion, and said it would resume buying American beef, banned since 2003 because of mad-cow fears.
In response to American concerns about rampant violations of intellectual-property rights in China, the Chinese authorities have staged a show of resolve in recent weeks. Some shops in Beijing selling pirated DVDs have been closed. Banners have appeared on the streets urging citizens not to buy them. In late March the government ordered computer manufacturers to pre-load licensed operating-system software onto machines to prevent retailers using pirated versions.
Such shows of goodwill are unlikely to have much impact. Mr. Bush has urged Mr. Hu to use his visit to make some announcement on China's undervalued currency. But there is little likelihood that Mr. Hu will say anything important about this. In recent weeks, China has allowed the yuan to appreciate a little more quickly, but shows no desire to take the big steps demanded by those American politicians who argue that it is as much as 40% undervalued. Mr. Hu's primary concern is about stability at home, and a rapid revaluation would threaten this. Fortunately for him, Mr. Bush, unlike some members of Congress, appears disinclined to take up cudgels. The release of a Treasury report, which could accuse China of manipulating its currency, has been delayed until after the visitor leaves. Even in Congress cooler heads might still prevail. Last month two senators withdrew a bill that threatened 27.5% tariffs on Chinese imports if China failed to revalue its currency by a large margin.
Mr. Hu's officials have responded with a show of enthusiasm to the Bush administration's suggestions, first made last year, that China's role in the world should be one of “responsible stakeholder”. China likes to draw attention to its mediating role in efforts to persuade North Korea to give up its nuclear-weapons programme. It tried to take advantage of a private forum in Tokyo this week, which senior North Korean and American officials attended, to persuade North
Korea to resume negotiations. But these efforts appeared unsuccessful. Likewise, China says the Iranian nuclear dispute should be resolved without sanctions or force. But it has not publicly threatened to use its UN veto to block any American attempt to escalate pressure on Iran.
In recent months, China has even shown tentative signs of wanting progress in talks with representatives of the Dalai Lama and of the Vatican. Few expect breakthroughs soon. But in a gesture clearly aimed at pleasing Mr. Bush, China last month allowed a Tibetan nun who had been imprisoned for 14 years for her outspoken support of the Dalai Lama to go to America for medical treatment. Still, Mr. Hu has shown no real willingness to ease his suppression of dissent. Worried that rapid economic and social change could trigger instability, he is tightening controls. Mr. Bush recently described China as a “big opportunity for democracy”. On this, Mr. Hu will disappoint him.
怎样让中国变得更富有
原文：How to make China even richer
Let the peasants own their land
IN 1940, nine years before his Communist Party seized power, Mao Zedong set out his plans for a “new China”. The republic would, he said, “take certain necessary steps” to confiscate land from rural landlords. Under the principle of “land to the tiller”, it would then “turn the land over to the private ownership of the peasants.” If only things had turned out this way.
The “necessary steps” involved widespread slaughter. Hundreds of thousands, maybe millions, of landowning rural residents and their families were executed or beaten to death by fellow villagers. The peasants got their small parcels of land, but not for long. By the late 1950s, private land ownership had been eliminated and peasants had become property-less members of “People's Communes”. It was an upheaval that, along with bad weather and a frenzied attempt to catch up with American levels of industrial production, contributed to millions more deaths in a nationwide famine.
As our survey describes, China has yet to undo the damage. A few years after Mao's death in 1976, the People's Communes were dismantled. Under Deng Xiaoping, agricultural production soared as for the first time in 30 years peasants were allocated (but not given full ownership of) plots of land to farm independently. This marked the start of the economic transformation that today holds the world spellbound. But it is the prosperity of urban China that mesmerises foreign businesses. Since its boom in the early 1980s, the countryside has lagged ever further behind.
This time, a genuine great leap forward
Deng kept in place two pillars of the Maoist rural order: collective land ownership and an apartheid system that barred rural residents from moving to the cities. The latter has begun to erode, due to the need for cheap labour to sustain a manufacturing boom. But the former remains firmly in place.
Now is the time to revive Mao's vision of a new landowning order. This would ease rural strife, fuel growth and help develop the genuine market economy the leadership claims to want. Giving peasants marketable ownership rights, and developing a legal system to protect them, would bring huge economic benefits. If peasants could mortgage their land, they could raise money to boost its productivity. Ownership would give them an incentive to do so. And if peasants could sell their land, they could acquire sufficient capital to start life anew in urban areas. This would boost urban consumption and encourage the migration of unproductive rural labour into the cities. For China to sustain its impressive growth rate and reduce inequalities, getting the many tens of millions of underemployed peasants off the land and into wealth-creating jobs is essential. The exodus would help those left behind to expand their land holdings and use them more efficiently.
No government, least of all the control freaks who run China, would embark on such a momentous exercise lightly. Communist Party ideologues are all too aware that a failure to handle rural issues properly can be destabilising. They worry that allowing peasants to sell their land could restore a rural landowning class, and that peasants would sell up in huge numbers and descend upon ill-prepared cities, throwing up shanty towns and pushing up crime.
Some officials also see collective ownership of rural land as one of the few remaining badges of China's professed “socialism”, and fear the explosion of divisive political debate if this bit of constitutional dogma is changed. In China's case, however, it is the absence of reform that is proving destabilising, as peasants protest violently against land seizures by local governments keen to exploit the land themselves. Though materially better off than they were in 1949, many peasants say that local bureaucrats have in effect become the landlords, sometimes using mafia-type gangs to push them off their fields.
A few opponents of land reform in the countryside say they are acting in the rural population's own interests. They point to the lack of social-security provisions for peasants. Though peasants have limited control over the land they farm, in most cases it can at least help to feed them.
The weakness of this argument is that forced appropriations by local governments have already deprived as many as 40m peasants of some or all of their land since the early 1990s, with little or no compensation. Besides, the best way to secure the welfare of the peasants is not to keep them trapped on underworked land but to spend more directly on services for the poor. With strong revenue growth, a low budget deficit and a booming economy, China can afford this. Compensating peasants for appropriated land on the basis of market values, not just minimal agricultural ones, would help too. And introducing a value-based property tax would persuade local governments to worry less about losing the one-off revenues they now enjoy from the sale of land rights.
It would be disingenuous to deny that land reform will loosen party control in the long run. A decade ago almost all urban housing was owned by the state. In one of the most dramatically successful economic reforms of the past quarter century in China, most is now privately owned. This has fostered the growth of a middle class that wants guarantees that its new assets are safe from the party's whims. Property owners are electing their own landlord committees—independent of the party—to protect their rights. A new breed of lawyers, not party stooges as most once were, is emerging to defend those whose properties are threatened by the state. Property owners want a clean environment around their homes. Green activism, which hardly existed in China a decade ago, is spurring the development of a civil society.
Even so, China's Communist Party has shown that it will take big risks if economic development demands them. Hence the widespread closure and privatization of state-owned enterprises in the past decade, with the loss of millions of jobs. The leadership knows that China's history has been one of recurring bloody upheavals by landless peasants; it is caught between wanting to retain control and wanting to avoid another upheaval. This is the moment to complete the unfinished business of rural reform.
无私奉献
通过将自己奉献给配偶，雄性螳螂增大了繁殖成功率。但是其他科学家已经提出，雄性事实上在竭尽全力地将自己被吃掉的风险降到最低。
By surrendering themselves to their mates, male mantises increase their reproductive success. Still other scientists have proposed that males actually go to great lengths to minimize their risk of being eaten
经济词汇
acquiring company 收购公司
bad loan 呆帐
chart of cash flow 现金流量表
clearly-established ownership 产权清晰
debt to equity 债转股
diversity of equities 股权多元化
economy of scale 规模经济
emerging economies 新兴经济
exchange-rate regime 汇率机制
fund and financing 筹资融资
global financial architecture 全球金融体系
global integration, globality 全球一体化，全球化
go public 上市
growth spurt （经济的）急剧增长
have one's 'two commas' 百万富翁
hedge against 套期保值
housing mortgage 住房按揭
holdings 控股，所持股份
holding company 控股公司
initial offerings 原始股
initial public offerings 首次公募
innovative business 创新企业
intellectual capital 智力资本
inter-bank lending 拆借
internet customer 网上客户
investment payoff period 投资回收期
joint-stock 参股
mall rat 爱逛商店的年轻人
means of production 生产要素
(the)medical cost social pool for major diseases 大病医疗费用社会统筹
mergers and acquisitions 并购
mobile-phone banking 移动电话银行业
moods 人气
net potato 网虫
non-store selling 直销
offering 新股
online-banking 网上银行业
online-finance 在线金融
online client （银行的）网上客户
paper profit 账面收益
physical assets 有形资产
project fund system 项目资本金制度
pyramid sale 传销
recapitalize 资产重组
regional currency blocks 地区货币集团
regulate 调控
sell off 变现
share(stock) option 期权，股票认购权
smart card 智能卡
slash prices 杀价
spare capacity 闲置的生产能力
strong growth 强劲的增长势头
switch trade 转手贸易
take public 上市
tap the idle assets 盘活存量资产
transaction （银行的）交易
transfer payment from the exchequer 财政转移支付
venture-capital 风险资本
virtual bank 虚拟银行
wire transfer 电子转账
Central Committee.
It was the responsibility of the Party and the government to ensure equality in education, and more efforts were needed to deepen the educational reform and realign the education structure to satisfy the people, he said.
The education of patriotism needed to be enhanced to instruct students to love the country and to serve the people, and innovation and practice should be encouraged in promoting c___________ education（合成词，素质教育）.
十一五计划中提出的三项任务：确保义务教务，促进职业教育和提高高等教育质量，必须完成。
Party committees and governments must improve assistance and implement preferential policies for students from needy families, and optimize employment opportunities for college graduates, said Hu, adding the unreasonable and illegal raising of tuition fees must be eliminated.
moderately
reinvigoration
capacity
competence-oriented
Three tasks set in the 11th five-year plan had to be fulfilled: ensuring compulsory education, promoting vocational education and raising the quality of higher education.
政治词汇（1）
政治协商制度：the system of political consultation
民族区域自治制度: the system of regional autonomy
民主团结，生动活泼，安定和谐的政治局面；
the political situation characterized by democracy, solidarity, liveliness, stability and harmony
长期共存，互相监督，肝胆相照，荣辱与共
Long-term existence, mutual supervision, treating each other with all sincerity and sharing weal and woe
民主党派；Non-Communist parties
工商联；Federations of industry and commerce
无党派人士personages without party affiliation
1. He truely seemed to be able to do almost everything.
他几乎无所不能。
2.the last universal man 最后一个全才
3.give this view of the man 这样评价他的。
4. make sb. tick 让某人充满活力．
5. draw sb. out = to make sb. less nervous and more willing to talk
促使---无拘无束地谈话。
6. half brother同父异母的兄弟
7. write an article for the paper 为---报纸撰稿
8. the lightening rod 避雷针
9. graphic words 详细描述的词汇，生动的词汇。
10. inculate 灌输 She tries very hard to inculate traditional values into her students.
城市扩张（蔓延）
Chinese leaders caution against urban s_______（城市蔓延）
中国领导人警惕城市蔓延
Chinese leaders warned here on Tuesday that urban s______（同标题）at the expense of the environment and excessive energy consumption was detrimental to China's modernization and contrary to the interests of the general public.
Urban planning must be carried out in an energy-e_______ and environmentally-f______ （节能环保）manner and consider the convenience of residents' daily lives, Premier Wen Jiabao stressed in a written instruction to the 2006 China Mayors' Forum that opened here on Tuesday.
He urged local city planning departments to restrict the size of cities to "a reasonable level" and pay attention to the needs of residents.
Vice Premier Zeng Peiyan told the forum's opening ceremony that measures must be taken to curb b_______ expansion（盲目扩张） and the waste of land and capital resources.
Cities should strive to outperform others in the conservation of land, water and energy resources and in improving the environment, he said.
Zeng warned that urban development must not be separated from rural growth. "An important job of mayors is to f_______（推动，促进） balanced development between cities and countryside, to enrich citizens and simultaneously bring wealth to farmers."
Keys for the above exercise
sprawl （urban sprawl 城市蔓延，城市未经规划而不规则地向外扩展，往往侵占农村。有兴趣地可以参看http://www.slate.com/id/2129636/ ）
efficient friendly blind facilitate
几条新词的翻译
1采煤沉陷区 sinkholes in coal mining areas 棚户区 shantytowns
2传销及变相传销 pyramid schemes and the ones in disguised forms
3手机实名制 mobile phone identification policy
4福利腐败 corruption in the execution of welfare policy
5内外资企业所得税统一 the unity of income taxes levied from domestic and foreign-funded enterprises
6论文崇拜 the worship of research paper; the worship of scientific paper
|7 以房养老 use house property as the living means for one’s old age; using house property as the living means for the aged
8 《中华人民共和国公司法》 Company Law of the People’s Republic of China
9 《重大动物疫情应急条例》 Emergency Measures for Handling Major Animal Epidemics
10《关于预防煤矿生产安全事故的特别规定》
Special Regulations for Preventing Coalmine Accidents
11 《国家突发公共事件总体应急预案》
Master State Plan for Rapid Response to Public Emergencies
政治词语（2）
1.大起大落 drastic fluctuations
2.把握正确的舆论导向 maintain a correct orientation for public opinion.
3.不屈不挠 unyieldingly
4.拨乱反正 set things right
5.长治久安 the lasting political stability
6.当家作主 be the masters of the country
7.独立自主，自力更生 independence and self-reliance
8.法定人数quorum
9.翻天覆地earth-shaking
10.繁荣富强 prosperous and strong
11.共同富裕的原则 the principle of common prosperity
12.国家宏观调控 the state macro-control
13.国民素质的提高 the enhancement of the quality of the entire population
14.积极进取take the initiative to make progress
15.积极推进各项配套改革:press ahead with all the supportive reforms
16.基本国策 the basic state policy
17.基层工作grass-roots work
18.基层民主 democracy at the grassroots level
19.继承前人的成果 inherit the achievements predecessors
20.寄予厚望 place high hopes on
21.团结一切可以团结的力量 to unite with all forces that can be united with
22.十届全国人大二次会议 the Second Session of the Tenth National People's Congress
23.廉政，勤政，务实，高效的政府 an honest, diligent, pragmatic and efficient government
24.两个文明一起抓 place equal emphasis on material and ethical progress
25.两手抓，两手都要硬 We must address ourselves to the problem of both material and spiritual civilization without any letup.
注意一些idioms 的翻译
1. cost an arm and leg 花费很昂贵
2. agree to disagree/differ同意保留各自意见
3 .get the upper hand 占上风
4. pay through the nose for sth. 花大价钱买---
5.bring home the bacon 养家糊口
6.more bark than bite 刀子嘴，豆腐心
7.have a bee in one's bonnet 一心想着---
8.make sb's blood boil 让某人愤怒
9.a blessing in disguise 因祸得福
10.bring down the house 博得满堂喝彩
11carry a chip on one's shoulder爱生气地，怀恨在心的
12.handle with kid gloves :=handle with great care and sensitivity
13.have someone's number= 摸透了---的底细
14.keep a stiff upper lip 感情内敛，不外露
15.feel like a million dollars= feel well and attractive
16.cook the books 做假账
keys:
1. lurid
2. exhume
3. outlaw
4. recrimination
5. repudiate
6. peasantry
7vandicate
8.sickle
9.hiatus
10 superstructure
11. ringleader
12. scowl
13. paunchy
14. Saturn
15. conceivable
读读法律英语
Section IX: Miscellaneous Warrantless Searches
This section is about some of the other situations in which the police are authorized to conduct a warrantless search.
50. Can Police Secretly Listen in to Telephone Conversations Without a Search Warrant?
No. People reasonably expect their telephone conversations to be private, whether made from home or a public telephone booth. Police need a search warrant before recording or listening in to telephone conversations. (Katz v. U.S., U.S. Sup. Ct. 1967.) Federal laws enacted in 1996 extend the general privacy in telephone conversations to electronic devices like cell phones. (18 United States Code Sec. 2510.)
51. Do the Police Need a Warrant to Search My Trash?
No. People do not have a reasonable expectation of privacy in garbage that they leave out for collection. (California v. Greenwood, U.S. Sup. Ct. 1988.)
Case Example: Fausto prunes his marijuana plants, placing the dead leaves and stems in a kitchen garbage bag, which he later puts in a garbage can outside his home for collection on trash day. Without Fausto's knowledge, the local police have asked the trash collector to deliver Fausto's trash directly to them rather than mixing it with other trash. The police search the trash, find the leaves and stems and seize them as evidence. Fausto is charged with marijuana cultivation, a felony.
Question: Did the police procedures in this case violate Fausto's rights under the Fourth Amendment?
Answer: No. Trash put out for collection is not within the Fourth Amendment's zone of protection. Because the trash is freely accessible to others (such as scavengers, snoops and the police) the owner has no reasonable expectation of privacy in it.
52. Is My Backyard as Subject to Fourth Amendment Protection as the Inside of My House?
Yes. However, as a practical matter, a person's privacy in his or her backyard is harder to protect than that inside the home. For instance, there is no privacy in the yard if members of the public can see into it from where they have a right to be.
Case Example 1: Officer Alex pulls into an alley behind Joshua's house, stops his car and climbs on the car roof to see over a high fence into Joshua's back yard. He spots a number of stacked boxes in an open shed. He shines his flashlight on the boxes and observes that they appear to contain electronic components. Officer Alex is aware of a recent burglary where similar components have been stolen. Officer Alex obtains a search warrant and returns to Joshua's house for a closer look. The components in the boxes match the description of the stolen ones, and Joshua is charged with the crime of receiving stolen property.
Question: Did Officer Alex violate Joshua's Fourth Amendment rights by standing on his car to peer into Joshua's backyard and shining his flashlight on the boxes?
Answer: No. Officer Alex was in a public place where he had a right to be. Even climbing onto the car and using his flashlight was fine since anyone driving in a high truck in the daytime could have made the same observations.
1、Federal laws enacted in 1996 extend the general privacy in telephone conversations to electronic devices like cell phones.
2、Did Officer Alex violate Joshua's Fourth Amendment rights by standing on his car to peer into Joshua's backyard and shining his flashlight on the boxes?
1、1996年制定的联邦法律扩大了电话通话隐私权的范围，包括了如手机之类的电子设备。
2、亚历克斯警官站在车顶上窥视乔舒亚的后院，还用手电筒照射院内的箱子侵犯了宪法第四修正案赋予他的权利了吗？
美国对外资政策的改变
美国拟改革针对外资的审查程序
US plans reform of scrutiny panel to reassure investors
美国政府将在全球范围发起一轮宣传攻势，说服外国投资者相信：美国一直致力于“开放的投资政策”。而仅在数月前，由于美国国会的巨大政治压力，中国石油公司中海油(CNOOC)被迫放弃了对美国能源集团优尼科(Unocal)接近200亿美元的竞购。优尼科总部位于加利福尼亚州。
The US administration is launching an international campaign to persuade foreign investors that it is committed to an “open investment policy”, just months after intense political pressure in Congress forced CNOOC, the Chinese oil company, to abandon its multi-billion dollar bid for California-based Unocal.
美国财政部副部长罗伯特•金米特(Robert Kimmitt)在今日的《金融时报》上撰文称，政府将对美国外国投资委员会(CFIUS)进行改革。这是一个由美国财政部领导的跨部门小组，行事隐秘。它以国家安全为宗旨，对外国收购美国资产的交易进行审核。改革的目的是提高审查过程的确定性和透明度。
Robert Kimmitt, the deputy Treasury secretary, writes in today’s FT that the administration will implement reforms to the Committee on Foreign Investments in the US, the secretive inter-agency panel chaired by the Treasury department that vets foreign takeovers of assets on national security grounds. The reforms are aimed at bringing greater certainty and transparency to the process.
金米特今天还将在达沃斯召开的世界经济论坛(World Economic Forum)上，就这一问题发表讲话。
Mr Kimmitt will also speak on the issue today at the World Economic Forum in Davos.
尽管美国国会压力是迫使中海油放弃竞购优尼科的主要原因，但此次华盛顿的反华风暴，引发了对于美国外国投资委员会角色的新疑问。该委员会有权阻止其认为可能危及国家安全的外国收购。
Although pressure from Congress was largely responsible for forcing CNOOC to withdraw its bid for Unocal, the anti-China storm in Washington prompted new questions about the role of CFIUS, which has the power to block foreign takeovers deemed a risk to US security.
美国拟改革针对外资的审查程序
US plans reform of to investors
美国政府将在全球范围发起一轮宣传攻势，说服外国投资者相信：美国一
“开放的投资政策”。而仅在数月前，由于美国国会的巨大政治压力，
被迫放弃了对美国能源集团优尼科(Unocal)接近200亿美元的竞购。优尼科总部位于加利福尼亚州。
The US administration is launching an international campaign to persuade foreign investors that it is committed to an “open investment policy”, just months after intense political pressure in Congress forced CNOOC, the Chinese oil company, to abandon its multi-billion dollar bid for California-based Unocal.
美国财政部副部长罗伯特•金米特(Robert Kimmitt)在今日的《金融时报》上撰文称，政府将对美国外国投资委员会(CFIUS)进行改革。这是一个由美国财政部领导的跨部门小组，行事隐秘。它以国家安全为宗旨，对外国收购美国资产的交易进行审核。改革的目的是提高审查过程的确定性和透明度。
Robert Kimmitt, writes in today’s FT that the administration will implement reforms to the Committee on Foreign Investments in the US, the secretive inter-agency panel chaired by the Treasury department that vets foreign takeovers of assets on national security grounds. The reforms are aimed at bringing greater certainty and transparency to the process.
金米特今天还将在达沃斯召开的世界经济论坛(World Economic Forum)上，就这一问题发表讲话。
Mr Kimmitt will also speak on the issue today at the World Economic Forum in Davos.
尽管美国国会压力是迫使中海油放弃竞购优尼科的主要原因，但此次华盛顿的反华风暴，引发了对于美国外国投资委员会角色的新疑问。该委员会有权阻止其认为可能危及国家安全的外国收购。
Although pressure from Congress was largely responsible for forcing CNOOC to withdraw its bid for Unocal, the anti-China storm in Washington prompted new questions about the role of CFIUS, which has the power to block foreign takeovers deemed a risk to US security.
担心中海油的竞标可能招致美国外国投资委员会的审查，是优尼科决定接受美国石油公司雪佛龙(Chevron)出价的重要原因。
Fears that the CNOOC bid would be tied up in the CFIUS review were a significant factor in Unocal’s decision to accept a competing offer from Chevron, the US oil company.
一位美国财政部高级官员表示，行政方面的改革包括：指派更多资深政策人士监督美国外国投资委员会的审核，增强国会对审核过程的了解程度，并要求相关企业在过程早期，与美国外国投资委员会就拟议中的交易进行非正式接触，以便尽早就潜在问题展开讨论。
A senior Treasury official said the administrative changes involve dedicating more senior policy staff to oversee CFIUS reviews, enhancing transparency to Congress about the process, and asking companies to approach CFIUS informally with their proposed deals earlier in the process in order to begin talks about potential issues as soon as possible.
但这些举措似乎无法限制美国外国投资委员会在审查外国收购方面所拥有的广泛权力，而且在某些方面还有可能扩大这种权利。
But the moves do not appear to curb the broad powers that CFIUS has to review foreign takeovers, and may expand them in some ways.
例如，这位官员表示，美国对涉及外国政府补贴贷款的外国交易进行额外审核是合理的。在优尼科之争中，雪佛龙就提出了这个问题，称中海油存在不公平的竞争优势，因为该公司能够获得国家提供的资金。
The official said, for instance, that it was legitimate for the US to subject foreign deals that involve subsidized loans by a foreign state to extra scrutiny. Chevron raised the issue during the Unocal debate, saying that the CNOOC approach had an unfair advantage because of its access to state financing.
看疯狂的主妇学翻译 1
1. Just so you know, many of Freud's theories have been discredited.
2. I was just scaring them into behaving.
3. I saw it（a car) when I passed the dealership.
4. It's got GPS navigation, 200-watt stereo system, rear parking radar.
5. Did I take your breath away?
1.正像你所知道的那样，许多弗洛伊德的理论都是名不副实的。
2.我只是想吓唬吓唬他们，让他们乖一点。
3.我路过车行的时候看到了这辆车．
４．这辆车有ＧＰＳ导航系统，２００瓦的音响，还有倒车雷达－－－．
５．我让你出乎意料了么？
6. I don't know why he barks at you.
我不知道这条狗为什么总对着你叫。
7. By your own admission, your home is always clean, your clothes are always freshly pressed.
你自己也承认，你的家总是那样整洁，你的衣服也总是熨烫的如此平整。
8. Despite her flaws, do you ever remember to say "thank you".
尽管她有不尽如人意之处，你有没有记得为了他们所做的说声谢谢呢？
9. He is a taxidermist. 他是个动物标本搜集家．
10. She's never going to find that kind of chemistry with another man.
她再也不会和另外一个男人产生那种爱的火花了。
艰难的国运与雄健的国民National Crisis vs Heroic Nation
历史的道路，不会是坦平的，有时走到艰难险阻的境界。这是全靠雄健的精神才能够冲过去的。
The course of history is never smooth. It is sometimes beset with difficulties and
obstacles and nothing short of a heroic spirit can help surmount them.
----会用才是自己的----------------------------------------------------------------
course是简单词汇，但很常用，要学会经常使用
the course of life from the cradle to the grave
从生到死的生活道路the course of history
历史的道路in the course of a year.
一年当中
v. 困扰(by); 包围着，围绕(with)
sb. be beset by worries
忧虑重重
sth. be beset with difficulties困难重重
v. 战胜, 超越, 克服
surmount difficulties
克服困难
相当于nothing less than或only
11.You weren't married to the guy with all the tattoos that they took away in handcuffs?
12.Susan was furious with Edie for using a dog to ingratiate herself with its owners.
13.She was also furious with Mike for not seeing through this batant maneuver.
14 I snapped at you.
15.You must be so relieved.
11.难道你没嫁给那个浑身刺着纹身，最后被警察铐走的那个家伙么？
12.Susan 很生气，Edie 竟然用一条狗来获取它主人的芳心。
13.他也很生气的是ＭＩＫＥ竟然没有识破她拙劣的伎俩．
14. 我对你发脾气了／对你大喊大叫了。
15.你一定如释重负。
卡耐基的成功论
The Road to Success
by Andrew Carnegie
It is well that young men should begin at the beginning and occupy the most subordinate positions. Many of the leading businessmen of Pittsburgh had a serious responsibility thrust upon them at the very threshold of their career. They were introduced to the broom, and spent the first hours of their business lives sweeping out the office. I notice we have janitors and janitresses now in offices, and our young men unfortunately miss that salutary branch of business education. But if by chance the professional sweeper is absent any morning, the boy who has the genius of the future partner in him will not hesitate to try his hand at the broom. It does not hurt the newest comer to sweep out the office if necessary. I was one of those sweepers myself.
年轻人创业之初，应该从最底层干起，这是件好事。匹兹堡有很多商业巨头，在他们创业之初，都不情愿地肩负过“重任”。他们与扫帚相伴，以打扫办公室的方式度过了他们商业生涯中最初的日子。我注意到我们现在办公室都有工友，所以很可惜，年轻人就错过了商业教育中这个有益的环节。如果碰巧哪天上午，专职扫地的工友没有来，某个具有合伙人气质的年轻人便会毫不犹豫地拿起扫帚。新来的员工在必要时，扫扫地也无妨，不会因此而有什么损失。我自己就曾经扫过地。
Assuming that you have all obtained employment and are fairly started, my advice to you is “aim high”. I would not give a fig for （对……不在乎） the young man who does not already see himself the partner or the head of an important firm. Do not rest content for a moment in your thoughts as head clerk, or foreman, or general manager in any concern, no matter how extensive. Say to yourself, “My place is at the top.” Be king in your dreams.
假如你已经被录用，并且有了一个良好的开端，我对你的建议就是：要志存高远。一个年轻人，如果不曾把自己想象成是一家大公司未来的老板或是合伙人，那我会对他不屑一顾。在任何企业，不管它的规模有多大，你的内心都不要满足于做一个首席助理、领班或者总经理。要对自己说：我要迈向顶尖！要做就做你梦想之过里的国王！
And here is the prime condition of success, the great secret: concentrate your energy, thought, and capital exclusively upon the business in which you are engaged. Having begun in one line, resolve to fight it out on that line, to lead in it, adopt every improvement, have the best machinery, and know the most about it.
成功的首要条件和最大秘诀是：把你的精力、思想和资本全都集中在你正在从事的事业上。一旦开始从事某种职业，就要下定决心在那一领域闯出一片天地来；采纳每一点改进之处，采用最优良的设备，对专业知识熟稔于心。
The concerns which fail are those which have scattered their capital, which means that they have scattered their brains also. They have investments in this, or that, or the other, here, there, and everywhere. “Don’t put all your eggs in one basket.” is all wrong. I tell you to “put all your eggs in one basket, and then watch that basket.” Look round you and take notice, men who do that not often fail. It is easy to watch and carry the one basket. It is trying to carry too many baskets that breaks most eggs in this country. He who carries three baskets must put one on his head, which is apt to tumble and trip him up. One fault of the American businessman is lack of concentration.
过于分散自己资本的企业，注定会失败，因为分散资本就意味着分散了他们的精力。他们向这方面投资，又向那方面投资；在这里投资，在那里投资，到处都投资。“不要把所有的鸡蛋放在一个篮子里”的说法其实大错特错。我要对你说：“把所有的鸡蛋都放在一个篮子里，然后小心地看好那个篮子。”看看你周围，你会注意到：这么做的人其实很少失败。看管和携带一个篮子并不太难。人们总想同时提很多篮子，所以才打破这个国家的大部分鸡蛋。提三个篮子的人，必须把一个顶在头上，而这个篮子很可能会摔下来，把他自己绊倒。美国商人的一个缺点就是不够专注。
To summarize what I have said: aim for the highest; never enter a bar room; do not touch liquor, or if at all only at meals; never speculate; never indorse beyond your surplus cash fund; make the firm’s interest yours; break orders always to save owners; concentrate; put all your eggs in one basket, and watch that basket; expenditure always within revenue; lastly, be not impatient, for as Emerson says, “No one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourselves.”
把我的话归纳一下：要志存高远；不要出入酒吧；要滴酒不沾；或要喝也只在用餐时喝少许；不要投机；不要寅吃卯粮；要把公司的利益当作你自己的利益；要专注；把所有的鸡蛋放在一个篮子里，然后小心地看好它；要量入为出；最后一点，要有耐心，正如爱默生所言，“除了你自己没人能真正阻止你成功。”
What is round table meeting/conference?
圆桌会议（亚瑟王的骑士）
现在，联合国安理会和其它国际会议，以及在举行国际政治谈判时，大多开圆桌会议。那么，圆桌会议是怎么来的呢? 据说，以前中外会议，尤其是那些正式的会议或宴会，非常讲究主宾的席位座次，一般都是让主、尊、长者居中而坐，宾客则根据其身份、地位、辈分，一左一右，依次安排在主位的两面；但如果碰巧客人都是显贵尊长，就不好办了。
公元5 世纪时，英国的亚瑟王想出了一个办法，即他和他的骑士们举行会议时，不分上下席位，围着圆桌而坐，这样就避免了与会者席位上下而引起的纠纷。于是便形成了“圆桌会议”。
圆桌会议不分上下尊卑，含有与会者“一律平等”和“协商”的意思。第一次世界大战后，国际会议便多采用圆桌会议的形式。“圆桌会议”一直沿用至今天。
"Round Table means everyone is equal"
看疯狂的主妇学翻译 4
16.Mike was still in love with his late wife.迈克还爱着他已故的妻子。
17.If something had happened, I would have felt like I had failed her. 要是他（狗）遭遇不测的话，我就会觉得我辜负了她的嘱托（前妻）。
18.She knew right then neither she nor Edie would be laying claim to his heart anytime soon.
那时她意识到她和Edie谁都不能很快地占据他的心.
19.As I look back at the world I left behind, it's all so clear to me: the beauty that waits to be unveiled, the mysteries that long to be uncovered.
我回头看看我身后的世界，一切是那么清晰，有那么多美好的事物等着我们去发现，有那么多神秘的现象等着我们去揭示．
20.But people so rarely stop to take a look. They just keep moving. It's a shame really. There's so much to see.
可是人们从来就不屑去仔细看看．他们匆匆忙忙地走来走去．真遗憾啊．有那么多东西可看．
美国大学入学也掀起风波
High school seniors begin a new college application season amid growing signs that the nation’s top colleges and universities have deep misgivings about the sanity and fairness of the annual admissions frenzy.
A week after Harvard abandoned early admissions as a program that puts low-income students at a disadvantage, Princeton followed suit yesterday, saying it hoped other universities would do the same. “I think it’s important for there to be momentum, because I think it’s the right decision,” said Shirley M. Tilghman, Princeton’s president.
中学高年级学生开始进入一个新的大学申请时期，而此中同时滋生着这样一种迹象：国内顶级大学和学院对于每年疯狂申请进入大学的浪潮中能否体现良好心态和公平公正表示深重忧虑。
哈佛大学放弃了提前申请计划，这种做法将收入低下的学生置入不利的境地，一周以后也就是昨天普林斯顿大学也做出了同样的决定，并称希望其他大学也这样做。该大学的校长说：“我认为推动这一举措是非常重要的，因为我认为这是个正确的决定。”
五个经济词汇
1.agribusiness ：农业综合企业
The production and marketing of corps by large corporations as opposed to individual farms. 由大集团公司进行的农产品的生产和销售，与个体农场主经营方式相反。
John was forced into bankruptcy when he lost millions of dollars he had invested in a poor agribusiness venture.
约翰在农业综合企业中投资不当，损失了数百万美元，被迫破产。
2.air-pocket stock ：气穴股票
Stock that falls sharply on bad news.
一有坏消息便急剧下跌的股票。
Company stock sometimes turns into air-pocket stock upon the news of the company’s CEO’s serious illness or death.
一旦公司总裁病重或去世的消息传出，其股票有时会变成气穴股票。
3.Black Monday ：黑色星期一
October 19, 1987, when the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell a record 508 points in trading on the New York Stock Exchange.
1987年10月19日，纽约股票交易所道•琼斯工业股票平均指数狂跌创纪录的508点。
4.blue chip stock ：热门股票，绩优股，蓝筹股
A term used to describe high-quality stocks of financially sound corporations 指财务上可靠的公司发行的高质量股票。
Mr. Jeppson has a portfolio of nothing but blue chip stocks.
杰普逊先生持有的有价证券里全部都是热门股票。
5.boondoggle ：无效的投资
A wasteful business venture 不见回报的经营投机
Our investment in water softeners was a boondoggle.
我们在水软化器上的投资打了水漂。
看疯狂的主妇学翻译 5
21. After I died, I began to surrender the parts of myself that were no longer necessary.
我死以后，我交出了自己不再需要的部分。
22.My desires, beliefs，ambitions, doubts, every trace of my humanity was discarded. 我的欲望、信仰、雄心、疑虑，我人性中的每一抹痕迹都被丢弃。
23. I discovered when moving through eternity, it helps to travel lightly.
我发现在穿越永恒的时候，我会轻装上路。
24. In fact, I held on to only one thing, my memory.
事实上，我只保留了一样东西，我的回忆。
25．I remember the easy confidence of her smile, the gentle elegance of her hands and the refined warmth of her voice. But what I remember most was the look of fear in her eyes.
我记得她悠闲镇定的微笑，举止优雅的双手，她优雅温和的声音，可给我印象最深的还是她眼中的恐惧．
人均收入问题
1998年城真居民的收入和消费水平发生了巨大的变化，人年均收入达到了5160元，比上一年上升了3.4%
In 1998, great changes took place in the income and consumption levels of urban residents. The yearly average income amounted to 5,160 yuan, increased by 3.4%.
工人和职员在国营和集体企业里的收入仍是家庭的主要收入。
Incomes of workers and staff members in the state-owned enterprises and collective work units are still the mainstay of family income.
The definition of average income: This is calculated by multiplying the total number of responses in each income range by the mid-point of the range and dividing by the total population. It does not include those who have no income. This is available for both household and personal income.
花旗银行瞄准中国中小企业
本月在广东省广州市的一个展览会上，世界上最大的金融服务公司花旗集团公司热衷于吸引更多的中国中小企业作为潜在的客户。
Citigroup Inc, the world's biggest financial services company, was keen to attract more of China's small and medium enterprises as potential clients at an expo this month in Guangzhou, Guangdong Province.
相关背景知识：
花旗银行，作为惟一一家推行全球业务战略的银行，
不单为遍及56个国家的5000万消费者提供服务，也在近100个国家为跨国、跨区及当地的企业客户服务。除了花旗银行，没有哪家金融机构的业务和资源足以在如此之多的地方，应付如此之多的需要。
花旗银行已成为金融服务的世界品牌。花旗银行的名称即意味着服务，不仅是满足客户的需要，更要比客户预期的做得更好。
主要的业务范围包括：
电子银行业务
通过花旗银行的计算机，自动柜员机或花旗电话银行，在一年365天一天24小时内都可得到安全而便捷的服务。
信用卡业务
世界范围内，花旗银行的信用卡客户都可通过花旗银行发行的信用卡，或花旗银行与其他知名机构共同发行的信用卡满足其消费需求，并适应其不同的财务状况，花旗银行是全球最大的信用卡发行机构。
私人银行业务
花旗银行在32 个国家中从事私人银行业务的员工可透过银行的人才、产品及策略网络，令客户获得全球投资组合的第一手资料，花旗银行协助其寻求投资机会及识别投资风险。
新兴市场业务
花旗银行在新兴市场服务客户接近100年，源远流长，并取得了长足的发展。
因为花旗银行就像一家当地商业银行一样，持有营业执照，了解当地市场，并拥有训练有素的当地雇员，配合着跨区域性的优势向客户提供世界水平的银行服务，这是花旗银行与从不同的优势。
企业银行业务
目前，花旗银行在100多个国家与全球性、区域性和地方性公司客户进行着合作。
花旗银行在世界各地的市场所涉及的深度和广度是企业银行业务的基石。无论是在国内，还是在世界任何地方，均可得到花旗银行优质的服务和专业的建议。
跨国公司业务
花旗银行同许多著名的跨国公司之间的成功合作，是基于花旗银行数十年来所积累的银行业关系和经验。这些公司大多希望向海外扩展，特别是向新兴市场扩展，因为那里的消费者和商品市场欣欣向荣。
花旗银行在世界各地的深远发展是最具竞争力的特点。就规模，产品，能力，产业知识和经验而言，花旗银行都比竞争对手领先一步。花旗银行的目标是将花旗银行的产品和服务推向全世界。简而言之，花旗银行全球独一无二的网络可随时随地为客户提供其所需的服务。
Citigroup Inc. is the largest financial services company in the world. For the years 2001 to 2004 it has alternated with General Electric in being the largest and most profitable corporation in the world, with a market cap of $240 billion and $1.5 trillion in assets. The formation of Citigroup was announced on April 7, 1998 through a merger of Citicorp and Travelers Group. It was the first US company to combine banking with insurance under writing since the Great Depression.
看疯狂的主妇学翻译六
What kind of program is Desperate Housewives?
Desperate Housewives is an American television series, created by Marc Cherry, that began airing on ABC in 2004. Set on
Wisteria Lane in the fictional town of Fairview, the series tracks the lives of four housewives, following their domestic struggles while several mysteries unfold in the background. The tone and style of the series combine elements of drama, comedy, mystery, satire, and soap opera.
26. Bree had started to realize her world was unraveling, and for a woman who despised loose end, that was unacceptable.
开始意识到她的世界在瓦解, 对于一个讲究完美的女人(连扣子没系牢都看不顺眼的女人), 那是不可接受的.
27. They don't need to be burdened with our marital problems, and if we're working things out, the least we could do is try to keep up appearances.
他们不应该承担我们婚姻问题的压力, 我们要解决问题的话, 至少我们应该表面上过得去.
28. We are in marriage counseling, Bree; I think that would confuse things.
我们在进行婚姻调节咨询，Bree，我不想因此而产生误解。
29. I'm not being flip, I'm just pointing out a reality.
不是我轻率无礼，只是这是事实。
30 Tennis lessons are a plausible alibi.
上网球课是挺起来不错的借口。
How green is your Apple?你的“苹果”有多绿？（陈继龙 编译）
（1）DISPOSING of computers, monitors, printers and mobile phones is a large and growing environmental problem. Some 20m-50m tonnes of “e-waste” is produced each year, most of which ends up in the developing world. According to the European Union, e-waste is now the fastest-growing category. Last month new rules came into force in both Europe and California to oblige the industry to take responsibility for it. In Europe the Restriction of Hazardous Substances (RoHS) directive limits the use of many toxic materials in new electronic products sold in the European Union. In California mobile-phone r________① must now take back and recycle old phones.
废旧电脑、显示器、打印机和手机的处理是一个日趋严重的环境问题。每年大约有2～5千万吨“电子废品”形成，其中大部分是在发展中国家。欧盟认为“电子废品”是目前增长速度最快的一类“产品”。上个月，欧洲和美国加里福利亚均出台了新规定，要求电子产业要为此负责。欧洲的《有害物质限制使用规定》对在欧盟范围内销售的新电子产品涉及的众多有毒物质都进行了使用限定。加里福利亚则规定手机零售商现在必须对旧手机进行回收和废物处理。
Many technology firms are already eliminating certain chemicals and offering recycling schemes to help their customers dispose of obsolete equipment. Yet there is a wide variation in just how green different companies are, according to Greenpeace, an environmental l_______② group that launches a new e-waste campaign on August 25th. （2）It has ranked the top mobile-phone and PC-makers based on their progress in eliminating chemicals and in taking back and recycling products.
许多科技公司都正在去除产品中所含的特定化学物质，并向客户提供废物处理方案，以帮助其处理陈旧设备。不过据绿色和平组织称，不同公司的环保状况存在很大差异。该组织是一个环境问题游说团体，它于8月25日发起了一项新的“电子废品”运动。它根据手机和个人电脑制造商在去除化学物质以及产品回收和废物再利用方面的进展情况，对一些顶级制造商进行了排名。
The RoHS rules ban products containing any more than trace amounts of lead, mercury, cadmium and other hazardous substances, including some nasty materials called brominated flame-retardants (BFRs). To do well in Greenpeace's rankings, firms must make sure both products and production processes are free of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and some BFRs that are not on the RoHS list. （3）Greenpeace also wants companies to adopt a “precautionary principle” and avoid chemicals if their environmental impact is uncertain.
《有害物质限制使用规定》禁止生产含有超量铅、汞、镉以及包括某些难闻物质即溴化阻燃剂（BFR）在内的其它有害物质的产品。至于要想在绿色和平组织的排名中有出色表现，各公司还必须确认产品及生产过程中未使用聚氯乙烯（PVC）和《有害物质限制使用规定》中未列出的某些BFR。同时，绿色和平组织还希望各公司采取“预防原则”，从而避免使用某些对环境影响作用不确切的化学物质。
Although not everyone will agree with Greenpeace's methodology, its ranking still has some merit. Nokia does well: the world's biggest handset-maker has already got rid of PVC from its products and will eliminate all BFRs from next year. But, Greenpeace g________③, it is not sufficiently “precautionary” in other areas. Dell, however, scores well in this regard and on recycling, but loses marks for not having phased out PVC and BFRs yet, though it has set a deadline for doing so.
虽然绿色和平组织的这套方法没有得到所有人的认同，但它的排名仍旧具有一定的价值。诺基亚表现出色——这个全球最大的手机制造商已经从其产品中去掉了PVC，并从明年起将去除所有溴化阻燃剂。（注：诺基亚排名第一）不过，绿色和平组织抱怨说，诺基亚在其它化学物质的“预防”使用上做得还不够。戴尔公司在这方面以及废物再利用上表现得就很好，但是由于尚未去除PVC和BFR而被扣分，尽管它已经为此制定了最后期限。（注：戴尔排名第二）
Perhaps the biggest surprise is the poor rating of Apple. （4）Despite having an image steeped in California's counterculture, it is one of the worst heel-draggers, says Zeina Al-Hajj of Greenpeace. The company insists that it has a strong record in recycling and has eliminated BFRs and PVC from the main plastic parts in its products. It scores badly because it has not eliminated such chemicals altogether, has not set time limits for doing so, does not provide a full list of regulated substances and is insufficiently precautionary for Greenpeace's t_______④. As for recycling, the 9,500 tonnes of electronics Apple says it has recycled since 1994 is puny given the amount of equipment the firm sells, says Ms Al-Hajj. Apple responds that many of its products (such as the iPod music-player) are small and light. Greenpeace points out that Nokia also makes tiny devices, but is much better at recycling them.
最出人意料的可能是苹果电脑的糟糕名次。绿色和平组织的哈吉说，虽然苹果公司深受加里福利亚反传统文化的熏陶而给人以不拘一格的印象，但它的表现仍然最糟糕（拖了清除电子废品运动的后腿）。该公司坚称有记录表明自己在废物再利用方面做得很好，而且也已经去除了其产品的主要塑料部件中的BFR和PVC。它之所以得分低，是因为它并未完全消除此类化学物质，也没有为此制定最后期限，没有给出一份完整的校准物质名单，没有按照绿色和平组织的意思完全做到防患于未然。至于废物回收再利用问题，哈吉女士说，苹果公司自称从1994年以来已回收了9500吨电子元件，但相比其产品总销量而言，这是微不足道的。苹果公司回应说，其多数产品体积都比较小，也不重（如iPod音乐播放器），而绿色和平组织却指出，诺基亚生产的也是小型装置，但在回收再利用方面表现得就比苹果公司好很多。
（5）Alas for Apple, whatever the pros and cons of Greenpeace's ranking criteria, consumers are likely to be influenced by it anyway. Comically, Greenpeace is now considering a plan to promote its e-waste campaign via podcasting—a technology that Apple helped to p_______⑤.
无论人们赞成还是反对绿色和平组织的排名标准，苹果公司都会不好受，因为消费者多少都有可能受到这一排名的影响。搞笑的是，绿色和平组织目前正考虑计划通过播客来推进其电子废品行动，而这一技术恰恰就是苹果公司帮助推广的。
1. 根据上下文和英文释义，补全单词：
①r_______（n. a person or business that sells goods to customers in a shop）
②l_______（n. an attempt to persuade a government to change a law, make a new law etc）
③g________（v. to keep complaining in an unhappy way [= moan]）
④t________（n. the kind of things that someone likes）
⑤p________（v. to make something well known and liked）
2. 英译汉（将划线部分英文翻译成中文）：
(LONGMAN)
1. cadmium n. 镉
2. brominated flame-retardants (BFRs) n. 溴化阻燃剂
3. polyvinyl chloride (PVC) n.聚氯乙烯
4. counterculture n.反正统（主流）文化
5. puny adj.小的，微不足道的
1. ①retailers 零售商（wholesaler 批发商）
②lobby 游说（团）
③grumbles 抱怨，发牢骚
④tastes 偏好，喜好
⑤popularize 普及，推广
2.（见译文，仅供参考，欢迎指正）
“她是一位经历了如此多的痛苦和不幸的女性，孤身一人而绝不因此挫伤锐气或流露出来。这个世界对她过去似太无情。更为重要的是，她竟因此而为了这个国家的孩子和工人的利益做了很多工作，直道生命的尽头。
---北京协和医院的一位英籍医生
“Jin Yamei has experienced much too much bitterness and had much too many misfortunes in her life. She has braved all the adversities all alone and refused to be frustrated or show any sign of it. This world has been too cruel to her. And yet she spent all her life serving the interests of the children and workers of her country.”
金雅梅 天津创办护士学校第一人
Jin Yamei---Founder of the First Nursing School in Tianjin
1.她放弃了在美国的优越生活，义无反顾地回到祖国，只有一个信念：为了发展中国医疗事业。
She gave up her comfortable life in America and resolutely returned to China with a view to developing China’s medical cause
2.她三岁时，父母相继死于流行瘟疫。
When she was three years old, her parents died one after another of an epidemic plague.
3. 应该说，她已经融入了美国社会，习惯了美国的生活方式。
In fact, she had integrated into American society and become accustomed to American way of life.
4. 她5岁时离开中国,记忆中对祖国的印象非常模糊,但她却没有忘记自己的悲苦身世---父母双亲是因为医疗技术落后而被夺走生命的, 无论如何也要为改变这种局面而尽到自己的责任。
As she left China at the age of 5, her memory of Motherland was dim. However, never for a moment had she forgotten her sad life experience there--- her parents died because of backward medical treatment. So she wanted to do something to change the situation.
5. 行医 practice medicine
6. 治病疗养 medical treatment and recuperation
7. 西班牙籍的葡萄牙音乐家 a Portuguese Spanish musician
8. 生了一个男孩 give birth to a boy
9. 婚后夫妻之间感情并不融洽，勉强维持了10年最终离异，把孩子留给男方。 The marriage was not a happy one and it ended up in divorce after ten years of making do with each other, leaving the child in the care of the father.
10. 更为不幸的是，儿子成年后死于一战。
But more heartbreaking was that her son died in the First World War
11. 北洋女医院院长Director of Beiyang Women’s Hospital
12. 1902年袁世凯出任直隶总督。
In 1902 Yuan Shikai assumed the office of Governor---General of Zhili Province.
13. 医院经费经袁世凯决定由海关按月拨款700元，不足部分由绅商捐助。
Yuan decided that Tianjin Customs was to appropriate 700 silver dollars a month to cater for the hospital’s expenditures, with the balance, if any, to be made up by wealth businessmen.
14. 把---办的井然有序 keep --- running in good order
15. 受到妇女的信任 win the trust of female patients
16. 特别值得一提的是，金雅梅为了培养医护人员，争取到了袁世凯拨银两万两，与1908年创办了天津的第一说护士学校。
One thing worth special mentioning was that in order to train nurses for the hospital, Jin Yamei, having procured 20,000 silver dollars from Yuan Shikai, set up the first nursing school of Tianjin in 1908.
17. 护校附属于北洋女医院，初名为女医学堂，金雅梅任堂长，招收贫寒人家女孩，在授课学习的同时在医院实习，培养了天津最早的一批护士。
The school was named Girls’ Nursing
School attached to Beiyang Women’s Hospital. Jin offered to take the responsibility as the schoolmaster.The school had trained the first nurses that Tianjin had ever had. The students of the school were enrolled mainly from poor families. They did their practice in the hospital while attending classes in school.
18.津门绅士严修等人出面接办医院，同时接受社会赞助，得以维持。
And then Yan Xiu and other gentries of Tianjin took over the institutions and provided funds and with additional sponsorships from other walks of life, the hospital managed to get along.
19. 1934年因患肺结核而去世，年终70岁。
In 1934 she died of tuberculosis at the age of 70.
翻译部分：
中国最大的借贷银行中国工商银行昨天开始就其新股上市定价问题进行磋商。
The Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC), the country's biggest lender, started consultations yesterday on the pricing of its initial public offering (IPO).
其他银行的名称
1.Bank of China 中国银行
2.Bank of Comunications 交通银行
3.China Merchants Bank 招商银行
4.Agricultural Bank of China 中国农业银行
5.China Everbright Bank 中国光大银行
6.China Construction Bank 中国建设银行
7.Guangdong Development Bank 广东发展银行
8.Shanghai Pudong Development Bank 浦发银行
The definition of bank: The essential function of a bank is to provide services related to the storing of deposits and the extending of credit. The evolution of banking dates back to the earliest writing, and continues in the present where a bank is a financial institution that provides banking and other financial services.
The dark side of debt
1. Lending was a sober business punctuated by odd moments of lunacy.
贷款是一项需要冷静思考的生意，可是偶尔也有冲昏了头脑的时候。
2．Petrodollar: funds held by oil producers because of the sharp rise in oil prices in international market1974石油美元
3. Lenders recycled petrodollars to third-world countries in the naïve belief that countries, because they cannot go bust will not default.
向外贷款的国家把石油美元重新循环到第三世界的国家, 天真地认为只要国家不灭亡就不会拖欠贷款.
4. The world is once again in the grip of the spree of lending, but this time to companies rather than countries. 全球又掀起了贷款狂热的浪潮，可这次不是贷给国家，而是贷给公司。
5. What is striking is that much of this lending is happening not through public share and bond markets nor exclusively through banks.
令人感到惊讶的是这种贷款不是通过公共参股，或在债券市场上进行的，也不是完全通过银行来完成的。
1)Bond:
certificate promising repayment of debt: a certificate issued by the government or a company promising to pay back borrowed money at a fixed rate of interest on a specified date (债券)
2)Share:
part of company’s stock: any of the equal, usually small, parts into which a company’s capital stock is divided
3)Futures: 期货：为买卖商品或股票而规定在将来一定时期交货的契约
1.FINANCE
Commodities traded for later delivery: goods or stocks sold for future delivery, or the contracts for them
2. Compensation to come: something to be given later as compensation (informal)
• He was willing to make the concession with the expectation that some futures would be forthcoming.
6. The issuance of syndicated loans vaulted to $3.5 trillion last year from $2.3 trillion in 2000.
成为以企业一部分的贷款发行量从2000年的两万三千亿一跃而至去年的三万五千亿。
7. Thanks to the low cost of debt, private lenders such as hedge funds are extending vast amounts of credit to leveraged buy-out firms and other private borrowers.
由于贷款的利息比较低，私家贷款业主，如冒险投资公司等向融资收买公司和其他私人借款者借贷了大量的款项。
Hedge fund: 对冲基金
risk-taking investment company: an investment company that is organized as a limited partnership and uses high-risk techniques in the hope of making large profits
Leveraged buyout: 融资收买，融资买入
way of buying a commercial company: a takeover strategy in which a controlling proportion of a company’s shares is bought using borrowed money, the collateral for which is assets belonging to the purchased company
8. In thinly traded, lightly regulated, and untransparent markets, the bold can make an awful lot of money---and they can lose it on an even more extravagant scale.
在那些贸易往来较少，管理较松，市场不透明的地区，胆子大的能赚一大笔钱，当然也可能输得精光。
9．On the back of 紧跟着
10. suffer catastrophic losses 损失惨重
11. Moreover, business people have perfectly good reasons to operate out of the public gaze. 商人们还完全有理由来进行暗箱操作。
12 The trouble is that the vulnerabilities of debt’s dark side have not yet been fully tested by the next act of collective lunacy.
麻烦就出在债务阴暗面的脆弱之处还没有完全经过集体借贷狂热的考验。
13 claret 红葡萄酒
14. Company pension funds and mutual funds put money into the securities of states and listed firms and hoped that they did well.
公司养老抚恤金和公司的共有基金都把钱投到了一些国家和上市公司的证券中，而且希望能赚到钱。
1. pension fund 养老抚恤基金
2. mutual fund n.（名词）
An investment company that continually offers new shares and buys existing shares back on demand and uses its capital to invest in diversified securities of other companies.
共有基金：一种投资公司，其不断发行新股票并且一经要求即可买回现存股票，并且用其资金投资于其他公司的多种证券上
15. The benefits of this hyperactive shuffling of money spread well beyond financial markets.
这种极其活跃的金钱投资，其益处扩展到了金融市场以外的领域。
16. If companies are buying more cheaply and sensibly to make acquisitions, pay dividends and buy back their own shares, businesses everywhere should run more efficiently
要是这些公司门可以理智地低利息贷到款项，从而获利，付清股息，买回他们自己的股票份额，那么各处的商业应该运转更顺畅才对。
17. sloppy: 太随意
债务以及其他资产损益表上的其他金融债务。
18.accounting money owed: all debts and other financial obligations that appear on a balance sheet
19．Commendably 很好的值得赞扬的
20.simulate 模拟
21. keep tab on 监视
22. Regulators now hint that it might eventually be necessary to supervise credit hedge funds, now monitored via their brokers.
管理者们暗示现在是通过股票经纪人来监视这些风险投资公司的，以后可能有必要对它们进行直接监督管理。
23. When the next recession reveals the next act of lunacy, and when the urge to re-regulate business takes hold, remember that today’s successes were founded partly on those freedoms
下一次经济萧条之时必将带来下一次疯狂的投资，要是想再次对经济严加管理，可不要忘记了现在的成功部分要归功于那些自由。
Thailand’s Dangerous Coup
1. coup 政变
seizure of political power: the sudden overthrow of a government and seizure of political power, especially in a violent way and by the military. Also called coup d’état
2. a grim-faced general 一位一脸严肃的将军
3. Revising the constitution may turn out, alas, to be an impossible task, so that the army regretfully has no choice but to remain in power as it has been done Myanmar these past 18 years.
正像缅甸过去18年来的情况一样，修改宪法几乎是不可能的，而军队也不得不一直掌权。
4.escapade: An adventurous, unconventional act or undertaking.
越轨行为，胡作非为：冒险的、不合乎传统的行为或约定
5. Thailand was certainly no paragon of democracy before Tuesday night.
周二以前，泰国一直也不是什么民主的典范。
6. lambaste 责骂
7. nepotism 偏袒(亲人等)
8. Mr Thaksin was particularly hated by urban Thais because of his open-handed courting of rural vote, using debt forgiveness and expensive subsidies for health care and rural development.
泰国城市居民尤其讨厌Thaksin 因为他为了获得农民的投票，对农民总慷慨地献殷勤，如免除债务，拨大量的补助来改善农村医疗保险和发展农村各项事业。
9. canny:
Careful and shrewd, especially where one's own interests are concerned.
谨慎的：小心而精明的，特别是当涉及到某人自己的利益时
10. populism
A political philosophy supporting the rights and power of the people in their struggle against the privileged elite.
人民党主义：一种政治哲学，在人民反对特权精英阶级的斗争上支持人民的权利与权力
11. He had won a thumping election victory of 2001 on the back of such promises.
他做出这样的承诺之后，在2001年选举中大获全胜。
12.adrift 漂泊不定的
13. political impasse 政治僵局
14. rile sb. 激怒某人
15. snag 阻碍
16.bouy 支撑，鼓励
17. military putsch 军事暴动
18. barracks n.兵营, 许多人居住的简陋房舍
19. limp-wristed
an offensive term meaning effeminate (insult)
20 The malign consequences of the coup may not be confined to Thailand itself.
这次政变的后果可不止局限于泰国国内。
21．In Malaysia, there is no military threat, though there is a long-established tendency to authoritarianism within the ruling party, UMNO, that might now be reinforced. 虽然在马来西亚不存在军事政变的威胁，在执政党马来西亚全国联合组织中却一直存在根深蒂固的独裁主义，而且愈演愈烈。
UMNO
United Malays National Organization (UMNO), the dominant party in the ruling National Front coalition
怎么表达才好?
It is more difficult to write simply, directly, and effectively than to employ flowery but vague expressions that only obscure one’s meaning.
简明，直接，有力的写作难于花哨，含混而意义模糊的表达。
生词学习
directly ad.直接地;坦率地,直截了当地
effectively ad.有效地;生效地
Obscure：adj.1.不著名的，不重要的
You may not have heard of the painter of this portrait——he is rather obscure.
你可能没有听说过这幅画像的作者——他相当没名气。
2.费解的
The meaning of this poem is obscure really do not understand it.
这首诗的意思晦涩难懂，我真不理解。
简明，直接，有力的写作难于花哨，含混而意义模糊的表达。
3.模糊不清的
The room is too obsure for reading.
房间光线太暗不能看书。
vt. 使变模糊，掩盖
Words and sentences that obsure the meaning must be discarded.
意思难懂的词和句子必须去掉。
Very few people could understand his lecture because the subject was very obscure
很少有人能听懂他的讲课，因为上课内容很晦涩。
Voracious News Reader 酷爱读报的民族
1. All over the country, most people read the same newspapers and the dominant position of the London papers may reflect a lack of regional identity.
全国各地，大多数人阅读的报纸没什么两样，伦敦的报纸占据着首要的地位，这或许也反映出英国的报纸缺乏地方特色。
2. The Times has a reputation for extreme caution in its attitudes and this reputation is on the whole deserved.
«泰晤士报»素以谨小慎微而著称，总体上来说的确如此。
3. The Guardian has made great progress during the past fifteen years, particularly among intelligent people who find the Times too uncritical of established interests.
在过去的15年里，卫报扩大了影响力，尤其受到知识分子的欢迎，因为这些人觉得«泰晤士报»过于迁就既得利益。
4. Well produced and edited and full of real information, Daily Telegraph deserves to be considered as belong to the same class of journalism as The Times and The Guardian.
«每日电讯报»编排水平高，刊登的消息真实，因而应该和«泰晤士报»，«卫报»归到一类。
5.The Daily Express reflects the rather nationalistic and imperialistic opinions of its founder, Lord Beaverbrook, the most famous of the press baron.
«每日快报»反映了其创办人，大名鼎鼎的报业巨子比弗布鲁克勋爵强烈的民族主义和帝国意识的观点。
6. The Daily Express owes much of its success to skill in the technique of popular journalism. «每日快报»之所以取得成功，主要是归功于其擅长报道大众新闻的特色。
7. The Mirror and Sun are tabloids, being printed on paper half the normal size for a newspaper and relying much on pictures, strip cartoons and human interest stories for their popular appeal.
«镜报»和«太阳报»都属于通俗小报，因为他们的版面只有普通报纸的一半，主要登载图片，连环画和富有人情味的报道，迎合大众兴趣。
8.The Sun has been successful in gaining circulation, some of it won from the defunct Sketch.
在扩大发行量上，太阳报一直很成功，其中部分订阅者来自已经停办的«简报»
9. The name of Financial Times indicates its character. 金融时报的名字，顾名思义，其特点不言自明。
10. That such a paper should have had the largest percentage increase in circulation of any national daily is an indication of the current development of ownership of capital in Britain.
金融时报居然能够在所有全国性日报中取得最快的发行增长率，这反映出英国资本占有状况的最新动向。
国庆专题
1. What is the National Day?
The National Day is a designated date on which celebrations mark the nationhood of a country. Often the National Day will be a national holiday. Most countries have a single National Day per year, though a few, for example Pakistan, have more than one. The National Day is often taken as the date on which a state or territory achieved independence. Other dates such as the country's patron saint day, or a significant historic date are sometimes used.
2. Over 3 million people are to travel by air during Golden week(an article from China Daily) The General Administration of Civil Aviation of China (CAAC) forecast that 3.06 million people will travel by air during the upcoming National Day holiday, an increase of 13.5 percent from a year ago.
CAAC predicts the peak times for air travel will be on September 29 and 30.
Airlines have been urged to take preventative measures to deal with passengers stranded due to postponement of flights during the"Golden Week" holiday from October 1 to 7.
Brazil’s Presidential Election
Who leads Latin America?
1. economic torpor 经济处于瘫痪状态，经济迟滞不前
2. Four years ago, when he was elected Brazil’s president by a landslide, Luiz Inacio Lula Da Shiva seemed destined to become the spokesman for a new, more confident, and more socially just Latin America.
四年前，Luiz Inacio Lula Da Shiva以绝对的选票当选了巴西总统，从那时起他似乎注定要成为充满自信和公正的新拉丁美洲的代言人。
3.Not only does Brazil the world’s fourth largest democracy, have legitimate aspirations to regional leadership and to a bigger role in the world. Mr Da Shilva’s own life story the seventh child of a dirt poor family from the Northeastern backlands who rose to become a trade union leader---entitled him to assume the moral leadership of a new, democratic Latin America left, one that seemed to have freed itself from the past attachment to an all-powerful state.
一方面，巴西是世界第四大民主共和国，理所当然要争取拉美地区的领导权，并在世界舞台上扮演更大的角色。另一方面，出生于巴西东北贫苦家庭排行老七的Da Shilva先生，一越而成为工会主席，他自己的这段经历也让他完全有资格成为这个崭新的民主的拉丁美洲的领导，成为这个似乎已经摆脱受大国摆布的新拉美的领导。
4. Four years on, Lula seems almost certain to win a second term, either in a general election on October 1st or a run-off ballot a month later. Sadly however, he has lost some lustre.
四年后，Lula还是一如既往，无论是将在十月一日举行的大选，还是一个月后进行的最后投票，他都将几乎轻而易举取得成功。然而，令人失望的是，他却没有往日那么光辉四射了。
5. On September 20th in a speech to the United Nations General Assembly, he trumped even Iran’s Mahmoud Ahmadinejad in the adolescent stridency of his anti-Americanism, referring to George Bush as “the devil”.
他在九月二十日联合国大会上发言时，年轻气盛地大声宣扬反美主义，把布什说成了恶魔，甚至拿出了伊朗总理Mahmoud Ahmadinejad 作为王牌。
6. Loudness is not necessarily persuasive. 声音大不一定就意味着有说服力。
7. largesse: 慷慨 formal when someone gives money or gifts to people who have less than they do, or the money or gifts that they give
8. He has dispensed largesse from Argentina to Africa, and hopes that this will win Venezuela one of the two rotating seats for Latin America on the UN Security Council. 他在阿根廷和非洲国家慷慨解囊，就是为了能让委内瑞拉取得安理会中代表拉丁美洲的两个轮换席位之一。
1. For this he has also secured the support of China and Russia, as well as that of a bunch of dictators from Belarus to North Korea. 为了达到此目的，他也争取到了中国和俄罗斯，以及白俄罗斯，北朝鲜领导者的支持。
2. autocrat: dictator a corporate autocrat 某一团体的独断专行者
11. What is odd is that Venezuela’s UN candidacy has the backing of Brazil. 让人想不通的是委内瑞拉成为联合国安理会候选成员国的地位得到了巴西的支持。
12．Orchestrate a scheme 进行了一次预谋
13．Smear:to stain or attempt to destroy the reputation of; vilify:
污蔑，诋毁：玷污或企图毁掉某人的名誉；诽谤：
Political enemies who smeared his name.
污蔑他名声的政敌们
14. scam:a fraudulent business scheme; a swindle.
骗局：欺骗性的商业阴谋；诓骗
15. steer clear of debt default 把债还清了
16．Stick to responsible macroeconomic policies
坚持采取了负责任的宏观经济政策
17．Swelling tax revenues rather than smarter spending have kept the fiscal accounts under control. 巴西之所以能掌控财政帐目，不是归功于政府支出巧妙，而是猛涨税收的结果。
18．Red tape:
Official forms and procedures, especially when oppressively complex and time consuming.
繁文缛节：官方的形式和过程，尤指当其令人感到难以忍受的复杂且浪费时间时
19. Most Brazilians concluded long ago that their country’ politicians are irredeemably corrupt.
大部分巴西人早就得出结论：本国的政客都腐败到了不可救药的地步。
20．But many identify in Lula one of their own, and do not see him as having benefited personally from the graft.
然而许多人都发现和Lula有同样的境遇，也觉得他没有从腐败中获得个人利益。
Graft: Unscrupulous use of one's position to derive profit or advantages; extortion.
贪污，受贿：无耻地利用职位来取得利益或好处；勒索，敲诈
Money or an advantage gained or yielded by unscrupulous means.
赃款；赃物：用无耻手段获得或产生的钱财或好处
v
To gain by or practice unscrupulous use of one's position.
无耻地利用职位来获得
21. Thanks to a successful anti-poverty program that channels small cash payments to 11m families, to low inflation, wider access to education, and big increases in the minimum wages, the incomes of the poor are rising much faster than those of the middle class. The result is that in a country notorious for its inequalities, income is more equally distributed today than at any other time in the past 30 years.
多亏了扶贫计划的成功实施，1100万贫困家庭中每户都可以获得一小份现金，通货膨胀率才降低了，更多的孩子才能上起学了，最低工资也有了大量增长，穷人们的收入也比中产阶级的收入涨得快多了。
22．In its second term, he should make a concerted effort to pry Brazil free from its low-growth trap.
在任总统第二期期间，他应该让巴西人齐心协力让巴西冲破经济发展低迷的枷锁。
23. And that require cuts in tax, the federal bureaucracy and wasteful government spending, as well as reforms of pensions, regulatory agencies, education, and the labor market.
那就需要减税，整顿联邦政府官僚作风，节约政府开支，同时要求对养老制度，管理机构，教育和劳动市场进行改革。
24．Brazil is often bracketed with China, India, and Russia as one of the world’s emerging economic powers.
巴西通常和中国，印度和俄罗斯一样都被称为世界新兴经济强国。
25．If its economy were expanding by 5% or 6%, Brazil’s claim to regional leadership would carry greater weight.
要是巴西的经济能以5%或6%的速度增长的话，想要成为拉美领导的请求会更有分量。
26."tax-and-spend" 意为“量入为出”。
财政理论将一国财政收入与支出的关系区分为"量入为出(Tax-and-spend)"、"量出为入(Spend-and -Tax)"和"财政同步(Fiscal Synchronization)"三种关系.
八级词汇(1)
1.extol : praise sb or sth highly
(1)Songs of extolling the motherland are ringing far and near.
颂扬祖国的歌声响彻四方.
(2)extol sb as a hero 把某人当做英雄来歌颂
2.mayhem a violent disorder or confusion;havoc;a crime of maiming a person
大混乱,大灾难,伤害肢体罪
These children are commiting mayhem in the flowerbeds.
这些孩子们在花坛里肆虐.
3.shambles : a scene or condition of complete disorder or ruin 废墟
The economy was in a shambles. 经济一片混乱/经济处于混乱状态.
要做好翻译工作一是要具备良好的政治素质，二是要具备好良好的业务素质。政治素质包括译者对待党和国家大政方针政策的正确了解和贯彻执行、严肃认真的工作态度和一丝不苟的工作作风；良好的业务素质指的是扎实的语言功底、出色的写作技能、丰富的文化知识以及过硬的翻译理论知识和熟练应用翻译技巧的能力。具体说来，这些业务素质至少包括以下四个方面的内容：
1） 扎实的语言基本功。译者应具有较强的驾驭译出语和译入语的能力，能正确理解原文，熟练运用本族语。试举1例如下：
This large body of men had met on the previous night, despite the elements which were opposed to them, a heavy rain falling the whole of the night and drenching them to the skin.这一大群人头天晚上还是聚到了一起，尽管老天与他们作对，整夜下着倾盆大雨，大家被淋得浑身透湿。（原文中的despite the elements which were opposed to them译作"尽管老天与他们作对"，读起来未免平板滞重、佶屈聱牙，如译作"尽管天公不作美"不仅传神达意，而且文字简练、十分得体。）
2） 具有丰富的文化知识，熟悉以英语为母语的国家的诸如历史、宗教、政治、地理、军事、外交、经济、文艺、科学、风土人情、民俗习惯等方面的社会文化。这有助于正确理解原文，完美地表达原作所要传达的思想内容。例如：
It is a way, he says, of paying tribute to the rock'n'roll era that had a huge impact on him as a child. So why did the idea come off the backburner and on to paper and then celluloid? Celebrity burn-out is the answer. Hollywood's man with the golden touch had had a string of box-office success, from Sleepless in Seattle to Toy Story and Apollo 13, and had won Oscars two years in succession, for Philadelphia and then Forrest Gump.
他说这是颂扬那个给童年的他带来巨大影响的摇滚乐时代的一种方式。那么这个想法怎么会由一个不起眼的念头变成了文字，然后又变成了电影呢？答案是名人精疲力尽了。这位点石成金的好莱坞宠儿由《西雅图夜未眠》到《玩具故事》和《阿波罗13号》，获得了一连串的票房成功，并因《费城的故事》和随后的《阿甘正传》连续两年问鼎奥斯卡奖。（rock'n'roll [=rock and roll]一词于1951年因著名的电台音乐节目主持人艾伦•弗里德首次使用而流传开来。backburner是"次要地位；一时不重要的地位"。golden touch是"点金术"。Sleepless in Seattle, Toy Story, Apollo 13, Philadelphia和Forrest Gump是电影片名。Oscar是美国好莱坞电影奖。译者如不了解这些词语的文化含义就很难译好它们。）
3） 熟悉翻译理论和常用技巧，善于灵活运用各种翻译技巧。例如：
They were sons of the men who had left their homes and taken to the mountains with their broad swords by their side.他们都是那些抛妻别子、身带大刀进深山的好汉们的后代。（本例翻译时如不采取颠倒词序的方法，而译作"他们是好汉们的后代，那些好汉们曾经抛妻别子、身带大刀进入深山"，文气就弱多了。
4） 熟悉各种工具书。译者的记忆力和知识面终归是有限的，因此遇到问题就应该知道怎样去查找正确的答案，从哪本书中去寻找。这就要求他应该知道怎样使用各种工具书。常见的工具书有各种单语词典和双语词典、百科全书、史书等。译者应该熟悉这些工具书各自的特点和用法，在翻译时如遇到难题就可求助它们。
中国给了我天使般的行文
Chinese Philosophies Endow My Writing with an Angelic Glamor
1.我8岁那年的一个下午,随妈妈去食品店购物.
One afternoon, when I was eight years old, I was going to the grocer's with Mom.
2.妈妈指着街上一位骑着自行车的男子说:"这个人是疯子,他居然能看懂中文." Pointing at a man riding a bike on the street, Mother said:"He must be a madman. He even knows Chinese."
3.我至今记得那个中年男子一头爱因斯坦式的爆炸发型,更可怕的是他头发的颜色火红火红的. Today I still remember what that man looked like: he had a head of blown-up hair like Einstein's, and what was more frightening was its fiery-red color.
4.那时我的确相信自己撞见了传说中的魔鬼.
At that moment, I believed I had seen a real devil.
5.1966年我正读高中,学校的外语课是拉丁文和法文.
In 1966, I was at the senior high school which offered Latin and French as foreign languages.
6.我酷爱拉丁文和法文诗歌.
I was very keen on Latin and French poetry.
7.有一天在学校图书馆里,我像往常一样在诗歌书架旁徜徉.
One day I was browsing through the poetry shelves at the school library.
8.当我抽出来一本美国诗人庞德的诗歌时,紧贴其的一本薄薄的小册子掉了下来,这是庞德翻译的中国古典诗词集.
When I picked from the shelf an anthology of poems by the American poet Ezra Pound, a thin booklet next to it fell to the floor. I picked it up and fount it was a collection of Pound's translations of Chinese classical poetry.
9.我吓了一跳,没想到中国会有诗词.
I was astonished that there had ever been poetry composed by Chinese.
10.随手翻翻我立即就被吸引住了,从来未见过如此清新风格的诗词.
I thumbed through a few pages and was glued to it: never had I read poetry in such refreshing styles.
一星期以后，我找到20世纪初英国汉学家阿瑟。韦利写的鸦片战争，对我来说这又是一个惊奇。因为英国历史教科书中只字未提过这场战争，普通英国人对此一无所知。
One week later, I went to Arthur Waley, and English sinologist of the early 20th century, and borrowed his The Opium War, which surprized me again. In English Textbooks of history not a single word about the war was mentioned and the average Englishmen simply did not know anything about it.
有一段话翻不好，帮忙看看吧，谢谢拉。
There is an old adage in the Middle East: If you give, you better get; otherwise, there will be no end to the giving. This street-smart advice, which has underscored Israel's policy toward its Arab neighbors for the past 50 years, seems to have been turned on its head by the recent flurry of unilateral proposals toward the Palestinians, including Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's Herzliya speech outlining Israeli steps should Palestinians refuse to negotiate.
只翻译第2句就可以了，也帮忙分析一下最后一个小分句的语法结构。
在中东流传着一句俗语，付出就必须有回报，不然付出就没个头了。这句听似精明的俗语恰恰强调了近50年来以色列对阿拉伯邻国主要采用双边政策，可是最近对巴勒斯坦采取单边行动的计划却表明以色列走了另外一条单边主义道路，总理沙龙的Herzliya演讲中更是概述了，假如巴勒斯坦人拒绝谈判，以色列将相继采取什么样的单边行动来应对。
这是一篇新闻评论的开头吧，不过好久远了啊，呵呵老掉牙了。还有下文我copy来。
Going It Alone Won’t Work
by: Aaron David Millerdate: 2004-01-17
There is an old adage in the Middle East: If you give, you better get; otherwise, there will be no end to the giving. This street-smart advice, which has underscored Israel's policy toward its Arab neighbors for the past 50 years, seems to have been turned on its head by the recent flurry of unilateral proposals toward the Palestinians, including Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's Herzliya speech outlining Israeli steps should Palestinians refuse to negotiate.
Unilateral actions as a substitute for negotiations cannot work, and will only exacerbate the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Yet for the past two years, the departure point for Israelis' actions toward their Palestinian neighbors has been a unilateral one, whether it is increased settlement activity or unilateral security and economic measures. Suicide terror, aversion to Yasser Arafat, and the absence of a reliable Palestinian security partner have understandably left most Israelis ready to act by themselves.
The most dramatic manifestation of this solo approach has been the security wall. The wall reflects the frustration and fear of large sectors of the Israeli public and political establishment. Its advocates argue that even with only a third of the fence completed, it has already paid off. From April 2002 to December 2002, there were 17 successful attacks in areas that the fence now straddles, resulting in 89 deaths; from January 2003 to November 2003, there were eight attacks resulting in 51 deaths.
Unilateralism not only drives Israel's current policy, it has also influenced Israel's thinking about the future. The peace plan known as the Road Map has been completely overshadowed by initiatives that exclude any meaningful participation by a Palestinian partner. Deputy Prime Minister Ehud Olmert's bombshell interview, in which he contemplated large-scale withdrawal from the West Bank and Gaza, does not include a Palestinian interlocutor. And the much anticipated initiative by Sharon calls for unilateral evacuation of some settlements, unilateral annexation of others and a trial period of negotiations with Palestinians - and, if they fail, unilateral disengagement from additional West Bank territory.
Under current circumstances, unilateralism has a powerful appeal. If it can enhance Israeli security, preserve a Jewish majority and disengage Israel from the Palestinian problem, why not pursue it? What other choice does Israel have?
Indeed, prospects for serious Israeli-Palestinian negotiations at this time are bleak. Yet pursuing unilateral initiatives that change the political and territorial status quo will neither enhance Israel's security nor end the conflict.
First, in the rough-and-tumble world of Arab-Israeli politics, withdrawal without reciprocity is an unmistakable sign of weakness that could easily diminish, not enhance, Israeli deterrence and security. The strategy of marhaliyya, the liberation of Palestine in phases, which is popular among some Palestinians, would be given a boost.
Second, unilateralism simply cannot produce the practical economic, security, and political arrangements required to end the conflict.
Israeli and Palestinian lives and futures are inextricably linked. This strategic predicament can only be resolved by cleverly negotiated and imaginatively conceived bilateral solutions.
Instead, unilateralism will leave problems galore: thousands of West Bank Palestinians within Israel's borders, no rational solutions to Palestinian labor flows, access to markets or shared water resources, and no practical security cooperation. In short, it will leave an angry and alienated Palestinian population with nowhere to go and nothing to lose.
In the end, the only outcome that has a chance of ending the conflict is a two-state solution negotiated with real reciprocity and continuing cooperation and interaction between Israelis and Palestinians. No amount of frustration with Palestinian behavior, nor the allure of unilateral solutions, will change that fact. Sadly, the only question is how long it will take Israelis and Palestinians to reach that point - and whether there will be a two-state solution to negotiate once they do.
The writer is President of Seeds of Peace, a nonprofit organization that brings together teenagers from conflict areas. For 25 years he was an adviser on Arab-Israeli negotiations to six U.S. Secretaries of State.
Source: The International Herald Tribune, January 6, 2004
Visit The International Herald Tribune website at http://www.iht.com/frontpage.html
Distributed by the Common Ground News Service.
Copyright permission has been obtained for publication.
考高翻日记
112 词汇扩展(1)
1.可怕的 l______________
2. 挖掘e______________
3.亡命徒 o__________
4. 揭丑，反责 r__________________
5.批判 r_______________
6.小农阶级 p______________
7. 为---辩护 v__________________
8.镰刀 s_______________
9.中断 h__________________
10.上层建筑 s_______________________
11.头目，魁首 r________________
12.皱眉头s_____________
13.大度便便 p___________
14.土星 S______________
15.能够想到的，可以想到的 c________________
词汇扩展(2)
1. Traditional solutions have been tried and found w____________（行不通）
2.At this point, Spain was p_______ (准备好）to become the dominant power in Europe.
3.u____________________（不知不觉中）
4. s________ home 豪宅
5.b____________ 庞然大物
6.m_________ duck鸳鸯
7.m______________ 季风
8. q__________镇压，平息
9. The future prospects of these students h_________ on their performance inthese exams.
10. The old man t___________ (步履艰难）home through the snow.
Keys:
wanting, poised, unwittingly, stately, behemoth, mandarin, monsoon, quell, hinge, trudged
1. cape
2. capitation
3. carbide
4. captive
5. caption
6. capricious
7. captious
8 carpenter
9. carrier
10 cashier
词汇拓展 3
下面这些词以C开头
1 披肩
2 人头税
3 碳化物
4 囚犯
5 字幕
6 变化多端
7 吹毛求疵
8 木匠
9 搬运工
10 出纳员
飘吧
Let's drift
I've opened the curtain of my east window here above the computer, and I sit now in a holy theater before a sky-blue stage. A little cloud above the neighbor's trees resembles Jimmy Durante's nose for a while, then becomes amorphous as it slips on north. Other clouds follow, big and little and tiny on their march toward whereness. Wisps of them lead or droop because there must always be leading and drooping.
拉开了房间东边电脑上方的窗帘，感觉自己仿佛身处一个神圣的剧场，天蓝的舞台展现在面前。有好一会儿，邻居家树丛上飘着一朵像杰米•杜兰特那大鼻子形状的云朵，但渐渐云朵就往北飘移，大鼻子也就散了状。周围的云，大的、小的、丁点儿的都随之往不知什么地方飘走了。缕缕白云或前行，或散去，这最自然不过了。
The trees seem to laugh at the clouds while yet reaching for them with swaying branches. Trees must think that they are real, rooted, somebody, and that perhaps the clouds are only tickled water which sometimes blocks their sun. But trees are clouds, too, of green leaves—clouds that only move a little. Trees grow and change and dissipate like their airborne cousins.
树梢随风轻摆，像往上攀附云朵，也像在嘲笑云朵。树肯定在想自己才是实实在在、稳稳扎根的重量级人物，而云朵只不过是积聚的水珠，只会偶尔挡住太阳的光辉。其实树也是一种云，是绿叶做的云，是不怎么动的云。树会成长、变化、老去，就跟天空的浮云一样。
And what am I but a cloud of thoughts and feelings and aspirations? Don't I put out tentative mists here and there? Don't I occasionally appear to other people as a ridiculous shape of thoughts without my intending to? Don't I drift toward the north when I feel the breezes of love and the warmth of compassion?
我不也是一朵云吗？一朵怀着种种想法、感受和抱负的云。我不是也到处作尝试，制造一个个雾团吗？我的那些异想天开不也常不经意地在人面前变成了一团奇形怪状的云吗？在感受到爱的微风和怜悯的温暖时，我不也像一朵朝北畅快游走的浮云吗？
If clouds are beings, and beings are clouds, are we not all well advised to drift, to feel the wind tucking us in here and plucking us out there? Are we such rock-hard bodily lumps as we imagine?
若浮云如人，人亦如浮云，我们是否都应该飘，感受风的力量，让我们一时扎根这里，一时又把我们拔起吹走？难道我们真的就如自己想像中的那样稳如磐石吗？
Drift, let me. Sing to the sky, will I. One in many, are we. Let us breathe the breeze and find therein our roots in the spirit.
飘吧，让我！我要向天高歌。我们是人海里的过客，就让我们一起呼吸微风的气息，在其中寻找我们精神的根。
词汇拓展4
1. Despite the p____________ (物资匮乏,贫困)of wartime, she managed to keep the children healthy.
2.They expected to find him p___________ (仔细研读）over his notes the night before the exam.
3. to r___________ agricultural tax 取消农业税
4.b_____________ housing prices 飞涨的物价
5. p____________________ 安慰剂
6. 谅解备忘录
7.There was no v__________ (明显的）progress on the Doha round of world trade talks, though the American trade representative, Susan Schwab, spent an extra day in Sao Paulo to talk to Brazilian officials and industrialists.
8.Most European countries are e_________ (安顿）in the European Union.
9 乙醇
10 The law aims to better protect business assets and s_____ _____(杜绝）looting of state assets, but it does little for farmers, whose collevtively owned land is vulnerable to e____________ （征占）by local officials and cannot be used as c___________ (抵押品）to secure loans.
key: privations, poring, rescind, ballooning, placebo，Memorandum of Understanding（MOU), visible ,ensconced,ethanol,stamp out, expropriation, collateral
复述一般是一个人讲话,或者一个访谈,可以涉及任何内容，比如小手帕06 Washionton consensus vs Beijing Consensus 07 准备的时候找一段3-5分钟的 BBC interview,VOA news，或者8级考试里的lecture 听，一边听一边记笔记（笔记记下关键词和他们之间的关系，以脑记为主），听两遍，然后复述。
面试给10分钟左右时间来看一篇文章，A4纸 正面一页，背面有的是半页有的是3/4页，有的从经济学家上出的 有的是从别的地方出的，可以和政治，经济，环保，农业科技，等等任何题目有关。近几年的文章内容，比如global warming, ecological farming, China has reason to suspect the military alliance between Japan and Australia, the preservation of ancient architecture vs modern building.
阅读速度是关键，有的用5分钟阅读一遍，大意还没弄明白 （给1张白纸记笔记，看都没看明白哪知道该记什么）
然后就是口语要好，语音语调是基础，重要的还是要能根据老师的问题进行展开，要谦虚谨慎，戒骄戒躁, 胆大心细，察言观色。有的很骄傲的学生，分数好像不太高，反正礼貌点，自然点最好。
视译 就是给一篇文章 看--分钟 再口头翻译
07年是看7分钟 然后录音 视译题可以在我博客里找到 讲印度在民主制度上面临的挑战.
06年是 可持续发展 可以在论坛中我的考高翻笔记中找到(精华贴).
05年是 爱滋病好象 不清楚了.
这个就是要说的自然,不要停,不要拘泥于英语的词句,用汉语表达出来,自然流畅,遇到想不起来的单词,猜一下 一定要过渡自然.
练习的时候用电脑录下来听,不要有方言,口头语.
口译笔记符号
1. Note-taking symbols and abbreviations for your reference:
Abbreviations in Note taking
Use only the abbreviations that fit your needs and that you will remember easily. A good idea is to introduce only a few abbreviations into your note taking at a time.
Symbols helpful in math -- these are commonly used in texts and references.
S = sum
f = frequency
Leave out periods in standard abbreviations.
cf = compare
e.g. = example
dept = department
Use only the first syllable of a word.
pol = politics
dem = democracy
lib = liberal
cap = capitalism
Use entire first syllable and only 1st letter of 2nd syllable.
pres = presentation
subj = subject
ind = individual
cons = conservative
Eliminate final letters. Use just enough of the word to form a recognizable abbreviation.
assoc = associate
biol = biology
info = information
ach = achievement
chem = chemistry
max = maximum
intro= introduction
conc = concentration
min = minimum
rep = repetition
Omit vowels, retain only enough consonants to give a recognizable skeleton of the word.
ppd = prepared
prblm = problem
estmt = estimate
bkgd = background
gvt = government
Use an apostrophe in place of letters.
am't = amount
cont'd = continued
gov't = government
educat'l = educational
Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding s.
chpts = chapters
egs = examples
fs = frequencies
intros = introductions
Use g to represent ing endings.
ckg = checking
estg = establishing
decrg = decreasing
exptg = experimenting
Spell out short words such as in, at, to, but, for, and key.
Abbreviations or symbols for short words will make the notes too dense with shorthand.
Leave out unimportant words.
Leave out the words a and the.
If a term, phrase, or name is written out in full during the lecture, substitute initials whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. For example, Center for Aerospace Sciences becomes CAS thereafter.
Use symbols for commonly recurring connective or transitional words.
& = and
w/ = with
w/o = without
vs = against
\ = therefore
= = is or equal
Use technical symbols where applicable.
zb = German, for example
ibid = Latin, the same work
o = degrees
H2O = water
More reference:
Use standard maths, accounting, and science symbols. Examples:
+ plus
// parallel
Use standard abbreviations and leave out full stops. Examples:
eg example
IT dept Information Technology department
UK United Kingdom
Use only the first syllable of a word. Examples:
mar marketing
cus customer
cli client
Use the entire first syllable and the first letter of the second syllable. Examples:
subj subject
budg budget
ind individual
To distinguish among various forms of the same word, use the first syllable of the word, an apostrophe, and the ending of the word. Examples:
tech'gy technology
gen'ion generalisation
del'y delivery
Use just enough of the beginning of a word to form a recognisable abbreviation. Examples:
assoc associated
ach achievement
info information
Omit vowels from the middle of words, retaining only enough consonants to provide a recognisable skeleton of the word. Examples:
bkgd background
mvmt movement
prblm problem
Form the plural of a symbol or abbreviated word by adding 's.' Examples:
custs customers
fs frequencies
/s ratios
Use 'g' to represent 'ing' endings. Examples:
decrg decreasing
ckg checking
estblg establishing
Spell out, rather than abbreviate short words. Examples:
in
but
as
key
Leave out unimportant verbs. Examples:
is
was
were
Leave out unnecessary articles. Examples:
a
an
the
If a term, phrase, or name is initially written out in full during the talk or meeting, initials can be substituted whenever the term, phrase, or name is used again. Example:
January Advertising Campaign Budget JACB
Use symbols for common connective or transition words. Examples:
@ at
2 to
4 for
& and
w/ with
w/o without
vs against
Create your own set of abbreviations and symbols. You may wish to develop separate sets of symbols and abbreviations for different courses or subjects.
Other Symbols and Abbreviations
as a result of / consequences of <--->
resulting in --->
and / also +
equal to / same as =
following ff
most importantly *
less than <
greater than > especially esp/
农民问题
1. 按照统筹城乡发展的要求
in line with the need to balance urban and rural development
2. 粮食综合生产能力
overall grain production capacity
3. 坚决制止乱占滥用耕地，put an end to illegal acquisition and use of farmland
4. 纠正随意改变基本农田用途的现象
rectify unauthorized changes in the use of primary farmland
5. 加快改革土地征收，征用制度
to accelerate the reform of the system for land expropriation and requisition
Bonus: cutting edge 在美国口语中已经常用来形容“最先进的(技术、工艺)”。
The phrase cutting edge refers to the sharp side of a metal object, and, by extension, state-of-the-art developments in a field.
The state of the art is the highest level of development, as of a device, technique, or scientific field, achieved at a particular time.
The phrase "state of the art" should be hyphenated when it is used as an adjective, e.g.:
"This machine is an example of state-of-the-art technology", but not when used as a noun, as in the following sentence:
"The state of the art in this field is mostly related to the X technology".
Cutting edge as a synonym of the term can be used as a noun
台湾问题
1. 言行remarks and actions
2. 挑衅provocation
3. 公投referendum
4. 制宪write a constitution
5. 分裂主义splittism
6. 顽固坚持 obstinately cling to
7. 明确的clear-cut
8. 中国的主权和领土的完整不容分割
China’s sovereignty and territorial integrity brook no division.
9. 坚持一个中国的原则uphold the one-China principle
10. 严重性gravity
11. 破坏和平统一undermine the prospects for peaceful reunification
12. 有利于be conducive to
Bonus
水星：Mercury
火星：Mars
木星：Jupiter
金星：Venus
土星：Saturn
天王星：Uranus
海王星：Neptune
冥王星：Pluto
Pluto has been voted off the island.
The distant, ice-covered world is no longer a true planet, according to a new definition of the term voted on by scientists today.
"Whoa! Pluto's dead," said astronomer Mike Brown, of the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena, as he watched a Webcast of the vote. "There are finally, officially, eight planets in the solar system."
In a move that's already generating controversy and will force textbooks to be rewritten, Pluto will now be dubbed a dwarf planet.
But it's no longer part of an exclusive club, since there are more than 40 of these dwarfs, including the large asteroid Ceres and 2003 UB313, nicknamed Xena—a distant object slightly larger than Pluto discovered by Brown last year.
"We know of 44" dwarf planets so far, Brown said. "We will find hundreds. It's a very huge category."
A clear majority of researchers voted for the new definition at a meeting of the International Astronomical Union (IAU) in Prague, in the Czech
Republic. The IAU decides the official names of all celestial bodies.
The tough decision comes after a multiyear search for a scientific definition of the word "planet." The term never had an official meaning before.
What Is a Planet Today?
According to the new definition, a full-fledged planet is an object that orbits the sun and is large enough to have become round due to the force of its own gravity. In addition, a planet has to dominate the neighborhood around its orbit.
Pluto has been demoted because it does not dominate its neighborhood. Charon, its large "moon," is only about half the size of Pluto, while all the true planets are far larger than their moons.
In addition, bodies that dominate their neighborhoods, "sweep up" asteroids, comets, and other debris, clearing a path along their orbits. By contrast, Pluto's orbit is somewhat untidy.
1.demote: 降等级
2.asteroid 小行星
3.comet 彗星
4.debris碎片
5.full-fledged 发育完全的完整的
6.Prague 布拉格
7.Czech Republic 捷克
8.IAU 国际天文学联合会
9. dwarf planet 矮行星
Conference Address
1. 深深的谢意deepest appreciationheartfelt thanks
2. 为---干杯propose a toast to
3. 欧中贸易委员会Euro-Chinese Trade Council
4. 庆祝---的成立observe the foundation of
5. 拔冗光临spare some time out of your tight schedule for
6. 友好邀请cordial invitation
7. 盛情款待gracious hospitality/ warm reception
8. 更广泛更深入地交换意见a more extensive and profound exchange of views
9. 预祝---圆满成功wish--- a complete success
10.继往开来 build on the past achievement
11. 招待宴会reception banque t
12. 华丽的大厅a magnificently decorated hall
13. 事业蒸蒸日上a thriving/flourishing business
14. 慈善家 philanthropists
15. 中国贸促会the China Council for the Promotion of International Trade
16. 节日的欢乐气氛festive joy
看美剧 Everwood 不老木 学词汇 (1)
1.bellybutton 肚脐
2.lousy 极坏的
3.prowess 威力，精明
4.whacked疲惫不堪的
5.pry 探查
6.hypothetically 假设的
7.misdiagnose 误诊
8.malpractice 医疗事故 玩忽职守
9.monstrosity 怪物 畸形
10.depot 仓库
11.hobo 游民，过流浪生活
12.staph (short for staphylococcus) infection 葡萄球菌感染
13.tow 拖
14.curb 路边
15.mart(书面语) 市场 商业中心
16.synagogue犹太教
17.scrawny 骨瘦如柴的
18.divulge 泄露
19.clavicle 锁骨
20.distraught 心智错乱
21.torticollis 歪脖 邪颈
22.spike 向饮料里加酒精 调味
23.buzz off 挂断电话 快滚 匆忙离去
24.crack adj. 最好的 高明的
25. pulmonary 肺部的
26.cutaneous rash 皮疹
27.trichosis 发病
28.a.k.a. also known as 也成为
29.potassium iodide 碘化钾
30. ludicrous 荒谬的，可笑的
31. asinine 愚蠢的
32. chop off 砍掉
33. gig 小快艇 二轮轻便马车
34. beau 花花公子 情郎
35. haute cuisine 高级烹饪术
看美剧Everwood 不老木学词汇2
1.blab 泄露秘密
2.in confidence 秘密地
3.birdcage 鸟笼
4.frittata 菜肉馅煎蛋饼
5.tuna 金枪鱼
6.Rwanda 卢旺达
7.drivel 胡言乱语
8.healer 医治者
9.puff 吹捧
10 play hooky 逃学
11 defibrillator 用电流停止心脏纤维性颤动的器具 简称 去纤颤器
12 looseleaf 活页的---
13 baboon 狒狒
14 protestation 明言
15 mummy 木乃伊
16 intracranial tumor 颅内肿瘤
17 silver-mining town 银矿镇
18 corncob 玉米穗
19 unattended 无人照料的
20 captivating 令人神往的，令人着迷的
21 quaint 离奇的，奇怪的
22 doily 小型装饰桌巾
23 on a sabbatical 周期性休假
24 step aside 闪到一边
25 dunk 扣篮
26 settle down 平静下来 冷静点
27 unbearable 无法忍受的
28 mechanic 技工
29 neurosurgery 神经外科（学）
30 The air here has a palliative effect on most ailments. 这得空气对所有的疾病都有缓和的效果。
Palliative 减轻的
31 antihistamine 抗组胺剂，（过敏）
32 toss up 扔上来
33 sapsucker 啄木鸟（woodpecker）的一种
34 coma 昏迷
35 windshield 挡风玻璃
36 hooping cough 百日咳
37 recital 朗诵，独奏会，独唱会
38 ticklish 易怒的
39 orchestrate 配合
40 seizure 疾病突然发作
41 sleepover 借宿
42 blame sth on sb 把---归罪于---
43 It’s all your call 你自己可以决定一切 call=decision
44 scrapbook 剪贴本
45 wholesome 有益健康的
46 resurrect 使苏醒 使复活
1. 女修道院院长（abbess）, 男修道院院长 (abbot) 寺庙(monastery) 大教堂abbey
2. Abbreviations:
1) The ABC of =the basic facts 基础知识
2) AA= Associate of Arts 准文学学士
3) AB=Bachelor of Arts
3．常见名词
1）abalone 鲍鱼
2）abacus 算盘
3) abattoir 屠宰场 （英国） slaughterhouse (美国)
4．例子
1）a crashing of gears 齿轮相撞
2）have a good knowledge of 精通
3）a certain---- 有位叫---的
4）with wild abandon 纵情
5) acute abdominal pain 急性腹痛
6）be abducted 被绑架
7）fall into abeyance 终止不用
美剧 everwood介绍
everwood 中文有的翻译成不老木，有的翻译成雪山镇，维基百科上有具体的介绍，是一部经典的美剧，它贯穿着各种亲情，又涉及各种疾病，是一部开阔眼界，扩展词汇量的好剧，大家可以每天看一集，电驴上有下载，外挂正确英文字幕，看着字幕听对话。下面是维基百科解释该剧的连接。
经过学习后词汇量至少有500的提升.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everwood
Everwood is a prime time television drama which aired in the United States on The WB. The series is set in the fictional small town of Everwood, Colorado.
Downtown Everwood was in reality filmed in Ogden and South Salt Lake, Utah, and the series pilot was filmed in Calgary, Canada. It is primarily a serious drama with some comedic moments.
Everwood was not renewed for future production and did not return when the WB and UPN merged to form The CW Television Network.
On October 2, 2006, reruns of Everwood aired weeknights on ABC Family for the duration of the series; however it was later pulled from the schedule for unknown reasons. On April 19, 2007 an interview with Ohio's Akron Beach Journal suggested that the series will be rerun in the Fall 2007
In Canada, reruns are shown weekday evenings on Vision TV.
看美剧EVERWOOD学单词 (3)
1. spandex [纺]斯潘德克斯弹性纤维(用于腰带、游泳衣等)
2.calf 小牛
3.dossier 病历
4.hickey 器械
5.beaut 美丽的事物，人
6.incubate 休眠
7.pitch in 集资
8.fundraising 筹集资金
9.trout 鲑鱼
10 vested interest 既得利益
11 surrogacy 代孕
12 ultrasound 超声
13 amniocentesis 羊水诊断
14 impale 刺穿
15 gullible 易受骗的
16 needy 贫穷的
17.in a flash 瞬间
18.linebacker 后卫
19 frazzled 被激怒的 疲劳的
20 catch-22 令人左右为难的
21 windbag 爱饶舌的人
22 pinhead 小东西
23 parenthood 父母身份，亲子关系
24 gesticulate 做手势
25 flippageflip 的名词
26 lip gloss 润唇膏
27 scowl 皱眉
28 earwax 耳垢
29.profusely 大量地
30 shoelace 鞋带
31 serrated 有锯齿的
32 smock 工作服
33 mitt 露指手套
34 spatula 抹刀 压舌板
35 barf 呕吐
36 thimble 顶针
37 sourpuss 讨人嫌的
38 yak 牦牛
39 hosiery 针织品 袜类
Gabrielle Solis and Desperate Housewives
1.选秀节目: talent contest
2.land a role 中的land用于口语中 表示get
3. Eva received her big break when she landed the part of Gabrielle Solis, the sexpot, on the hit show desperate housewives.
receive one's big break 这里指Eva的星运来了 她大红大紫的机遇来了
sexpot 性感的女人
4. The massive success of Desperate housewives has turned Eva into an instant celebrity.
让她一夜成名 一夜成名也可说become an overnight sensation
5. It's been unbelievable in every sense.
注意in every sense 加强语气 不用翻出来，也可以顺着口头的形式来做。
可以翻成真是难以置信，怎么也没想到会这么火。
６．identify with 同情 与--有同感 认同
identify with someone
to understand and feel sympathy for someone. Ordinary people can identify with him in many ways, mainly because he talks to voters like an ordinary person.
identify with something
to feel that you understand a situation. So, they've run out of money? I can identify with that!
到目前为止，北京市人口已经突破1700万，距离北京市政府设定的2020年1800万人口的目标仅差100万。这1700万人中包括1200多万持有北京户口，其余500多万为流动人口。有分析人士称，今年金猪年的说法引发了又一次生育高峰，北京市人口增长速度暂时不会减慢。
Beijing is bulging as its population has exceeded 17 million, only 1 million to go to reach the ceiling the city government has set for 2020.
Overpopulation is putting considerable pressure on the city's natural resources and environment. And experts have warned the current population, 17 million calculated at the end of June, is already 3 million more than Beijing's resources can feed.
Given this year's baby boom, triggered by the superstitious belief that babies born in the Chinese year of the pig are lucky, analysts say there is little hope for an immediate slowdown in Beijing's population growth, even with the post-Beijing Olympics lull and soaring housing prices that have driven some Beijingers to boom towns in the neighboring Hebei Province and Tianjin Municipality.
KPMG 毕马威
KPMG is a global network of professional services firms that provide audit, tax, and advisory services, with an industry focus. The aim of KPMG member firms is to turn knowledge into value for the benefit of the firms' clients, people, and the capital markets. With nearly 94,000 people worldwide, member firms provide audit, tax, and advisory services from 717 cities in over 148 countries.
In 1992, KPMG was the first international accounting firm to be granted a joint venture licence in China, and our Hong Kong SAR operations have been established for over 60 years.
Currently, KPMG in China and Hong Kong SAR has some 4,200 professionals located in Beijing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Guangzhou, Shenzhen, and Hong Kong, working closely with KPMG professionals in member firms throughout the region and across the world.
KPMG in China and KPMG in the Hong Kong SAR is growing very fast. To enhance our high standards and excellent reputation, we seek out the best talent, train and transition them in The KPMG Way, and provide a challenging, supportive and satisfying working environment.
毕马威是网络遍布全球的专业服务机构。每家毕马威成员机构均设有由优秀专业人员组成的行业专责团队，把专业知识升华增值，裨益客户、员工，贡献资本市场。毕马威在全球148个国家717个地区拥有接近9万4千员工，致力提供审计、税务和咨询等专业服务。
一九九二年，毕马威在中国内地成为首家获准开业的合资国际会计师事务所。香港特别行政区毕马威的成立更早在一九四五年，已在香港提供专业服务近六十年。今天，毕马威在中国的北京、上海、杭州、广州、深圳和香港特别行政区共设有六家办事处，聘用员工超过4,200名。
毕马威在中国内地和香港特别行政区正在迅速发展。我们真诚邀请对工作有高度热情、精力充沛并具有创造力的专业人员，提供具有挑战性的业务，塑造职业生涯的工作机会和互助协作、融洽和谐的工作环境。
1.日新月异 change with each passing day/ change rapidly / take on a new look every day/ change for the better every day
2.知识产权落后的历史在中国已经结束了 No longer is China a country with lagging development in intellectual property rights.
China's backward development in intellectual property rights is a thing of the past.
China has put an end to its lagging development in intellectual property rights.
3. 无纸贸易 paperless trading
4.I want to focus my remarks on Canada's adjustment to global economic changes.我想重点谈谈面对国际经济变革，加拿大做出了哪些调整。
今天老师发怒了哦,有人把NAFTA(North American Free Trade Area)北美自由贸易区翻错了，反正还是要勤查了阿，好多东西都不懂，毕马威的英文也不知道，问了一个在发改委（National Development and Reform Commission 工作的朋友，人家都知道,自叹不如。
今天还讲了Kyoto Protocol 的运作，明白了点，有时间再研究研究，要是做和全球变暖有关的会议，必会。
外交部 http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/
外交部网站上有大量的政治经济术语，是练习汉英的好网站，也是提高自己外交语言表达的好网站，大家可以每天浏览半个小时，挑出一些中英对译的文件，地名等，受益匪浅。
Focal points
1.中美首脑会晤 China-US summit
2.应对气候变化对外工作机制 the working mechanism on climate change
3.联合国军费透明制度 the UN military transparency mechanism
4.我现在愿意回答大家的问题。Now the floor is open.
5.常规武器 conventional arms
6.冷战思维 Cold War mentality
7.联合国常规武器登记册 UN Register of Conventional
2007年9月4日下午，外交部发言人姜瑜举行例行记者会，就中美首脑会晤、六方会谈、外交部建立应对气候变化对外工作机制、中国参加联合国军费透明制度等问题回答记者提问。
姜瑜：女士们、先生们，大家下午好。 首先欢迎今天来旁听记者会的非洲同行和媒体的朋友们。我今天没有要主动发布的消息。我现在愿意回答大家的问题。
问：据报道，美方称攻击五角大楼网络的“黑客”可能是来自中国人民解放军。这是第二次中国被指责攻击外国政府的网络。中方对此有何评论？第二个问题，中国开始向联合国提供军事开支的细节，包括常规武器进出口情况。中国为什么决定采取这个措施？这是否表明中国的军事情况更加透明？中国是否要向联合国报告以前没有报告的内容？
答：关于你的第一个问题。中国政府一贯反对并依法打击包括“黑客”行为在内的任何破坏计算机网络的犯罪活动。在中美致力于发展建设性合作关系、中美两军关系呈现出良好发展势头的大背景下，有人对中国进行无端指责，妄称中国军方对美国防部实施网络攻击，这是毫无根据的，也是冷战思维的体现。
“黑客”攻击是国际性问题，中国也经常遭受“黑客”袭击。中国愿与包括美国在内的其他各国在共同打击网络犯罪方面加强合作。
关于第二个问题，中国政府决定从今年起参加联合国军费透明制度并恢复参加联合国常规武器登记册。这是中国进一步提高军事透明度的重要举措。我们将继续致力于与世界各国加强军事互信，同国际社会共同努力，为增进国际和平与安全作出贡献。中方已向联合国提交了报告，联合国也会按照相应的规定对外公布。
On the afternoon of September 4, Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Jiang Yu held a regular press conference and answered questions on the China-US summit, the Six-party Talks, the establishment of the working mechanism on climate change, China's participation in the UN military transparency mechanism.
Jiang Yu: Good afternoon, ladies and gentlemen. First of all, I would like to welcome my African colleagues and friends from the press present here. I have no announcement to make today, and now the floor is open.
Q: Reports say that the US claimed that the PLA is probably behind the hacking into the Pentagon network. This is the second time that China is accused of attacking the network of foreign countries. What is your comment? Second, China has begun to provide the UN with details of China's military expenditure, including the import and export of conventional arms. What makes China decide to do this? Does it mean that China's military will be more transparent? Will China report to the UN what it has not reported before?
A: On the first question, the Chinese government has all along opposed to and cracked down upon any cyber crimes undermining the computer network including hacking according to law. China and the US are now devoted to the constructive relations and cooperation. The bilateral military ties enjoy a sound momentum of development. Under this backdrop, some people make wild accusations against China, suggesting that the PLA made cyber-raid against the Pentagon. This is totally groundless and a reflection of Cold War mentality.
Hacking is a global issue and China is a frequent victim in this regard. China is ready to enhance cooperation with other countries including the US in countering internet crimes.
On the second question, the Chinese government has decided to participate in the UN military transparency mechanism and resume providing the data for the UN Register of Conventional arms from this year. This is an important measure to further increase China's military transparency. We will continue to enhance military mutual trust with other countries in the world and make concerted efforts with the international community to contribute to world peace and security. China has submitted report to the UN and the UN will release relevant information according to its regulations.
BBC business report
周六上午出去办事,下午睡觉了，晚上回来收拾收拾在listening express 上下载了bbc business report 学了些经济知识和一些表达法,我觉得每天至少学点,就有一点进步。
这是个INTERVIEW,他们讲的是美国经济有可能进入低迷 economic recession/downturn/slowdown.
最近几年来，非洲利用自己丰富的自然资源向外国出口自然资源,人均收入增长了15%,但还是远远不够的.中国,印度这样rapidly developing 的发展中国家大量进口非洲资源,非洲出口资源的价格不断攀升。但是非洲自然资源的出口又受到很多外界因素的影响，很不稳定。如果美国经济进入低迷状态，中国,印度经济发展速度渐缓，都会直接影响非洲的出口，直接影响非洲人民的生活水平。
另外一个涉及到的问题就是，如何把非洲出口的利润用于减贫(poverty reduction)上来。
下面有些词 大家自己查查 我就不写出来什么意思了
1. in a nutshell简单地； 简约地
2. on the cards 可能的；可能实现的；注定的
3. Federal Reserve
4. way behind
5. make a dent in稍微改变(少量减少)；削弱
6. The cash flow is going to dry up.
7. The pace of business is going to be very subdued.
试译: 有关全球合作的两段,和一段很长的演讲. 真难,好多地方都要意译,当时那么快不太容易能一下子反应出来,以前做笔译的时候学的词性变换之类的,这里面就要迅速得变换,不容易.
1.意译的例子:
And such cooperation should ensure that no region bears a disproportionate burden of adjustment.
而这种合作就要确保所有的地区在调整过程中都要承担其相应的责任。
2.词性多次变换
Their robust recovery is testimony to countries' success in implementing strong economic policies.
它们经济生机勃勃的复苏证明了这些国家成功地施行了强劲的经济政策。
Testimonyn-v testify
success n-adv. sucessfully
英语中有好多n都要转成其他词性尤其是动词，发挥汉语的短平快。
如还可以说：这些国家的经济生机勃勃地复苏起来。
3,一些词汇要反映迅速
enbrace global integration embrace 这里翻译成 接受 而不是 拥抱
These gains are not automatic. 中 automatic 翻译成 天经地义的 而不是自动的。
economic shock = 经济动荡而不是经济震惊
Regional cooperation in Asia must complement national policies.
这里的complement 翻译成 配合要比补充好多了。
4,意思整合
tackle incomplete reform =完善改革
underpin the expection of=让--对---充满了信心
has the potential for = 有望实现
5.汉语水平
Uneven = 翻译成不平均也可以，但是就是没有参差不齐好。
make a significant contribution to
可以说做出很大贡献，但没有做出卓越的贡献好。
6.词汇量的考验(词义多变，不同句子中有不同的汉语相对应）
1. in the vanguard of在…的前列/风口浪尖
2. durable
3. underpin
(fig 比喻) form the basis for (an argument, a claim, etc); strengthen 为（论据﹑ 主张等）打下基础; 加强; 巩固: The evidence underpinning his case was sound. 有利於他的证据是确凿的. * These developments are underpinned by solid progress in heavy industry. 重工业的稳固发展为这些进展打下了基础.
4. promise
5. spillover
6. be geared toward
7. not least
8. periphery
9. pillar
10. reciprocity
1.地名生疏
The Hague in the Netherlands 荷兰的海牙（不知道为什么翻译成海牙）
Nairobi 内罗毕
2.常用机构会议
office 办事处
programme 计划署
fund 基金会
annual regular meeting 例会
council 理事会
commission 委员会
resume its session = 召开续会
emergency session 紧急会议
special session特别会议
3.难点
1) Some of them like the International Labor Organization and the Universal Postal Union, are older than the UN itself.
其中的一些组织如国际劳工组织和万国邮政联盟比联合国还历史悠久/比联合国设立的时间还早。
2）找主语：汉语无主句多，但有时也要找到真正的主语才能明确表达意思
In recent years, a special effort has been made to reach decisions through censensusk, rather than by taking a formal vote.
近年来，联合国大会作出特别努力，通过协商达成一致，不采取正式投票表决的方式做出决定。
3）The Secretariat consists of departments and offices with a total staff of some 7500 under the regular budget, and a nearly equal nuber under special funding.
秘书处设有几个部门和办事处，正常预算编制内的工作人员有7，500人看看，特别经费编制的人员人数不相上下。
4, special terms
Exclusive Economic Zone 专属经济区
Commission on the status of women 妇女地位委员会
World Meteorological Organization 世界气象组织
International Maritime Consultative Orgnization 国际海洋协商组织
难点
Ambassador Dumisani S. Kumalo of South Africa, which holds the rotating presidency this month, made his remarks after the Council was briefed by the head of the UN committee monitoring the previous sanctions that were imposed on Tehran in December last year.
南非外交官Dumisani S. Kumalo 是本月的安理会轮值主席,他在听取了监督去年12月对伊朗采取制裁的委员会委员长介绍情况后发表了讲话.
名词转换成形容词
Philipines is a very good warrior in the fight against terrorism.
菲律宾人在反恐中表现得很英勇
磕磕巴巴地说话stammer and stutter
高翻学习心得：
1.如果在家准备高翻的话，建议每天听新闻联播或自己喜欢的新闻节目，每天至少半个小时，认真听，拿个笔记下自己感觉会很常用的表达法，就像你学英语一样，日积月累你也会有很大影响。
2. 可上网的就可以浏览新闻了，到外交部上，商务部上，各大媒体上看汉语新闻的表达，出声读读，当然还有报纸，环球时报，南方周末。
3. 正在考研的同学需要准备政治，政治书实际上是特别好的提高汉语水平的一个方式，考试又要考，那看起来何乐而不为呢？
4. 也可以听广播。
5. 在做汉-英练习的时候要注意原来汉语的表达，不要翻完了就万事大吉。
插曲(episode) such an awkward start of a day
继续教育 adult education
没大理会/没理会 pay little/no attention to
狼狈 awkward
雪上加霜 one disaster after another /add insult to injury
饥寒交迫 suffer hunger and cold
拖鞋 slipper
不适合上镜look bad on camera
被浇了 be caught in a rain
学生证 student's ID card
祸不单行 Bad things come in twos / when it rains, it pours.
1. go from strength to strength 越来越强大
2. This theme has a particular resonance for me. 我对这个主题深有感触 。
3.statesmen 政治家
4. the fragiliy of world order 世界秩序是如此脆弱
5.come to terms with 不得不承认，接受
6.corporate governance 公司行为准则，其实也就是公司管理
7.dynamism of the private sector 私营部门的活力
8.be frank and open in our discusion开诚布公得讨论
9.build on--- 建立在---基础上
1.Invest UK 英国投资局
2.natotechonology 纳米技术
3.Doha Development agenda 多哈回合发展议程
4.Leading Edge 领先先锋 一个英国展览会的名称
5.excell in 在---方面出类拔萃
6. This is a par with the USA and Canada and way ahead of countries like Germany and Sweden.
这方面与美国和加拿大骑虎相当，远超德国和瑞典。
par
1
be on a par (with something)
to be at the same level or standard
The wages of clerks were on a par with those of manual workers. We will have Christmas decorations on a par with anything on show at the MetroCentre.
2
be below/under par
a) to feel a little ill or lacking in energy
I've been feeling a little under par the last couple of weeks.
b) also not be up to par
to be less good than usual or below the proper standard
None of the people who'd auditioned were really up to par. The champion was playing well below par.
3
be par for the course
to be what you would normally expect to happen - used to show disapproval
Long hours and tough working conditions are often par for the course in catering.
4
the number of strokes a good player should take to hit the ball into a hole in the game of golf
The last hole is a par five.
5
also par value technical(票面价值）
the value of a stock or bond that is printed on it when it is first sold
bonds sold at 97% of their par value
at/above/below/under par
The notes are currently trading at 10% above par.
包子 steamed stuffed bun; steamed bun with stuffing
肉包子 steamed bun with meat stuffing; Steamed bun with minced pork stuffing
肉包 steamed bun with meat stuffing; steamed bun with minced pork stuffing
猪肉包子 steamed bun with pork stuffing
三鲜包子 steamed bun stuffed with shredded sea foods
菜包子 steamed bun with vegetable stuffing;steamed vegetable stuffed bun
素包子 steamed bun with vegetable stuffing;steamed vegetable stuffed bun
豆沙包 steamed bun with sweetened bean paste;
steamed bun stuffed with mashed red bean
小笼蒸包 steamed stuffed bun by small bamboo food steamer
当然还有放前面的说法比如 肉包 meat stuffed bun
1.香菇（学名：Lentinus edodes或Lentinula edodes），又名冬菇、北菇，是一种食用真菌。
2. 油菜 rape （狂汗）
3. 韭菜leek
4. 大葱 green Chinese onion /scallion
5. 豆沙 sweetened bean paste
Trump王牌
盗版书 pirated books
IPR protection 知识产权保护
小商贩peddler
In a world of more than six billion people, there are only 587 billionares. It's an exclusive club. Would you like to join us?
Of course, the odds against you are about ten million to one. But if you think like a billionare, those odds shouldn't faze you at all.
Billionares don't care what the odds are. We don't listen to common sense or do what's conventional or expected. We follow our vision no matter how crazy or idiotic other people think it isl. That's what the book is about--- learning how to think like a billionare.
faze:[美俚]打扰; 烦扰; 使为难; 使担忧[多用于否定句中]
The news did not faze him.
这个消息并没有使他担心。
取得了可喜的成绩 scale impressive peaks
提高了学校的声誉 raise the standing of our university
1）这个演讲中告诉我们成功是有formula的。
2Ps=Persperation(流汗）+ Perseverance(毅力）
2Cs=Curiosity+Courage
然后the speaker elaborated on the 2Cs.
先谈curiosity多么重要，其中一个词组很是恶心阿，creative expression and knowledge 翻成创新的表达法和知识，出现多次。
2) 汉语中说------------好奇心,填空题填什么?
我觉得应该是激发吧
还有唤醒awaken 因为我们小时候天生就有curiosity。
随着年龄增长，逐渐就失去了好奇心。
3) the courage to persevere in difficulties 在逆境中不屈不挠的勇气
逆境和不屈不挠翻译得很高明。
4) quintessential 精髓的，核心的
5）Intellectual breakthroughs do not occur within a single discipline.
单学科很难实现学术突破。
6）经典套话的地方出来了
As we scale greater heights, I envisage Faculties to be well-springs of ideas. Correspondingly, I see a need for more botton-up involvement in developing initiatives and making decisions.
当我们攀登更雄伟的高峰之时，我在想我们全体教职员工都会意气风发，智谋泉涌。相应地，在集思广益和进行决策之时，我认为我们更需要自下而上的参与。
经贸有关词组
1.欧洲货币一体化 European Monetary Integration
2.偿付能力 solvency
3.朝阳产业 sunshine
4.夕阳产业 sunset industry
5 按揭 mortgage
6.收入悬殊 income disparity
7.剩余劳动力 surplus labor
8.试点工程 pilot project
9.瓶颈制约 bottleneck restrictions
10 税收减免 tax relief
11.prime rate 银行最低贷款利率
12 patent grant 专利许可
13 portfolios of financial assets财务资产的组合
14 QFII 合格的境外机构投资者
15 raffle 有奖销售
16 liquidity 变现能力，流动性
17.microeconomics 微观经济学
18 go to Chapter11 申请破产保护
19 hedge fund 对冲基金
20 high return 高回报
还有一句话也很经典
对货币，信贷，和财政政策的控制权是主权国家的三大命脉之一。
The control of money, credit and fiscal policy is one of the three mainstays of the soverign state.
长生不老
World's Oldest Man Hopes to Live Forever
By CHISAKI WATANABE – 1 day ago
TOKYO (AP) — The world's oldest man celebrated his 112th birthday Tuesday, saying he hoped to live forever. Born Sept. 18, 1895, Tomoji Tanabe was named world's oldest male after the death of Emiliano Mercado Del Toro of Puerto Rico. He died in January at age 115. On Tuesday, the mayor of Miyakonojo City, where Tanabe lives, presented him with a bouquet and a letter of congratulations.
When the mayor asked how many more years Tanabe wanted to live, Tanabe replied, "for infinity," according to city official Yasuo Yamashita.
With his ascetic lifestyle, Tanabe has a good shot at living for at least a little longer.
A former city land surveyor who lives with his son and daughter-in-law, Tanabe is in good health and is known to guzzle milk. He also keeps a diary, avoids alcohol, and does not smoke.
Japan has one of the world's longest average life spans, a factor often attributed to a healthy diet rich in fish and rice.
The number of Japanese living beyond 100 has almost quadrupled in the past 10 years, with the once-exclusive centenarian club soon expected to surpass 28,000, the government announced in September.
The country's centenarian population is expected to reach nearly 1 million — the world's largest — by 2050, according to U.N. projections.
The increase underscores both positive and negative sides of the country's aging population. While experts say there are more active centenarians than before, the rapidly graying population adds to concerns over Japan's overburdened public pension system.
The world's oldest person, 114-year-old Edna Parker of Shelbyville, Ind., was born on April 20, 1893, according to Guinness World Records.
1.bouquet 花束
2.ascetic 苦刑的，修道的
3.have a shot at 有可能---，试着做---
4.land surveyor地质测量员
5.guzzle 狂吞
6.life span 寿命
7.centenarian 超过一百岁的
8.Guinness World Records 吉尼斯世界纪录
1.Steven Spielberg 史蒂文•斯皮尔伯格
2.邀请信 appointment letter
3.BOCOG 北京奥组委
4.顾问 consultant
5.北京市市长的名字王岐山要了解（总在大连呆着确实不知道北京市市长是谁，只知道大连市市长李永金，以前是薄熙来，现在升到了商务部部长了）
6.中央文明委：这个我还是头一次听说 网上也没找到翻译把这个翻成了Central Commission for the promotion of civility and spiritual civilization.这个大家自己决定吧。
7.主体 entity
8."我参与，我奉献，我快乐”
Everyone is a part.Everyone can contribute in a joyful manner.
9.举办一届高水准，有特色的奥运会
to host a high-level Olympics with distinguishing features.
10.国务院颁布了477号令 The State Council has enacted the 477 decree.
12,国际惯例 international practice
后来一个记者问问题的时候说了一个international norm 也不错
13 我们奥组委最能够这样说，最有权力这样说。
BOCOG is in the best position to talk about this
14.会徽 Olympic Emblem
15.奥运会吉祥物 Olympic Mascot
16.国家游泳中心 National Aquatic Center
17.协调小组 coordinating group
18. 行动纲领 action guideline
19.预防 forestall
20. 微生物 microorganism
21 追溯 tracking
22 shut ---out 对--进行封口
23 这些声音会更高涨 these voices will be even more vocal
1. 您的投资意向是非常明智的．
Your investment proposal is a very wise decision.
2. 你的提议很好。 Your proposal is most welcome.
3. 让我们来谈一下合资企业的事宜吧。
Let us get down to the business of this joint venture.
4. Initially, I would like to embark on this joint venture business at a moderate rate and a safe scale.
在合资企业的起步阶段，我希望企业能有一个稳妥的速度和规模。
5. in the vicinity of 8 million dollars八百万美元左右
6.800万岂止是一个吉祥数字，我认为这对岂动这家合资企业来说，是很合适的。
8 million dollars is more than a lucky number; it's the right number for the initiation of this joint venture.
7.您在合资中打算占有多少投资比例呢？
How much would your share of investment be in this partnership?
8.construction fund 建设资金
9.无绳电话在中国需求很大，但是我们无法保证在国内推销50%的移动电话。
Cordless phones are in high demand in China, but we can't guarantee a 50% domestic marketing of mobile phones.
10.此外，我们需要增加外汇储备，“天晴还需防雨天”嘛。
Besides, we need to increase our foreign exchange reserve for the rainy day.
国际奥委会及其职能
The International Olympic Committee (IOC) is based in Lausanne, Switzerland. Pierre de Coubertin founded it on June 23, 1894 to revive the Ancient Olympic Games. The IOC has a maximum of 115 members. The Executive Board of the IOC consists of the president, four vice-presidents and 10 other members.
The IOC is a non-governmental non-profit organization and the creator of the Olympic Movement. It has all rights to the Olympic symbols, flag, motto, anthem and Games. Its primary responsibility is to direct the organization of the Olympic Games.
The IOC’s task is to promote top-level sport and sport for all according to the Olympic Charter. It ensures the regular celebration of the Games, sports ethics and the protection of athletes. It also encourages the promotion of women in sports.
国际奥林匹克委员会 (International Olympic Committee -- IOC)于１８９４年６月２３日成立，共有４９个体育组织和１２个国家的７９名代表参加在巴黎举行的成立大会。国际奥委会总部设在瑞士洛桑。国际奥委会是一个非政府性、非盈利性和永久性的国际体育组织。它是领导奥林匹克运动和决定有关奥林匹克运动问题的最高权力机关。
国际奥委会与其成员国或地区，以及国际单项体育组织相互承认。
国际奥委会宗旨是鼓励组织和发展体育运动和体育竞赛；在奥林匹克思想指导下，鼓舞和领导体育运动，从而促进和加强各国运动员之间的友谊；保证按期举办奥运会。国际奥委会对每４年举办一次的奥运会拥有一切权力。从１９２４年开始又单独举行冬季奥运会，也是４年一次。
国际奥委会是依照奥林匹克宪章领导奥林匹克运动的。宪章包括７３项规则及其实施细目。国际奥委会是奥运会及其五环会徽的专管机构。
国际奥委会全体会议的任务之一，是选定每届奥运会的主办城市。根据国际奥委会的规定，主席不参加申办奥运会的投票。
奥林匹克委员会的委员以个人身分选入而不代表国家。１９６５年后当选的委员，年满７２岁退休。由奥委会全体会议选出国际奥委会主席，任期８年。主席任期的延长期限只有４年。全体会议还要选出任期４年的４名副主席和６名委员，由他们与主席一起组成执行委员会。法语和英语是国际奥委会的两种官方工作语言，它还有另外四种工作语言：德语、西班牙语、俄语和阿拉伯语。现任主席雅克•罗格（比利时人，Jacques Rogge），２００１年７月任职。国际奥委会委员是由奥委会全体会议选举产生的，委员数目并不是固定的。
国际奥委会全体会议的职能就像议会一样，它每年举行一次会议。国际奥委会委员是国际奥委会驻在委员所在国的使节，而不是委员所在国驻国际奥委会的代表。一个国家只能出一名奥委会委员，对于那些已组织过一次以上奥运会（冬季奥运会或夏委奥运会）的国家则不在此列，这样的国家可以出两名委员。国际奥委会执行委员会每年至少开４次执委会议。
２００１年７月１３日，国际奥委会在俄罗斯莫斯科召开了第１１２届全会。此次会议上，中国北京在申办２００８年奥运会主办城市的投票中胜出，获得２００８年第２９届奥运会的主办权。
国际奥委会下设１１个委员会：道德委员会、２０００年委员会、协调委员会、药物委员会、奥林匹克教育和文化委员会、运动员委员会、环境委员会、人道主义事物委员会、奥林匹克运动女子委员会、大众体育委员会和奥林匹克收藏家委员会。
截止到２００７年７月６日，国际奥委会共有２０５个成员。
出版物：《奥林匹克月刊》、《奥林匹克通讯》。
奥林匹克的会旗为白色，中间印有五个相互套连的圆环，即我们所说的奥林匹克环。五个环的颜色自左至右依次排列为蓝、黄、黑、绿、红（也可用单色绘制）。会旗的图案是根据顾拜旦１９１３年的构思设计的，１９１４年７月，在巴黎举行的庆祝奥林匹克运动恢复２０周年的国际奥委会会议上，首次悬挂了按照顾拜旦的构思设计的会旗。在１９２０年举行的第７届奥运会会场上正式悬挂了印有五环图案的会旗。当时圆环的五种颜色被解释为象征五大洲：欧洲——天蓝色，亚洲——黄色，非洲——黑色，澳洲——草绿色，美洲——红色。后来，正式的解释是它们代表着参加国际奥委会所有国家国旗的颜色。１９７９年国际奥委会出版的《奥林匹克评论》（第四十期）强调，五个环的含义象征五大洲的团结，全世界的运动员以公正、坦率的比赛和友好的精神，在奥运会上相见。
１９２４年中国奥委会获得国际奥委会的承认。１９７９年１０月，国际奥委会执委会名古屋会议通过决议，１１月２６日起正式恢复对中国奥委会的承认，确认中国奥林匹克委员会为中国全国性委员会，设在台北的奥委会以“中国台北奥林匹克委员会”的名称留在国际奥委会内。目前，在国际奥委会中，中国奥委会和中国台北奥委会各有一名委员。１９９７年７月３日，国际奥委会主席萨马兰奇宣布香港将以“中国香港”的名义参加奥运会。
Russia: Tests Show Arctic Ridge Is Ours
By MIKE ECKEL – 3 days ago
MOSCOW (AP) — Preliminary tests on soil samples gathered by a Russian scientific expedition indicate that a vast mountain range under the Arctic Ocean is part of Russia's continental shelf, a government ministry said Thursday.
Russia is one of several countries that have rushed to lay claims to the area where a U.S. study suggests as much as 25 percent of the world's undiscovered oil and gas could be hidden.
Russia's Natural Resources Ministry said preliminary results on soil core samples gathered by the research ship Akademik Fyodorov earlier this year show that the 1,240-mile Lomonosov Ridge is part of Russia's shelf. It said more geological tests would be conducted, as well.
"Results of an analysis of the Earth's crust show that the structure of the underwater Lomonosov mountain chain is similar to the world's other continental shelves, and the ridge is therefore part of Russia's land mass," the ministry said.
The controversy heated up last month when Russia sent two small submarines to plant a tiny national flag under the North Pole. Canada vowed to increase its icebreaker fleet and build two new military facilities in the Arctic, while Denmark sent a team of scientists to seek evidence that the ridge was attached to its territory of Greenland.
A U.S. Coast Guard icebreaker also set off late last month for a research expedition, though the expedition's chief scientist said the trip had been planned well before the Russian move.
Growing evidence that global warming is shrinking polar ice — opening up resource development and new shipping lanes — has added to the urgency of the claims.
The 1982 U.N. Convention on the Law of the Sea gives the Arctic countries 10 years after they ratify the treaty to prove their claims under the largely uncharted polar ice pack. All but the United States have ratified the treaty, some of them several years ago.
Russia has presented evidence in the past on Arctic territories, but a U.N. commission has rejected them.
瓷瓶
昨晚接了个活干了两个小时，关于瓷瓶公司，卖瓷瓶等东西的介绍，我把我确定的glossary 写下来。
1. celadon 青瓷
2. vase 瓶，花瓶
3. chancellor 总理（德国的）
4. Schroeder 施罗德
5. Ministry of State Security 国家安全部
6. state councilor 国务院委员
7. lily 百合
8. chastity纯洁
9. crane 鹤
10. 珍藏be treasured up
11. 宫女maid-in-waiting
12. 优雅elegance
13. applique 贴花
14. 鸠cooer
15. 尊wine vessel
16. 青釉celadon glaze
17. 粉青釉lavender grey glaze
18. 艺术品artwork
19. 栖息inhabit
20. 哺乳suckle
21. 蜻蜓dragonfly
22. 小荷small lotus
23. 红宝石ruby
24. colloctor’s 收藏品
25. 定制营销体系 customized marketing system.
芦苇画，reed photo
“As the small lotus has just shown its head, a dragonfly is already perching on it”
perch 这个词也会，但是想不出来，for this paragraph, I observed a dragon fly perched on a small dead branch.所以perch on 是最形象的了。
小池
The Small Pond
Yang Wanli (Song)
泉眼无声惜细流，树阴照水爱晴柔；
小荷才露尖尖角，早有蜻蜓立上头。
In silence a narrow stream from an orifice fondly flows,
The shadows of trees on the sunshiny water lovingly lie.
As soon as the water lily a ting tip but newly shows,
On it already hovers the shadow of a dragonfly.
1. manager 经纪人
2.instructor 教练,技术指导
3 guide 领队
4 trainer 助理教练
5 referee, umpire (网球.棒球)裁判
6linesman, touch judge (橄榄球)裁判
7contestant, competitor, player 运动员
8 professional 职业运动员
9amateur 业余运动员,爱好者
10 enthusiast, fan 迷,爱好者
11favourite 可望取胜者 (美作:favorite)
12 outsider 无取胜希望者
13championship 冠军赛,锦标赛
14champion 冠军
15 record holder 纪录创造者
16 ace 网球赛中的一分
17 Winter Olympics 冬季奥林匹克运动会
18 stadium 运动场
19 track 跑道
20 ring 圈
21ground, field 场地
22pitch (足球、橄榄球)场地
23 court 网球场
24 team, side 队
25竞技性运动competitive sport
26用粉笔记下（分数等）；达到，得到 chalk up
27出名 make one's mark
28体育项目（尤指重要比赛） event
29体格、体质 physique
30 培训 groom余的，
31带零头的 odd
32年少者 junior
33残疾人 the handicapped/disabled
34学龄前儿童 preschool
35全体；普通；
36一般 at large
37 平均寿命 life expectancy
38复兴 revitalize
39使有系统；整理 systemize
40历史悠久的 time-honored
41跳板 spring-board
42 秋千 swing
43石弓，弩 crossbow
44（比赛等的）观众 spectator
取得进展 make headway
体育大国/强国 sporting/sports power
与...有关系，加入 be affiliated to/with
落后 lag behind武术 martial arts
五禽戏 five-animal exercises
体育运动 physical culture and sports
增强体质 to strengthen one's physique
可喜的，令人满意的 gratifying
称号，绰号 label
涌现出来 to come to the fore
源源不断 a steady flow of
队伍 contingent
又红又专/思想好，业务精 to be both socialist-minded and vocationally proficient
体育界 sports circle(s)
承担义务 to undertake obligation
黑马 dark horse
冷门 an unexpected winner; dark horse
爆冷门 to produce an unexpected winner
发展体育运动，增强人民体质
Promote physical culture and build up the people's health
锻炼身体，保卫祖国 Build up a good physique to defend the country
为祖国争光 to win honors for the motherland
胜不骄，败不馁
Do not become cocky/be dizzy with success, nor downcast over/discouraged by defeat.
体育道德 sportsmanship
打出水平，打出风格 up to one's best level in skill and style of play
竞技状态好 in good form
失常 to lose one's usual form
比分领先 to outscore
打成平局 to draw/to tie/to play even/to level the score
失利 to lose
中华人民共和国运动委员会（国家体委）
Physical Culture and Sports Commission of the PRC (State Physical Culture and Sports Commission)
中华全国体育总会 All-China Sports Federation
东道国 host country/nation
体育场 stadium; sports field/ground
体育馆 gymnasium, gym; indoor stadium
体育锻炼 physical training
体育锻炼标准 standard for physical training
体育疗法 physical exercise therapy; sports therapy
运动爱好者 sports fan/enthusiast
观众 spectator
啦啦队 cheering-section 啦啦队长 cheer-leader
国家队 national team
种子队 seeded team
主队 home team
客队 visiting team
教练员 coach
裁判长 chief referee
团体项目 team event
单项 individual event
男子项目 men's event
女子项目 women's event
冠军 champion; gold medalist
全能冠军 all-round champion
亚军 running-up; second; silver medalist
第三名 third; bronze medalist
世界纪录保持者 world-record holder
运动员 athlete; sportsman
种子选手 seeded player; seed
优秀选手 top-ranking/topnotch athlete
田径运动 track and field; athletics
田赛 field events
竞赛 track events
跳高 high jump
撑杆跳高 pole jump; polevault
跳远 long/broad jump
三级跳远 hop, step and jump; triple jump
标枪 javelin throw
铅球 shot put
铁饼 discus throw
链球 hammer throw
马拉松赛跑 Marathon (race)
接力 relay race; relay
跨栏比赛 hurdles; hurdle race
竞走 walking; walking race
体操 gymnastics
自由体操 floor/free exercises
技巧运动 acrobatic gymnastics
垫上运动 mat exercises
单杠 horizontal bar
双杠 parallel bars
高低杠 uneven bars; high-low bars
吊环 rings
跳马 vaulting horse
鞍马 pommel horse
平衡木 balance beam
球类运动 ball games
足球 football; soccer
足球场 field; pitch
篮球 basketball
篮球场 basketball court
排球 volleyball
乒乓球 table tennis; ping pong
乒乓球拍 racket; bat
羽毛球运动 badminton
羽毛球 shuttlecock; shuttle
球拍 racket
网球tennis
棒球 baseball
垒球 softball
棒/垒球场 baseball(soft ball)field/ground
手球 handball
手球场 handball field
曲棍球 hockey; field hockey
冰上运动 ice sports
冰球运动 ice hockey
冰球场 rink
冰球 puck; rubber
速度滑冰 speed skating
花样滑冰 figure skating
冰场 skating rink; ice rink
人工冰场 artificial ice stadium
滑雪 skiing
速度滑雪 cross country ski racing
高山滑雪 alpine skiing
水上运动 water/acquatic sports
水上运动中心 aquatic sports center
水球（运动）water polo
水球场 playing pool
滑水 water-skiing
冲浪 surfing
游泳池 swimming pool
游泳馆 natatorium
自由泳 freestyle; crawl (stroke)
蛙泳 breaststroke
侧泳 sidestroke
蝶泳 butterfly (stroke)
海豚式 dolphin stroke/kick
蹼泳 fin swimming
跳台跳水 platform diving
跳板跳水 springboard diving
赛艇运动 rowing
滑艇/皮艇 canoeing
帆船运动 yachting; sailing
赛龙船 dragon-boat racing
室内运动 indoor sports 举重 weightlifting
重量级 heavyweight
中量级 middleweight
轻量级 lightweight
拳击 boxing
摔交 wresting
击剑 fencing
射击 shooting
靶场 shooting range
射箭 archery
拳术 quanshu; barehanded exercise; Chinese boxing
气功 qigong; breathing exercises
自行车运动 cycling; cycle racing
车场（自行车等的）倾斜赛车场 cycling track
室内自行车赛场 indoor velodrome
摩托运动 motorcycling
登山运动 mountaineering; mountain-climbing
骑术 horsemanship
赛马场 equestrian park
国际象棋 (international) chess
特级大师 grandmaster
象棋 xiangqi; Chinese chess
Nuclear Insecurity
保研考试在即 发一篇外交杂志上的文章，大家练习练习。
Since the demise of the Soviet Union（苏联解体）, Washington's strategic thinking about nuclear weapons has evolved in dangerous and unwise directions. In January 2002, the Bush administration announced （出台）a new nuclear posture（姿态，政策）, which it reiterated in 2006. But instead of doing what it claimed it would do -- adapt American nuclear strategy to the realities of the twenty-first century -- the administration has focused on addressing threats that either no longer exist or never required a nuclear response. Rather than protecting the United States, this posture constitutes a danger to U.S. security.
The risks posed by nuclear weapons today are daunting（望而生畏）, but rarely in the same ways that they used to be. As the nuclear club has expanded since the end of the Cold War, so have the dangers posed by the possibility of an inadvertent release of nuclear weapons, a regional nuclear conflict, nuclear proliferation, or the acquisition of nuclear weapons by terrorists. At the same time, the military utility of nuclear weapons for the United States has decreased dramatically. Russia, the successor to the Soviet Union, is no longer an adversary, and the United States, now the world's unchallenged conventional military power, can address almost all its military objectives by nonnuclear means. The only valid residual mission of U.S. nuclear weapons today is thus to deter （威慑）others from using nuclear weapons. Given all this, it does not make sense for the United States to maintain a nuclear weapons stockpile of close to 10,000 warheads -- many of them set on hair-trigger （一触即发）alert -- and to continue to deploy nuclear weapons overseas.
An effective nuclear policy would take into account the limited present-day need for a nuclear arsenal as well as the military and political dangers associated with maintaining a massive stockpile. Building a new generation of warheads, as the Bush administration has proposed, would only compound these risks further.
什么是恩格尔系数 engels coefficient
恩格尔系数是指家庭食物支出金额占家庭消费总支出的比重是国际上通用的指标.它是根据十九世纪德国统计学家恩格尔提出的恩格尔定律得出的系数
有一位网友发来了自己翻译的07年试题第一题,请我点评,我发表点个人意见.
经过28年的改革，中国面临着许多挑战，这些挑战从某种程度上说，其复杂性和重要性上都是前所未有的。中国已经开放了市场，允许外国在中国进行贸易和投资。中国已经成为全球经济的动力工厂。目前，中国的领导人和人民必须解决如下问题：人民对地方政府的普遍不满，环境恶化，自然资源短缺，金融系统发展不健全，医疗卫生体系不完善，农村人口过剩，大规模的城镇化，以及社会不平等的日益加剧。当然，这些问题中的大部分在整个改革期间就已经存在。现在有所不同的是，变化的脚步在加快，但是国家掌控这些变化的能力却跟不上变化的脚步。
依靠自身力量解决这些问题中的任何一个都是一项艰巨的任务。如今中国政府发现要吸引，发展和留住人才比以前更难了。从全国最高学府走出的毕业生曾经占据政府部门中的职位，而现在他们选择在私营部门工作。另外，国家的组织结构压制新人，推崇中庸。更严重的是，从农村到中央的很多官员都腐败了，这严重降低了政府的办事效率，加剧了民众的不满。
对于所有这些挑战，中国需要培养出新一代的领导，他们必须有才识，讲成心，能够全心全意为公众服务，对全体中国人民负责，没有什么比这件事更严峻，更紧迫了。
1. 经过28年的改革和现在面临着挑战2者关系很松散,完全是一个时间概念,我自己感觉就是前面说一个分句,中国改革已经走过28年.然后再说现在面临着挑战. 这样听起来舒服一些.
2. 汉语喜欢重复,但有时候用代词也是很舒服的,比如用其来代替这些挑战, 你不觉得听起来很顺耳么.
3.第三个地方,如果分开的话,你不觉得有支离破碎的感觉么. 加一个逗号, 加已经成为就可以了,不用另起一句.
4.汉语也是一个很讲究音韵的语言,领导人和人民,一个是三个字一个是两个字,这就是为什么你读起来别扭还不知道原因,两面都要两个字 领导和人民 这样才通顺.
5.这段是平行结构,如果一直用短句,你为什么还要加"的"呢, 这样不是成了名词短语了么
6 环境恶化翻译的对,没有问题但是同样看一下其他平行结构,其他平行结构字数都很多,你突然来一个四字结构就显得很突兀, 所以才加上"不断" 环境不断恶化,这样稍微平行一些.
7 一般说金融体制
8.大规模的城镇化同样是名词短语,不能和其他短句并列.
9.这些问题中的大部分在整个改革期间就已经存在 这句还是自己再看看,别扭死了.
10 这里不是变化,而是改革,变革.
11却跟不上变化的脚步 这句意思没错,文采稍差 可以说发展滞后,不要说得象大白话一样.
13 培养人才要比发展人才好得多
14 bureaucracy 官僚主义，官僚作风是贬义词 怎么翻译成组织机构了。
15 你犯的同样一个错误就是 严重降低 什么叫严重降低 是严重影响。
16. 对于最后一句话，我的处理意见还是一样，简洁是最好的武器。
现在面临的最严峻的挑战就是是否能够培养出一批懂技术，讲诚信，能够全心全意为人民服务，对中国人负责的新一代领导人。
中国的改革已经经历了28年风雨的洗礼,而目前中国还面临着巨大的挑战，其规模，复杂程度，和重要性都是史无前例的。中国实现了市场自由化，对外贸投资实行开放政策，俨然已经成为推动世界经济增长的重要引擎。中国政府和人民必须解决许多问题，如群众对地方政府不满，环境不断恶化，自然资源溃乏，金融体系不完善，医疗保障不足，农村人口动荡不安，城镇化规模不断扩大，社会不平等现象加剧等。
笔译
以前也做过笔译活，最多也就千汉字80，上了翻译学院以后就提价了，100以下的绝对不做，因为笔译是一项很艰苦的脑力劳动，如果每天都做很多笔译的话，天长日久，很容易得抑郁症，整天盯着电脑屏幕，也不好。
所以我的原则就是尽量少接活，如果接也要提高价格。
昨天晚上就有个关于地理环境的笔译，千字70-80，看了材料就拒掉了，一方面太专业，terms 太多，另外一方面价格也太低了。
后来接了一个留学中心的类似论文的翻译，也是比较专业，当时相对容易一些，关于建筑的，千汉字120。我曾经翻过一个建筑标书的一部分，去年做的，当时就被骗了，每页才给了20块钱，做笔译的同胞真的要小心，如果字数很多的话，一定要签订正式合同，合同上贴上双方的身份证复印件。
这两份论文每份都3100多字，一份是关于四合院的。
实际上也就是，My view on whether or not Chinese Quadrangles should be dismantled/demolished
另外一份是五卷本中国建筑历史的读后感。
A Review of the Five Volume A History of Ancient Chinese Architecture
最后说一下，顾主人也很好，很和善在外国也呆过六年，不像有些公司为了那点翻译费争来争去的，如果那样的话下辈子也不给他们做了。
另外提醒那些过度压低价格的那些顾主，千字70和千字120翻出来的东西根本不是一个档次，价格高点，我们也要对得起雇主花的钱啊，查得东西也多，要是70，那就糊弄糊弄过去得了，反正就那么点钱，如果要发表，那真是不堪入目，错误百出阿，请雇主们也考虑这一点。
白暨豚，灭绝与否
"Extinct" River Dolphin Spotted in China
Kevin Holden Platt in Beijing, China for National Geographic News
August 31, 2007
A confirmed sighting of a baiji dolphin just months after it was declared "extinct" has prompted scientists to launch an against-all-odds （殊死一博） plan to save the last of the rare Chinese river dwellers.
A team of marine-life scholars led by Wang Ding, a scientist at China's Institute of Hydrobiology, examined digital video footage recently taken along the eastern section of the Yangtze River. The video provides evidence of the survival of the baiji, or whitefin dolphin, the team confirmed.
Now experts at the institute are studying the feasibility of transporting the survivors to a natural preserve in a Noah's Ark-like operation, said Wang, one of China's leading authorities on the nearly decimated species.
"Functionally Extinct"?
The sighting provides a small ray of hope for scientists who had previously given up on the baiji.
A six-nation coalition of scientists, including Wang, spent five weeks late last year using high-performance optical instruments and underwater microphones to search the Yangtze, the baiji's sole habitat, for any signs of the species. (See a map of China.)
"The baiji is functionally extinct," concluded August Pfluger, head of the Swiss-based baiji.org foundation and co-organizer of the 2,200-mile (3,500-kilometer expedition), at the time.
"It is a tragedy, a loss not only for China, but for the entire world."
According to Wang, baiji dolphins apparently lived and flourished in the Yangtze for more than 19 million years before humans arrived on the scene.
Beat Mueller is a geochemist at the Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology who was also part of the 2006 baiji expedition.
"The disappearance and extinction of such highly evolved endemic mammals as the white Yangtze River dolphin, the finless porpoise, or the Chinese sturgeon from the Yangtze River can be attributed to a multitude of circumstances, such as the deterioration and loss of their natural habitats, overfishing of the river, the heavy freight ship traffic, and others," Mueller said.
"Increasing concentrations of anthropogenic chemicals may just be one additional factor," he added.
But Wang said he and others at the hydrobiology institute are now convinced that the last survivors of the dolphin might be found along small tributaries of the Yangtze in eastern China's Anhui Province, where the amateur video was shot in mid-August.
Call to Action
Conservation specialists at the hydrobiology institute, which is part of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, are preparing to search those waterways, pending approval from the Chinese Ministry of Agriculture.
"We may try to catch the baiji dolphins and move them into our semi-natural Tian-e-Zhou Reserve, which is located along an oxbow of the Yangtze River, to put them under full protection," Wang said.
According to Karen Baragona, a specialist on the Yangtze at the World Wildlife Fund, the keys to the survival of the baiji are conserving oxbow lakes in the central Yangtze, creating a network of nature reserves along the river, and managing the river's entire ecosystem from a holistic perspective.
"This sighting presents a last hope that the baiji may not go the way of the dodo bird," Baragona said in a statement.
"Other species have been brought back from the brink of extinction, like the southern right whale and white rhinos, but only through the most intensive conservation efforts."
Wang, with the help of the baiji.org group, might even attempt to engineer the recovery of the dolphins through a captive breeding program.
The Baiji Conservation Aquarium has already scored small successes with a similar breeding scheme aimed at averting the extinction of the endangered Yangtze finless porpoise.
Two finless calves have been born at the aquarium since it was set up two years ago.
But Wang warned that the battle to save the baiji is anything but guaranteed.
"The chances of saving the baiji are really small," he said. "But we have to try our best to save the last baiji, even if we know it may be a mission impossible."
几个句子的误译
It is a good athlete that never loses points.
误译：从不丢分的运动员才是优秀的运动员。
应译为：再好的运动员也会丢分。
这里，“It is a adj.+n. that+否定句“是个习语中常出现的句型，应理解为”even
if …+adj.，肯定句“，即”再……的，也会……“。而与此结构相似的强调句型中，
一般没有形容词。
No criticism will be too severe to be gratefully acknowledged.
误译：没有一种批评会是尖锐得使人无法领谢的。
应译为：批评尽管尖锐，我们仍会衷心感谢。
这里“no+too…to”句型不同于一般”no…too”句型，”No…too”部分译为“尽
管”，”to(be)”部分译为“也会，也将”。
The changes in the education system are a step in the right direction and
will improve the teaching in our school.
误译：教育体制改革朝着正确的方向迈进了一步，它将改进我们学校的教学。
应译为：教育体制改革是一个有效的措施，它将改进我们学校的教学。
这里“a step in the right direction”用来比喻”an action which helps to
improve a situation”，即“有效步骤或措施。如果是将其直译，就没有反映出”有
效“这个表达结果的含义。
His speech was given a warm reception by the crowd.
误译：他的讲话受到了群众的热烈欢迎。
应译为：他的讲话受到群众的热烈反对。
“be given a warm reception”是句反语，含义为”be attacked violently in
words”。如将其直译，这句话的意思就弄反了。另一个习语”give somebody a warm
time”，用法与此相同。意为”make somebody embarrassed”。
还有 make it warm for sb.
使某人处境为难; 惩罚某人
Sino-American trade relations
昨天晚上听了中美贸易关系新闻发布会15分钟,练习了一下.
1.ulterior motive别有用心
2.trade surplus 贸易顺差
3.中国的市民、中国的老百姓对食品的安全和质量问题的关注丝毫不亚于其他国家的消费者。
Chinese consumers are by no means less concerned about food safety and quality than foreign counterparts.
4.声誉 reputation
5.发起“反倾销和反补贴”合并调查
launch/initiate combined anti-dumping and contervailing investigations
6. 高密集程度的 intensive
7. 铜板纸 copperplate paper(翻译当时翻译成glossy paper了，不过还可以了，我都听不懂那个发言人连续说了5种受影响最大的产品）
8. 标准钢管 standard steel pipe
9. 薄壁矩型钢管 laminated rectangular steel pipe
10.复合编织袋 composite woven plastic sack
11 非公路用轮胎off-the-road tires
(此次美方准备调查的轮胎，包括非公路用和非高速路使用的气胎(new pneumatic tires exclusively designed for off-the-road and off-highway use)
美国国际贸易委员会（US International Trade Commission，下称ITC）8月20日决定，部分中国非公路用（off-the-road）轮胎对美国轮胎制造业造成实质性损害，或构成实质性损害的威胁。因此，美国商会将继续对部分从中国进口的非公路用轮胎进行反补贴和
12 影响深远 the impact is profound
13.与---背道而驰 run counter to
14. 违反了美国法院的判定 breach court cases/precedents
15 替代国 surrogate country
16. 重复征税 double taxation
17. 重大失误 major flaws
18. 对倾销的计算 calculate dumping margins
从一句话来谈高翻入学考试笔试
一个网友这样写道，大哥呀，小弟想请教你个问题，就是给分析个句子，
The date-December 10, the UN`s International Human Rights Day-could not have been more symbolic for the passing of a man who best symbolised the international struggle to end impunity for human rights abusers in Latin America.
他的翻译是：
没有什么能比12月10日这一天更能代表一个人的逝世了，他是为惩治拉美地区侵害人权者而进行的国际斗争中的最杰出代表，为了纪念他，人们把他逝世的那一天定为“国际人权日”。
我的翻译是：他是国际社会为了惩治拉美地区侵害人权者而进行的斗争中最杰出的一员，因此选择他逝世的那天12月10日做为“国际人权日”最合适不过了。
视译: climate change
复述：Bill Gates
面试：中国经济发展引擎
问得问题五花八门包括
What do u know about the housing market bubbles?
Do u think president Bush is a great preisdent?
以前听过一个新闻发布会,一个女翻译很喜欢用institute做动词，我很好奇，查查institute做动词如何用。
longman:
to introduce or start a system, rule, legal process etc
We had no choice but to institute court proceedings against the airline.
Marchand wants to institute reforms by the end of the year.
A year after the chemotherapy(化疗） was completed a new metastasis（转移） was found and a second course was instituted.
All doctors should consider this possibility when instituting strict blood glucose （血糖）control regimens.
By 1985, he had instituted a companywide program to change to a decentralized, team-based ap-proach.
Nearly every state had instituted a student-testing program.
The earlier figures measured the number of cases which were instituted before a magistrate（地方官员，文职官员） or a justice of the peace.
This instituted a partnership between central and local government with both having as a prime objective the promotion of the education service.
We are told nothing about the heir he instituted.
Witness what happened recently to the businesses along Hayes Street when a tow-away zone was instituted to facilitate the movement of cars.
电影忍者神龟
1. ninja 忍者
2.brotherhood 兄弟情谊
3. sewer 下水道
4.be named after the great Renaissance masters 以文艺复兴时期的大师命名的
5.archenemy 主要敌人
6. 他们战无不胜。
这句话大家翻译的时候通常说They are unconquerable.
电影中的表达是“Nothing could stand in their way."
7.危害人类 我们可能会翻成 do harm to people
电影里有个plague 不错 plague mankind
8. to prey upon the poor 掠夺穷人的财富
prey upon 词组掠夺，捕食，折磨
9. coward 胆小鬼
10. myth 荒诞的说法
11. snoop around 四处转转
12. ancient artifacts 古代手工艺品
13. punch in/out 上班/下班打卡
14.shaky 颤抖
15.nightwatcher 守夜人
16.rocketing interest rates不断飙升的利率
17. The real-estate market continues its downward spiral.
房地产市场持续低迷。
18. vigilante 义务警员
这个词让我想到了刚做老师的时候查过一个词，监考（invigilator) 这个词是British English 不知道美国怎么说。
19. contention 争论
20. a priceless statue 一尊无价的塑像
21. delivery truck 送货车
22. set the alarm clock 设了闹钟
23. I'm on my way. 我就来了。（很地道）
24. hair gel 发胶
25. shareholders' meeting 股东大会
26. roll out the red carpet for 热烈欢迎某人（就像铺红地毯一样，很正式庄重地欢迎某人）
其实考研的时候很苦，每天要背政治，背二外句子，每天都要做好多题，做翻译，积累词汇。
bonus
1.传染性疾病通称叫communicable diseases
2. 接触性传染病 contagious diseases
3. 呼吸道传染病 infectious diseases
还要注意经常清肠(intestine)。肠和脑是相通的，肠堵则脑子也堵。
最好的方法是吃几个苹果，苹果有双向调节作用，腹泻（diarrhea)的时候止泻，便秘(constipation)的时候可以促进排毒,决明子茶和蜂蜜也不错。
bonus
1.大肠 the large intestine
2.小肠 the small intestine
3.结肠 colon
4.盲肠 cecum
5.十二指肠 duodenum
6.a gastric ulcer
World Bank
The World Bank is a vital source of financial and technical assistance to developing countries around the world. We are not a bank in the common sense. We are made up of two unique development institutions owned by 185 member countries—the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA).
Each institution plays a different but supportive role in our mission of global poverty reduction and the improvement of living standards. The IBRD focuses on middle income and creditworthy poor countries, while IDA focuses on the poorest countries in the world. Together we provide low-interest loans, interest-free credit and grants to developing countries for education, health, infrastructure, communications and many other purposes.
International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 国际复兴与开发银行
The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) aims to reduce poverty in middle-income and creditworthy poorer countries by promoting sustainable development through loans, guarantees, risk management products, and analytical and advisory services. Established in 1944 as the original institution of the World Bank Group, IBRD is structured like a cooperative that is owned and operated for the benefit of its 185 member countries.
IBRD raises most of its funds on the world's financial markets and has become one of the most established borrowers since issuing its first bond in 1947. The income that IBRD has generated over the years has allowed it to fund development activities and to ensure its financial strength, which enables it to borrow at low cost and offer clients good borrowing terms.
At its Annual Meeting in September 2006, the World Bank — with the encouragement of its shareholder governments — committed to make further improvements to the services it provides its members. To meet the increasingly sophisticated demands of middle-income countries, IBRD is overhauling financial and risk management products, broadening the provision of free-standing knowledge services and making it easier for clients to deal with the Bank.
International Development Association 国际开发协会
The International Development Association is the part of the World Bank that helps the world's poorest countries. Established in 1960, IDA aims to reduce poverty by providing interest-free loans and grants for programs that boost economic growth, reduce inequalities, and improve people's living conditions.
我摘抄出几句大家体会一下就知道了，这样的句子对翻译一些散文有好处
1. As my sister cradled her in her arms, the infant girl clasped her mother's outstretched finger.
2. My intuition told me that her temperament would be a sunny disposition, a joy to people around her.
3. As she grew, the cute little girl had an infectious laugh that started as a small grin, then became a giggle and grew louder and louder until it triggered a response from all the people around her and they joined in.
4. As they posed under an arch covered with climbing roses, we snapped pictures for their photo album.
5. The bride will be radiant as she comes down the aisle escorted by her father.
放爱一条生路 let go of love
剧情：
房地产巨子丁松与名模妻子马丽之间出现婚姻缺憾，移情于幼儿园教师希光兰，不久二人的感情又面临同样的尴尬，于是希光兰又移情于出租司机易平，并用从丁松那里得来的钱维系着他们之间的感情，经过一段热恋后，易平将感情转移到了发廊妹李月月身上。李月月将从易平那里得到的金钱，帮助哥哥李四圆婚姻之梦，而圆了婚姻之梦的李四又模仿着丁松萌动了经营房地产的念头，一个新的金钱与爱情的轮回又将开始……
《放爱一条生路》并不是一个简单的婚外恋故事，片子只是借助爱情和金钱两种外化的东西反映现代人对生存状态的本质认知，该剧的新意不仅在它独特别致的故事，还在于故事的丰富内涵，促使人们对各自的情感迷失进行思考并重新定位。
婚外情：extramarital affairs
移情别恋：to shift one's love to another person/ to have a new sweetheart
Money and love are the basic components of everyone's life. The TV series draw your attention to the delicate relation between the two by telling a series of stories related to each other.
Does money mean the sacrifice of love and vice versa?
This is a question worth contemplating.
1.Iberian Colonialism 伊比利亚殖民主义
2. old regime 旧体制
3. representative government 议会制政府
4. economically viable 经济上运行良好
5.Roman Catholicism 罗马天主教
6. the exclusion of other faiths 排挤其他宗教信仰
7. a rallying cry 战斗口号
8. egalitarian平均主义
9. tribute 供金，供品
10. Egalitarian sentiments were often tempered by fears that the mass of the population was unprepared for self-rule and democracy.
领导担心大家还未准备好进行自治和实行民主政治，因而削弱了提倡平均主义的力度.
1. nuclear weapons ambitions 核武器企图
2. Pyongyang 平壤
3. stakeholder 利益相关方
4. Enduring Freedom in Afghanistan “持久和平运动”
5. al-Qaida 基地组织
6. Taliban 塔利班
7. material breach of its obligation实质性地违反自己的职责
8. pre-screen 对---进行预检
9. shipping crates 集装箱
10 Health and Human Services Secretary 卫生与公共服务部部长
11 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
疾病控制和预防中心
12. National Institute of Health 国家卫生学院
13 upgrade 更新
14 on the ground 实地
今天上课放了一个口音很重的葡萄牙人的演讲,很难听懂.
1.G24 24国集团
2.financial architecture 金融框架
3. capital flow 资本流动
4.well-defined 明确的
5. creditor 债权国
6.operation framework运作框架
7.review 审议
8.balance of payments 收支平衡
9.debt relief 免除债务
10. effectiveness 有效性
efficiency 有效率
11. contributions 捐款额
12 finance for development 融资促发展
13 accessibility 可获得性
14 availability 可用性
和平共处五项原则 Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence
Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence:
mutual respect for each other's sovereignty and territorial integrity , mutual non-aggression, mutual non-interference in each other's internal affairs, equality and mutual benefit, and peaceful co-existence.
1. 生命力 vitality
2. 公报 convention
3. 联合声明 joint statement/communique
4. 霸权主义 hegemony
5. 强权政治 power politics
6. 与---针锋相对 repudiate
7. 主张 stand for/maintain/hold/believe/agree/put forward/propose
8. 国际关系的准则 norms governing international relations
9. 迫切希望 --- is the fervent desire of sb.
10 明确提出 explicitly put forward
11 经得起考验 stand the test （of time)
12 结束 put an end to
13 完全符合 in full compliance with
14 还是五项原则最好 ---- is the best policies to pursue
15 明确，干净利落 well-defined, clear and concise
16. 完全摆脱了旧国际关系中的不公正，不合理的因素和消极影响
completely do away with the unjust and unreasonable factors and negative influences of the old international relations
17. give full expression to充分体现了，符合
18. 阵营 camp集团 group
19. 定亲疏 define friends and enemy
20. 靠不住，行不通的 invariably fail
21. 特别是--------- in particular
22 时代的要求 the call of the time
Olympic Games Bidding Words
2008夏季奥运会2008 summer Olympics
国际奥委会the International Olympic Committee (IOC)
申办城市the bidding cities
候选城市 the candidate cities
申办2008年奥运会bid for 2008 Olympics
北京奥申委
Beijing 2008 Olympic Games Bidding Committee (BOBICO)
主办2008年奥运会host the 2008 Olympic Games
奥林匹克精神the Olympic ideals； the Olympic spirit
世界奥林匹克日the International Olympic Day
北京四环路the fourth ring road in Beijing
城市基础设施建设the city’s infrastructure construction
最后的投票make the final vote
绿色奥运the Green Olympics
节水龙头water-saving taps
再生纸recycled writing paper
废电池used batteries
无氟冰箱Freon-free refrigerators
闭路电视close-circuit television
友好大使the Goodwill Ambassador
长跑a long-distance running
世界大学生运动会the Universiade
固定资产投资fixed-asset investment /investment in fixed assets
中国1-9月份固定资产投资完成91529亿元，同比增长25.7%。国务院上周召开会议表示将抑制固定资产投资增长过快，意味着可能采取进一步的紧缩措施。
请看新华社的报道：
China's fixed assets investment rose to 9,152.9 billion yuan (US$1,220.4 billion) in the first nine months, up 25.7 percent from the same period last year, and the increase was 1.6 percentage points lower than the growth rate in the same period last year the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) announced.
国家统计局数据显示，今年前三季度全社会固定资产投资完成91529亿元，同比增长25.7%，增速比上年同期回落1.6个百分点。
固定资产投资为fixed-asset investment/ investment in fixed assets。
与之相关的经济词汇有：
存款准备金率benchmark lending rate
资金流动capital flowing
宏观经济调控macro-economic control
Latin American migrant money
The amount of money sent home by migrant workers to their families in Latin America has reached more than $62bn. According to the Inter-American Investment Bank, the figure could reach $100bn in four years' time. This report from Duncan Kennedy:
Listen to the story
Money from migrant workers now exceeds the combined total of all direct foreign investment and foreign aid to Latin America - sixty-two-point-three billion dollars. Twenty-three billion dollars of that was sent back to Mexico, mostly from workers living in the United States. It now ranks along with oil and tourism as Mexico's biggest foreign currency earner.
The Inter-American Development Bank, which supports the region with aid and other help, says the remittances, as they're known, will increase by about fifteen percent a year during the next four years, topping one-hundred billion dollars by 2010. The bank describes the money as a very effective poverty reduction programme because it keeps between eight and ten million families above the poverty line. But it says it also means the economies of the region are not generating enough jobs to keep workers from leaving in the first place.
Another problem is that as much of the money is sent back in small amounts, it's difficult to track. The average is between a hundred and a hundred-and-fifty dollars a month. That in turn makes it an unpredictable source of revenue for governments to tap into. The bank says it wants people to get away from what it calls cash to cash flows and into account to account transfers but the bank says the recent crackdown on illegal immigrants by the American authorities could hinder efforts to get migrants to use banks.
Duncan Kennedy, BBC, Mexico City
Listen to the words
migrant workers
people who go to another country to find employment
foreign aid
help, often financial, which is given to poorer countries by richer countries
foreign currency
money used in other countries
remittances
the amount of money which is sent somewhere, usually to pay for something
topping
becoming larger or more than something
to track
to follow the progress of something
source of revenue
something that produces money, usually for a business or government
to tap into
to use or take from a resource
account transfers
the electronic movement of money from one bank account to another
hinder
to make something more difficult to do
交替传译口译笔记 1
中外合资是一种互补互惠的合作关系.外国在华投资可以最大限度地发挥各自优势.
1.中外合资企业 joint venture 可记作 JV
2.互相可以用上面那个符号表示，这里打不出来
3.划一条竖线表示并列关系
4.互补，的补可以写汉字，也可以写拼音bu
5.互惠的惠也就是好处，划一个对号
6. 外商投资可以简单用外投，国外可以用一个方框（国家）外面点个点就是国外，投资也可以记inv.
7.合作用两个圈套在一起，如果两个圈刚好碰上没有互相套在一起表示contact 接触，会晤
8一竖两边两点表示双方的意思
9.优势同样可以用对号来表示。
10. 最大程度上发挥可以用max 其实也可以用两个加号++。一个加号+比较级，两个加号++最高级。
A sino-foreign joint venture is one of complementary and mutually beneficial partnership. Foreign investment in China can maximize the strength of both parties concerned.
转载自许星海
口译成功与否在很大程度上取决于译员在口译表达前对感知的信息进行记录的能力。记录分为“脑记”和“笔记”两种。
人脑的记忆由短时记忆和长时记忆两部分组成。顾名思义，短时记忆是一种操作性的暂时记忆，长时记忆属于一种储存性的永久记忆。影响一个人短时记忆的因素很多，其中最主要的因素是记忆内容的意义性。即便是当感知的信息有意义时，人的短时记忆只可容纳由二十多个单词组成的句子，或者一组十位数的数字。因此，对于口译工作者来说，完全依赖人脑的记忆能力是危险的，记笔记便显得十分重要。
口译的过程中，译者会遭遇许多讯息负荷上的困难，例如：讯息过多、讯息密集（好几项并列的讯息）、讯息杂乱、或是讯息陌生（如数字或专有名词）。既使能够完全理解讯息的内容，也有可能无法完整地将讯息传达出来。这时候，我们就需要一些辅助工具的协助，这就是口译笔记。
口译笔记的功能是：第一、具有辅助短时记忆的作用，避免遗忘漏失。第二、透过图像、版面与符号的交错运用，笔记具有语段逻辑分析与保存的功能，能将语篇的段落整理清楚并保存一段时间。
笔记是口译讯息整理与保存的工具，运用这项工具时必须先了解到底笔记的内容是什么。缩减练习中已经提到，建立新架构的必要讯息是5W1H「六何」（何人、何事、何时、何地、何物、如何）。再加上，数字与专有名词就是了。
在讯息内容之外，还要进一步掌握的就是讯息内容之间的关系。
讯息关系 内容说明方法运用
段落的顺序显示出语篇或语意的段落 画线或排列表示
逻辑的关系 祝贺、谢词、欢迎、感想 运用笔记符号表示
强弱的程度 表达状语等修饰词，如「极为」、「少许」、「经常」、「偶而」等 在右上角用1-2个+ - ！？等表示
变化的情形升高、降低、波动、剧变运用＜ ＞↗↘↑→等表示
一、做口译笔记时的注意事项
1.口译笔记应记要点，切忌求记“全”。口译笔记是记忆的延伸或补充，不应也不必取代记忆。口译笔记的主要内容是概念、命题、名称、数字、组织机构和逻辑关系（如大小、先后、正反、上下、升降、因果关系等），笔记单位以表达意群的词语和符号为主。
2.口译笔记求快求精，但不可潦草。
3.口译笔记可使用来源语，也可使用目标语，也可以双语兼用。只要有利于口译的准确性和流利性，不必拘泥于某种文字或符号。例如，“联合国大会”可笔录为“UN”或“联大”。
4.口译笔记使用大量常见略语，例如：cf(compare), Co(company), eg(for example), etc(and so on), esp(especially), ie(that is), max(maximum), min(minimum), ref(reference), std(standard), usu(usually),等。
二、常用速记符号
速记是一项特殊的技巧，速记语言是由一套完整的符号组成的体系。在口译实践中逐步掌握一些简单的速记符号是有益的。
三. 笔记的方法
至于笔记的方法可以分为：笔记的结构、笔记的语言与笔记的原则来谈。分述其定义及运用方法如下：
A.笔记的结构（指将讯息置于笔记纸上的组织方法）
1. 纵向分页--要将版面分割以充分利用纸面，可以纵向画一条中线区隔。
2. 横向分段--在每一语意完整的段落之后画一稍长之横线，每一口译段落之后则画一条贯穿版面之横线。
3. 阶梯式排列--适用于表示讯息的先后顺序。
4. 条列式记法--适用于表达并列的讯息或是连手、对立等语意内涵。
B.笔记的语言（运用图像、符号、简称、字母、文字或加以组合，以表达口语讯息的内容与结构。）
应区分为「常用符号」与「暂定符号」，以因应一般情况与特定口译主题之需求。以下即「常用符号」之例：
1. 图像(?=高兴, ⊙=会议, Θ=世界、地球 )
2. 符号(＋－×÷＜ ＞ ？ ！.：↗↘↑→∵≒≠ ＃＄㎏ ㎝ ex.…)
3. 简称或缩写(WTO APEC；TW, HK, CH, JP；Tpe, Tky, Sel ；Ecm, Mkt, 21C)
4. 原文( tie up, Hi-Tech, 危?=危机、基?=基础…)
5. 译文(人名，组织名称，专有名词…)
6. 英文(So, Now, but, Why,…)
7. 符号与文字、图像的组合与变化(Θ?= international, global,Θnet = internet, )
C.笔记的原则（考量口译的目的、译者的工作负荷、工作环境而订定的纲领。）
1. 口译为主，笔记为辅。
译者应以听看讲者，全面地吸收讯息、组成口译讯息为工作主体，笔记只是辅助的作用，不宜舍本逐末。
2. 笔记应呈现讯息的概念与结构。
无论用图标或文字与符号，都应将之组成完整的讯息概念或组织结构。
3. 记下密度与难度高的讯息。
讯息负荷过量且不易记住的内容（如数字、专有名词），一定要做笔记。
4. 笔记的内容与符号，以多重利用为原则。
任何已记下的笔记内容与符号，都应尽量拉线再次利用，或用不同颜色的笔在原来的笔记上再做笔记，以最经济的方式发挥笔记的作用到极限。
5. 笔记的语言符号，必须能够沟通。
译者应避免使用自己不熟悉的符号，或是双人合作时应避免字迹凌乱。
笔记纸大小，依译者可控空间而定。
译者站立时，笔记本不宜超过手掌大小；有桌椅可用时，笔记可大至A4。
四. 口译缩略符号(左栏为原词,右栏为缩略符号)
the - for f
that -t from fr
and & if .f
are r is z
he e be b
or o you u
to t your ur
in n an a
of v so s
at @ me m
all l they -y
but bt this -s
would (d there -r
which (c has hs
what (t had hd
was (s have hv
whom (m she )e
will (l shall )l
when (n most m-
can kn my m.
go g newnw
some sm any an
could kd first /-
thing -, well (el
think -nk say sa
do d next nx
lie l. until tl
time t.m cannot knt
send s+ more mo
very vr easy ez
Affix缩略语
A accom, accor
aG aggra, aggre, agre
C circu, circum
K cog, col,con,com,cor
D des,dis
m em,im
n en,in
X extra,extri
H hydra,hydro
N insta,inste,insti
I inter,enter,intro,intre
nK incla,incli.inclu
L letter,liter
mG magna,magni
M mis
P pr,per,pur,pre,pro,pri
R reco,recom,recon.recor
rK recla,recli.reclu
S suspe,suspi,suscep
T trans
U ulta,ulte,ulti
V. Suffix ---------------------
B ble,able,ible,ably,ibly
g/ age
" ance,inse,ancy,ensy
+ and,end,ant,ent
r/ ary,ery,ory,ury
N antic,entic
T atic,etic,itic,otic
S asict,istic,ostic,ustic
J cient,cience,sient,tience
' cial,sual,tual,tial,tially
: der,ter,tor,ther
v/ ever
F ful,fully
f/ fication
, ing
t/ ity,oty,ety,uty
K ical,acle,icle,cal
G ology,alogy,ulogy
V ive,sive,tive
L ly,ely,ily
n/ ness
P ple,ply
! sion, tion
- st,est,ist,ost
; ted
D tude
R ure
s/ us,ous,ious
缩略语和符号
中国人民－中人
中国政府－CHN gov
美国人民－美人；A人
按我国有关规定－国定现代化－现h 可行性－可行x 企业家－企业j投资回报率－投回 ROL 改革开发政策－改开
感到特别亲切－特亲特殊政策和灵活政策－特灵 GDP－国民生产总值 GNP－国内生产总值 5yrP－ five year plan
SOE-国有企业 FIE-外资企业 JV－合资企业
The mainland economy grew at a sizzling 11.5 percent last quarter the government said yesterday -- sparking a major selldown of stocks as investors braced for higher interest rates and other tightening measures and digested a warning from investment guru Warren Buffet.
这些词sizzling, spark, selldown, brace for, digest, guru
用词不错，大家查查。
经济增长过热, 中国领导压力大
Premier Wen Jiabao has mounted a rare public defence of his macroeconomic policies, which have been criticised both within the Communist Party and overseas.
In an uncharacteristically assertive manner, Mr Wen arranged an interview with a group of Hong Kong reporters yesterday during his visit to Russia. The premier said the criticism directed at his economic policies was ill-founded - the strong and stable growth vindicated those policies.
"Everybody agrees that China's economy has been doing pretty well for the past five years and actually it's one bright spot ," said Mr Wen, who has been in charge of the economy since 2003. "If that's the case, then to label macroeconomic controls as `toothless' contradicts both fact and logic."
Mr Wen's management of the world's fourth-largest economy has been a subject of heated debate. Overseas media and analysts have said his macroeconomic controls have been ineffective in cooling the sizzling economy and run the risk of damaging the mainland's long-term growth. There has even been speculation that Mr Wen has come under pressure to quit as premier at next year's annual meeting of the National People's Congress.
The 65-year-old premier, who retained his Politburo Standing Committee membership after the party's 17th National Congress last month, responded publicly to that speculation for the first time yesterday.
"I still have that pure and sincere heart," said Mr Wen, who has built a reputation as the "people's premier" through his populist approach. "I shall continue to fight on."
Mr Wen, whose cabinet faces a massive reshuffle at the NPC meeting in March, with a new crop of vice-premiers and ministers replacing retiring ones, hinted that there would be no major economic policy changes in his next five years in office.
"The current administration will endeavour to carry out its duties and the new cabinet will continue to maintain the continuity of the economic policies," he said.
Macroeconomic controls, a stable growth rate and issues "related to people's lives" - meaning health care, education and housing - were listed by Mr Wen as top work priorities for the next five years.
The mainland's double-digit economic growth since 2003 has raised concerns about an overheating economy. Despite a raft of tightening measures and many official warnings issued from the State Council, nearly every major macroeconomic barometer seems to signal the policies have failed to solve the problems.
Housing prices in mainland cities are still skyrocketing, fixed-asset investment shows no sign of abating and the stock market continues to set a new high almost daily. Inflation is also at its highest level in 11 years due to an increase in food prices.
Although the government has repeatedly vowed to tackle imbalances in its trade and international payments, the trade and current account surpluses have now ballooned to more than 10 per cent of gross domestic product, leading to talk of a US-China trade war.
The mild-mannered premier is widely perceived as lacking the toughness to push through painful economic reforms, unlike his more fiery predecessor Zhu Rongji .
In August, Citigroup chief Asia economist Huang Yiping issued a scathing report highlighting the gap between rhetoric and reality on trade and growth imbalances, the stock market, energy and pollution.
"Since the beginning of economic reform, China has been known for its decisiveness in economic policy making," he wrote. "Unfortunately, recent experiences appear to suggest that such decisiveness might be gone, at least in areas of macroeconomic policy."
He said the country's macroeconomic problems would "continue to develop until either the authorities take more decisive policy actions or something blows up".
为做医学口译而努力
我对医学,健康等话题是十分感兴趣,总喜欢看健康杂志,只要是和健康,医学有关的东西都喜欢读.一些食物含有的营养物质啊,我吃的时候都要查查.
一些常见的病毒也了解些,虽然没系统学过医学,我小时候看过内科学,还有护理的书,妈妈一辈子和医学打交道,我也懂了一些.
target: 能够通过几年的知识积累最后达到可以在有准备的情况下完成医学口译任务。
我也做过些和医学有关的笔译
1. Leptin and Obesity 瘦素与肥胖（EC）
2. 关于印发体外诊断试剂注册管理办法（试行）的通知
Notice on the Format and Basic Requirements for Application Materials for the Registration of In-Vitro Diagnostic Reagents
Bonus
1.真核细胞 eukaryotic cells
2.分子细胞生物学 molecular cell biology
3. 基因编码 rapid DNA sequencing techniques
4. DNA 重组技术 recombinant DNA technology
5. 胞质桥 cytoplasmic bridge
圣女魔咒,清晰,情节吸引人
【原 名】：charmed
【译 名】：圣女魔咒
【类 型】：喜剧 / 剧情 / 幻想
【首 播】：1999
【国 家】：美国
【语 言】：英语
In CHARMED, the three Halliwell sisters have accepted their destiny of protecting the innocent and vanquishing evil doers, even though that is generally not on the agenda of every twenty-something on the fast track to discovering what life`s all about. Prue (Doherty), the oldest, is driven to succeed and dislikes the free-spirited antics of the youngest sister Phoebe (Milano). Piper (Combs), the earthy middle sister, mediates between her siblings. Prue has the power to move objects, Piper to freeze time and Phoebe to see the future. The sisters must band together to protect themselves, and the world, from the dark, demonic forces that seek to destroy them.
咒语选集 selected incantations
1. "The power of three will set us free"
2. "Outside of time, outside of gain, no only sorrow, no only pain."
Bangladesh makes strides in lowering storm death tolls
By Nizam Ahmed
DHAKA (Reuters) - Bangladesh has made huge strides in reducing death tolls from the cyclones that bash its coastline every year due to well-managed preparedness, aid agencies said on Saturday.
The death toll from the monster cyclone that struck Bangladesh late on Thursday, has reached nearly 1,000. But just 16 years ago, a similar cyclone killed more than 143,000 people. And another one in 1970 killed over 500,000.
Super cyclone Sidr smashed into Bangladesh's southern coastline with 250-kph winds that whipped up a 5-metre tidal surge.
The official death toll from the Thursday's cyclone was more than 900 but some newspapers on Saturday gave figures between 1,100 and 2,000, quoting their reporters in the devastated areas.
"The preparedness is better now because the people take warnings seriously in view of their past experience," Selvaratnam Sinnaduri, head of delegation of the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCRCS) told Reuters on Saturday.
Sinnaduri said early warnings by meteorologists and faster evacuation of people by skilled rescuers also contributed enormously for cyclone preparedness.
The toll could have been further reduced if people hadn't stayed behind to safeguard their homes.
"Many people still do not like to leave their homes even when pressed by rescuers, because they fear their properties would be stolen or damaged," Abdur Rob, chairman of Bangladesh Red Crescent Society told a television channel.
1. 国际红十字会和红星月会联盟 the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCRCS)
2. cyclone 气旋
3. bash 猛击
4. meteorologist 气象学家
5. evacuation 撤退
6. 孟加拉湾特强气旋风暴“SIDR”的中心今天下午2点钟位于印度安达曼群岛(Andaman Is.)布莱尔港(Port Blair)西北方约530公里的海面上，即北纬15.0度、东经89.3度，中心附近最大风力有17级（60米/秒）。
预计，特强气旋风暴中心将以每小时15公里左右的速度向西北偏北方向移动，强度逐渐减弱。
其实高翻老师能力是相当狠，只是有的老师不够平易近人(easy-going)，冷艳派的不乏其人（从我面试那天就有深有体会)。
我们这届比我操蛋（东北方言，意思是当人不让，爱挑毛病，全身是刺）的多得是，喜欢上告，佩服佩服,都是受西方文化影响较大的结果，如法国，经常罢工。
介绍下几个今天讨论的名词
1.国有控股企业 state-controlled enterprise
2.非公有制经济 non-publicly owned economy
3.个体经济 self-employment/individually owned business
圣女魔咒中的英语口语
1. Piper:
Rob, can we take a rain check on the rest of the evening? It's getting kind of crowded in here.rain check
延期, 留作下次继续用的票根
2. Phoebe: So? So? It’s a day to celebrate. And not just because it’s our anniversary but because it falls on one of the most powerful wiccan days of the year. The autumnal equinox. Now, according to this witch that I met today at bookstore...
wiccan 巫术崇拜
the autumnal equinox 秋分
3. Piper: Did you find anything?
Phoebe: Nothing. But whatever it was literally came out of nowhere and disappeared into nowhere.
litterally 不光有“逐字的，按字面意思”的意思，还有几乎，简直，差不多。
come out of nowhere 文一点的翻译是空穴来风，这种对话中就是“不知道从哪跑出来的”就可以了。
4.Phoebe: Oh, wait a minute. The scariest demon we’ve ever run across opens up some portal in our attic, and steals the Book of Shadows and you want to go into the office?
portal是门的意思，但通常是指通道，入口。
arched portal拱形洞门
entry portal【核】射入口
exit portal【核】出射口
posterior intestinal portal
后肠门tower portal of bridge
桥头堡
5. Piper: It needs a lot of work, uh, I know that. But that’s not a problem and just because the last two owners went bankrupt, doesn’t mean it can’t work. I’ve done three separate marketing studies and found a 68% interest in the target clientele.
clientele 客户。
equinox昼夜平分时；二分点
vernal equinox 春分
autumnal equinox 秋分
能否记住“春分”和“秋分”，关键在于能否记住 equinox 这个词。 现在我们运用英语词汇逻辑记忆法正向记忆原则，在 equinox 一词中找出“ nox ”一词。“ Ｎox ”是罗马古典神话中的夜女神，是“ 夜 ”的含义，“ equi ”是“ 等于 ”之意，所以，equinox 是“昼夜平分时”， 意为把白昼和黑夜分成相等的两个部分。假如取“二分点”之意，那就是太阳在天球上一年两次经过天赤道的时刻，以全球昼夜等长为特征，出现在仲春或仲秋季节的日夜分，叫做“春分”或“秋分”。因此，能记住 nox 就能记住 equinox ，而能记住equinox ，就能记住 vernalequinox 和 autumnal equinox 。
solstice 至点
summer solstice 夏至
winter solstice 冬至
“ Sol ”是罗马古典神话中的太阳神，是“太阳”的含义，“ stice ”虽然不是一个英语词，但我们可以把它理解为“到达”之意，意为太阳光直射的地点，所以，我们就能记住 summer stice 和 winter stice 终生不忘。
圣女魔咒学词汇
brutalize, technicality, cross the line , remorseless to the end
Leo: She hurt him because he murdered someone，someone Phoebe cared about very much. A dear friend who he brutalized. But a technicality set him free. Phoebe was furious, outraged. And that's when she crossed the line from protecting the innocent to punishing the guilty. She used her power to kill Greene, got caught, and her magic exposed by Nathaniel Pratt.
remorceless to the end 死不悔改
东北老工业基地rust belt--China's rust belt of the northeast
正好能表达这样一个概念，来看一下字典上的解释。
Concise Oxford:
informal a region characterized by declining industry and a falling population, especially in the American Midwest and NE states.
Longman:
an area in the northern US, including parts of the states of Illinois, Michigan, Indiana, Ohio, and Wisconsin, where many large, older industries, especially the steel and car industries, have become less successful and many factories have closed down
Wikipedia:
The Rust Belt, formerly known as the Manufacturing Belt, is an area in the northeastern and upper midwestern United States, roughly between Chicago and New York City, whose economy was formerly based largely on heavy industry, manufacturing, and associated industries. This area is roughly defined as comprising the northern sections of Indiana and Ohio; the northeastern corner of Illinois; the Lower Peninsula of Michigan; the Lake Michigan shoreline of Wisconsin; western New York; at least the western half of Pennsylvania; and the northern part of West Virginia, especially that state's Northern Panhandle. It can also include North Jersey, the Twin Cities and Duluth. Sometimes the adjacent portion of the Canadian province of Ontario is included as well, giving the concept an international dimension.
Collins Cobuild:
In the United States and some other countries, the Rust Belt is a region which used to have a lot of manufacturing industry, but whose economy is now in difficulty.
从以上解释看出，完全可以用开表示东北老工业基地。
A young man was getting ready to graduate from college. For many months he had admired a beautiful sports car in a dealer's showroom, and knowing his father could well afford it, he told him that was all he wanted.
As Graduation Day approached, the young man awaited signs that his father had purchased the car. Finally, on the morning of his graduation, his father called him into his private study. His father told him how proud he was to have such a fine son, and told him how much he loved him. He handed his son a beautiful wrapped gift box. Curious, but somewhat disappointed, the young man opened the box and found a lovely, leather-bound Bible, with the young man's name embossed in gold.
Angrily, he raised his voice to his father and said, "With all your money you give me a Bible?" He then stormed out of the house, leaving the Bible.
Many years passed and the young man was very successful in business. He had a beautiful home and a wonderful family, but realizing his father was very old, he thought perhaps he should go to see him. He had not seen him since that graduation day. Before he could make the arrangements, he received a telegram telling him his father had passed away, and willed all of his possessions to his son. He needed to come home immediately and take care of things.
When he arrived at his father's house, sudden sadness and regret filled his heart. He began to search through his father's important papers and saw the still new Bible, just as he had left it years ago.
With tears, he opened the Bible and began to turn the pages. As he was reading, a car key dropped from the back of the Bible. It had a tag with the dealer's name, the same dealer who had the sports car he had desired. On the tag was the date of his graduation, and the words… "PAID IN FULL".
How many times do we miss blessings because they are not packaged as we expected? I trust you enjoyed this. Do not spoil what you have by desiring what you have not; but remember that what you now have was once among the things you only hoped for. Sometimes we don't realize the good fortune we have or we could have because we expect "the packaging" to be different. What may appear as bad fortune may in fact be the door that is just waiting to be opened.
showroom:陈列室
sports car:赛车
dealer: 销售商
storm out of：冲出去
will: 留下遗嘱，把---留给
charmed 学词汇
1.baby shower 满月
2.atypical 不典型的
Someone or something that is atypical is not typical of its kind.
The economy of the province was atypical because it was particularly small.
He was an atypical English schoolboy.
3.precinct 管辖区
4.witchcraft巫术
5.aloe 芦荟
Any shrubby succulent plant of the genus Aloe, in the lily family.
Native to Africa, most of the 200 or so species have a rosette of leaves at the base but no stem. Several are cultivated as ornamentals. The juice of some species, especially the popular potted plant known as true aloe (Aloe vera), is used as an ingredient in cosmetics, as a purgative, and as a treatment for burns.
6.jiggle 轻摇（especially when you jiggle a baby)
7.estrogen 雌激素
8. hold a grudge against 对---心存怨恨
He has a grudge against me. 他对我有恶意. * He has been harbouring/nursing a grudge against me. 他一直对我心怀嫉妒.
9. soulful
12月10日
1. 21世纪议程 Agenda 21 （the international plan of action adopted by governments in 1992 in Rio de Janeiro Brazil（巴西里约）— provides the global consensus on the road map towards sustainable development）
2. 世界环境日 World Environment Day (June 5th each year)
3.世界环境日主题 World Environment Day Themes
4.环境千年—行动起来吧！（2000） The Environment Millennium - Time to Act！
5.拯救地球就是拯救未来！（1999） Our Earth - Our Future - Just Save It!
6.为了地球上的生命—拯救我们的海洋!（1998）For Life on Earth - Save Our Seas!
7.为了地球上的生命（1997） For Life on Earth
8.我们的地球、居住地、家园（1996） Our Earth, Our Habitat, Our Home
9.国际生物多样性日 International Biodiversity Day (29 December)
10.世界水日 World Water Day (22 March) notes 179.(12.11)
11. Acclimatization 驯化
12.Activities Implemented Jointly(AIJ) 共同执行活动
13.Adaptability 适应性
14. adabtation benefits/costs/assessment 适应性收益/成本/评估
15. adaptive capacity 适应能力
16. additionality 额外性
17. adjustment time 调整时间
18. aerosois 气溶胶
19. afforestation 造林
20. Aggregate impacts 累积影响
Total impacts summed up across sectors and/or regions. The aggregation of impacts requires knowledge of (or assumptions about) the relative importance of impacts in different sectors and regions. Measures of aggregate impacts include, for example, the total number of people affected, change in net primary productivity, number of systems undergoing change, or total economic costs.
各部门和/或区域的影响总和。影响的累计需要了解（或设定）不同部门和区域影响的相对重要程度。累积影响的衡量标准包括，如受影响的人口总数量、净初级生产力的变化、正在变化的系统数目、或总的经济损失。
21.沼气 biogas / marsh gas
22.污水处理厂 sewage plant污水 sewage water
23.野生动物自然保护区 natural reserve for wild animals
24.耕地面积 arable land
25.沙漠化土地 desertified land
26.森林蓄积量 forest reserve/stock
27.森林覆盖面积 forest coverage/acreage
28.森林覆盖率 forest coverage rate
29. “三北”防护林体系 the Three Norths Shelterbelt Project
30. “不毛之地”baren land
名词解释
Ancillary benefits 辅助效益
The ancillary, or side effects, of policies aimed exclusively at climate change mitigation. Such policies have an impact not only on greenhouse gas emissions, but also on resource use efficiency, like reduction in emissions of local and regional air pollutants associated with fossil-fuel use, and on issues such as transportation, agriculture, land-use practices, employment, and fuel security. Sometimes these benefits are referred to as ¡°ancillary impacts¡± to reflect that in some cases the benefits may be negative. From the perspective of policies directed at abating local air pollution, greenhouse gas mitigation may also be considered an ancillary benefit, but these relationships are not considered in this assessment.
特定的气候变化减缓政策产生的辅助或附带效益。这样的政策不仅对温室气体排放产生影响，而且影响资源的有效使用，如减少当地和区域的化石燃料使用所造成的空气污染物排放，还对诸如交通、农业、土地利用、就业和燃料安全等问题产生影响。有时，这些效益是指“负面影响”，来反映在某些情况下这些所谓“效益”是不好的。从以减少当地空气污染为目的政策角度来看，温室气体减排可能也被认为是辅助收益，但这些关系在此评价中不予考虑。
1.气候变化减缓政策 climate change mitigation policies
2.温室气体排放 greenhouse gas emission
3.资源使用效率 resource use efficiency
4.当地和区域的化石燃料使用所造成的空气污染物排放 local and regional air pollutants associated with fossil fuel use
31.可再生能源/资源：renewable energies/resources
32.一次性能源/不可再生资源 non-renewable energies/resources
33.过度捕捞 over-fishing
34.水土流失 soil erosion
35.资源枯竭 exhaustion of resources
36.生态恶化 deterioration of ecosystem
37.传统集约耕作模式 conventional intensive farming
38.土地日益贫瘠 declining soil fertility
39.赤潮 red tide
40.国家环境保护总局 SEPA State Environmental Protection Administration
Official: Chinese Gov't Attaches Importance to Issue of Climate Change
A senior Chinese official says the Chinese Government attaches great importance to the issue of climate change.
Xie Zhenhua, deputy head of the China's National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC), made the remarks at a high-level segment meeting of the U.N. Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) in Bali, Indonesia.
He said in pursuing its economic development, China has been undertaking a series of policies and measures to address climate change and to protect the environment in accordance with the country's sustainable development strategy, and has achieved tremendous achievements."
He added that conserving resources and protecting the environment are China's basic state policies. And the country will enhance its capacity building on addressing climate change and make new contributions to the protection of global climate.
41.多煤 rich/ample/plentiful supply of/abundant/ coal
42.贫油，少气 short supply of/insufficient oil and gas
43.---在---中占主导地位 top all the other
44.相辅相成 mutually complementary/give impetus to each other
45.双管齐下 work on these issues at one time
46.形成环保的的大气候 create an atmosphere for environmental protection
47.生态农业建设 eco-agriculture practices
48.荒山 baren hills
49.ethonal 乙醇
50.破坏性的开发 destructive exploitation
51.人类利益 human welfare
52.充电电池 rechargeable battery
53.不锈钢 stainless steel
54 上策 best sollutoin to
55.脊椎动物 vertebrate
56.高等植物higher plant
57.野生动物拯救繁育基地 wild fauna rescue and breeding bases
58.地热能，太阳能，风能，海洋能等新能源 such new energies as geothermal power, solar energy, wind energy, oceanic energy.
59.草场退化 grassland degradation
60 全国野生动植物保护及自然保护区建设工程 "the National Wildlife Conservation and Nature Reserves Development Program"
61. 濒危野生动物 endangered wild fauna species
62. 濒危野生植物endangered wild flora species
63. 冶金 metallurgy 冶金的 mettallurgical
64. 建筑材料产业 construction materials industry
65. 轻工业 light industry
66. 加速技术改造 speed up technical transformation
67. 产品结构 product mix
68. 企业经济效益 economic returns of enterprises
69. 水电 hydroelectric power
70. 海洋环境 marine environment
71. 联合国环境与发展大会（环发大会） United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED)
72. 生物多样性公约 Convention on Biological Diversity
73. 防治荒漠化国际公约 Convention to Combat Desertification
74. 青藏高原 Qinghai-Tibet Plateau
75. 沙尘暴 sand storm
76. 水产资源 aquatic resources
77. 死亡人数 death toll
78. 土壤碱化 soil alkalinization
79. 热带风暴 tropical storm
80. 热污染 thermol pollution
81. 德里宣言 Declaration of Delhi
82. 附件一国家 Annex 1 parties
83. 第二承诺期the second commitment period
84. 限排an emission cap
85. 不懈努力 relentless efforts
86. 美国能源部 US Department of Engergy
87. 资源利用效率 utilizatoin efficiency of resources
88. 开发推广可再生资源技术
Develop and disseminate renewable energy technologies
89. 中国21世纪议程 China's Agenda 21
90. 推广节煤炉灶 promote energy-saving stove
91. 微水电small hydropower stations
92. 取之不尽，用之不竭 inexhaustible
93.化石能源 fossil fuels
94. 推广机构 extension institution
95. 地表水源 surface water source
96. 首都水资源可持续发展利用规划
Program for Sustainable Utilization of Water Resources in the Capital
97. 植被减少 diminished vegetation
98.decibel （噪音）分贝
99. sewage purification 污水净化
100. algae outbreak 蓝藻爆发
1.中枢记忆性耳鸣central memory tinnitus
2. 主观性耳鸣subjective tinnitus
3. 前谷acupoint. indications: tinnitus; corneal opacity; numbness in fingers
4. 周围性耳鸣peripheral tinnitus
5. 外因致耳鸣extrinsic tinnitus
6. 目转耳鸣nystagmus with tinnitus
7. 神经性耳鸣nervous tinnitus
8. 耳鸣tinnitus; syrigmus
9. 耳鸣罩tinnitus masker
10.脑鸣tinnitus cerebri
Woman gets 20-months for loud music
噪音污染邻居被判有期徒刑
TOKYO - A Japanese woman charged with inflicting（造成）injury on her neighbor by blasting rock music at her house for more than two years was given a 20-month prison term Tuesday, a court official said.
Miyoko Kawahara, 59, was sentenced by the Osaka High Court, revoking（撤回）an initial ruling that had given her a one-year prison term, court spokesman Takanao Kawasaki said.
Kawahara in Heguri, Nara Prefecture (state) in western Japan, was accused of causing insomnia（失眠）and headaches to her next-door neighbor by playing loud dance music almost 24 hours a day on a portable stereo she had pointed at her neighbor's house, 20 feet away.
She was arrested on April 11, 2005. The two women had had a number of disagreements that police did not elaborate on（详细说明）.
"The defendant（被告）ignored calls by local authorities and continuously played music at a high volume for some 29 months," Kyodo News agency quoted presiding（首席法官）Judge Hiroshi Furukawa as telling the court.
In handing down a longer prison term than a local court ruling in April, this year, Furukawa told the court that the defendant "still maintains a hostile（敌对的）attitude toward the victim and it is highly likely she will commit the crime again," Kyodo said.
Doctors had diagnosed the neighbor as having insomnia and headaches they attributed to the noise. Kawahara started blasting the music in November 2002 and continued until her arrest.
Under Japanese law, those convicted of inflicting injury on another person face up to 10 years in prison and a fine of up to 300,000 yen ($2,520).
Note:
日本一女子连续29个月向邻居家大声播放摇滚乐，对对方造成失眠和头疼等症状，最终被判处1年有期徒刑。
101. 淘汰 phase out
102. 校准（仪器）calibrate
103. 咸潮 saline tide
104. 海水倒灌 seawater encroachment
（中国网的环保记者招待会上澳门记者问了咸潮saline tide 和海水倒灌seawater的问题，影响南方沿海饮水，这个就比较生僻了，不过到那时候憋也得憋出来点东西，可以用简单的语言解释下，如女翻译的处理是 salty tide, sea water coming back to the land. )
105. 在听记者招待会的时候，一位领导说单位GDP能耗下降百分之。翻译直接说engergy intensity 很简洁，查了下energy intensity的定义如下：
Energy intensity is a measure of the energy efficiency of a nation's economy. It is calculated as units of energy per unit of GDP.
• High energy intensities indicate a high price or cost of converting energy into GDP.
• Low energy intensity indicates a lower price or cost of converting energy into GDP.
106. 排放权贸易 Emissions trading is an administrative approach used to reduce air pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving emissions reductions at minimum net cost. In such a plan, a central authority (e.g., air pollution control district, state agency, or Federal agency) sets limits or "caps" on each pollutant. Groups that intend to exceed the limits may buy emissions credits from entities that are able to stay below their designated limits. This transfer is normally referred to as a trade. (In some emission trading systems a portion of the traded credits are required to be retired. By retiring some of the credits the system achieves a net reduction in emissions, as well as cost reduction, from each trade.) Most authorities agree that emissions trading is an effective strategy if properly designed and administered.
107. 清洁发展机制Clean Development Mechanism
The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is the only Flexibility Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol that involves developing countries. It allows developed nations to achieve part of their reduction obligations through projects in developing countries that reduce greenhouse gas emissions or 'fix' or sequester CO2 from the atmosphere.
108. Joint implementation
Agreements made between two or more nations under the auspices of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to help reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
109. physical output 物量产出
110 avoided deforestation 避免毁林,避免滥伐森林
111.COD 化学需氧量 Chemical oxygen demand
In environmental chemistry, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) test is commonly used to indirectly measure the amount of organic compounds in water. Most applications of COD determine the amount of organic pollutants found in surface water (e.g. lakes and rivers), making COD a useful measure of water quality. It is expressed in millgrams per liter (mg/L), which indicates the mass of oxygen consumed per liter of solution. Older references may express the units as parts per million (ppm).
112 ppm.【医】 兆比率(百万分之几) parts per million
Parts per million ('ppm') denotes one particle of a given substance for every 999,999 other particles. This is roughly equivalent to one drop of ink in a 40 gallon drum of water, or one second per 280 hours. 1 part in 106.
113 发改委 NDRC
114 炼钢厂steel mill
115. 严重性gravity
116. 污水处理厂 sewage treatment plant
117. come to grips with sth. 处理
The government’s popularity has dropped as it failed to come to grips with unemployment.
由于没有处理好失业问题，政府的信誉有所下降。
118 confidence-building树立信心
119 conbustion of fossil fuels 化石燃料燃烧
120. Montreal Protocol蒙特利尔议定书
The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer is an international treaty designed to protect the ozone layer from depletion by phasing out the production of a number of substances believed to be responsible for ozone depletion.
The treaty was opened for signature on September 16, 1987 and entered into force on January 1, 1989. Since then, it has undergone five revisions, in 1990 (London), 1992 (Copenhagen), 1995 (Vienna), 1997 (Montreal), and 1999 (Beijing). Due to its widespread adoption and adherence it has been hailed as an example of exceptional international cooperation with Kofi Annan quoted as saying it is "Perhaps the single most successful international agreement to date...".
《维也纳公约》签署2个月后，英国南极探险队队长J.Farman宣布，自从1977年开始观察南 极上空以来，每年都在9～11月发现有“臭氧空洞”。这个发现引起举世震惊。1985年9月， 为制定实质性控制措施的议定书，UNEP组织召开了专题讨论会。同年10月，决定成立保护臭氧层工作组，从事制定议定书的工作。
1987年9月，由UNEP组织的“保护臭氧层公约关于含氯氟烃议定书全权代表大会”在加拿大 蒙特利尔 市召开。出席会议的有36个国家、10个国际组织的140名代表和观察员，中国政府也派代表参加了会议。
9月16日，24个国家签署了《关于消耗臭氧层物质的蒙特利尔议定书》（以下简称《议定书 》）。中国政府认为这个《议定书》没有体现出发达国家是排放CFCs造成臭氧层耗减的主要 责任者，对发展中国家提出的要求不公平，所以当时没有签定这个议定书。
由于保护臭氧层形势发展的需要，加上《议定书》制定时未能充分反映发展中国家的意见， 在1989年5月赫尔辛基缔约方第1次会议之后，开始了《议定书》的修正工作。
1990年6月，在伦敦召开的缔约方第2次会议通过了《议定书》修正案。由于修正案基本上反 映了发展中国家的意愿，包括印度在内的许多发展中国家，都纷纷表示将加入修正后的《议 定书》。中国代表团在会上也表示将建议我国政府尽快加入修正后的《议定书》。
1991年6月14日，中国政府驻联合国代表团将加入修正后《议定书》的文件交给联合国秘书 长。在缔约方第3次会议上，中国政府代表团宣布了中国政府正式加入修正后《议定书》的 决定。
121World Agroforestry Centre 世界农林中心
122peatland 泥炭地
123“为地球植树十亿棵”活动（Plant for the Planet: Billion Tree Campaign）
124.tree breeding 树苗育种
125.tree cover 林木植被
126.tree line 森林线; 树木线 ...
127.trivial name 俗名
128.tree savanna 稀树干草原
129.trajectory model 轨迹模式
130 ocean dumping海洋倾倒
131total suspended particulates (TSP) 悬浮微粒总量
132.total suspended solids (TSS) 悬浮固体总量
133.间歇雨 intermittent rain
134.风级 wind scale
135. 放射性废料积存 accumulation of radioactive waste
136. 有机污染物 organic pollutant
137. 氰化物、砷、汞排放 cyanide,arsenic, and mercury discharged
138. 铅、镉、六价铬 lead, cadmium, sexivalent chromium
139. 城市垃圾无害化处理率decontamination rate of urban refuse
140.垃圾填埋场 refuse landfill
141 垃圾焚化厂 refuse incinerator
142 水土保持 conservation of water and soil
142 水土保持 conservation of water and soil
142 水土保持 conservation of water and soil
143 海水淡化 sea water desalinization
144保护珊瑚礁、红树林和渔业资源
protect coral reefs, mangrove and fishing resource
145 防风林 wind breaks
146 防沙林 sand breaks
147.速生林 fast-growing trees
148. 珍稀濒危物种繁育基地 rare and endangered species breeding center
149.防止沿海地带不可逆转恶化 protect coastal zones from irreversible degradation
150 大气监测系统 atmospheric monitoring system
151室内空气污染 Indoor air pollution
152 三废综合利用 multipurpose use of three types of wastes
153 工业污水 industrial effluents
154. 工业烟尘 industrial fumes
155. 水文效应hydrological effects: 地理环境变化引起的水文变化或水文响应。环境条件变化可分自然和人为两个方面。当代人类活动范围和规模空前增长，对水文过程的影响或干扰越来越大。目前对水文效应的研究大多着重于各种人类活动对水循环、水量平衡要素及水文情势的影响或改变，又称为人类活动对水文情势的影响。这种影响或改变，多遵循着水与环境关系的一般规律，但人为的水文变化比自然的水文变化快。
156. 水土保持 conservation of water and soil
157. 工业固体废物 industrial solid wastes
158. 享受国家一级保护 enjoy first-class protection of the state
159. 环保产品 environment-friendly products
160 工业粉尘 industrial dust
161 二氧化氮 nitrate dioxide
162. 天然气汽车 gas-fueled vehicles
163. 电动汽车 cell-driven vehicles/battery cars
164. environmental capacity 环境容量; 环境负荷量
The EPA-supported water quality models widely used are summarized with their major functions herein, so as to provide references for the total quantity control of pollutants based on the environmental capacity.
文中对由美国环保局推荐、已得到广泛应用的水质模型作－综述，介绍模型的主要功能和用途，以供我国开展容量总量控制借鉴。
165. 反常天气 freakish weather
Freakish phenomena are becoming less freaky all around the world.
在全球各地，反常的气候渐渐变得不那么“反常”了——人们都对此司空见惯。
在汉英翻译中，译员往往会字对字进行翻译，结果就是中式英语的味道比较浓，缺乏英文的特色。本文选择了10个例子充分阐述了如何利用英语阅读，获取更鲜活的表达方式，加强译员语言的灵活性和多样性，进而改善英语译文质量。
例1
各国面对猪流感都不敢冒险, 严阵以待。
A: All countries do not dare to take risks and are ready to fight against swine flu.
B: All countries take no chances and are embattled to fight against swine flu.
take no chances: 不冒险，力求完全。
例2
他们表现不佳。
They did a poor job.
They underperformed.
例3 马上要出台新政策了。
They are going to issue new policies./ New policies are going to be issued.
New policies are on the horizon.
on the horizon: 即将到来。
4. 最根本的原因是他们在处理人际关系的时候技能更纯熟。
A：The fundamental reason is that they are more skillfull in inter-personal relationship.
B: What it boils down to is their more skillful way of dealing with people.
5. 我宣布这次国际研讨会开幕
I declare open the international symposium.
This international symposium is herewith inaugurated.
6. 我的决定不应视为先例。
My decision shouldn't be viewed as a precedent
My decision does not constitute a precedent.
7. 肯尼迪的后代在美国历史上都颇有名气。
Kennedy's descendants were to become quite famous in the American history.
Kennedy's offspring were to figure prominently in the American history.
(要注意的是offspring单复数同型）
8. 我们要控制价格过快上涨。
We need to curb the excessively rapid increase of prices
We need to control price hikes.
9.你非常喜欢阅读么?
A Do you like reading very much?
B Are you an avid reader?
这句比较的灵感来自以下材料：
Are you an avid gardener? Are you looking for that special perennial, shrub or tree? Wayside Gardens is America's premier gardening company with a huge selection to satisfy the needs of most original landscape gardener. Whether your looking to plant indoors, on the patio, or in the yard Wayside Gardens has what you need in plants and supplies.
Wayside Gardens is America’s source for first-quality, unusual annuals, perennials, shrubs, roses, trees, landscaping supplies and garden décor. Visit Wayside Gardens for their daily specials, new product previews and great gardening tips.
10 在非洲投资是非常好的选择。
A To invest in Africa is a very good choice.
B Africa is a perfect investment destination.
灵感来自：Africa is a reliable investment and trade destination.
Nida的功能对等，functional equivalence 在翻译界已经是一个用的特别多的理论了。
强调源语和译入语要达到功效上的对等，而不是字对字的对等。
其实，这也牵扯到了很多大家熟悉的问题。
面对一个意象的时候，到底是直译还是意译？是归化还是异化？是译文字还是译意思？
例如：
巴克莱继续前进，迫切希望把握这个机会以跳楼价实现转型，成为美国颇具实力的企业。
Barclays pushed ahead, eager at the chance to transform itself into a U.S. powerhouse at potentially a fire-sale price.
“跳楼价”如果直译成 jump-down-the-building price 是什么效果呢？
外国人懂么？
有必要么？
这种跳楼价其实并不包含太多的文化内容，包含的是一种语言，语言表达方式的不同。这种不包含文化的意象就可以在target language里找个和它相似的意象。
如：
fire-sale price
n. 1. a price much lower than normal market price; as, the Reagan administration sold off valuable mineral and timber resources at fire-sale prices.
那么如果是口译，想不起来fire-sale price 则可以用释意的办法，解释成at an extremely low price.
我们再来看下其它的译法：
1. at a cut-throat price
英语中的恶性竞争可以译成cut-throat competition 就是竞争导致互相降价。
进一步调查发现 cut-throat price 也是超低价的意思。
网上有个英泰字典，看不懂泰语，但例子明显是这个意思。
a cut-throat price
1. ??????????? (?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????) : Five dollars for just a ball-point pen! That's a cut throat price for a pen like that.
2. at breakdown price
网络上也有这个表达
商品买卖中最常见的50句英语表达翻译,翻译兼职,兼职翻译, 英文翻译 ...
39. Price crash 削价. 40. Sale 50% off original price按原价的50%销售. 41. Sale at breakdown price 跳楼价甩卖. 42. Sale continues in store 商品继续销价. 43. ...
at 后没有a ,网上所有的表达都没有a, 也许sale at breakdown price 就是固定的吧。
3. That's our rock bottom price
是我们能出的最低价，其实也有跳楼价之意。
最后，汉语里除了跳楼价以外，也会说大放血等，各地也有不同说法，但总的来说如果想不起来什么表达方法就意为 extremely low price, 如果想形象点则可译为 at a cut-throat price, at breakdown price, at a fire-sale price, rock bottom price.
Bonus:
breakdown 可以指家庭破裂 family breakdown, 关系破裂 breakdown in relations, 也可以指精神崩溃 suffer a breakdown, 汽车故障，分析，a breakdown of labor costs 劳工成本分类清单，
另外一个很好的和break有关的词break even 不亏不赚，收支平衡，收支相抵。
去年八国集团达成协议要在2050年前实现减排50%的的目标，但并没有具体拿出实现这一目标的具体方案。
Last year the G8 agreed the world should seek to halve emissions by 2050, but did not spell out how this would be achieved.
实现---的目标，可以省略，是框架信息。
拿出---的具体方案，就是spell out how---
实现减排50%，就是halve emission(reduce emissions by half)
spell out: 清楚地讲出，详细说明
它的本意是：拼写出来 spell out his name
spell 这个词其实学学不错。
1. 给某人某物施法 cast/put a spell on/over
2 破除 符咒 break the spell
3 中了魔法 under a spell
4 一阵子，一段时间 After a brief spell in the army, I returned to teaching.
5 引人入胜的a spellbinding story
4. 听得入迷 spellbound: The storyteller held his audience spellbound.
5 单词拼写比赛 spelling bee( Am E)
汉译英中的选词和省略 Post By：2009-7-14 8:26:00
原文：忘记过去等于背叛，沉湎于过去等于不求上进。（MSN上一位同学的签名）
译文： Making a clean break with the past makes one a defector while indulging in it a mediocre.
选词（diction):
We are not native English speakers, so naturally it's hard for us to choose a word without knowing too well whether it is appropriate or not. The only thing we can do is to learn more of that language to form some sort of sense of the language. In this way, whenever a word is misused, you will feel it.
As far as the word“忘记”is concerned, the first word that jumps into my mind was forget. It's ok to use forget in interpretation. But we are translating the sentence. we have encough time to ponder over the diction. At last I chose a phrase make a clean break with. This phrase means to sever from sth. completely or to forget sth. completly, a perfect match with the original intention of the speaker.
indulge in sth badindulge 通常接的是不好的事情，形容沉湎于恶习。
Don't indulge yourself in eating and drinking.
不要纵情于吃喝上。
Don't allow yourselves to indulge in false hopes.
不要让自己存不切实际的希望。
开始想到的是be engrossed/absorbed in, 但其实这两个更强调现在正专心做某事，不如indulge in 好。
defector 背叛，逃兵
traitor有卖国的意思，没敢用
betrayer也可以，但是稍微不太常用
mediocre 不光指人很平庸，还指不爱上进，安于现状的人。
To sum up, as non-native English speakers, we need to consult the dictionary from time to time to check the use of words. In this way, we can constantly improve our translating ability and maximize the quality of translation.
2. 省略（omission)
省略是汉英翻译中常用的技巧，由于英语不喜欢重复，汉语翻译到英语时应该省略很多重复的成分。
一篇存在很多重复成分的英语译文会造成译文臃肿，文笔不顺畅，不符合英语习惯。
这里第2次提到makes one 的时候就省略了。
第2次提到past的时候，用it 指代了。
不要小看细节，细节可以决定译文的成败。
再举个小例子，一篇英文稿子中提及联合国时可能会出现the United Nations, UN, the international organization等说法，但如果译成汉语则都是联合国，而不要译为 “这个国际组织”，原因就是英文中不喜欢反复用一个名字来称呼一个组织。
《国庆节回家》翻译中的主要问题
北京外国语大学高级翻译学院 李长栓
理解问题
汉语中充满了歧义。单靠语言翻译，无法准确传达实际的含义。必须了解社会现实。圣经看不懂，古文看不懂，就是不懂当时的社会状况。当时的人很清楚什么意思。即使历史清白、地主、landlord这些常见的词，中国的青少年都不一定理解，中国人的理解和外国人的理解也不一样。
原文：
国庆节回家，那个黄河边上的乡村，开小汽车的乡亲开始多见，虽然他们穿衣打扮还没有太多的改变，但当我看到他们开上价值20多万的汽车时，我很是欣喜。
但欣喜似乎很快止于一次街头的聊天，乡亲【几个？】告诉了我这里发生的两件事。首先是旁边村子里一个人被同村的三兄弟杀死在家中，事情起源于土地租赁，因为租金高低的纠纷，欲强租土地【强租一人还是多人的土地，还是三兄弟的土地？】的人找人把不愿意接受租金价位的人打了【打了一人，还是多人，还是打了三兄弟？】，【是地主把雇农打了（旧社会），还是雇农把地主打了（新中国）】还发出狠话【啥是狠话？】，打死也就是几万块钱的事，于是被打的一方三兄弟联合起来，有了这一命案，四个家庭随之破碎。还有一个发生在我们村里，收割玉米的乡亲【是一家，还是几家】欲从邻居家【住所相邻？土地相邻？】地上开车通过【收割前？收割后？为什么开车？收割机？拉庄稼的农用车（奔马、四轮带拖挂）？为什么要从人家地里过？故意找茬？捷径？】，邻居老太太心疼庄稼不许，争吵中躺在自家田头说：要过，就从身上轧过。于是车轰鸣着，轧过老人，陪了几万块私了。
【到底谁不讲道理？】
儿时的乡村，是可以夜不闭户的。【为什么夜不闭户，都不关门？】放学回家，有时家中无人，邻居大婶【是今天一个大婶，明天换个大婶，还是就那一个】总是招呼到他们家，坐在饭桌前，一切都是那么自然。农忙时，家里农活忙碌，邀邻居来帮，【会来帮忙，还是如果来帮忙】只需吃顿简单的饭，聊聊天。【先吃饭，后帮忙；还是先帮忙，后吃饭？】【帮完忙先回家，吃饭时再来，还是不回家，吃完再走；是专门请一次？是为了吃顿饭才帮忙吗？】现在这里，生活的认知和价值观已经发生了很大的改变。我们都知道，国家在大力发展农村经济，我也期待家乡环境的改善【什么环境？】，也相信很快就会有大的变化，但乡村的这些事也让我思考，我们是否应该在文化价值观方面，做出相应的指点和引导呢？【什么意思？怎么指导？】
2009年1月高翻入学试题
表达问题
1. 杀人案中各个人物及其动作如何表达，才不至于引起混乱，如谁是victim; lease, rent, let等动词的双向性。
2. 选择谁是victim，反映译者的立场。
3. 有人用A, B表示两个人，意思虽清楚，不符合语言习惯。
4. it和this。A man was killed by three brothers. It all started from a dispute over rent.
5. 区区几万元怎么说？merely a couple of wan (=10,000) yuan; a few wan kuai (10,000 yuan); a couple of ten thousand yuan.
A few dozen thousand yuan 可以，但节奏别扭。比较时可用，如：a few thousand or a few dozen thousand dollars?
Tens of thousands yuan, several tens of thousands yuan.给人以“多”的感觉，不用
6. Yuan为什么大写？
修改举例
原译：
I went home during the National Day, when I passed by the yellow river, I saw more people driving their cars, though their appearances had not changed much, I was happy when I saw them driving their car that cost more than 200 millions.
改译：
I returned to my hometown during the National Day holiday. In the village on the Yellow River, I saw more and more people driving cars. Although their appearance has not changed much, I was excited to see them own cars that cost over 200,000 yuan (USD30,000).
原译：
However, my happiness ceased when I chatted with the folks and was told that two incidents that happened. The first incident happened in the neighboring village where a person was killed in his home by two bothers from the same village, the story began with the rental of land, due to the rental scuffle, the tenant beat the party whom refused to accept rental offered, the tenant was quoted as saying would kill the person because of the few million dollars involved, the victim then garnered the support from his two brothers and hence the murder, four families were shattered in this incident. The second incident happened in our village. One of our village folks, after harvesting and collecting his corn requested to drive pass the field of his neighbour, the old lady of the neighboring house refused as she treasure her crops in the field, a quarrel started and the old lady said in anger that the neighbour could either drive pass his own field or driver over her dead body. The story ended with the car drove over her!
改译：
However, my excitement disappeared when I learned about two incidents during a chat on the street. The first one happened in the neighbouring village, where a man was killed in his home by three bothers from the same village. The story began with a dispute over the land rents. A local bully wanted lease land from a villager, but the owner was unwilling to accept the low price offered. So the bully hired someone to beat up the owner and threatened that killing him was nothing but a couple of ten thousand yuan. The enraged victim then garnered the support from his two brothers. Hence the murder, and four shattered families. The second incident took place in my own village. One of our village folks needed to drive through the adjacent field to harvest corn. The neighbour, an old granny, refused as that would crush her crops. As the argument escalated into a quarrel, the old lady lay down on the ground and challenged: “If you want to pass, drive over my body!” And so did the driver. The case was settled for a couple of ten thousand yuan.
原译：
While I was young, the village was so safe that we need not shut the doors at night. When I came back from school and there was no one home, it was very natural that aunty next-door would invite me to her place for lunch. During harvest period, we were all very busy and appeal for help, the neighbour would offer their help and stayed for simple meals and chats. Now, value of life and individual’s value had undergone a tremendous change. We all realized that our country is developing the urban area in full force, we hope to see change in our living environment and believe there will be tremendous change, but those incidents that happened set me thinking, should we do more in the areas of moral values to guide our village folks to cope with the change.
改译：
While I was young, the village was so safe that we need not shut the doors at night. When I came back from school and there was no one home, the aunty next door would always invite me to her place for a meal. Everything seemed so natural. During the harvest season, when we asked our neighbours for help, the return was only a simple meal accompanied by a hearty chat. Now, life and values in the village have undergone tremendous changes. We all know that our government is developing the rural areas in full force. And I am looking forward to a better life in my home town. But the incidents set me thinking: Should we do more to preserve the traditional values when times are changing?（可以把原文改得更符合逻辑；极个别情况下才需要故意保留原文的不当）
收割机
刚开始认为，不可能是收割机，因为我没有见过收割玉米的收割机。但查了资料，发现已经出现。但译文仍保留了模糊性。（请用谷歌图片搜索找玉米收割机）
谁不讲理
农村土地条块分割，不一定临路。临路的农户，有义务让里面的农户通行。
Easement地役权
A right of passage over a neighbor's land or waterway. An easement is a type of servitude . For every easement, there is a dominant and a servient tenement . Easements are also classified as negative (which prevents the servient land owner from doing certain things) or affirmative easements (the most common, which allows the beneficiary of the easement to do certain things, such as a right-of-way). Although right-of-ways are the most common easements, there are many others such as rights to tunnel under another's land, to use a washroom, to emit smoke or fumes, to pass over with transmission towers, to access a dock and to access a well.
另一个版本：
Translator: Chow Wan Ee
It was my National Day holiday homecoming. Along the Yellow River stood our village, where many village folks, although clad no differently from our last encounter, were cruising behind wheels worth well over two hundred grand. That had pleased me.
But my pleasure soon turned to dismay after chatting with a village folk on a street corner. The folk related two episodes. One occurred in the adjoining village, where a man was killed in his home by three brothers. The killing was precipitated by a land lease dispute. The man had wanted to bully one of the brothers into accepting his offer price by having him thrashed and terrorised, even threatening that his life would cost no more than a meagre sum. Indignant, the brothers went after the bully. The consequence was one lost life and four broken families. Another incident took place in our village. A village folk had requested a neighbouring old lady’s permission to drive through her field to harvest his corn. Unable to bear with the thought of flattened maize plants, she refused. In a battle of wits, she lay on the field, defying her neighbour to drive “over her dead body”. Refusing to back down, the rumbling vehicle surmounted the determined human barrier. Eventually, the villager paid a couple of ten thousand yuan for a private settlement.
During my childhood days, house doors could be left ajar at night. When I came home from school occasionally to find myself alone, the aunty next door would ask me over. Taking my place at her kitchen table had seemed the most natural thing to do. During busy farming seasons, we would call for neighbours’ helping hands. Appreciation was a simple meal and a cosy tête-à-tête. These days, attitudes and values have gone on a different tangent. Certainly, the government is doing much to develop the rural economy. I am eager to witness better days at home, and am sure that sweeping changes will occur in no time. But the two episodes struck a sensitive chord. Perhaps we should also look into shaping characters and values to prevent the evacuation of moral scruples when prosperity finally ensues.
文章以小品的方式揭露当前的社会弊病。人们为了逐利而舍弃淳朴的乡风，以致道德沦亡。文章的尖锐并不辛辣讽刺，而是温柔震撼。因为娓娓道来，语调低沉，所以更有感染力，更发人深省。译文希望能再现原文的风格，并且做得更好。
北京外国语大学高级翻译学院 李长栓
原文：
明代哲学家王阳明早年被贬到贵州龙场做地方官时，捕获了当地一个强盗头目。该头目在受审时说：“我犯的是死罪，要杀要剐，任你怎么处置，只请你不要和我谈道德良知。像我这种人是从来不谈这个的，甚至连想都没有想过。”王阳明说：“好的。今天我不和你谈道德良知。不过，天气这么热，你看在审案前我们还是把外衣脱了吧。”强盗头目说：“好！”脱去外衣后，王阳明又说：“还是热，再把内衣也脱了吧。”强盗头目当然不会在乎赤膊，于是就脱去内衣。庭上庭下两人身上只剩下一件裤头。而此时王阳明更进一步，说道：“干脆我们把裤头也脱了吧，全身赤裸更自在……”一听说连裤头也要脱，强盗头目赶紧说：“这可使不得！这可使不得！”面对此情此景，王阳明当即来了一番水到渠成的因势利导：“为什么‘使不得’，这是因为在你心中还剩有那么一点羞耻感。可见就是像你这样十恶不赦的家伙，我照样可以和你谈‘道德良知’……”强盗头目心服口服，随即讲自己的种种罪行一一如实供出。
参考译文：
The ancient philosopher Wang Yangming offended some powerful officials of the imperial court and was demoted to the position of a local official in the remote province of Guizhou. During his term, he arrested the head of a burglary gang. In the trial, the suspect said, "I have committed a death penalty crime. You can kill me or torture me all you want but spare me the moral talk. A guy like me never talks morals. I don't even think about them."
Wang replied, "OK, I won't talk morals with you today but since it's hot, I suggest we take off our coats before the trial."
"OK," said the suspect, and took his coat off.
"It's still too hot, perhaps we should take off our shirts too," said Wang.
The gangster naturally didn’t mind being bare-chested, so he took off his shirt. Now both of them had nothing left but their pants. Wang then said, "What about the pants? We’ll be more comfortable if we’re naked."
"No way! No way!" protested the suspect.
At this point, Wang cut to his point and said, "The reason why you wouldn't take off your pants is that you still know shame. This proves that even a notorious and ruthless man like yourself is concerned with morality. "The suspect was so impressed by Wang's argument that he confessed all his crimes.
本帖最后由 般若白莲 于 13-1-24 03:58 编辑
翻译漫谈
翻译的乐趣
我从小就喜欢翻译。记得在青岛上中学的时候，曾把英语课本里的故事译成中文，不是为了发表，纯粹是觉得好玩儿，而且有一种成就感。
大学毕业后，留在北外当老师，后来有幸参加毛泽东、刘少奇、周恩来等领导人著作的翻译和修订工作，参加重要文件的翻译工作。当时我觉得学习外语，能做这样的工作，是无上的光荣，这种感受也鞭策我努力钻研。
有一天，我看到这样一句话：
“吃一堑，长一智。”
“A fall into the pit,a gain in your wit.”
没想到天下竟有这样好的译文，它本身就像一句谚语，然而它又与原文如此接近，如此吻合，使我惊讶不已。
后来我又看到这样一句话：
夺取这个胜利，已经是不要很久的时间和不要花费很大的气力了;巩固这个胜利，则是需要很久的时间和要花费很大的气力的事情。
To win this victory will not require much more time and effort, but to consolidate it will.
原文里重复出现的词语，译文没有重复，一个小小的will竟然替代了原文用二十多个字表达的意思。我在这里看到了道地的英语。
每当我看到这样好的译例，就回想起小时候在海边玩耍，捡拾贝壳。阳光下，那贝壳五光十色，绚丽多彩，拿在手里，别提多么高兴了。
近年来，参加了几本词典的审定工作。原书都是英英词典，加上汉语译文后，变成英汉双解词典。译文对不对，顺不顺，这就是审定者所要解决的问题。例如：
原文：The cold weather frosted up the track last night.
译文：昨晚寒冷的天气使跑道上结了霜。
改为：昨晚天气寒冷，跑道上结了霜。
原文：My toes were frostbitten from skating too long.
译文：滑冰的时间太长使我的脚趾冻伤了。
改为：滑冰的时间太长，我的脚趾冻伤了。
改动虽然不大，译文弄得比较通顺了，这也是对词典的贡献。
翻译有没有苦恼，有的。鲁迅先生在《且介亭杂文二集》中说过：“譬如一个名词或动词，写不出，创作时候可以回避，翻译上却不成，也还得想，一直弄到头昏眼花，好象在脑子里面摸一个急于要开箱子的钥匙，却没有。”译者这时的确感到心急如焚，焦头烂额，可是一旦找到合适的译文，就会感到格外痛快。
译者还有一种苦恼，那就是一个长篇在手久久不能完成。我译《大卫·科波菲尔》时，就有这种体会。前后三年时间，一天都不敢歇息，更谈不上娱乐。家里人抱怨，“连跟你说话的工夫都没有。”三年里，我天天跟书中的角色打交道，把他们的言行和思想感情用汉语表现出来，他们成了我生活的一部分，以至于在快译完全书的时候，怀着沉重的心情仿佛向他们一一告别，痛苦得很呀。
几年以后，忽然有一天出版社的责编打来电话，说我的书快要出版了。我兴奋极了。取回样书的那一天，我对老伴说，我又有了一个儿子，我已经把他接回来了，他的名字就叫“大卫”。
总之，翻译蕴藏着无穷的乐趣，等待喜欢他的人去发掘。干这一行，就要爱这一行，否则怎么能做得好呢？
翻译最便于自学
在各门课程之中,我觉得翻译最便于自学了。有些年轻同志总希望当面向名家请教,或听他们演讲,或与他们交谈,若能单独见面就更好了。但这样的机会是非常难得的,而且不见得是最有效的学习方法。
其实向名家学习,随时都能做到。那就是不要求面授,而是去自学，去研究名家的译文。可以采用以下三种方法。
第一种方法:先不看译文,自己先根据原文翻译一遍，然后拿自己的译文和名家的译文相比较,从差距中就可以看出自己的弱点和问题,然后有针对性地克服自己的缺点,提高翻译能力,定会收到较好的效果.
第二种方法:研究译文。将原文和译文对照研究,从中得到启发。
周煕良教授是我非常崇敬的一位译者,他不仅从事文学翻译,而且喜欢讨论翻译问题,发表看法。几年前,我拿原文对照着看,他译的英国作家高尔兹华绥所著《福尔赛之家》。首先映入眼帘的是这样一段话。
Those privileged to be present at a family festival of the Forsytes have seen that charming and instructive sight — an upper middle-class family in full plumage.
译文是:
碰到福尔赛家有喜庆的事情,那些有资格去参加的人都曾看见过那派中上层人家的兴盛气象,不但看了开心,也增长见识。
原文charming and instructive是定语,和sight搭配,但译成汉语,若想保留这样的搭配是很困难的。译文把原文的定语放到后面去处理,语言就顺了。当然,放到后面,就不一定是定语了。
第三种方法:研究不同的译文。有些作品经不同的人翻译,便出现了不同的译本,而且都是很好的译本。例如《红楼梦》，近年来就出版了两个译本,一个是国内出版的杨宪益和他的夫人戴乃迭的译本,取名A Dream of Mansions, 另一个是英国出版的David Hawkes的译本,取名The Story of the Stone。这两个译本都很好, 不少人做了对比研究。
更为可贵的是原译者提供的修订译文。把修订后的译文和原译文比较一下,看译者是怎样修改自己的译文的,往往可以看出许多问题.
鲁迅的短篇小说“孔乙己”是这样开始的:
鲁镇的酒店的格局,是和别处不同的:都是当街一个曲尺形的大柜台,柜里面预备着热水,可以随时温酒。
这段话,在杨宪益和戴乃迭译的Lu Xun Selected Works(1956,1980)里是这样译的:
The layout of Luzhen’s taverns is unique. In each, facing you as you enter, is a bar in the shape of a carpenter’s square where hot water is kept ready for warming rice wine.
后来,在这两位译者译的Selected Stories of Lu Hsun(1960,1972)里,这段话就改为:
The wine shops in Luchen are not like those in other parts of China. They all have a right-angled counter facing the street, where hot water is kept ready for warming wine.
为什么这样修改,译者没有说,我们也无法询问,只能自己揣摩。全段讲的是鲁镇的酒店,第二个译文的wine shops作定语,一下子就把读本的注意力集中到“酒店”身上,下文也好安排。因此,比第一个译文以layout作主语为好。至少我们可以看出,原文以“格局”为主语,译文用layout不如用wine shops作主语好。认识到这一点,我们在做翻译时也就不必拘泥于原文的句子结构了。你说是不是?
翻译重在实践
我国著名翻译家傅雷先生留学法国,攻读法国文学和绘画,回国后将大量法国文学作品译成中文,介绍给国人。他在1957年给《文学报》写的一篇题为“翻译经验点滴”的文章里就曾说过:“翻译重在实践。”
要想提高自己的翻译能力,一定要通过实践。实践可以分为两类,直接的实践和间接的实践。
所谓直接的实践,就是自己亲身参加的实践,也就是自己动手翻译。一回生,二回熟,日积月累,第一手经验多了,做起来得心应手,翻译能力有所提高。所谓“熟能生巧”,就是这个道理。但自己能译的东西是有限的，从这种实践中得出的经验也是有限的。因此，还需要借助于间接的实践。
所谓间接的实践,就是研究别人的译文。比如,一篇文章在手,准备翻译,这时先找一些有关的资料或同类文章的译文看一看,在词语和风格方面定会有所借鉴。常作翻译的人都会这样做。别人的译文是别人直接实践的产物,你看了别人的译文,就是从事间接实践。从总结经验的角度来看,直接实践和间接实践具有同等的价值。因此,有空的时候,找一些译文来,尤其是好的译文,加以研究,总结出一些规律性的东西,对于提高自己的翻译能力是大有好处的。
不过我还是要强调,只看别人怎样翻译,自己并不动手译,是不行的。我为高等教育自学考试编过一套翻译教程,有些学校办了辅导班。有一次,一位老师告诉我,他的学生只看我的书,并不作练习。我听了大为惊讶,连忙写了一片短文,登在《英语学习》杂志上。我说,学翻译犹如学游泳。只在岸边看别人游,或只听教练讲解,是学不会的。你说是不是这么个理儿?
语言的魅力
语言是一个神奇的东西，运用得当，可以产生强大的力量，译者也就是借助于这种力量，重新创造出感人的作品。可以说，译者对语言的掌握是做好翻译的先决条件。
严复就是用他那优雅的古文把进化论的思想介绍到中国，感动了一大批有识之士，包括当朝皇帝，推动他们变法维新。他翻译的《天演论》，虽未尽“信”尽“达”，一个“雅”字却表现的淋漓尽致。
林纾虽不懂外语，却在别人帮助之下，用他那精美的文言文将184种外国文学作品介绍到中国。《林译小说丛书》曾使十一二岁的钱钟书“增加学习外国语文的兴趣”。数十年后，大学问家钱钟书“偶尔翻开一本林译小说”，发现“它居然还没有丧失吸引力”。
周熙良教授就很强调研究语言。他写过一篇文章，题目是“翻译三论”，发表在《翻译通讯》1982年第六期。他在“翻译与语言”一节中指出，初搞翻译的人要看点汉语语法，注意到一些语言现象，这有助于摆脱原文的束缚。他说：“一个搞翻译的人对语言不感兴趣，翻译水平是不大会提高的。”
近年来，研究翻译的人多了起来，各种出版物也多了起来，介绍翻译理论、翻译技巧、翻译方法、翻译经验，吸引着初上译途的人的眼球。这些出版物既然都是研究的成果，都会给人以启迪。但对一个译者来说，最重要的不是通晓多少种翻译理论，掌握多少条翻译技巧，而是不断提高自己的语言水平。最后决定译文质量高低的是译者使用语言的能力。一位有经验的译者，可能说不出多少翻译理论和技巧，他靠的是自己在语言方面的造诣，他能告诉你的是怎样学好语言。
单其昌写了一本《汉英翻译技巧》，请杨宪益作序。杨先生在肯定了作者的研究方法之后指出，要避免翻译工作中出现错误，“主要还是要多读一些好的英美文学作品，逐步理解这种外国语言的内在规律。”接下去，他还介绍了自己的学习经历，“在我掌握了基本语法之后……到了我上高中时，我就完全丢开了语法书，只去广泛阅读文学作品了。”
我的老师王佐良教授译过一本《彭斯诗选》，其中有一首题为“一朵红红的玫瑰。”他在题为“答客问：关于文学翻译”的广播稿中提到，自己对这首诗的译文并不满意。接下去，他说，“作为一个译者，我总是感到需要不断锻炼，要使自己的汉语炼得纯净而又锐利。”老先生这样孜孜不倦，精益求精，是非常值得我们学习的。
英国剑桥大学George Steiner 教授写过一本书，名叫After Babel。在第一章的末尾，他说了这样一句话：A study of translation is a study of language。这也许是对翻译研究最好的概括。你不想在语言上下点功夫吗？
你做过语言对比吗？
回忆我们学习汉语和英语的经历，就会发现我们是孤立地来学的。学汉语时，老师没有必要也从未鼓励我们去与英语做比较。学英语时，老师更是劝我们不要去与汉语比较，免得受汉语的影响而学不好英语。若让我们说一说汉语和英语有什么相同之处和不同之处，我们也许会感到茫然，因为我们从未对这两种语言加以比较。
翻译界有一个提法：翻译理论与实践。有人写书，以此为书名。有的学校开课，以此为课程名称。这个提法甚至进入了国家教育部门制定的学科目录。仿佛这个提法概括了翻译领域的全部内容。
其实，在翻译理论与实践之间，还有一个层次，那就是语言对比。所谓语言对比，就是研究英汉两种语言的异同，从而看出英语和汉语各自的特点。相比之下，各自的特点就清楚了。
二十世纪中期，王力先生在《中国语法理论》第六章“欧化的语法”中花了很大的篇幅进行语言对比，指出各自的特点，探讨英语对汉语的影响。八十年代以后，从事这方面研究的人多了起来，出版了专著，还成立了专门的机构。
我个人进行语言对比，是从对照着原文研究《毛选》的译文开始的。我在研究了大量的译例之后，得出了若干规律性的认识，分二十个题目，写成了《汉英翻译五百例》，于1980年出版。
例如，许多译例表明：“在一个汉语句子里或相连的几个句子里，往往有些词或词组重复出现。”“英语和汉语相反，在一般情况下是避免重复的。”“汉语重复，英语不重复，这是两种语言的一个明显的不同之处。”有了这点认识，汉译英时就多用代称，英译汉时就多用实称，不必拘泥于原文了。
语言对比主要是注意句子结构，或者说注意翻译过程中各个成分在句中的变化。译文之所以有时会因过于机械而不顺，就是因为迁就原文的结构，而没有考虑译文的结构应有哪些变化。好的译文之所以好，就是因为句内各成分都放在了应放的位置，符合译入语行文的习惯。美国翻译理论家奈达说过：
To preserve the content of the message the form must be changed .说的大概也是这个意思。
是不是看几本书就行了？诚然,这方面的书也是有的。但只看别人得出的结论往往印象不深，时间久了，也许就忘了。因此最好亲自动手进行比较，或者至少把别人结论拿来验证一番。其实，语言对比是很有趣的，通过对比，你会发现许多过去未曾注意的东西。而且你的注意力也不会完全局限于译例。每当你有所发现的时候，你就会去查阅关于英语的权威性著作，也会去查阅关于汉语的权威性著作，看看他们对这个问题是怎么说的。比如，在我研究前面提到的“实称”与“代称”的问题时，就参考了Randolph Quirk等四位学者所著的A Grammar of Contemporary English。书中有一节专门论述substitution，我看到不仅名词有替代的说法，动词、形容词、副词等也都有替代的说法，他们把所有这些替代的说法统一称为“pro-forms”。看到这里我感到一阵惊喜，顿时觉得自己对这个问题的了解深入了一步。一个人要是学问有长进，就会感到欣慰，要是日有所进，就会觉得其乐无穷。
对比两种语言，认识其各自的特点，主要是通过研究译例来进行的，是与翻译实践紧密相连的。若用这方面的研究成果来指导翻译实践，翻译起来就会得心应手，认识越深刻，就越得心应手。不信你试试。
信与达
做事情都有个要求，希望达到什么样的标准。翻译也不例外。那么什么样的译文算是好的译文呢？我们应以什么样的标准作为努力的目标呢？
1980年出版了张培基等四位学者编著的《汉英翻译教程》。作者在“翻译的标准”一节中写道：“我们主张把翻译标准概括为‘忠实、通顺’四个字。”“所谓忠实，首先指忠实于原作的内容。”“忠实还指保持原作的风格。”“所谓通顺，即指译文语言必须通顺易懂，符合规范。”
1983年出版了吕瑞昌等五位学者编著的《汉英翻译教程》。关于翻译标准的论述，与第一本书是一致的。书中写道：“我们不妨用‘信、顺’两字来概括我们今天汉英翻译的标准。所谓‘信’是指忠实于原文的内容，包括思想、感情、风格等，即把原文完整而准确地表达于译文中，对原文内容尽可能不增不减。所谓‘顺’，是指用词正确得体，行文流畅通顺，符合英语习惯;避免逐字死译、生搬硬套，使不懂汉语的英语读本也能看懂。”
这两本书是受教育部委托编写的高校通用教材，一本讲英译汉，一本讲汉译英，二十多年来，一直在我国高校广泛使用。
我基本上同意这两本书关于翻译标准的提法，但我不赞成把风格放在忠实里面来谈。我们不必因为严复提出了“信、达、雅”，谈翻译标准就一定要谈风格。因为风格是一个比较复杂的问题。把原文的风格完全翻译过来，这恐怕是不大可能的，但也不是说风格就完全不能翻。译者只能尽力而为。译文的风格除了包含一部分与原文的风格，必然还包含其他因素。而且翻译不同类型的作品，对风格的要求也不尽相同。英译汉还比较好办，汉译英就更难把握了。
我在99年为全国高等教育自学考试编写了一套教材，题为《英汉翻译教程》。关于翻译标准，我是这样写的：“对我们初学翻译的人来说，我想可以提出两条要求：（一）忠实；（二）通顺。‘忠实’主要是指内容……要力求准确地表达原作者的意思。‘通顺’指的是语言。如果原文是通顺易懂的，那么译文也要尽量做到通顺、易懂。”我认为，真正做到上述两条，也并不容易。风格在翻译过程中是个不可回避的问题，但可以慢慢展开讨论，而不必写在翻译标准之中。
十多年前，我对外国译者关于翻译标准的看法作过一些探讨，写过一篇文章，题为“外国译者追求什么样的译文？”， 发表在《中国翻译》1992年第4期上。现将其中的部分引文介绍如下。
K. J. Maidment 在其所译Minor Attic Orators写的序言（1940）中说道：“关于译文本身，我只需要说我的目标一直是既确切（accurate）,又通顺(readable),但我充分意识到往往二者都没有做到。”
G. P. Goold 在为其所译Propertius的Elegies一书写的序言（1990）中说道：“我在本书中主要是力图以可靠的拉丁文本和优美、确切的（graceful and accurate）英译本把普洛佩提乌斯介绍给尽可能多的读者：当然首先是介绍给古典文学学者和研究人员，但也同样介绍给一般的文学爱好者。”（这个版本是拉丁文和英文对照本。）
Michael R. Katz and William G. Wagner 在为车尔尼雪夫斯基的《怎么办？》英译本写的前言（1989）中说道：“出版这个新译本，是为了提供方便，使英国和美国读者第一次看到车尔尼雪夫斯基的《怎么办》一书的完整译本……我们希望这个完整、确切、通顺的（complete, accurate and readable）译本能使英美读者不仅了解车尔尼雪夫斯基这本小说对人类生活产生了多大的影响，而且了解它推动历史前进的动力是从哪里来的。”
Ronald Hingley在为其所译《契珂夫全集》写的序言（1964）中说道：“主要目的是为舞台演出提供脚本。译本一向以高度确切（strict accuracy）为宗旨，但希望避免学究气。译本从未有意识地为了字面上的忠实而使得台词不能上口，或违背原作的精神。”
Michael Grant在为其所译《西塞罗选集》写的前言（1960）中说道：“译者的主要任务之一是使译文通顺 (readable )，否则就没有人看，也就不能达到介绍原作者的目的。在今天如果译者使用修辞色彩很浓的英语，他的译文就不会通顺，也就没有人看。……西塞罗的修辞手段是他所受的语言训练的产物，是他的风格中不可分割的一部分。如果丢掉它，你就丢掉了人们最赞赏他的一个方面，损失还不止于此。如果保留它，我在前面已经指出，你就丢掉了另外一样东西－当代通顺的英语。这种进退两难的困境是没有折中办法可以解决的。因此，我既然不准备放弃努力，要尽可能地接近真正的现代英语，就不得不放弃西塞罗的修辞手段。至于读者遭受的损失，我是非常清楚的。”
Horace C. P. McGregor翻译了西塞罗所著《论神性》一书。他在“译者的话”（1970）中说道：任何一篇文章都包含着妥协（compromise）的成分。一个句子在这种语言里通顺流畅，在另一种语言里就会拖沓累赘。一个精彩的短语如果按字面译成另外一种语言里就可能不像样子。一个单词在另一种语言里也可能难以找到相应的词。……我的目标是真正的翻译，然而是低标准的，我有一定程度的自由，可以改变原来的语言形式，但决不有意识地脱离原作的意思和语气。最主要的是我力图使西赛罗的英文译本和拉丁文原文一样通顺（readable）。
Edward G. Seidensticker翻译了紫式部的《源氏物语》。他在前言 (1976)中指出：此前Arthur Waley翻译的《源氏物语》是很自由的，他作了大胆删节，也作了大量的增补与美化。他说：“新译本可以称得上是个全译本，但其字数比Waley大加删节的译本还要少。这就说明无论Waley取得了多么精彩的效果。……他的节奏(rhythms)是与原作迥然
不同的，原作较为明快、凝练，用词节省，不罗嗦。如果说翻译的目标应该在一切重要方面包括节奏在内模仿原作的话，那么这里提供的
译文规定要达到的目标，可以说比Waley的译文所要达到的目标多得多。”
George Gihiam 在美国康奈尔大学任职，参加了Norton Critical Edition这套丛书的编辑工作。他在为陀思妥耶夫斯基的《罪与罚》英译本写的序言（1989）中写道：“我们选择《罪与罚》一书的英译本，标准是这个译本能用当代英语确切地(accurately)体现陀思妥耶夫斯基的十九世纪俄语原作，能用今天的英语表现出和原作相一致的风格(style)，不以现代词语或维多利亚时代的词语歪曲原作，而且译文本身是通顺的(readable)。根据这些原则，我们认为Jessie Coulson的译本似乎是最好的译本，经与牛津大学出版社接洽，在这里重印出版。”
从以上几段引文来看，accuracy和readability 是译者追求的共同目标。其他方面，各位译者的侧重点是不同的，风格、精神、修辞手段、语气、节奏，不一而足，有时甚至故意反其道而行之，可见问题之复杂。
鉴于以上情况，我们在开始时不妨就以信（忠实）和达（通顺）为目标吧。你觉得这两条会很容易做到吗？
英译汉：理解是关键
英译汉，首先遇到的一个问题就是透彻地理解原文。
看一篇东西，可以有不同的目的。若为获取信息，抓住大意就可以了。
若是为了消遣，那就可以看懂多少算多少。若是为了翻译，那就非透彻理解原文不可。
有时似乎觉得懂了，但翻译起来还是不知如何下手，究其原因，可能仍是未能真正理解原文。在这种情况下，若勉强去译，便会采取机械的办法，逐字翻译，许多误译就是这样产生的。
例1We want to get all the parties back to the negotiating table.
例2Their differences have been thrown into sharp relief by the present crisis.
虽然party一词可以指“政党”，但此处与negotiating table相联系，便指“谈判的一方”了。所以，例1的意思是：我们想把有关各方拉回到谈判桌上来。Differences一词本身是有“差别”的意思，但在这个上下文里，它却指“意见分歧”。例2的意思是：目前的危机使得他们的分歧更加引人注目。
例3He was found guilty of murder.
例4There is no right of appeal against the decision.
涉及法律时，find不一定表示“发现”，而可以指“裁决”、“判决”。Appeal也不一定表示“呼吁”，而可以指“上诉”。因此，例3的意思是：经裁决，他犯有谋杀罪。例4的意思是：关于这项判决，没有上诉权。
例5The end result of her hard work was a place at medical school.
例6To graduate with honors from college
在学校教育方面，work就指学习，a place就是an opportunity to study at a university,也就是一个入学名额，而不是一个工作职位。With honors指的是“以优异的成绩”，而不是“感到荣幸”。因此，例5的意思是：她勤劳学习，终于进了医学院。例6的意思是：以优异的成绩从大学毕业。
例7This new production radically reinterprets the play.
例8The doorway is a 19th century reconstruction of Norman work.
在文化方面，production和戏剧相联系，就指“一次演出”。因此，例7的意思是：这次演出体现了对这部戏的全部理解。例8是什么意思呢？能不能译作：门廊是19世纪罗马建筑的翻版？不行。首先，Norman不是罗马，而是指11世纪欧洲大陆的诺曼人征服英国后在英国流行的诺曼式建筑风格；其次用“19世纪”修饰“罗马建筑”也是不行的。例8的意思是：门廊是19世纪时模仿诺曼式建筑修建的。
例9 You’ll be expected to replace any broken glasses.
例10Round here, you leave school at sixteen and next thing you know, you’re married with three kids.
在生活方面，所谈内容往往与当地的风俗习惯相联系。二十年多前，我在澳大利亚到一位朋友家去做客。主人从商店租了一百只玻璃杯，打碎了一只，归还时就照价赔偿。例9就是店主对顾客说的一句话，意思是；玻璃杯如有损坏，你要负责赔偿。例10的用词很简单，但究竟是什么意思呢？能不能译作“这儿，你十六岁时离开了学校，接着，你带着三个孩子结了婚。”？或译作“……你和有三个孩子的人结了婚。”？从原文的时态看，这里说的不是一次性的已经完成的动作，而是一种反复出现的现象，句中的you也不是指具体的某人，而是泛指。这样就可以看出这句话说的是当地一种普遍的生活方式。因此，例10的意思是：这一带的人十六岁中学毕业，接着就结婚，生三个孩子。
例11I hate to say I told you so.
例12Ed couldn’t make it so they sent me instead.
例13Go on – read it to us.
英语有许多习语（idioms）, 其含义往往不是从字面上可以看出的。以上三例中的I told you so，make it和go on都是习语，翻译时，不能取其字面上的含义，而要把它看作一个整体来处理。如果不知道它的意思，那就要到词典里去查一查。
如果你手边有一本Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary,在词条tell里就可以查到I told you(so), 解释为：used when sth. bad has happened, to remind sb. that you warned them about it and they did not listen to you.得到这个解释之后，就能看出例11的意思不是“我真不想说是我告诉你的”，而是“我不愿意显得自己有先见之明。”
用同样的办法查make it, 可以查到4条解释，第3条解释为：to be able to be present at a place. 因此例12的意思就不是“埃德做不出来……”, 而是“埃德去不了，所以他们就派我去了。”
Go on共有8条解释，最后一条是：used to encourage sb. to do sth.因此，例13的意思就不是“继续—给我们读下去”，而是“念吧—念给我们听听。”
综上所述，一个词用在不同的场合会有不同的含义，译者不能只想到自己最熟悉的那个含义，而要充分利用上下文，依靠能够获得的相关信息，判断出词的确切含义。遇到习语，更要勤查词典，切忌忘文生意。
近年来，我参加了几本双语词典的审订工作，上面所举的例子都是我在实际工作中遇到的。我还发现，经我审订的译文，有的也还有改进的余地，甚至还有些错误没有改掉。这一方面说明个人的能力总是有限的，另一方面也说明保证译文不出错是很不容易的，翻译过程中需要照顾的地方很多，精力一分散，顾此失彼，便会出错。要想少出错误，译者必须兢兢业业，认真从事，慎之又慎。
上面说的是如何确切理解原文，以免误译。下面谈一谈怎样避免因表达不当而造成的误译。
例14His novels nicely describe life in Britain between the wars.
他的小说细致地描述了两次大战期间英国的生活状况。
例15No dessert for me, thanks. It was as much as I could do to finish the main course.
谢谢，别给我甜食了。我只能吃完主食。
看来译者不一定没有看懂原文，只是在用汉语表达时用词不精确。例14只要把“期间”改为“之间”就行了。例15把main course机械地译为“主食”，字面上好像是对应的，但译者忘了“主食”是与“副食”相对而言的，通常指“用粮食制成的饭食”，和main course不是一回事儿。因此，例15后一半可改为“我吃完这道主菜就不错了。”
要想避免这样的误译，可以倒回去，把译文和原文对照一下，看它是否和原文的意思相吻合。这样做，你觉得很困难吗？
英译汉：巧译定语
我在审订译稿的时候发现，许多句子的译文不顺，究其原因，往往是定语没有处理好。在英语里，可以用作定语的成分很多。单词、从句、分词短语、介词短语、动词不定式，都可用作定语。单词作定语一般放在被修饰语前面，其他定语一般放在后面。汉语里，定语一般放在被修饰语前面。因此翻译时若把定语仍译成定语，而且仍放在前面，译文当然就不顺了。
定语如果不译成定语，又能译成什么呢？
关于定语从句的译法，已经看到不少文章。各种教程和专著中也有专门的章节加以论述。这里只举两个例子。
例1 The police are concerned for the safety of the 12-year-old boy who has been missing for three days.
那个12岁的男孩失踪三天了，警方对他的安全感到担忧。
例2 Each of London’s districts had a distinct character that marked it off from its neighbours.
伦敦的每个区都有鲜明的特征，与邻近地区不同。
例1的译文用了两个主谓结构，也可以说是两个并列短句。若译作“警方对那个已失踪三天的12岁男孩的安全感到担忧”，异文就因定语太长而不顺了。例2的译文用了一个主语带两个并列的谓语。总之，这两个例子，原文都是主从结构，而译文都是并列结构。这也正是英汉两种语言在句子结构方面最大的区别。
例3 Police investigating the train derailment have not ruled out sabotage.
警方调查火车出轨事件，没有排除人为破坏的可能。
例4 Any event attended by the actor received widespread media coverage.
这位演员参加任何一项活动，媒体都作了广泛报道。
例3和例4，原文各有一个分词短语*作定语：investigating...和attended by ...。例3的译文用了一个主语带两个并列谓语，例4的译文用了两个主谓结构，这和上回所说的定语从句的译法是完全一样的。译文中没有出现“调查火车出轨事件的警方”之类的话。
例5 He was the only one to speak out against the decision.
只有他站出来反对那项决定。
例6 He had long coveted the chance to work with a famous musician.
他长期渴望有机会与著名音乐家一起工作。
例5和例6，原文各有一个动词不定式短语作定语：to speak out … 和 to work with …。例5的译文直接把定语变成了谓语。例6的译文用了一个“连动式”（参看胡裕树《现代汉语》第363页），把原文动词不定式短语化作“连动谓语”的一部分。这样处理，译文比较简洁。我们设想一下，假如例5保持原文的结构，译为：“他是唯一一个站出来反对那项决定的人”，一个17个字的句子里，定语竟占了14个字，是不是显得长了一点？
例7 The cut in interest rates is good news for homeowners.
降低利率对于私房买主来说是个福音。
例8 I admire her coolness under pressure.
我佩服她在压力下能保持冷静。
例7和例8，原文各有一个介词短语作定语：in interest rates 和 under pressure。译文没有按原文的结构，译作“利率的降低”和“在压力下的冷静”，而是加了动词，译为“降低利率”和“在压力下能保持冷静”。我感觉，相对而言，英语名词用的多，汉语动词用的多。英语里常见一个句子只有一个谓语动词，剩下一大堆名词，用介词串连起来。这种句子译成汉语时，往往需要增加一些动词，这样才能使译文顺畅。
最后谈一谈单词作定语的问题。有人可能觉得，遇到单词作定语时，主要是个选词问题，只要选一个适当的词放在那里就行了。在有些情况下，也的确是这样，但有时也不这么简单。
例9 Loose clothing gives you greater freedom of movement.
衣服宽松，可以活动自如。
例10 I don’t want you mucking up my nice clean floor.
我这地板又干净，又漂亮，不想让你弄脏。
这两句译文都把定语变成了谓语，句子中间有停顿，听起来从容、自然。若照原文的结构，译成“宽松的衣服使你活动起来更为自在”和“我不想让你弄脏我干净漂亮的地板”，倒显得过于拘谨了。
例11 A few cushions formed a makeshift bed.
临时用几个垫子拼了一张床。
例12 His mere presence made her feel afraid.
他当时在场，这就足以让她害怕了。
这两句译文都把定语变成了状语，这也是翻译过程中常用的一种方法。汉语总说“拼了一张临时床”，听起来很怪，那就不如说“临时……拼了一张床”了。mere是用来加强语气的，但mere presense 在汉语里很难找到相应的搭配，只好在后半句用“足以”来加强语气了。
例13 With a few notable exceptions, everyone gave something.
人人都给了些东西，只有几个人例外，很是显眼。
例14 It’s been a nail-biting couple of weeks waiting for my results.
这两个星期等结果，弄得我坐卧不安。
这两句译文都把定语放到句子末尾来处理。notable和nail-biting在原来的位置上是很难译的，那就最后来处理吧。在汉语句子里，往往先说具体的事情，最后才评论、表态，或说出自己的感受。
定语是一种修饰语，状语也是一种修饰语，和定语有相似之处，这里就不多说了，请读者自己去琢磨。
在英译汉方面，除了理解问题外，我集中谈了一个定语问题。这是因为我在审订译稿的过程中发现，许多句子问题就在于定语没有处理好，或者放大一点说，修饰语没有处理好。因此，把修饰语处理好，译文的质量就能提高一大步。不知你有没有同感。
25点体会
我在1984年出版的《英汉翻译练习集》前言中归纳了我在英译汉实践中的25点体会。其中绝大多数是我对英汉两种语言各自特点的认识。这些认识对我后来的工作，无论是英译汉，还是汉译英，都是有帮助的。现在我就把这25点体会连同有关的译例说一说。
⒈一词多义。弄清原文的意思，在汉语中选用适当的词语。例如：
Born in 1879 in Ulm, Germany, Albert Einstein was two years old when his parents moved to Munich, where his father opened a business in electrical supplies.
阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦于1879年出生在德国的乌尔姆城。在他两岁的时候，父母移居慕尼黑。他的父亲在慕尼黑开了一家工厂，生产电气器材。（句中business一词，据有关资料介绍是指factory，而不是store，故译作“工厂”。）
⒉英语名词和介词用得多，汉语动词用得多。
Psychologically there are two dangers to be guarded against in old age. One of these is undue absorption in the past.
从心理方面来说，到了老年，有两种危险倾向需要注意防止。一是过分地怀念过去。（如译作“对过去的过分怀念”，则不顺。）
⒊英语代词用得多，汉语实词用得多。在一个句子里，英语可以先出代词，后出实词；汉语则先出实词，后出代词。
One day, while I was playing with my new doll, Miss Sullivan put my big rag doll into my lap also, spelled “d-o-l-l” and tried to make me understand that “d-o-l-l” applied to both.
有一天我正在玩一个新娃娃，沙利文小姐把我的大布娃娃也放在我腿上，然后写了“d-o-l-l”这几个字母，她是想让我知道“d-o-l-l”既可以指新娃娃，也可以指旧娃娃。（如译作“指二者”，就不顺；如译作“两个都指”，意思既不清楚，句子也压不住。）
If they are disappointed at one place, the drillers go to another.
钻探石油的人如果在一个地方得不到预期的结果，便到另一个地方去钻探。
⒋英语动词有时态，时间概念往往通过时态表现出来：汉语动词没有时态，表示不同的时间，往往需要加时间状语。
It is like a dream to me now, floating through my mind in slow motion. Many children were playing close to the water, and we were stunned by their ignorance and daring.
现在回想起来，就仿佛是一场梦，当时的情景还在我脑海里缓缓浮动。那一天，许多孩子在靠近水边的地方玩耍，他们那样大胆，不知道危险就在眼前，使我们非常吃惊。（译文加了“那一天”。）
⒌英语被动语态用得多，汉语被动式用得少，有时不用被动形式也可以表示被动的含义，有时可以用无主语句。
When the whale is killed, the blubber is stripped off and boiled down, either on board ship or on shore.
鲸鱼杀死以后，把鲸脂剥下来熬油，这项工作有的是在船上进行的，有的是在岸上进行的。（不一定译成“鲸鱼被杀死以后”，不用“被”字仍可表示被动的含义。）
Great sums of money have been spent, for example in the deserts of Egypt, in “prospecting” for oil.
在石油“勘探”方面，已经花了大笔的钱，比如在埃及的沙漠里进行的勘探工作就是如此。（原文是被动语态，但未说明谁是施动者。译文用了无主句。）
⒍英语并排用几个名词、动词或形容词时，其排列顺序可能要考虑到词的长短（长的放在后面，这样节奏较好）或分量的轻重（重的放在后面，这样不显得头重脚轻）。汉语除了考虑常用的顺序以外，还常常考虑词的音调。分量的轻重关系不大，常把分量重的词放在前面。
…setting aside big tracts of land where nobody can fish, shoot, hunt, nor harm a single living creature with furs, fins or feathers.
……圈出大片土地，不准钓鱼，不准打鸟，不准打猎，凡是长皮的，长毛的或者长鳃的动物，一概不许伤害。（原文fish, shoot, hunt,由轻到重，feathers最长，放在最后。汉语则“长皮的，长毛的”连下来较顺。
7.英语一般避免重复，代称用得多，不但名词可以用代词来替代，动词、形容词也有相应的词来替代。汉语则不怕重复，实称用得多。
English grammar is very difficult and few writers have avoided making mistakes in it.
英语语法十分困难，作家很少不犯语法错误的。（译文重复“语法”二字。）
8.英语连词用得多，汉语连词用得少。例如表示条件或原因，汉语不一定用“如果”或“因为”之类的词，意思就包含在上下文里面了。
This film showed how they put aside a thousand acres out West where the buffaloes roam and nobody can shoot a single one of them. If they do, they get in jail.
电影演的是他们怎么在西边儿把一千英亩土地划出来，让水牛自由行动，谁也不准开枪打死一只。打死了，就得坐牢。（译文第二句没有用连词，没有用主语，重复了第一句里的“打死”二字。）
9.词的搭配，如形容词与名词的搭配，副词和动词的搭配，主语与谓语的搭配等，英语可以用的搭配，往往不能直接译成汉语，这就需要选择适当的词语，或者改变句子的结构。
The road we have long been traveling is deceptively easy, a smooth superhighway on which we progress with great speed, but at its end lies disaster.
我们一直在走的这条路表面上很好走，是一条平坦的超级公路，我们可以高速前进，但是走到尽头却要遇到灾难。（原文lies disaster 不能直译，只好改变句子结构，译作“遇到灾难”。）
10.英语常以抽象名词做主语，后面接表示具体动作的动词。这种主谓搭配，在汉语里是很少用的，一般都要改变句子结构。
Anger and bitterness had preyed upon me continually for weeks and a deep languor had succeeded this passionate struggle.
几个星期以来，我又气又恨，感到非常苦恼，这种感情上的激烈斗争过去之后，我感到浑身无力。
11.英语有些副词和动词的搭配无法直接译过来，可将原文副词的含义译成谓语或分句，放在句末。
So heedful a writer as Henry James, for instance, on occasion wrote so ungrammatically that a schoolmaster, finding such errors in a schoolboy’s essay, would be justly indignant.
就拿亨利·詹姆士来说吧，连他这样细心的作家写的东西，有时也不合语法。要是小学老师在学生的作文里发现那样的错误也会生气，而生气是完全应该的。
12.英语有些副词放在句首，具有丰富的内容，译成汉语可以适当地加以发挥。
Ideally, one day, researchers will know enough about the genesis of earthquakes……
最理想的情况是，有朝一日研究人员能够对地震的成因……有足够的了解。
13.主语的位置。英语往往把目的状语或其他成分放在句首，然后再出主语，主语与动词靠得较近。汉语则往往先出主语。
To protect the whale form the cold of the Arctic seas, nature has provided it with a thick covering of fat called blubber.
大自然为了保护鲸鱼，使它不致在北冰洋受冻，便让它长了厚厚的一层脂肪，叫做鲸脂。
14.英语的书面语差不多每个句子都要有主语，汉语的主语则不那么重要，如果前面已把主语说清楚，后面的句子不一定用主语。甚至在一个句子里应该出现另外一个主语的时候，这个主语仍然可以省略。
They used this kind of scare tactic when I was growing up. I wonder what they use today.
我小的时候，他们用过这种吓唬人的办法。现在用什么办法，就不得而知了。（译文第二句，两个主语“他们”和“我”都没有出现。）
15.英语有who, which等词,可以引出定语从句，汉语多用并列分句，或单成一句，有时可把定语从句先处理。
Richardson, who served as both Secretary of Defense and Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare during the Nixon Administration, was talking about the negotiations for a Law of the Sea treaty, which came to a virtual conclusion last week after six years of deliberations.
理查森曾在尼克松政府中担任国防部长和卫生、教育和福利部长，他是在谈到关于海洋法条约的谈判时说这番话的。（译文用了并列分句）
I have never had much patience with the writers who claim from the reader an effort to understand their meaning.
有些作家，读者要费力气才能看懂他们的意思，我对这样的作家一向是没有多少耐心的。（原文中的定语从句在译文中提前处理。）
16.英语的主语部分可以很长，其中包括几个介词引导的短语作定语，汉语往往用分句来表达，或者独立成句。
The 180-page document, with more than 300 articles and eight annexes, definitively covers every conceivable issue dealing with the seas, from the definition of what constitutes an island to the jurisdiction over fish that live in fresh water but spawn in the ocean.
这份长达一百八十页的文件，有三百余条，并有八个附件。它涉及能够想到的每一个与海洋有关的问题，从岛屿的定义，到对在淡水生长而在海洋产卵的鱼类的管辖权，都做了明确的规定。（原文中的主语部分独立成句。）
17.英语除了有who, which等词外，还有动词的-ing形式，因此句子可以很长，但组织得很严密。汉语叙事，则多用并列结构，一层一层地把事情说清楚。有时可以把较长地句子译成几个短句。
In the winter of 1879, James Lecky, exchequer clerk from Ireland, and privately interested in phonetics, keyboard temperament, and Gaelic, all of which subjects he imposed on me, dragged me to a meeting of a debating society called The Zetetical: a junior copy of the once well known Dialectical Society founded to discuss John Stuart Mill’s Essay on Liberty when that was new.
1879年冬天，詹姆斯·莱基拉我去参加一次辩论会。莱基是爱尔兰人，在财政部门当职员，有空喜欢研究语音，练习弹琴，学习盖尔语，他还硬让我也学这些东西。这次他带我去参加的辩论会是一个名叫“探索学会”的团体举办的。当年约翰·斯图尔特·米尔的文章《论自由》刚刚发表时候，成立过一个“辩证学会”来讨论这篇文章，这个学会曾名噪一时。探索学会就是仿照这个学会建立起来的，只是没有它那么有名罢了。（原文虽然较长，但并不很复杂。主语部分有一个同位语和一个定语从句，谓语部分有一个同位语和一个状语从句。译文则分成了五个句子。）
18.汉语一般不用一连串的定语，一连串的“的字。适当地在“的”字前增加动词，就显得有些变化，不那么单调。
The resounding success of the Curacao experiment whetted the appetites of Florida livestock raisers for a similar feat that would relieve them of the scourge of screw-worms.
库拉索岛上的实验取得巨大的成功.引起了佛罗里达州牲畜饲养者的兴趣.他们也想以同样的办法消除螺旋锥蝇这一祸害.(原文主语部分是一名词定语,若译作“库拉索岛上的实验的巨大成功”,就连用了两个“的”字.如在第二个“的”字前面加上“取得”二字，就好一点。现在把这一部分译成一个分句就更好了。）
19.英语在一个句子里往往先说个人的感受，再说与感受有关的动作，最后才说最初发生的事情。汉语则相反，往往按照事情发生的顺序来叙述，最后才说个人的感受。
The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher，Anne Mansfield Sullivan, came to me. I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects.
在我的记忆里，安妮·曼斯菲尔德·沙利文老师来的那一天，是我一生中最重要的日子。从这一天开始，我的生活和以前迥然不同，一想到这一点，我就感到非常兴奋。
20.表达同样的意思，英语的结构比较紧，汉语的结构比较松。
A gang of men, under the direction of their energetic and likeable foreman, 25-year-old Phineas P. Gage, was working on a new line of the Rutland and Burlington railroad.
一伙工人正跟着他们的领班在拉特兰－伯灵顿铁路的新线路上干活。这位领班名叫菲尼斯·P·盖奇，二十五岁，他精力充沛，待人和气。（原文是一简单句，有一个主语，一个谓语动词，却包含了这么多内容，结构显得比较紧。译文分为两句，第二句还包含两个并列分句，结构显得比较松。）
21.拆句的情况多，合句的情况少。
Poets as we know have always a made great use of alliteration. They are persuaded that the repetition of a sound gives an effect of beauty.
我们知道，诗人一般总喜欢押头韵，觉得重复一个声音会产生美的效果。（原文两句都比较短，译文合成一句，语气较顺。）
22.注意文体，应该用口语的地方，选用适合口语的词句。
“I remember thinking, ‘No. No. It’s not Jackson, it’s not my husband, it’s not my Jackson,’” she said. “But it was. He was lying in the street, right across from our house. The police said a man shot him over a parking space.”
“记得我当时就想:‘不，不。不是杰克逊，不是我丈夫，不是我的杰克逊’”她说。“可是，那不是别人，正是他。他躺在大街上，就在我们的房子对面。警察说，为了争一块停车的地方，人家把他打死了。”
23.一段文章的最后一句，特别是全文最后一段的最后一句，要比较有力，否则文章煞不住。中英文都是这样。翻译时就要把这最后一句的分量表达出来，给人以深刻的印象。
Words have weight, sound and appearance; it is only by considering these that you can write a sentence that is good to look at and good to listen to.
词具有一定的分量、声音和形状，只有考虑到这些因素，写出来的句子才能既好听，又好看。（若把“好听”放在最后，就压不住了。）
24.题目可以照原文译，也可以根据文章的内容拟定。
A Valentine to One Who Cared Too Much.
衷肠曲（这个题目是参照文章的内容拟定的。原题的意思是：在情人节写给一个人的信，这个人关心的事情太多了。）
25.遇到中国读者可能不熟悉的典故、人名、地名等，除了加注以外，还可以在译文中加几个字，略加说明。
I learned a great many new words that day. I do not remember what they all were; but I do know that mother, father，sister, teacher were among them — words that were to make the world blossom for me, “like Aaron’s rod, with flowers.”
那一天我学了许多新词，也记不清都有哪些词了。但是其中肯定有“母亲”、“父亲”、“姐姐”、“老师”——后来就是这些词把一个美好的世界展现在我的面前，就像《圣经》上说的“亚伦的杖开了花”一样。（这个典故出自《旧约·民数记》第17章第8节。为了帮助中国读者了解，译文加了“就像《圣经》上说的”几个字。）
怎样对待风格
说起风格，也许有一种看不见、摸不着、虚无缥缈的感觉。“风格”究竟是什么呢？《现代汉语词典》的解释是：一个时代、一个民族、一个流派或一个人的文艺作品所表现的主要的思想特点和艺术特点。是不是只有文艺作品才有风格呢？
一
许多人写文章讨论翻译中的风格问题，倒也的确大都涉及文学作品的翻译。风格能不能译，大体上有两种意见。
一种意见认为风格是能译的。早在1922年茅盾就曾写道：“直译的意义若就浅处说，只是‘不妄改原文的字句’；就深处说，还求‘能保留原文的情调与风格’。”
1954年茅盾在全国文学翻译工作会议上的报告中说道：“文学的翻译是用另一种语言，把原作的艺术意境传达出来，使读者在读译文的时候能够像读原作时一样得到启发、感动和美的感受’。这样的翻译，自然不是单纯技术性的语言外形的变易，而是要求译者通过原作的语言外形，深刻地体会了原作者的艺术创造的过程，把握住原作的精神，在自己的思想、感情、生活体验中找到最适合的印证，然后运用适合于原作风格的文学语言，把原作的内容与形式正确无遗地再现出来。”
1980年茅盾在“《茅盾译文选集》序”中写道：“很重要的一点是能将他的风格翻译出来。譬如果戈理的作品与高尔基的作品风格就不同，肖伯纳的作品与同样是英国大作家的高尔斯华绥的作品的风格也不同。需将一个作家的风格翻译出来，这当然是相当困难的，需要运用适合于原作风格的文学语言，把原作的内容与形式正确无遗地再现出来。除信、达外，还要又文采。这样的翻译既需要译者的创造性，而又要完全忠实于原作的面貌。这是对文学翻译的最高要求。”
这个意见是有人支持的。1961年刘隆惠在“谈谈文艺作品风格的翻译问题”一文中写道：“对于文学翻译，不仅要求通顺流畅，而且要求表达原作的风格。”他还说：“我认为风格并不是不能译，而是难译。其所以难是在于译者必须具备两个条件。其一是要有认识风格的水平；其二是要有表现风格的能力。”
另一种意见认为风格是不能译的。1959年周熙良在“翻译与理论”一文中写道：“有人自诩翻译哪一个作家就能还出这个作家的面目或风格，我看这只是英雄欺人语；据我所知，就有翻译家对本文还不大能弄懂得，就大吹自己的翻译是旨在表现原作诗一般美丽的风格。依我看，对一个作家或者风格的认识也还是根据对作品本文的理解而来的，否则便是空话。教外国文学的人最喜欢谈风格，但是，对于一个搞实际翻译的人来说，风格却是一个最难谈得清楚的东西。我觉得，在通常情形下，它好像只是在无形中使译者受到感染，而且译者也是无形中把这种风格通过他的译文去感染读者的，所以既然是这样情形，我看就让风格自己去照顾自己好了，翻译工作者大可不必为它多伤脑筋。……我觉得翻译工作者如果要花许多功夫去钻研作品的风格，还不如花点功夫去培养自己的外语感受能力好些，因为翻译工作究竟是和语言文字打交道的工作，而语言却不止是数字符号那样抽象而无情的东西。”
二十多年以后，周熙良依然坚持自己的这一看法。1982年他在“翻译三论”一文中写道：“严复只提雅，而不提原文风格，我们现在提文学翻译要有风格，也不宜要求译出原文风格：原文风格是无法转译的。……我仍旧认为风格是无法翻译的，风格离不开语言，不同的语言无法表达同样的风格。”
这一种意见也是有人支持的。1961年张中楹在“关于翻译中的风格问题”一文中写道：“在同一语言的领域里，尚且不宜摹访一个作者的风格；在翻译方面，把原作译成另一种语言而要保持同一风格，这是更不易做到的工作。……我是极为赞同周熙良同志的‘不必多伤脑筋’的说法的。”
总起来看，持第一种意见的人较多，持第二种意见的人较少。我的看法是，第一种意见恐怕只是一种理想，未必能够达到，或者说很难实现；第二种意见又未免过于极端。
1979年罗新璋在“读傅雷作品随感”一文中说过这样一句话：“服尔德的机警尖刻，巴尔扎克的健拔雄快，梅里美的俊爽简括，罗曼罗兰的朴质流动，在原文上色彩鲜明，各具面貌，译文固然对各家的特色和韵味有相当体现，拿《老实人》的译文和《约翰·克利斯朵夫》一比，就能看出文风上的差异，但贯穿于这些译作的，不免有一种傅雷风格。”可见即使是名家的译作也难免既有原作的风格，又有译者的风格，而不可能是单纯的原作的风格。
二
翻译非文学作品，是否也有一个如何对待风格的问题呢？有的。
1979年，王佐良在“词义·文体·翻译”一文中说道：“一篇文章的风格只是作者为表达特定的内容而运用语言的个人方式，它与内容是血肉一体的，而不是外加的、美化的成分。”我的理解，这里所谓“一篇文章”泛指任何用文字写成的东西，非文学作品也不例外。在同一篇文章里，他还写道：“在翻译工作里，也必须注意语言与社会场合的关系。译文同样有一个适合社会场合的问题。译者同样必须能根据原文的要求，写出各种不同的语类、文体。例如翻译请贴、通知、布告、规章、病历与病情公告之类的“应用文体”，译者应该知道在译文里怎样寻到相等的内行的格式和说法。”
1982年，周熙良在“翻译三论”一文中写道：“实际上，许许多多的翻译只要文字通顺，就达到要求了，并不需要译成文学，也不可能译成文学。社会科学文章、报纸社论、科技文章、调查报告、都属这一类。”他还说：“美既不能用，雅又不能照严复当时提出的那样去理解，那么究竟应当怎样理解呢？我认为应当作为‘得体’来理解。得体不仅仅指文笔，而是指文笔基本上必须根据内容来定；文笔必须具有与其内容相适应的风格。”
我觉得，文学作品的风格可能因人而异，每个作家都有自己的风格。而非文学作品则往往是某种类型的文章具有一些共同的特点，形成这类文章的共同风格。无论是谁写作，都会采用这种风格。比如科学论文和法律文件，在用词方面力求准确，在表达方面力求清楚易懂，着重客观叙述，不带感情色彩，好像一个人在板起面孔来说话。而科普文章或普法读物则要使用生动的语言，灵活的句子，让读者觉着你在微笑着向他传授知识，或说明道理。用中文写文章是这样，用英文写文章也是这样，这两种语言是相通的。例如《世界版权公约》第二条第二款：
Unpublished works of nationals of each Contracting State shall enjoy in each other Contracting State the same protection as that other State accords to unpublished works of its own nationals, as well as theProtection specially granted by this Convention.
任何成员国国民未出版的作品，在其他各成员国中均享有后者给予其国民之未出版的作品同等的保护，并享有本公约所专门授予的保护。
这段译文既符合原文的风格，也符合中文法律条文共同的风格。如此说来，你看到文字如此谨严的原文时，只要译成同样谨严的文字就行了。所以，在风格问题上，翻译非文学作品比翻译文学作品简单多了。风格也不是那么虚无缥缈、不可捉摸了。你说是不是？
“对于我们并非专门从事文学翻译的初学者来说，在表达方面只要做到两点就够了。第一，能区别口语与书面语，该文的时候文，该白的时候白，翻译对话像对话，翻译叙述像叙述；第二，能根据不同的文体使用不同的语言，翻译新闻像新闻，翻译文件像文件，翻译故事像故事，翻译诗歌像诗歌。如果在正确理解原文的基础上，能使译文做到这两点，这就很不错了。”这段话是我在《英汉翻译教程》一书中提出的目标。你同意吗
直译与意译
直译与意译这两种不同的译法，自古有之。然而自五四以来，人们围绕着这两种译法进行了激烈的争论。
1922年，茅盾在“‘直译’与‘死译’”一文中写道：“近来颇有人诟病‘直译’；他们不是说‘看不懂’，就是说‘看起来很吃力’。我们以为直译的东西看起来较为吃力，或者有之，却决不会看不懂。看不懂的译文是‘死译’的文字，不是直译的。
1934年，茅盾在“直译·顺译·歪译’一文中写道：“‘直译’这名词，在‘五四’以后方成为权威。这是反抗林琴南氏的‘歪译’而起的。我们说林译是‘歪译’，可丝毫没有糟蹋他的意思；我们是觉得‘意译’这名词用在林译身上并不妥当，所以称它为‘歪译’。”
1980年，茅盾在《茅盾译文选集》序中回忆这一段往事，他写道：“后来有的译者随意增删原著，不讲究忠实原文的‘意译’，甚至‘歪译’，那就比林译更不如了。”
从以上情况看，在二三十年代，反对直译的人所反对的是看不懂或看起来吃力的译文；反对意译的人所反对的是随意增删原著、不讲究忠实原文的译文。
鲁迅也是积极主张直译的。
后来有人提出直译和意译是一回事，是无法区分的。
1946年，朱光潜在“谈翻译”一文中写道：“所谓‘直译’是指依原文的字面翻译，有一字一句就译一字一句，而且字句的次第也不更动。所谓‘意译’是指把原文的意思用中文表达出来，不必完全依原文的字面和次第。‘直译’偏重对于原文的忠实，‘意译’偏重译文语气的顺畅。哪一种是最妥当的译法，人们争执得很厉害。依我看，直译和意译的分别根本不应存在。……想尽量表达原文的意思，必须尽量保存原文的语句组织。因此直译不能不是意译，而意译也不能不是直译。”
1953年，林汉达在“翻译的原则”一文中写道：“正确的翻译是直译，也就是意译。死译和胡译不同，呆译和曲译不同，这是可以划分的，它们都是错误的翻译。正确的翻译是分不出直译或意译的。”
1959年，周建人为《外语教学与翻译》写了一篇文章，题目是“关于‘直译”’。他在文中写道：“直译既不是‘字典译法’，也不是死译、硬译，它是要求真正的意译，要求不失原文的语气与文情，确切地翻译过来的译法。换一句话说，当时所谓直译是指真正的意译。”
如果说四五十年代人们认为直译也就是意译，二者无法区分，那么到了七八十年代人们又对直译和意译分别作了分析。
1982年，周煦良在“翻译三论”一文中写道：直译可以分为三类：第一类是译音而不译意。如democracy译为“德谟克拉西”，而不译为“民主”。第二类是照字面译。如crocodile tears译作“鳄鱼的眼泪”，而不译作“虚伪的眼泪”。第三类是不按照中国语言习惯和词序而按照原文的结构或词序的翻译。如“‘你来了，’她说”。最后，他指出“这样一些直译好像为数不少，但就一篇文章，一部书来看，直译的成分毕竟是少数。”
1978年，许渊冲在“翻译中的几对矛盾”一文中也谈到直译与意译的问题，他说：“直译是把忠实于原文内容放在第一位，把忠实于原文形式放在第二位，把通顺的译文形式放在第三位的翻译方法。意译却是把忠实于原文的内容放在第一位，把通顺的译文形式放在第二位，而不拘泥于原文形式的翻译方法。”最后他得出五点结论，归纳成两点就是：一．译文和原文相同的形式能表达和原文相同的内容时，可以直译，不能表达时就意译；二．原文的表达形式比译文精确、有力时，可以直译，译文的表达形式比原文精确、有力时，可以意译。
1979年，王佐良在“词义·文体·翻译”一文中写道：“要根据原作语言的不同情况，来决定其中该直译的就直译。该意译的就意译。一个出色的译者总是能全局在胸而又紧扣局部，既忠实于原作的灵魂。又便利于读者的理解与接受的。一部好的译作总是既有直译又有意译的：凡能直译处坚持直译，必须意译处则放手意译。”
从以上情况看，七八十年代的译者对直译和意译作了分析和比较，采取了兼容并蓄的态度。这说明当代的译者比二三十年代乃至四五十年代的译者在理论上都更加成熟了。
在国外，译界的同行也同样在这一方面进行探讨。英国剑桥大学乔治·斯坦纳教授主张意译。他在1975年发表的After Babel一书中发挥了17世纪英国学者约翰·德莱顿关于意译的主张。他写道：“翻译的正确道路，既不应是直译，也不应是模仿，而应是意译(paraphrase)。所谓意译，就是‘译者有一定限度的自由，他要时刻看到作者，这样就不至于迷失方向，但他主要是紧跟作者的意思而不死扣字眼，他可以对作者的意思加以引伸，但不能改变。’据德莱顿说，这就是埃德蒙·沃勒和西德尼·戈多尔芬1658年翻译维吉尔的史诗《伊尼德》(Aeneid)第四卷时采取的方法。更重要的是，德莱顿本人翻译维古尔、贺拉斯、奥维德、朱文纳尔、乔叟等人的著作时，也采用了这种方法，在他评论 别人的译作时(如1685年出版的Sylvae一书的序言)所阐述的也是这种方法。通过意译，‘作者的精神可以得到传播，而不会遭受损失。’好的翻译好比是‘一种写生’。最理想的情况是，译作不剥夺原作的权威，而能向我们表明假如原作本来就是用我们的语言创作的，它会是个什么样子。”
国外还有一些学者表达了类似的看法。你同意他们这种看法吗？
翻译意思
翻译意思，而不要翻译字，这在原则上，大家都会同意的。但在实际工作中却不尽然。有时我们会把注意力过多地集中在原文的字面上，并不深入思考原作者要表达的是什么意思，翻译起来就参照原文的说法，把英文词换上汉字，稍微调整一下顺序就完事了。这样的译文，不是歪曲原意，就是词不达意，或者听着别扭，不像中文。
我在高教自考《英汉翻译教程》一书中推荐过一位英国学者，名叫西奥多·萨沃里（Theodore Savory）。他在1957年发表的The Act of Translation 一书中写道：
A fair conclusion from these ideas is that the translator’s work may be analysed into the answering of three questions. Faced with a passage in its original language, he must ask himself:
(ⅰ)What does the author say?
(ⅱ)What does he mean?
(ⅲ)How does he say it?
This method of analysis may be applied to the paragraph, to the sentence, or even to the phrase.
要想翻译意思，必须先弄清楚原文的意思。正如萨沃里所说，译者必须先问自己第一个问题：作者说的是什么？但若到此为止，那是很不够的。因为这时你看到的只是字面上的意思，若动手翻译，难免弄出机械的字对字的译文。因此，译者还必须问自己第二个问题：作者的意思是什么？只有正确地回答了这个问题，才抓住了作者所要表达的意思。这时动手翻译，才能真心做到翻译意思。
一．深入考虑关键词语的含义。我们学英语，往往喜欢在一个英语词和一个汉语词之间划等号，对一个词的某一个意思印象较深，一见这个词，须首先想到这个意思。这就会妨碍我们深入考虑这个词在这个上下文里的含义。
例1 He wasn’t drinking that night because he was the designated driver.
那天晚上他没有喝酒，因为他是指定的司机。
例2 He’s always lethargic after little sleep.
小睡之后他总是懒洋洋的。
例3 The thought of going out in the rain and fog discouraged him.
到雨中和雾里去的想法使他打了退堂鼓。
例4 Our teacher has a true interest in her students.
我们的老师对学生有真正的兴趣。
例5 He speaks out about problems in government.
他坦率指出政府中存在的问题。
例6 the history of the church from the middle ages down to the present.
这个教堂从中世纪到目前的历史。
例7 That’s the last we’ll hear of it.
这将是我们最后一次听到。
这7个例子，译文的问题都出在名词没有处理好。driver不等于司机。英语喜欢用名词来表示人的某种能力。a good cook 是指很会做菜的人，a good singer 是指唱歌唱得好的人。after little sleep 相当于when he doesn’t get enough sleep。the thought of ...相当于when he thought of…。interest 在这里是concern。government 一词在这里没有冠词，是一个不可数名词，相当于governance, 意思是“治理国家”。the church 是指the whole body of Christian believers。the last 在这里得意思是a final mention。基于以上的理解，我们可以把上述7个例子的译文修改如下：
⒈ 那天晚上他没有喝酒，因为已确定由他开车。
⒉ 他一睡眠不足，就无精打采。
⒊ 一想到外面又是雨，又是雾，他就打退堂鼓了。
⒋ 我们的老师真正关心自己的学生。
⒌ 他坦率指出治理国家方面存在的问题。
⒍ 基督教从中世纪到现在的历史。
⒎ 以后不要再提这件事了。
下面请看另一组例子。
例8I’ll have a dozen eggs.
我将有一打鸡蛋。
例9Well, mate, let’s get going.
好吧，伙计，我们走。
例10 She suffers from arthritis.
她饱受关节炎的痛苦。
例11 Training to be a doctor is tough.
培训医生是非常艰苦的事情。
例12 The car doors lock automatically.
车门自动锁上了。
例13 Drop me a note.
给我留个条。
例14 She emptied her glass.
她倒空了玻璃杯。
这7句话，译文的问题都在于动词没有处理好。例8这句话，十有八九是在小商店对售货员说的，如果是这样，I’ll have 的意思就是“我要买”。Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English 对这一短语的解释是say this to ask for something that you have chosen in a restaurant or shop (见have ²条，义项34)。例9有mate 一词，这句话可能是领班或组长对一起干活的人说的。如果是这样，get going 的意思就是“开始干活儿”。The Dictionary of Contemporary American English 对这个短语的解释是to begin work on something (见get 条，义项17)。单说suffer, 是有遭受痛苦的意思。但suffer from 一种疾病，则只表示患有这种疾病。 Training是从动词train演变出来的动名词。train作为及物动词，意思是训练别人，作为不及物动词，意思就是接受训练。例11就是用的第2个意思，因为没有宾语。例12值得注意的是动词的时态，lock是一般现在时，而不是过去时或现在完成时，因此这不是已经完成的一次性动作，而是可以反复做的动作，也就是说这是车门具有的一种能力。根据Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary 的解释，drop sb. a line/note 意思是to send a short letter to sb. 例14有代词her, 这就表明她不是在洗杯子，而是在和别人喝酒或其他饮料，各人有自己的杯子。既然这样emptied 就不是把杯子里的东西倒掉，而是喝光。基于以上的理解，这7个例子的译文可修改如下：
8． 我买一打鸡蛋。
9． 好吧，伙计。咱们开始干吧。
10．她患了关节炎。
11．学医是非常艰苦的事情。
12．车门能自动锁上。
13．给我写封短信。
14．她一饮而尽。
英语的动词是最活跃的一个词素。从以上几个例子看，首先要判断一下这句话可能是在什么情况下说的，接着就要看动词是及物还是不及物动词，用的是什么时态，还要看动词跟什么词搭配，有没有什么特殊的含义。这些因素都考虑到了，就能比较准确地把握这句话的意思了。
二．充分发挥汉语的表达力。汉语历史悠久，具有极强的表达力，翻译时也不必给原文里的每一个词提供对应词。每个词都能对上，不一定就是好的译文，过于机械的译文并不可取。抓住了原文的意思之后，就要反复思考怎样用汉语表达最好。
例15 We gave the sick boy special attention.
我们给病孩特别关照。
例16 She lectured her children on good table manners.
她告诫孩子们要有好的餐桌礼仪。
例17 She takes in stray cats who have no homes.
她收养无家可归的流浪猫。
例18 His death in a car accident was just another statistic in the death rate.
它在车祸中的死亡不过是死亡率中的另一个统计数字。
例19 It was two Decembers ago when she visited us.
她来我们这里做客是在两个十二月份之前。
例20 He put his arms around his girlfriend and squeezed her.
他搂住女友用力挤。
例21 She is full of stress because her boss gives her too much work.
她充满压力，因为老板给她干的活太多。
从the sick boy 可以看出这句话比较正式，是大夫或护士在向领导汇报工作，或向参观者客观地介绍情况，而不可能是对家长说话，因为面对家长就要说your boy。“病孩”是逐字翻过来的，而汉语里现成的说法是“患儿”。“餐桌礼仪”和“流浪猫”也都是逐字翻译，汉语里常说“吃饭要有吃饭的样子”，也常说“野猫”，为什么不用呢？亦步亦趋地跟着英文走，生造一些刺耳的字眼，是不可取的。后四个例子，词不达意，十分费解，有的甚至可笑。纵然字面上与原文对得很紧，又有什么用呢？仔细思考一下，这些例子的译文可改为：
15．我们给这个患儿特别关照。
16．她教训孩子们吃饭要有吃饭的样子。
17．她收养无家可归的野猫。
18．他死于车祸，不过是给死亡统计数字增加了一个数。
19．她来我们这里做客是前年十二月份的事了。
20．他搂住女友，搂得紧紧的。
21．她的压力很大，因为老板给她干的活太多。
下面再看一组例子。
例22 While I do not agree with what you say, I understand your reason for saying it.
虽然我不同意你说的话，但我理解你这样说的原因。
例23 She worries about the safety of her children at school.
她担心在学校上学的孩子们的安全。
例24We have grave doubts about his honesty.
我们对他的诚实性有很大的怀疑。
例25 The injured horse was dispatched by its owner.
受伤的马被他的主人杀死。
例26 I told my son to watch out for ice on the road ahead.
我告诉儿子提防前面道路上的冰。
例27 He has youthful good looks.
她长着年轻英俊的脸。
例28 We listened to the plane engine drone on until we fell asleep.
我们听着飞机引擎不停地嗡嗡叫直到睡着。
例29 He started to cry.
他开始哭。
例30 My stubborn little boy would not put his coat on; he said, “No, no.”
我那倔强儿子不愿意穿外衣，他说，“不，不。”
例31I’ m tired of standing;let’s find some chairs.
我站累了。我们找些椅子吧。
这10个例子译文都很别扭，究其原因，都是跟原文跟的太紧。前3例中reason, safety和honesty都是名词，但在这种场合，汉语要用疑问词才比较通顺。汉语不像英语用那么多代词，尤其是物主代词。“主人”前面“它的”二字显然是多余的。英语往往以介词短语作修饰语，若照样译成汉语，则显得死板；若用个动词，句子就活了。对人或物的描写，英语多落在名词上，汉语多落在形容词上。英语多用主从结构，在许多情况下，靠的就是until, before 之类的连词。翻译时，不能看见until 就译“直到”，看见before就译“之前”，必须灵活处理才听着顺耳。这10个例子中，最别扭的就是例29了。虽然译文每个字都和原文相对应，但其节奏让人听了实在难受。最后两句表达不充分。不要把no和“不”划等号，既然这里说的是孩子不愿穿衣，“穿”字为何不说出来呢？找椅子，无非是为了坐坐，为何不说出来呢？加上“坐坐”二字，和前半句有所呼应，意思也完整。根据以上情况，译文可改为：
22．虽然我不同意你说的话，但我理解你为什么这样说。
23．她担心自己的孩子们在学校是否安全。
24．我们对他是否诚实有很大的怀疑。
25．受伤的马被主人宰了。
26．我告诉儿子提防前面路上有冰。
27．他又年轻，又漂亮。
28．我们听着飞机引擎不停地嗡嗡叫，后来就睡着了。
29．他哭起来了。
30．我那倔强儿子不愿意穿外衣，他说，“不穿，不穿。”
31．我站累了，咱们找两把椅子坐坐吧。
要想提供好的译文，弄清原文的意思之后，不能逐字照译，而要把原文撇开，反复思索怎样才能最好地把这个意思用汉语表达出来。词语怎样处理，语序如何改变，结构怎样调整，加不加语气词，都要考虑。语气词是汉语特有的，运用得当，可为译文增色不少。一个呆板的句子，加一个“了”字就全活了。有时顺不顺要靠耳朵来决定，读出声来，听一听，很有用。自己拿不定主意，还可以问问周围的人，听听他们的感觉。我就常问家里人，特别是体育方面的问题问儿子，服饰方面的问题问老伴。有时在一个地方卡住了，那就先放一放，不定什么时候，灵机一动，想出一个好的译法来。这时候，心中的喜悦真是难以用语言来形容。你有过这样的体验吗？
汉译英：基本功
最近我看了一本用英文出版的论文集，是介绍我国改革开放的情况的。书中共有文章18篇，其中13篇有译者署名，并经8人审阅，其余5篇没有译者署名，可能是作者自译，也许是直接用英文写的。
这18篇文章均出自相关领域的专家学者之手，专业性比较强，要译好，或者要评论译文的优劣，必须有相关的知识。我们不具备这样的条件，而且我们只见到译文而见不到原文，因此我们只能就译文本身提出一些看法。
一．名词与冠词
1． Over long period of time in our country, state enterprise is a main provider in respect to financial income of nation.
2． Those belonged to the latter approach pay much more attentions to the individuals.
3． ... in term of both economics and environment.
4． In other word, what do we think...？
5． The actual situation is far from such a simple.
6． In addition, the development of economy always has periods of rise as well as fall.
7． Since 1990’s, “globalization” has almost become an “everyday word” of the mass media in various countries.
8． Those suffering more have to ask for aids from IMF and some western countries like U.S.
9． On June 5,1972 in Stockholm, United Nations held its first UN conference on Human Settlement, for the first time raising human environment issue into the agenda of international politics.
10．...capacity building thus becomes an only effective approach to sustainable development.
英语的名词分可数名词和不可数名词，而且往往要和冠词连用。例1中的period, enterprise和nation都是可数名词。period在这里是泛指，没有说是哪一段时间，因此要加不定冠词，说a long period of time。enterprise在这里也是泛指，泛指往往用复数，或用单数加定冠词，表明这一类的东西，因此这里要说state enterprises，或the state enterprise, 既不用复数又不用冠词是不行的。nation在这里专指我国，一定要加定冠词，说the nation。例9中的issue也是专指，要加定冠词。
英语有些名词既可用作可数名词，也可用作不可数名词。如preparation(s)，negotiation(s)，experience(s)，success(es)等。这两种用法，其含义有时无大差异，有时略有不同。例2中的attention一词就属于后一种情况。据词典解释，attentions作为可数名词的复数，意思是things that sb does to try to please you or to show their interest in you。因此，例2只能用attention，不能用其复数形式。
英语有些短语是非常固定的，叫做idioms，不能轻易改动，如in terms of，in other words，等等。因此，例3和例4中用名词的单数形式是不行的。
英语许多词可以用作不同的词类，这在词典里都是标明的。但我们也不能随心所欲。例5 such a后面要跟名词，放个simple在那里是不行的，其实这句话只要把such a删去就行了。far from simple等于not simple，在语法上也是站得住脚的。
用economy一词泛指一个国家或地区的经济状况，要用定冠词。词典举例：The economy is in recession. | The new oil that we have found will improve the/our economy. | the slowdown in the Japanese economy 此三例选自三本不同的词典，但都用了the，有一本词典竟先说明(often the economy), 然后才释义。
用英语表示“二十世纪九十年代”，应该是the 1990’s。那一撇是可有可无的，但定冠词是一定要有的。这一点，许多译者容易忽略。
例8里的IMF要加定冠词。词典举例：the IMF is an organization within the United Nations which is concerned with trade and economic development。在例8中，U.S. 用作名词，前面也须加定冠词。再如“欧盟”的缩写是the EU。词典释义中写道：The EU used to be known as the EC（European Community）。这几个名称，the IMF, the EU, the United Nations，无论是简称还是全称，在句子里作为名词出现时，都要加定冠词。有没有不加定冠词的情况呢？有的。UNESCO，NATO，ASEAN，这些词全不需要加定冠词。有什么规律可循呢？根据Michael Swan 所著 Practical English Usage（《英语用法指南》），首字母缩略词（acronyms），其读音像一个词一样，通常不用冠词。
例10中的不定冠词须改为定冠词。根据Practical English Usage第65.4条，the经常与最高级连用，因为通常只有一个个体或集体称得上best或biggest等，其所指的是哪一个（或哪一些）是清楚的。由于同样的原因，the经常与first，next，last，same和only连用。词典举例：She is the only person for the job.
二.动词
11. The influence of the related policies made by the government, including the policies which is considered afterwards to have played an active role in the development of the refrigerator industry, is secondary and supplementary.
12. The disparity between the poor and the rich in food consumption are not manifested in quantity, but in quality.
13. The first Constitution of the People’s Republic of China which adopted on 1954 clearly indicates in its article 45:“...”
14. Secondly, as mentioned above, the comparison make us to think over the reasons of different choices of welfare policies.
15. The rural people who made of the majority of the Chinese population did not enjoy these welfare.
16. After the World WarⅡ, the developed economies have been recovering and developing rapidly.
17. Who knows whether the SOE gains or losses?
18. Although all the states are facing the possibilities of either win or lost, the developed countries enjoy the more favorable position than the under-developed countries.
19. The government of Zhucheng town requested that the net asset in all Joint-Stock enterprises should be divided into two parts after fulfil their property assessment.
20. As a result, the more rapidly the country develops, the more tightly it is bounded to the international monetary and financial system.
正确使用英语动词，需要注意三件事：一是时态对不对，与句中的时间状语是否吻合（如果有时间状语的话）；二是数是否与主语一致，是单数还是复数；三是语态对不对，是主动还是被动。
例11 which引导的从句中有afterwards，此时间状语的意思是“以后”，但其所指是过去发生的事，因此动词的时态应是过去时。从句主语which指的是前面的复数名词policies，因此动词应为复数。这样从句就应改为which were considered...。 例12主语disparity是单数，动词应该是is...,而不应是are...。例13 which引导的从句指的是constitution，动词应该用被动语态，因此应改为which was adopted...。
英语动词是一个复杂的词类。除了注意以上三件事，还要看它跟什么词连用和怎样连用，一不小心，就会出错。
例14主语comparison是单数，动词make需改为makes才能与主语的数一致。另外，make后面出动词不定式是不用to的，因此这个to应删去。例15 make后面跟of可以表示用什么制作，但此处要表示to form，to constitute，就要用make up。词典举例：Women make up 56％ of the student numbers。因此例15中的made of应改为made up。例9，raising the...issue into the agenda也不合乎英语说法，可改为putting the...issue on the agenda。
例16 先解决一个冠词问题。谈到“二次大战”之类的名称，英语若数字后出，则不用冠词，说Word WarⅡ就行了。若数字先出，则要定冠词，要说the Second World War。这一句主要是需要解决时间状语和动词时态一致的问题。After Word WarⅡ指的是二次大战结束后的一段时间，一般说来指的时间不太长，稍长一点也可以，但不能指到现在，动词只能是过去时。若想指到现在，就要说Since Word WarⅡ, 这样动词就可以用现在完成时或现在完成进行时。从例16的内容看，因提到recover，还是用过去时较好。这句话可改为After World WarⅡ，the developed economies recovered and developed rapidly.
英语动词的形式变化多端。有时动词和名词的形式是一样的。如gain既可是动词，也可是名词。lose就比较复杂。动词是lose，其过去时和过去分词是lost，名词是loss, 形容词是loose。用哪种形式，全看它在句中起什么作用。例17，和前面的动词gains并列,就应该用动词loses, 而不该用名词losses。例18，在the possibilities of后面该用动名词winning or losing。例19，在after后面也该用动名词fulfilling。例20，后半句用了被动语态，但过去分词bounded是不对的。此处动词原形是bind，其过去分词应是bound，因此这里用is bound to...就对了。
三．介词、连词与句子结构
21．When such a physical limit is reached, the food consumption and nutrition intake of the people would generally not increase despite of further rise in income.
22. There was already a lot of discussions about the crisis in the economic as well as technical levels.
23. On a certain degree, it is the goal but not the reality.
24. The property assessment in the enterprise must be assessed by professional staffs and institutions that passed examination of the state.
25. Having summed up the preliminary experience of reform in the cities and rural areas, the principle of…
26. We should, from a long-term point of view, make efforts in developing the rural economy to reduce rural-urban disparity, therefore, labor migration from urban to rural areas, driven by benefit, will appear.
27. The financial reform in China has made great progress, however, the whole financial market is still under restraint.
28. But the question is, health is everybody’s basic right, what is the reason to legally enforce some people to donate their blood just for other people’s health?
29. Government is no longer responsible for gain and loss in state enterprises since the reform, soft budget restriction in the enterprise changes more or less, the financial pressure for the enterprise aggravates.
30. The reform of state owned enterprise was set as a key part of overall economic reform at the beginning of 80’s, since then the governments at central and local levels, entrepreneurs and economists have denoted much attentions and exerted many efforts to the reform, but one has to admit that comparing to the reforms in all the other fields in country, until now the reform of state enterprise is in the state of lowest point of “efficiency of input-output ”, from all views, the achievements we have made can not match the huge efforts (personnel resources, materials, finances and energies) we have exerted.
介词是英语里最灵活的一个词类，它能引出介词短语在句中发挥各种作用，它能跟动词连用，把不及物动词变成及物动词，引出宾语。总之，介词在英语里广泛使用，在汉语里许多用动词表达的意思，在英语里可以用介词来表达。然而介词又是英语里一个很机械的词类，它有许多固定的说法，稍一改变，不是不合用法，就是产出了别的意思。这就使我们感到很困难，必须用心体会，牢牢记住。
例21，despite就是介词，等于in spite of，因此不能说despite of，也不能说in despite of。例22，levels前面不能用in。levels在这里指的是讨论问题的角度，前面可用on。例23，习惯说法应是To a certain degree。此外，例1中的in respect to也是不行的。可以说in respect of，也可以说with respect to，这是固定的，是不能换的。例13中的on 1954也是不行的，on只能用于日期，这里一定要用in。
例24，主语是assessment，和动词must be assessed不搭配。把assessment删去，用property作主语，就和动词搭配了。例25，分词短语和主语不搭配，把principle换掉，用人来作主语就可以了。
在英语里，therefore和however都是副词，不是连词，不能起连接分句的作用。词典举例：He’s only 17 and therefore not eligible to vote. We thought the figures were correct. However, we have now discovered some errors. 例26，可在第1个分句末尾加and。例27，可将however前面的逗号改为分号，或将此逗号改为句号，下面另起一句。
例28，前半句是陈述句，后半句是问句。英语一般不这样说，可以分成两句，一个陈述句，一个问句，各自独立。也可以考虑在But后面加一个as，把前半句变成一个从句。
汉语有时把几个短句放在一个长句里，只用逗号，不用连词，前后关系自明，这就是王力先生所说的“意合”。但这种作法在英语里则行不通。英语喜欢用连词，把前后关系说得清清楚楚，否则就不要放在一个句子里，这就是所谓“形合”。
例29和例30就有这样的问题。现在别的问题都不谈了，只谈长句里面短句之间的联系。例29有三个短句，只用逗号相连是不行的，至少要把第3个短句之前的逗号改为and。例30很长，它所包含的三个短句也都有一定的长度，因此最好把它分成三句，从since then开始另起一句，然后从from all views开始再起一句，这样就好多了。
看到这里，读者也许会说，你啰嗦了这半天，但所谈内容的深度似乎并未超出任何一本简单的英语语法。的确是这样，本文所谈全是语法书里讲的最基本的道理，学英语的人没有没学过的。但知道这些规则是一回事，能正确运用这些规则是另一回事。
本文所谈的十八篇文章，译文质量也不一样，有几篇质量很高，其余的则问题较多，参加工作的这二十多位译者和校阅者肯定学过好多年英语，掌握的词汇量很大，有不少翻译经验和专业知识，能翻译有一定深度的相当专门的文章。如果说他们还有什么不够的地方，那就是基本功还不够扎实，使用英语有许多漏洞。基本功问题不属于翻译问题，只是在翻译过程中暴露出来而已。不过事到如今，停下来重新练基本功，弥补这些漏洞已不可能，那就只能在今后的工作中针对这个弱点下功夫。
我觉得，在这一方面，有两件事可以做。一是勤查词典，稍有犹豫就去查一查，正确的拼法，可数不可数，及物不及物，在句中怎样用，这些问题在字典里都可以解决。二是注意别人怎样用，不要视而不见。有人学了许多年英语，竟然不知道cannot是一个词，不能分开写，他们视而不见的毛病也太厉害了。只要做个有心人，注意观察，把基本功一天加固一点儿，日积月累，几年下来一定会大见成效。
1970年，周恩来总理针对翻译工作有一篇讲话。他说：“搞翻译不是那么简单的，不是懂几句外国话就行的。不但要有政治水平，同时要有较高的文化水平。没有基本功和丰富的知识不行。基本功包括三个方面：政治思想、语言本身和各种文化知识。”
你的基本功怎么样啊？
汉译英：替代
关于汉译英，我想谈三个要点：1.替代（substitution）；2.主谓（subject-predicate）；3.主从(subordination)。这三个要点用英语表述，第一个字母都是S，因此可以简称“三S要点”。译文质量不高，往往是因为这三个问题没有处理好。换言之，若这三个问题处理得较好，可以为译文增色不少。这一讲，就集中谈“替代”。
英语不喜欢重复，如果在一句话里或相连的几句话里需要重复某个词语，则用代词来代替，或以其他手段来避免重复。汉语不怕重复，连续使用某个词语是常见的事。所以汉译英时要千方百计避免重复，多用代称；英译汉时则要少用代称，多用实词。
说起“替代”，我们当然首先想到代词。
代词的使用，在英语和汉语里有很大的不同。总的说来，英语代词用得多，汉语代词用得少。因此，英译汉时，有些代词可以不译。汉译英时则要在适当的地方增加代词，特别是物主代词。用代词以避免重复的例子，更是比比皆是。
例1．一切都要从这个实际出发，根据这个实际来制订规划。
In everything we do we must proceed from this reality, and all planning must be consistent with it.
例2．走社会主义道路,就是要逐步实现共同富裕。共同富裕的构想是这样提出的：一部分地区有条件先发展起来，一部分地区发展慢点，先发展起来的地区带动后发展的地区，最终达到共同富裕。……解决的办法之一，就是先富起来的地区多交点利税，支持贫困地区的发展。
To take the road to socialism is to realize common prosperity step by step. Ourplan is as follows: where conditions permit, some areas may develop faster than others; those that develop faster can help promote the progress of those that lag behind, until all become prosperous…. One way is for the areas that become prosperous first to support the poor ones by paying more taxes or turning in more profits to the state.
例3．要提倡科学，靠科学才有希望。
We must promote science, for that is where our hope lies.
例4．目前我们国内正在进行改革。我是主张改革的，不改革就没有出路。
China is now carrying out a reform. I am all in favor of that. There is no other solution for us.
例5．最近，有的外国人议论，马克思主义是打不倒的。打不倒，并不是因为大本子多，而是因为马克思主义的真理颠扑不破。
Recently, some foreigners said that Marxism cannot be defeated. That is so not because there are so many big books, but because Marxism is the irrefutable truth.
以上五例都用了代词以避免重复。例1用it代替this reality，例2用others，those和ones代替areas，例3至例5都用that概括了前面的话。
说起代词，还有两点值得注意。一是英语常用she（her）代替某个国家或某一条船。
例6．The delta and the narrow Nile Valley to the south make up only 3 percent of Egypt’s land but are home to 96 percent of her population. (National Geographic)
例7．Have you ever been at sea in a dense fog, when it seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut you in, and the great ship, tense and anxious, groped her way toward the shore with plummet and sounding-line and you waited with beating heart for something to happen? (Helen Keller, The Story of My Life)
例8．现阶段中国已经实现了粮食基本自给，在未来的发展过程中，中国依靠自己的力量实现粮食基本自给，客观上具备诸多有利因素。
China has basically achieved self-sufficiency in grain at the present stage, and there are many favorable objective factors for her to maintain such achievement by her own efforts in the course of future development.
例9．社会主义中国应该用实践向世界表明，中国反对霸权主义、强权政治，永不称霸。
Socialist China should show the world through its actions that it is opposed to hegemonism and power politics and will never seek hegemony.
这种用she（her）指国家和船只的用法由来已久，现在指国家，倒是用it（its）的较为多见。Michael Swan所著Practical English Usage 《英语用法指南》第227条对这一问题作了详细的说明。
还有一种现象值得注意，那就是用they指单数。2004年出版的《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》（第6版）有这样的例句：
例10．Everyone must accept their share of the blame. (见share条)
例11．Should anyone call (= if anyone calls), please tell them I’m busy. (见should条)
例12．Everyone’s entitled to their own opinion. (见entitle条)
用they指单数就可避免he or she之类的累赘说法。上述《英语用法指南》第505条也对这一问题作了详细的说明。
以上谈了代词的用法。其实，避免重复的办法很多，也不限于使用代词。
英国语言学家Randolph Quirk等四位学者合编的A Grammar of Contemporary English 在关于Substitution一节中指出：不仅名词短语可以有代称，状语、谓语乃至宾语从句，都可以有代称。该书把用作代称的替代词统称为pro-forms。书中举了许多例子，如：
We saw John at eight on Monday evening. We told him then that we would be coming to the party.
Look in the top drawer. You’ll probably find it there.
A: John drives a car. B: I think Bob does too.
A: John drives a car. B: So does Bob.
Oxford is likely to win the next boat race. All my friends say so. (= that Oxford is likely to win the next boat race)
以上例子中的then，there，does，so does，so都可以说是pro-forms。
例13．Egypt, wrote the Greek historian Hecataeus, is the gift of the Nile. No other country is so dependent on a single lifeline. Egypt’s very soil was born in the Nile’s annual flood; with the flood came the life-giving mud that made Egypt the granary of the ancient world. And as rain fell in the Ethiopian highlands and the snows melted in the Mountains of the Moon, the river was everlastingly renewed. (National Geographic)
在第一句和第三句里，the Nile出现两次。在第四句里再次出现时，使用了代称the river。要想避免重复，译者就不能把视线局限在一个句子之内，而要照顾到上下文。
例14．要选人民公认是坚持改革开放路线并有政绩的人，大胆地放进新的领导机构里，使人民感到我们真心诚意搞改革开放。
We should boldly choose for the new leadership persons who were generally recognized as adhering to the line of reform and opening up and who had some achievements in that respect to their credit. This would convince the people that we were wholeheartedly committed to that line.
以上二例都是以名词替代名词，也不见得比实称简短多少，只是换一种说法而已。
动词和形容词如何避免重复呢？如果可能，可以合并。
例15．所以，要把我们的军队教育好，把我们的专政机构教育好，把：）员教育好，把人民和青年教育好。
So we must educate the army, persons working in the organs of dictatorship, the Communist Party members and the people, including the youth.
例16．会议多，文章太长，讲话也太长。
We hold countless meetings, and our articles and speeches are too long.
如不可能合并，则可利用so，as，to do that等词语来避免重复。
例17．He disliked her and had never been shy of saying so.
例18．The government could change the law if they were so minded.
例19．老科学家、中年科学家很重要，青年科学家也很重要。
Veteran and middle-aged scientists are important, and so are young ones.
例20．革命是解放生产力，改革也是解放生产力。
Revolution means the emancipation of the productive forces, and so does reform.
以上二例，前半句和后半句之间用了and一词，请注意，不要丢掉。
例21．Almost at once the number of egg masses deposited on experimental goats began to decrease, as did their fertility. (Rachel Carson, Silent Spring)
（在试验用的山羊身上产的卵块几乎立刻减少，其受精率亦下降。）
例22．这五年，首先是农村改革带来许多新的变化，农作物大幅度增产，农民收入大幅度增加，乡镇企业异军突起。
During those five years rural reform brought about many changes: grain output increased substantially, as did the peasants’ income, and rural enterprises emerged as a new force.
例23．开始搞并不踊跃呀，好多人在看。我们的政策就是允许看。允许看，比强制好得多。
At first, people were not enthusiastic about rural reform, and many waited to see how it would work. It was our policy to permit people to do that, which was much better than coercing them.
例24．你们到农村去看了一下吗？我们真正的变化还是在农村，有些变化出乎我们的预料。
Have you been to our countryside? The real changes have taken place there, and some of them have exceeded our expectations.
译文用了there和them，以避免重复countryside和changes。
有时英语为了避免重复，需要用一种完全新的表达方式。
例25．Lift and lower the right leg 20 times. Repeat with the left leg.
（将右腿提放20次。再将左腿提放20次。）
例26．现在国际上有一种议论，说中国改革的步子放慢了，政策要变。说放慢步子还有些根据，说政策要变就没有根据了。
Lately some people abroad have been commenting that the pace of reform in China has slowed and predicting that the government is going to change its policies. There is some basis for the first assertion but none at all for the second.
例27．多搞点“三资”企业，不要怕。只要我们头脑清醒，就不怕。
We should have more of the three kinds of foreign-invested ventures . There is no reason to be afraid of them. So long as we keep level-headed, there is no cause for alarm.
有时一句话后半句表示的动作和前半句是一样的，只是把施事和受事颠倒一下。这在汉语里，后半句和前半句一般用同样的结构，略显重复。英语里则有一简单的说法：vice versa。
例28．为了推动中美关系的发展，中国需要进一步了解美国，美国也需要进一步了解中国。
To promote the development of China-U.S. relations, China needs to know the United States better and vice versa.
有时为了加强语气，取得一定的修辞效果，故意重复句中的某些词语。这无论是在英语里还是在汉语里都是常见的。遇到这种情况，即便是英语也照样重复，而不用代称。
例29．The world watches. The world listens. The world waits to see what we will do. (Speech by President Nixon)
例30．中国愿与东盟各国永做好邻居、好伙伴、好朋友。
China will forever be a good neighbor, a good partner and a good friend with ASEAN countries.
由此看来，英语也不是一概反对重复。汉译英时，恐怕要该避免时避免，该重复时重复，你说是不是？
汉译英：主谓
英汉两种语言的主谓搭配，在大多数情况下是相通的。英语里一个主谓搭配，译成汉语后可以保持原来的搭配，但有时却不行，汉译英时也是这样。一般说来，汉语的主谓关系没有英语那么密切。英语对于主语能否作后面的动作考虑较多。因此，译文以什么作主语，怎样和谓语搭配，是一个经常需要斟酌的问题。
为了叙述的方便，这里所说的“主谓搭配”是指主语和谓语动词的搭配。
一．怎样处理无主句？
汉语有些句子没有主语，称为“无主句”。这种句子相当普遍。有时一句话根本没有主语；有时前面一句话有主语，一直管下去，后面几句话就没有主语了；有时后面的动作并不是前面的主语所做的，却没有新的主语出现。虽然如此，句子的意思还是清楚的，不会引起误解。按照同样的句子结构译成英语就不行了。
例1．过去，只讲在社会主义条件下发展生产力，没有讲还要通过改革解放生产力，不完全。应该把解放生产力和发展生产力两个讲全了。
In the past, we only stressed expansion of the productive forces under socialism, without mentioning the need to liberate them through reform. That conception was incomplete. Both the liberation and the expansion of the productive forces are essential.
这是一个很典型的例子。从英语的角度考虑，“只讲”前面缺主语，译文加了we作主语。在泛泛而谈的时候，加we是最方便的。接下去，“不完全”前面还缺一个主语，这里再用we就不行了。推敲一下就可以看出，这“不完全”三字指的是上面这种认识或说法，因此译文以That conception为主语。最后，“应该”前面还缺一个主语。既然原文说应把两个方面讲全，译文就以Both the liberation and the expansion of the productive forces作主语，把这两个方面放在突出的位置上，这就是把原文的宾语变为译文的主语了。
例2．所以，能发展就不要阻挡，有条件的地方要尽可能搞快点，只要是讲效益，讲质量，搞外向型经济，就没有什么可以担心的。
Therefore, those areas that are in a position to develop should not be obstructed. Where local conditions permit, development should proceed as fast as possible. There is nothing to worry about so long as we stress efficiency and quality and develop an export-oriented economy.
例3．社会主义的本质，是解放生产力，发展生产力，消灭剥削，消除两极分化，最终达到共同富裕。就是要对大家讲这个道理。
The essence of socialism is liberation and development of the productive forces, elimination of exploitation and polarization, and the ultimate achievement of prosperity for all. This concept must be made clear to the people.
例4．这样好嘛，就是要有创造性。
That’s good. Creativity is just what we want.
例5．对改革开放，一开始就有不同意见，这是正常的。
In the beginning opinions were divided about the reform and the open policy. That was normal.
从英语的角度来看，例2“能发展就不要阻挡”需要落实到一个名词上，也就是说这一部分译文需要有个主语。下文紧接着提到“有条件的地方”，因此前面一句用those areas that...为主语就十分恰当了。例3至例5分别以This concept，Creativity和opinions为主语，也就是说都是把原文的宾语用作主语，但谓语部分各不相同，例3用了被动语态，例4和例5都是主动语态，但结构不同。由此可见，即便都是把宾语用作主语，谓语部分也要根据实际需要而定。
二．怎样处理主谓搭配？
有时如果译文照搬原文的主谓搭配会感到很别扭，这就是需要变动一下主语。一种常见的办法是到主语部分中的定语里找一个词来作主语，后面的谓语可能好安排一点。
例6．我国经济发展分三步走，本世纪走两步，达到温饱和小康，下个世纪用三十年到五十年时间再走一步，达到中等发达国家的水平。
China is developing its economy in three steps. Two steps will be taken in this century, to reach the point where our people have adequate food and clothing and lead a fairly comfortable life. The third step, which will take us 30 to 50 years into the next century, is to reach the level of the moderately developed countries.
例7．我国的经济发展，总要力争隔几年上一个台阶。
In developing the economy, we should strive to reach a higher level every few years.
例8． 同时，我们的对外开放采取了多种方式，包括搞经济特区，开放十四个沿海城市。
In the meantime, we have implemented the policy of opening China to the outside world in many ways, including setting up special economic zones and opening 14 coastal cities.
例9．改革开放以来，我们立的章程并不少，而且是全方位的。经济、政治、科技、教育、文化、军事、外交等各个方面都有明确的方针和政策，而且有准确的表述语言。
Sine we introduced the reform and the open policy, we have drawn up many rules and regulations covering all fields of endeavor. Clear-cut guidelines and policies concerning economic and political affairs, science and technology, education, culture and military and foreign affairs have been worked out and expressed in precise terms.
这四个例子，原文的主语分别是“我国经济发展”、“我国的经济发展”、“我们的对外开放”和“我们立的章程”。译文若保持原文的主语，后面的谓语就很难安排。现在译文用China和we作主语，例9的第二句把宾语变为主语，这样后面的谓语就好安排了。看来，把主语部分中的定语拿出来作主语，不失为一个好办法。
另一个办法是根据上下文来确定或引入一个词语作主语，以与后面的谓语形成较好的搭配，使句子读起来顺畅。
例10．改革开放迈不开步子，不敢闯，说来说去就是怕资本主义的东西多了，走了资本主义道路。要害是姓“资”还是姓“社”的问题。
The reason some people hesitate to carry out the reform and the open policy and dare not break new ground is, in essence, that they’re afraid it would mean introducing too many elements of capitalism and, indeed, taking the capitalist road. The crux of the matter is whether the road is capitalist or socialist.
例11．农业实行多种经营，因地制宜，该种粮食的地方种粮食，该种经济作物的地方种经济作物，不仅粮食大幅度增长，经济作物也大幅度增长。
By diversifying agriculture in accordance with local conditions, the peasants have grown grain and cash crops in places suited to them and have substantially increased the output of both.
例12．社会主义发展生产力，成果是属于人民的。
Under socialism, when the productive forces are developed, the result belongs to the people.
例13．电视一打开，尽是会议。
Every time you turn on the television, you see a meeting being held.
这四个例子，主语都不长，都没有定语，但在译文中保持原文的主谓搭配也是不可能的。从英语的角度看，“改革开放”怎能“迈步子”？“农业”怎能“实行多种经营”？“社会主义”怎能“发展生产力”？“电视”自己也不能“打开”。例10，从上下文看，说的是一部分人的情况，因此译文加了some people作主语，后半句加they作主语也就顺理成章了。第二句“姓‘资’还是姓‘社’”前面缺一个主语。既然前面一句已经提到the capitalist road，第二句译文以the road作主语就很方便了。例11加了the peasants作主语统管全句，和后面的谓语也就容易接上了。例12确定把原文的宾语“生产力”作为主语，后接被动语态。例13引进you作主语统管全句，读起来通顺自然。若一个主语能管到底，中间最好不要换主语，英语非常重视这一点。
例14．不搞争论，是我的一个发明。不争论，是为了争取时间干。一争论就复杂了，把时间都争掉了，什么也干不成。
It was my idea to discourage contention, so as to have more time for action. Once disputes begin, they complicate matters and waste a lot of time. As a result, nothing is accomplished.
此例原文有三句话，译文也是三句，但作了调整。第一句的译文用了引词it作形式主语，后面的动词不定式才是真实主语。第二句译成目的状语，与第一句合并。鉴于第一句已经用了contention一词，第三句译文就用disputes作主语了。此例还有一点值得注意。“争论”一词在原文里出现三次，译文却只用了一个contention，一个disputes，避免了重复。
例15．基本路线要管一百年，动摇不得。
We should adhere to the basic line for a hundred years, with no vacillation.
最后这个例子最精彩。若在译文里保持“基本路线”作主语，要为谓语动词“管”字在英语里找一个对应词可就太难了。万般无奈，只好重新组织句子。结果就是现在这个译文。译者引入we作主语，动词也作相应的调整，用adhere to，把the basic line作宾语。前边的we把后边的with no vacillation也管住了。这句译文既简单，又流畅，实在太妙了。
以上译例均出自《邓小平文选》第三卷。口语体的文章最能体现英汉两种语言在主谓搭配方面的差异。为写此文，我重读了第三卷中的一些文章。我过去教学时用过这些文章，现在读来倍感亲切。《邓小平文选》英译本是由中央编译局翻译出版的。这是一个很好的译本，原文语言生动，译文也可以说是处处到位，从事汉英翻译工作的同志不可不读。你读过了吗？
汉译英：主从
王力先生在《中国语法理论》“欧化的语法”一章中指出：“中国语里多用意合法，联结成分并非必需；西文多用形合法，联结成分在大多数情况下是不可缺少的。”
我的体会是，汉语行文层层展开，多用并列结构，有时一个长句可以包含几个并列短句（即主谓结构），有时一个主语可带几个并列谓语，各成分之间可能存在着各种不同的联系，但都不用文字表示出来，表面上只是一个并列结构。
英语行文讲究突出重点，重要的意思放在突出的位置，次要的意思则通过从句、分词、介词短语等手段放在次要的位置，各成分之间的关系交待得一清二楚。
我在《汉英翻译500例》（1980）一书中说过：“我感觉汉语的句子结构好比一根竹子，一节一节地连下去，而英语的句子结构好比一串葡萄，主干可能很短，累累的果实附着在上面。”说的就是上面这个意思。这是英汉两种语言在句子结构方面最主要的差别。下面请看一个例子。
例1．The gloomy little study, with windows of stained glass to exclude the view, was full of dark green velvet and heavily-carved mahogany — a suite of which old Jolyon was wont to say:“Shouldn’t wonder if it made a big price some day!”
这是一间阴暗的小书房，书房窗子镶的全是染色玻璃，挡着窗外的景色；房内全是桃花心木的家具，上面满是雕花，背垫和坐垫都是一色深绿的丝绒。老乔里恩时常提起这套家具：“哪一天不卖上大价钱才怪。”
这个例子很能说明英汉两种语言的句法特点。原文选自英国作家高尔斯华绥（John Galsworthy）的小说《福尔赛世家》（The Forsyte Saga）。原文破折号之前就是一个简单句，主语是The study，谓语动词是was。而周熙良的译文却把这半句话译成了5个并列短句，各有自己的主语和谓语，各短句之间也没有词语相连。这样一比较，两种语言各自的特点就看得很清楚了。
在汉译英的时候，我们可以通过哪些手段来体现英语的特点呢?
1．从句
汉语多用并列结构，一个句子可以包含几个并列分句，或一个主语带几个并列谓语。英语喜用主从结构，用主句表达主要内容以突出重点，用定语从句或状语从句表达句中较为次要的含义，从而使句子显出层次。
例2．海南岛和台湾的面积差不多，那里有许多资源，有富铁矿，有石油天然气，还有橡胶和别的热带亚热带作物。海南岛好好发展起来，是很了不起的。
Hainan Island, which is almost as big as Taiwan, has abundant natural resources, such as rich iron ore, oil and natural gas, as well as rubber and other tropical and subtropical crops. When it is fully developed, the result should be extraordinary.
例3．我们的第一个目标是解决温饱问题，这个目标已经达到了。
Our first objective was to solve the problem of food and clothing, which we have now done.
例4．过去我们搬用别国的模式，结果阻碍了生产力的发展，在思想上导致僵化，妨碍人民和基层积极性的发挥。
We used to copy foreign models mechanically, which only hampered the development of our productive forces, induced ideological rigidity and kept the people and grass-roots units from taking any initiative.
以上三例，译文都用了which。2003年出版的Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English第4版关于which的用法有这样一段说明：used，after a comma in writing，to add more information about the thing，situation or event you have just mentioned. 这正是以上三例中which的用法。例2 which引导的从句说明海南的大小，这只是对主语Hainan Island顺便作的一点说明，不是主要内容，这句话重点说明海南岛的资源。例3中的which代表主句中的to solve the problem of food and clothing，例4中的which代表前面整个主句，都表示结果。
例5．深圳搞了七八年了，取得了很大的成绩。
But the Shenzhen Special Economic Zone has achieved remarkable successes since it was established almost eight years ago.
例6．开始的时候广东提出搞特区，我同意了他们的意见，我说名字叫经济特区，搞政治特区就不好了。
It was the leaders of Guangdong Province who first came up with the proposal that special zones be established, and I agreed. But I said they should be called special economic zones, not special political zones, because we didn’t like anything of that sort.
例7．占全国人口百分之八十的农民连温饱都没有保障，怎么能体现社会主义的优越性呢？
When the peasants, who make up 80 percent of China’s population, could not even be guaranteed adequate food and clothing, how could we demonstrate the superiority of socialism?
以上三例分别用连词since，because和when引导状语从句。例5从上下文来看，主要想说明深圳的成绩，时间长短不是重点。若用主句或并列分句来说时间，就喧宾夺主了。例6 because起连接作用，英语讲究“形合”，这里需要有个连词。当然不一定非用because，用as，for或since也都可以。这三个例子中用的连词，最不起眼的就是when，因为它用得最多。这里不用连词行不行？不行。例7原文前半句是陈述句，后半句是问句，并不需要用连词。英语则不然，这句译文可以分成两句，陈述句和问句各自成句；若放在一个句子里，就需要用连词，当然也不一定非用when，此处用if也可以。例2第2句译文用when，也是起连接作用。
例8．将来中国富强起来了，也永远不称霸。
China will never seek hegemony even if it grows rich and strong in the future.
例9．大错误没有犯，小错误没有断，因为我们没有经验。
However, although we haven’t made any major mistakes, we have made many minor ones, because we have no experience.
此二例中的even if和although都表示语气上的转折，这种语气上的转折并不是译者凭空加上的，而是深入分析原文得来的，这正体现了汉语“意合”的特点。一个连词也不用，各种语气的转折自在其中。译文连词加得是否得当，就看译者对原文理解得深不深了。
2．分词短语
英语体现主从关系，除了使用从句，还可以使用分词短语。英语有现在分词，还有过去分词，而且用法灵活多变。分词引导的短语，可以放在句首，可以放在句中，也可以放在句末。英译汉时并不构成什么困难，往往可以和普通动词同样处理。大概也正因为如此，汉译英时我们往往想不到发挥英语的这一特点，使译文显出层次，而只知一味地使用并列动词。因此要想提高译文的质量，经常提醒自己用好分词短语，便是一件值得注意的事了。
例10．中国始终不渝地奉行独立自主的和平外交政策，中国对外政策的最高宗旨是和平。
Unswervingly pursuing an independent foreign policy of peace, China takes peace as the ultimate goal of its foreign policy.
我想，前半句是我们在外交场合经常说的一句话，大家都很熟悉，后半句才是这句话的重点，因此前半句用分词短语来表示。
例11．现在，中国和东盟各国都在抓住历史机遇，按照各自的国情制定发展战略，不断发展社会生产力，保持经济的持续增长。
At present, both China and ASEAN countries, seizing opportunities presented by history, have formulated development strategies in light of their own national conditions and continued to develop the productive forces and maintain a sustained economic growth.
和后半句所说的制定发展战略，发展社会生产力和保持持续增长相比，“抓住历史机遇”较为笼统，也就是说各国是在“抓住历史机遇”的情况下做后面几件事的，因此这一部分用分词短语来表述。
例12．它们在国际和地区事务中发挥积极作用，不断推进自己的经济发展和社会进步，为亚洲和世界的和平、稳定与发展作出了重要贡献。
They have played a positive role in international and regional affairs and constantly advanced their own economic development and social progress, thus making important contributions to peace, stability and development in Asia and the world at large.
前半句说的是它们做的事情，比较具体，译文用了谓语动词；后半句说的是做事情的结果或意义。较为笼统，所以用分词短语来表述。
例13．中国与东盟各国或山水相连，或隔海相望，在悠久的交往中，人民之间形成了深厚的传统友谊。
Joined together by mountains and rivers or facing each other across the sea, China and ASEAN countries have developed a profound traditional friendship among the people in the course of their age-old contacts and exchanges.
前半句描写自然状况，不是句子的重点，译文用了两个分词短语Joined...和facing...。使用分词时，值得特别注意的是分词必须与主语保持一致，换言之，分词表示的动作必须是主语能做的。以例13为例，这句话的主语是China and ASEAN countries，它们可以face each other...，因此分词短语facing each other...是对的，没有问题。但它们不能join together...因为它们是被join together的，这一部分若译作Joining together...就错了，一定要用过去分词Joined together...。
3．介词短语
汉语里的并列成分，在英语里，除了用从句和分词短语之外，还可用介词短语，使句子重点突出，层次分明。本文例1中with windows of stained glass...就是一例。
例14．中国是一个发展中的沿海大国。中国高度重视海洋的开发和保护，把发展海洋事业作为国家发展战略。
As a major developing country with a long coastline, China attaches great importance to marine development and protection, and takes it as the state’s development strategy.
原文是两句话，第一句是对客观情况的描述，但文章必须从这里作起。第二句才是讲话的重点。因此译者用介词短语来表述第一句话的内容，这样就可以突出后面的重点了。
例15．我们正处在世纪之交的重要历史时刻，应该以长远的战略眼光审视和处理双方关系，建立中国与东盟面向二十一世纪的睦邻互信伙伴关系。
At this important historical juncture on the eve of the new century, we should approach and handle our bilateral relations from a long-range strategic perspective and forge a Chinese-ASEAN good-neighborly partnership of mutual trust oriented to the 21st century.
这一句原文是一个主语带三个谓语，第一个谓语是对时代的客观描述，不是句子的重点，后面要做的事情才是句子的重点。因此译文一开始就是一个介词短语，然后主语带两个谓语动词。
例16．长期以来，我们百分之七十至八十的农村劳动力被束缚在土地上，农村每人平均只有一两亩土地，多数人连温饱都谈不上。
For a long time 70 to 80 per cent of the rural work force was tied to the land, with an average of only about 0.1 hectare per person, and most peasants did not even have adequate food and clothing.
这一句原文是三个并列分句，各有自己的主语和谓语。第二个分句“农村每人平均只有一两亩土地”说明第一个分句所说“农村劳动力被束缚在土地上”的具体情况，其重要性显然比不上第一分句，因此译文只用了一个with引导的介词短语。
总之，要想在译文中用好主从关系，发挥英语的这一特点，必须深入分析原文各个成分，把并列的或貌似并列的成分辨别孰重孰轻，并弄清他们之间的关系，然后在译文中采取相应的行动，拿出好的译文。
最后谈一谈并列结构。
虽然和汉语相比，英语行文多用主从结构，并列结构不如汉语用得多，但也并非绝对不用。英语原作中使用并列分句和并列谓语的例子还是很多的，因此汉译英时该用并列结构时还是要放手使用。
例17．The young man left, and Durbeyfield lay waiting on the grass in the evening sun.
例18．世界在变化，我们的思想和行动也要随之而变化。
The world is changing, and we should change our thinking and actions along with it.
例19．The young man stood before Durbeyfield, and looked at him from head to toe.
例20．不发达地区大都是拥有丰富资源的地区，发展潜力是很大的。
Most of the less developed areas are rich in resources and have great potential for development.
这4个例子，例17和例18的译文各有两个并列分句，例19和例20的译文各有两个并列动词。但有一点非常值得注意，那就是4句英语都用了连词and。这个and看上去很不起眼，你几乎感觉不到它的存在。英译汉时也不用费心处理，但它却体现了英汉两种语言之间的差异，而且在汉译英的时候，最容易被忽略。一般说来，and一词在英语使用并列结构的句子里是必不可少的，这正体现英语的“形合”。但汉语重“意合”，句子成分之间的联系不一定在字面上表现出来。因此，汉译英时，不要忘记使用连词and就显得特别重要，你可不要小看它哟。
《李岚清教育访谈录》英译本学习札记
2003年11月，人民教育出版社出版了《李岚清教育访谈录》。2004年金秋时节，不到一年的时间， 便有英译本问世。英译本取名Education for 1.3 Billion （《为了13亿人的教育》），是由我国的外语教学与研究出版社和英国的培生教育出版集团（Pearson Education） 共同出版的。
作者专为英译本写了一篇序言，对出版英译本的背景和意图作了说明，并且提到，鉴于读者的文化背景和教育背景不同，而且中文和英文之间也存在差异，英译本有一些变通的地方，但这不影响读者了解本书的内容。
更多考虑外国读者的不同情况而在译文的文字上有所变通，这无疑代表一种新的翻译思路，必将对我国译界产生深远的影响。这一方面的情况很值得进一步研究。本文只想利用以下几个选段，以注释的形式谈一谈有关汉译英的一些基本问题的体会。
4.6 “尚方宝剑”和“借东风”
记者：高校宏观结构调整和管理体制改革，几乎涉及到所有高校。有的学校办了几十年被并掉了，有的高校的校名因合并被改掉了，但总体进展比较平稳。推动这样大的改革，您有何感受？
4.6 Applying the ‘imperial sword’ and seizing the opportunities1
Interviewer:
Virtually all China’s universities have been involved in the overall restructuring and administrative reform. Some have been merged despite the fact that they were around for decades. Some have been renamed after they were merged. Progress, however, has largely been smooth. How do you feel about orchestrating such massive reform?
注1. 这一节的题目非常生动，用了两个典故。第一个典故，译文保留了原文的形象，第二个典故则没有保留。这是为什么？也许我们看到下面就明白了。
李岚清：改革之所以能这样平稳，我的体会主要有以下几方面。
一是抓学习，讲形势，统一思想认识。邓小平同志关于教育改革问题有许多科学论述。江泽民同志在接见四所交通大学负责人时指出：“我们的教育工作必须进一步解决好两大重要问题，一是教育要全面适应现代化建设对各级各类人才培养的需要，而是要全面提高办学的质量和效益。这也可以说是当前全国教育工作面临的两个重要转变。”对于处在教育事业龙头地位的高等教育来说，要实现这“两个重要转变”，必须进一步深化高等教育管理体制改革。中共中央和国务院印发的《中国教育改革和发展纲要》和党的十四大、十五大报告，以及两届政府总理在全国人代会上所作的政府工作报告中，都有一系列关于教育改革的方针、政策，还有全国人大及其常委会通过的关于教育的法律，我们都抓住不放，组织大家认真学习，不厌其烦地反复讲，目的就是为了统一各级领导干部的思想。这些重要的方针、政策、法律、文件，我把它们比作“尚方宝剑”。我们要善于运用这些“尚方宝剑”来统一思想。形势发展呼唤着高等教育的改革。随着社会主义现代化建设的不断前进，社会主义市场经济体制的逐步建立，科学技术的迅速发展，高等教育只有改革才能适应经济和社会发展的要求，才能肩负起中华民族伟大复兴的历史使命。形势任务搞清楚了，大家的认识就容易统一了。
Li Lanqing:
The smooth progress of reform can be attributed to the following factors.2
First, we have organized studies of government policies to clarify the situation and reach a consensus on what we wanted to accomplish.3 Deng Xiaoping had put forward many scientific viewpoints on education reform. During a meeting with leaders of the four Jiaotong universities (Beijing, Shanghai, Southwest and Xi’an)4, Jiang Zemin said, “In our work on education we must tackle two major issues.5 One is that education must meet the demand of the modernization drive for qualified professionals at all levels and of all types; the other is that managerial quality and efficiency has to be raised across the board in school administration. These two issues may be seen as the two major changes essential to China’s work on education.”6
To effect the “two major changes” in higher education, which is pivotal to education as a whole, reform of the administrative system has to be deepened.7 A series of principles and policies on education reform are featured in the Program for China’s Education Reform and Development issued by the central government, the reports to the 14th and 15th National Congresses of CPC, and the reports on government work delivered by the premiers of the two successive central governments to the National People’s Congress. The NPC and its Standing Committee have passed several laws on education. We have organized careful studies of all these principles, policies, documents and laws for the single purpose of reaching a consensus among leaders at all levels.8 I likened these principles, policies, documents and laws to the “imperial sword” – symbols of supreme authority.9 We need the “imperial sword” to focus our minds and actions. The situation cries for higher education reform. At a time when the socialist modernization drive is going strong, with the socialist market economy here to stay, and science and technology progressing apace, higher education has to be transformed – both to meet the demands of socioeconomic development and to shoulder the great historical mission of rejuvenating China.10 Once the situation and tasks come into focus, reaching a consensus becomes simple.
注2. 这句译文值得注意的是attribute一词。英语需要表达“归功于……”之类的意思是，经常用这个词。
注3. 这句原文像个小标题，用分词来译也是可以的。但译文加了东西，比较长，更像一个句子，所以还是用we作主语较好。此外，“抓学习”若只译作organized studies，不够具体，所以译文加了of government policies。 这也不是随便加的，看一看下文就明白了。加在这里，也可以与下文有所呼应。Consensus后面加了on what we wanted to accomplish, 也是因为同样的道理。
注4. 这句译文在four Jiaotong universities 后面略作解释，就是照顾外国读者的需要。
注5. 原文以“我们的教育工作”为主语，但在英文里，以we作主语更便于和动词搭配。
注6. 中文的段落比较长，而英文不太喜欢很长的段落。因此，中译英时，常需在适当的地方将一段分为两段，甚至分为更多的段落。
注7. 这句原文无主语，译文没有加we，而是用了被动语态。这也是常见的一种译法。
注8. 这里原文是一句，而译文分成了三句，这样译比较清楚。
注9. 这一句把“尚方宝剑”之所指作了说明，译者更对其含义作了解释。有这句话在这里与本节的题目相呼应，意思就很清楚了，因此题目的译文保留了原文的形象。其实，即使没有这句话，题目这样译，意思也是清楚的。
注10. 原文“随着”后面有三个名词词组，译文若只用with来引导，显得结构过于单调。现在译文先用At a time when引出一个从句，然后再用with，就比较灵活。
二是向前看，不争论，少宣扬，多实干。改革之初，有些同志曾提出，要改革，首先就要批判过去高等教育体制的弊端。对此我坚决不同意，并说服这些同志要用历史唯物主义的观点看问题，否则我们就永远没有正确的是非标准。中国：）之所以是个成熟的政党，其中重要的一条就是我们善于用辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义来正确地处理“继承与发展”的关系问题。不管你的成就多大，都有历史的局限，不能当事后诸葛亮。我们今天的改革，大家认为是正确的，甚至是很有前瞻性的。但过多少年以后，用那时的标准来看今天的改革，也许会被后人认为是难以理解的“古董”。但你能否认今天的改革成果吗？所以，不必要的争论不但对推进改革无益，反而会影响改革进程。我们只有从实际出发，针对现存的问题进行改革，尽量做好在当前时代条件下能做到的事。
Second, we must look forward, waste absolutely no time on unnecessary arguing and hype, and work more in a down-to-earth way.11 In the beginning, some people had suggested criticizing the drawbacks in higher education prior to reform.12 I said no and persuaded them to look at things from the perspective of historical materialism, otherwise we could never find the criteria for telling right from wrong.13 A major reason why the Communist Party of China is a mature party is because we are good at applying dialectical materialism and historical materialism when handling the relationship between inheriting and developing. All achievements, no matter how big, have historical limits, and the “I told you so” attitude gets us nowhere.14 Today, everyone is saying the reform is correct and rather farsighted. However, many years in the future, if people use their contemporary standards to judge the reform of today, they may see it as some sort of unfathomable “antique”. But can you negate the reform and its results today because of that? Therefore, unnecessary arguments can do nothing for the progress of reform but hinder it.15 We can only proceed from reality, carry out reform to redress existing problems, and do what we can under the circumstances.16
注11. 此处与注3所谈情况一样，加we作主语。此外，arguing前面加了unnecessary 一词，这也不是译者随意加的。本段倒数第二句提到unnecessary arguments，前后呼应。
注12. 此句原文两次提到“改革”，译文都没有用reform，而把它与prior to 连用，修饰the drawbacks in higher education，真可以说用在了该用的地方。
注13. “对此我坚决不同意”译作 I said no，这是一个非常简洁有力的译法。此外，“正确的是非标准”译作the criteria for telling right from wrong，表面上“正确的”没有译，实际上已经意在其中了。这是翻译中常见的一种现象，许多形容词和副词的含义已经包含在它所修饰的词里了，就不必单独用一个词来表示。这种现象值得注意。
注14. 此处原文用了一个典故“事后诸葛亮”，若照字面译，不能使外国读者产生同样的联想，因此译文用了英语里一个相应的说法。
注15. 译文用it，避免重复“改革”。
注16. 原文是一个主语带三个并列谓语动词，译文也是一样，但原文没有用连词，译文里这个and却是必需的。
与此同时，这十年来，我一直要求大家少宣扬，多实干。这是因为改革是一个不断探索的进程，孰是孰非，还要经过一段实践的检验，不宜作不必要的宣传，更不应事情还没有做好就先吹一通。何况宣传不适当还会引发不必要的争论或简单的“刮风”，影响改革的进程，甚至把好事变坏。
Over this decade I always asked my colleagues to cut the hype and do more solid work. This is because reform is a process of progressive exploration. Whether we are doing things right or wrong, only time and practice can tell. Hype is unnecessary; we should not brag before our accomplishments are in place.17 Untimely publicity can trigger avoidable controversy or simplistic “campaigning,” thus affecting the progress of reform or even damaging the good results we have achieved.18
注17. 这一句说明提出上述要求的原因，内容比较多，因此译文分了三句，这样译比较清楚。
注18. simplistic 有贬义，意思是“过于简单化的”，用在这里正合适。后半句译文用了两个分词短语，说明上述做法可能产生的后果。
三是“借东风”，抓机遇。要推动改革，每一个重大的机遇都要抓住不放。例如上面我提到的，1998年国务院进行机构改革，撤销了9个部门，“皮之不存，毛将焉附？”部门没有了，部门所属的那些高校怎么办？我们就抓住这一机遇，整体推进了部门所属高校以地方管理为主共建的改革，受到地方和这些高校的普遍欢迎。改革后，我去这些学校考察，有些校领导对我说，改由地方为主管理后，他们受到地方政府的重视和种种优待，发展比过去快多了，早该这样改革了！
Third, don’t let a good opportunity slip through your fingers.19 To promote reform you’ve got to act every time a good opportunity presents itself. One such opportunity appeared during the 1998 State Council organizational reshuffle, in which nine ministries were abolished.20 Now that these ministries were gone, what was to be done with the universities under their charge.21 We acted immediately and launched a wholesale reform by delegating reconstruction responsibilities for these universities to the local authorities, a decision well received by the localities and the universities themselves. When I visited these universities toward the end of the reform, some leaders told me that they won much attention and preferential treatment from local governments, and that their development was much faster than before. This reform was long overdue, they said.22
注19. 在这里“借东风”和“抓机遇”是同样的意思。这就是为什么本节的题目中“借东风”只译作seizing the opportunities。“借东风”本是汉语里的一个典故，来自《三国演义》，但翻译起来，很难对外国读者说清楚，只好把它要表达的意思译出来算了。但这个典故用在这里确实很生动，于是译者在英文里找了一个与之相对应的习语。根据Oxford Advanced Learner’s English-Chinese Dictionary（《牛津高阶英汉双解词典》）第6版，let sth slip (through your fingers)意思是to miss or fail to use an opportunity，因此用在这里是非常恰当的。
注20. reshuffle一词很有用，谈到政府的重大人事或机构变动，最常用的就是这个词。
注21. 这句译文具体说明了前面引语“皮之不存，毛将焉附?”在这里的含义，因此这句引语就没有译，若译出来就显得重复了。此外，请注意后半句what was to be done…。此处不能用what to do，因为它只是一个短语，不能独立构成一个问句。
注22. 最后一句译文加了they said。若不加，读者就可能认为最后一句是作者的话了。
四是要进行充分的调查研究和科学的评估。“尚方宝剑”也要慎用。既要把工作抓紧、做细、做深，统一认识，又要善于等待，不能强迫命令。工作不能简单化。合并难度最大的莫过于强强联合。但实践证明，只要经过充分论证，确认合并有其客观合理性，有关领导决心大，工作细，并给予必要的支持，也是完全可行的。
当然，大学并不是越大越好。该合的合，不该合的就不合。
Fourth, making thorough studies and investingations and conducting scientific assessment.23 When we wield the “imperial sword” we should do it with prudence. We need to press ahead with our work in a meticulous and thoroughgoing manner.24 But we need also be good at biding our time and refrain from coercion. In other words, our work tolerates no simple-mindedness. Of all the types of mergers, none is more difficult than those between good universities. Practice, however,25 has proved that so long as we are confident of its feasibility on the basis of thorough study, and so long as leaders of all the parties involved are committed, work carefully and are supportive, such mergers can definitely happen and happen successfully.
Naturally, it does not necessarily follow26 that the larger a university the better. Mergers can only happen when and where it makes sense. Otherwise they must not happen at all.27
注23. 第4点和第5点译文与前三点不同，没有用完整的句子，而用了分词短语来翻译第一句话，这就是把第一句话译作小标题了。
注24. 此处“工作”一词恐不是指一般的具体工作，而是指思想工作，其目的是“统一认识”。译文未能体现“统一认识”的意思。也许把our work改为persuasion就行了。不过这样一来，因为搭配的关系，可能要把and thoroughgoing删去。其实，前面有press ahead，后面有meticulous，强调的语气已经表现得很充分了。
注25. 据我观察，在英语中，however在大多数情况下不是放在句首，而是放在较后的位置。此处，虽然原文以“但”字开始，译文把however放在practice后面，是合乎英文的用法的。
注26. follow一词非常有用，它在这里的意思是to be the logical results of sth。原文“并不是”的意思是“不能从上文得出结论，认为……”，因此，译文it does not necessarily follow that … 是十分恰当的。
注27. 这句原文很短，但很有中文的特色。“合”字重复出现四次，译文绝不能
照搬，只有另想办法。《邓小平文选》第三卷有这样一句话：“农业实行多种经营，因地制宜，该种粮食的地方种粮食，该种经济作物的地方种经济作物，不仅粮食大幅度增长，经济作物也大幅度增长。”译文是：By diversifying agriculture in accordance with local conditions, the peasants have grown grain and cash crops in places suited to them and have substantially increased the output of both.
五是抓典型，因势利导，前面曾提到，国务院办公厅曾先后在上海、南昌、北戴河、扬州四次召开座谈会总结推广各地的好经验，用典型推动，形成改革的氛围。同时，我们对一些影响大的学校的调整、合并给予特别关注，并且我和教育部门的领导还到一些地方实地考察了解，及时给予指导。
Fifth, setting good examples and making the most of the situation. As I said before,the General Office of the State Council had held meetings in Shanghai, Nanchang, Beidaihe and Yangzhou to summarize and share the best practices and solutions from each situation. The idea was to set good examples and foster a friendly atmosphere for reform.28 In the meantime, we paid special attention to the regrouping and amalgamation of prestigious universities. Leaders of the Ministry of Education and I went on fact-finding tours to offer needed guidance.29
注28. 这一句原文较长，最后才说出这样做的目的，若译成一句，目的就不突出。现在译文使后半句单独成句，而且用The idea作主语，这个短语的意思是the aim or purpose (of sth)，用在这里是很恰当的。
注29. 中文总是说“我和某某人”，把“我”字放在前头。英文则总是把I放在后头。我们要写地道的英文，这一点，不可不注意。我觉得这纯粹是一个使用语言的习惯问题，不涉及是否尊重别人。1987年，美国前总统卡特访华，，在欢迎他的宴会上讲话，他说：My wife and I … 译文是“我的夫人和我 ……”。我觉得，还是“我和我的夫人”听起来顺耳一些。你说呢？
《公民道德建设实施纲要》英译本学习札记
2002年，中央编译局翻译出版了《公民道德建设实施纲要》的英译本，题目是Program for Improving Civic Morality。这是一个很好的译本。把原文和译文对照学习，一方面可以更好地领会文件的精神，一方面也可借以提高翻译能力，真是一举两得。
全文共40条。下面我只就第1条中的前两点以注释的形式谈谈我的学习体会。
1. 社会主义道德建设是发展先进文化的重要内容。在新世纪全面建设小康社会，加快改革开放和现代化建设步伐，顺利实现第三步战略目标，必须在加强社会主义法制建设、依法治国的同时，切实加强社会主义道德建设、以德治国，把法制建设与道德建设、依法治国与以德治国紧密结合起来，通过公民道德建设的不断深化和拓展，逐步形成与发展社会主义市场经济相适应的社会主义道德体系。这是提高全民族素质的一项基础性工程，对弘扬民族精神和时代精神，形成良好的社会道德风尚，促进物质文明与精神文明协调发展，全面推进建设有中国特色社会主义伟大事业，具有十分重要的意义。
1. Improving1 socialist morality is an important aspect2 of developing an advanced culture. In the new century, we are building a society in which people lead a fairly comfortable life, quickening the pace of reform, opening up and modernization, and attaining the strategic goals for the third stage. While we are strengthening the socialist legal system and the rule of the country by law, we must earnestly improve socialist morality, rule the country by virtue, and closely integrate the improvement of the legal system with the improvement of morality and the rule of the country by law with the rule of the country by virtue. Through a continuous process of deepening and broadening the improvement of civic morality, a socialist moral system suitable for our socialist market economy will gradually take shape and develop.3 This is a basic program for improving the quality of the whole Chinese nation. It has great significance for enhancing national spirit and a spirit of the times, cultivating good moral habits, coordinating material civilization with spiritual civilization, and advancing the great cause of building socialism with Chinese characteristics.4
注1. “建设”一词在这里译作improve是很恰当的，improving socialist morality是一个很好的搭配。我们一看见“建设”，往往首先想到construction，其实在很多情况下是不用这个词的。“建设”一词在这一段里多次出现。“建设小康社会”译作building a society in which people lead a fairly comfortable life, “现代化建设”译作modernization,“加强社会主义法制建设”译作strengthening the socialist legal system，有时也译作improvement of the legal system. 究竟怎样译，全看具体情况而定。
注2. “内容”一词在这里译作aspect，也是一个很好的选词。我们一看见“内容”二字，往往首先想到content，有时可以用，有时则不行，此处就不能用。翻译不能追求表面上词语的对应。
注3. 原文第2句很长，有140字，以极其精炼的语言对公民道德建设的重要性作了高度的概括。句中包含的政治概念和术语很多，译文若也用一句话来表述，句子可能会很臃肿，外国读者也难以领会。仔细分析一下，这句话包含三部分。“必须”之前是第一部分，说的是我们正在做的事，也就是提出这一文件的背景。“必须”引出的是第二部分，说的是我们要做的事。“通过”引出的是第三部分，说的是所要达到的目的。因此，译者就把这一句译成了三句。第一句和第二句都加we作主语，第三句以a socialist moral system … 为主语，和谓语will gradually take shape and develop搭配。
注4. 原文第3句也较长，先说这是一项什么工程，又说它在四个方面的重要意义。译文分成了两句。第2句根据英语的习惯，评价性的话要先说，然后再说各项细节，因此译文以It has great significance开始。此外，“时代精神”译作spirit of the times，这是最常见的一种译法。
2. 党的十一届三中全会特别是十四大以来，随着改革开放和现代化建设事业的深入发展，社会主义精神文明建设呈现出积极健康向上的良好态势，公民道德建设迈出了新的步伐。爱国主义、集体主义、社会主义思想日益深入人心，为人民服务精神不断发扬光大，崇尚先进、学习先进蔚然成风，追求科学、文明、健康生活方式已成为人民群众的自觉行动，社会道德风尚发生了可喜变化，中华民族的传统美德与体现时代要求的新的道德观念相融合，成为我国公民道德建设发展的主流。
2. Since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee, and especially since the Fourteenth National Congress of the CPC, along with the deepening of the reform and opening up and the modernization drive, positive, healthy improvements have occurred in the development of socialist spiritual civilization, and significant progress has been made in the improvement of civic morality.5 Patriotism, collectivism and socialist ideology increasingly fill people’s hearts. The spirit of serving the people is growing. Admiration and emulation of models have become commonplace.6 The people have begun pursuing scientific, culturally advanced and healthy lifestyles on their own initiative.7 Gratifying changes are occurring in the prevailing customs of social morality.8 The traditional morality of the Chinese people and new moral viewpoints that embody the needs of the times are merging. This becomes the main trend in the improvement of civic morality.9
注5. 这一句说明近年来精神文明建设和公民道德建设取得的成就。原文先是两个状语，接着是两个并列分句。译文基本上保留了这一结构，但两个并列分句的主语都发生了变化。这主要是考虑到主谓搭配的问题。因为在英文里若以the development of socialist spiritual civilization作主语，或就以socialist spiritual civilization作主语，都难以和谓语make improvements 相衔接。若以the improvement of civic morality作主语，也难以和谓语make progress 相衔接。因此，这两个分句就分别以improvements 和progress作主语了。
注6. 本段原文第二句从六个方面具体说明第一句所作的论断，最后指出这就是主流。译文用了六个独立的句子表述这六个方面。前三句都保留了原来的主语。值得注意的是第三句，译文没有用动宾结构，而是用的抽象名词，Admiration and emulation of models。
注7. 这一句译文若以“追求……”或“自觉行动”作主语，都不如以“人民群众”作主语具体生动、一目了然。
注8. 这一句和注5所说的情况是一样的，因此译文以Gratifying changes作主语。
注9. 六个方面说完以后，用This加以归纳，作为最后一句译文的主语。这样，译文就把原文一句分成了七句，有的保留原文的主语，有的变换了主语，照顾到了主谓的搭配，语言也比较流畅，比译成一个长句要好。
3. 但是，我国公民道德建设方面仍然存在着不少问题。社会的一些领域和一些地方道德失范，是非、善恶、美丑界限混淆，拜金主义、享乐主义、极端个人主义有所滋长，见利忘义、损公肥私行为时有发生，不讲信用、欺骗欺诈成为社会公害，以权谋私、腐化堕落现象严重存在。这些问题如果得不到及时有效解决，必然损害正常的经济和社会秩序，损害改革发展稳定的大局，应当引起全党全社会高度重视。
3. However, there are still a number of problems in the improvement of civic morality.10 There are poor moral standards in some sectors of society and areas of the country.11 There, the distinctions between right and wrong, good and evil, and beauty and ugliness are blurred; and money worship, hedonism and extreme individualism are growing.12 Forsaking principle for profit and lining one’s pocket at public expense are frequent occurrences.13 Deceit and fraud have become a public scourge, and abuse of power for personal benefit and corrupt and degenerate phenomena are very serious.14 If these problems cannot be solved in a timely and effective way, they will inevitably disrupt the normal economic and social orders and adversely affect reform, development and stability. Therefore, the whole Party and society at large should attach great importance to them.15
注10. “存在”没有译作exist，而是用了there are这一句型，这是一种常见的译法。
注11. 这一句提到“道德失范”，这是一个概括性的提法，下面才谈具体情况，因此译文在这里断句。此外，译者没有逐字翻译“道德失范”，而译作there are poor moral standards， 这样译比较流畅。
注12. 接下来，原文列举了道德失范的种种表现。译文用三句话来表述，有的一句话谈两种表现，有的一句话只谈一种表现。这样句子有长有短，也不至于太单调。这第一句谈了两种表现，句子并不太长，但用了六个and。分析一下，都是用得有道理的。前半句，between后面有三组词，一组是right and wrong，一组是good and evil，一组是beauty and ugliness，这三组里面的and自然是必不可少的。根据英语的习惯，若列举一连串的项目，最后两个项目之间需加and，因此第二组和第三组之间这个and也是必要的。分号代表一个较大的停顿，从语法的角度来说，分号后面这个and是可以不要的。我想这个and用在这里是节奏的需要，否则blurred和money两个重读音节连在一起，不好读。
注13. 这一句用两个动名词短语作主语，用and相连，这个and也是必不可少的。
注14. 这个句子有点复杂，第二个and 连接前后两个并列分句，第三个and在后面的分句里连接两个主语，一个主语是abuse of power for personal benefit，另一个主语是corrupt and degenerate phenomena。另外两个and就不言而喻了。因此，分析一下，这四个and都是必要的。
注15. 此处译文独立成句，比较有力，可以达到强调的目的。Therefore放在句首，也有助于加强语气。你同意吗？
《鹿鼎记》英译本学习札记
最近看到牛津大学出版社1997年出版的一本书，题目是The Deer And the Cauldron，作者是Louis Cha，译者是John Minford。这位译者，虽不认识，却很熟悉，因为读过他和David Hawkes合译的The Story of the Stone（《红楼梦》）。我还知道他在香港理工大学（Hong Kong Polytechnic University）任教。但我没有想到他又将这本书译成了英文，把书打开一看，我立刻被那流畅的译文吸引住了，句子都是地道的英文。于是我就想去找一本中文原文，对照着学一下，一定会提高自己的翻译能力。
中文本很快就找到了。那不是别的书，正是鼎鼎大名的金庸所著的《鹿鼎记》。这中文本虽然比不上英文本印刷精良，那文字却是极好的，句句都是地道的中文，而且处处散发着传统的章回小说的气息。
这时我脑子里就产生了一个问题，译者是怎样把这地道的中文变成地道的英文的呢？可能你对这个问题也感兴趣。那我们就一起从头读一读吧。
1. 北风如刀，满地冰霜。
2. 江南近海滨的一条大路上，一队清兵手执刀枪，押着七辆囚车，冲风冒寒，向北而行。
3. 前面三辆囚车中分别监禁的是三个男子，都作书生打扮，一个是白发老者，两个是中年人。后面四辆中坐的是女子，最后一辆囚车中是个少妇，怀中抱着个女婴。女婴啼哭不休。她母亲温言相呵，女婴只是大哭。囚车旁一名清兵恼了，伸腿在车上踢了一脚，喝道：“再哭，再哭！老子踢死你！”那女婴一惊，哭得更加响了。
Along a coastal road somewhere south of the Yangtze River, a detachment of soldiers, each of them armed with a halberd, was escorting a line of seven prison carts, trudging northwards in the teeth of a bitter wind.1 In each of the first three carts a single male prisoner was caged, identifiable by his dress as a member of the scholar class. One was a white-haired old man. The other two were men of middle years. The four rear carts were occupied by women, the last of them by a young mother holding a baby girl at her breast. The little girl was crying in a continuous wail which her mother’s gentle words of comfort were powerless to console.2 One of the soldiers marching alongside, irritated by the baby’s crying, aimed a mighty kick at the cart.3
‘Stop it! Shut up! Or I’ll really give you something to cry about!’
The baby, startled by this sudden violence, cried even louder.4
原文每一段前面的编号，是我为了叙述方便而加的。我一共取了六段原文。译成英文就成了十三段了。这里面有合有分，主要是分，一个重要原因是英文喜欢把对话与叙述分开，而且各人的话都独立成段。因此译文的段落与原文的段落是不对应的。
我在译文里需要说明的地方加了注号。下面我就以注释的形式来谈一谈我的学习体会。
注1. 原文第1段只有一句话，而且很短，但里面包含两个分句，讲的都是自然条件。作者的意图大概是借以烘托气氛吧。这一段，译者没有单独处理，而是把它揉在下面一句话里，其中有in the teeth of a bitter wind，放在句末。至于他为什么这样处理，我也说不好。我想也许是外国人写书喜欢开门见山，于是我就找了几本书看了看。
卡夫卡的《城堡》是这样开始的：
It was late evening when K. arrived. The village lay under deep snow. There was no sign of the castle hill, fog and darkness surrounded it, not even the faintest gleam of light suggested the large castle. （Franz Kafka, The Castle）
迪内森的《走出非洲》是这样开始的：
I had a farm in Africa, at the foot of the Ngong Hills. The Equator runs across these highlands, a hundred miles to the North, and the farm lay at an altitude of over six thousand feet. (Isak Dinesen, Out of Africa)
帕斯捷尔纳克的《日瓦戈医生》是这样开始的：
On they went, singing “Rest Eternal”, and whenever they stopped, their feet, the horses, and the gusts of wind seemed to carry on their singing. (Boris Pasternak, Dr. Zhivago)
这三个例子选自不同的欧洲国家的文学作品，但都是先说什么人做什么事，然后再说周围的环境。这也算是个参考吧。
原文第2段也只有一句话。主语是“一队清兵”，后接四个并列谓语，其中最主要的应该是“押着七辆囚车”。译文就突出了这一点，用句子的主要动词来表示，译作was escorting a line of seven prison carts。“手执刀枪”译作同位语加分词短语，即each of them armed with a halberd，语法家可能管这种结构叫“独立结构”。“向北而行”译作分词短语trudging northwards。“冲风冒寒”译作介词短语in the teeth of a bitter wind，作状语。总之，原文是并列结构，译成英文成了主从结构。
注2. 这句译文的原文是两个句子，先说女婴啼哭，接着说母亲温言相呵，最后又说女婴大哭。因此，说原文用了三个并列的主谓结构也未尝不可。译文用了一个which引导的定语从句，这就避免了重复一个“哭”字，也避免了连续更换主语的毛病。译文用的console一词，非常之妙，将母女之情表现得淋漓尽致。我们可能会用stop，那就大为逊色了。
注3. 这一句的原文，主语是“一名清兵”，后带三个并列谓语，其中最主要的是“踢了一脚”。译者就把第一个谓语译作分词短语irritated by the baby’s crying。下面的引语，译文另起一段，“喝道”二字也就不一定译了。此外，“囚车旁”译得很妙。若是静止状态，可译作beside the cart，但此处说的是车队行进中的情况，故译作marching alongside，这样译，也免得重复cart一词。
注4. 这一句的原文，主语是“女婴”，后接两个并列谓语。译者又把第一个谓语译作分词短语startled by this sudden violence，整个句子紧凑而生动。细想一下，此句中的“一惊”，和前面一句中的“恼了”，都表示原因，和后面的动作有因果关系，因此译为分词短语是十分恰当的。这句译文如用并列结构，译作The baby was startled by this sudden violence and cried even louder，就逊色多了。
此外还有一点值得注意。原文第3段后半段，“女婴”一词先后出现四次。译文用了a baby girl, the little girl和the baby等三种译法。中文“女婴”一词只有两个字，两个音节，重复几次，不觉得有何不妥。英文则不行，a baby girl, the baby girl，重复起来，就觉得受不了。可见替代之法（substitution) 在这里还是有用的。
4. 离开道路数十丈处有座大屋，屋檐下站着一个中年文士，一个十一二岁的小孩。那文士见到这等情景，不禁长叹一声，眼眶也红了，说道：“可怜，可怜！”
Under the eaves of a large house, some hundred yards from the road, a middle-aged scholar was standing with a ten- or eleven-year-old boy at his side.5 He was evidently affected by this little scene, for a groan escaped his lips and he appeared to be very close to tears.
‘Poor creatures!’ he murmured to himself.6
注5. 这一句原文有两个并列分句，先说某处有座大屋，再说檐下站着两个人。叙事的顺序可以说是由远及近。译文则从Under the eaves开始，然后再处理第一个分句里的内容of a large house, some hundred yards from the roads。原文“站着一个中年文士，一个十一二岁的小孩”，也是并列结构，而译文却是with a ten- or eleven-year-old boy at his side。这样，原文的并列结构就变成了译文的主从结构，突出了a middle-aged scholar。
注6. 原文主语是“那文士”，后面带四个谓语。译文突出第一个谓语，然后用for引出两个从句，最后另起一段处理引铩?lt;/FONT>
5. 那小孩问道：“爹爹，他们犯了什么罪？”那文士道：“又犯了什么罪？昨日和今朝，已逮去了三十几人，都是我们浙江有名的读书人，个个都是无辜株连。”他说到“无辜株连”四字，声音压得甚低，生怕给押送囚车的官兵听见了。那小孩道：“那个小女孩还在吃奶，难道也犯了罪？真没道理。”那文士道：“你懂得官兵没道理，真是好孩子，唉，人为刀俎，我为鱼肉，人为鼎镬，我为麋鹿！”
‘Papa,’ said the little boy, ‘what have they done wrong?’7
‘What indeed!’ said the man, bitterly. ‘During these last two days they must have made more than thirty arrests. All our best scholars. And all of them innocents, caught up in the net,’ he added in an undertone, for fear that the soldiers might hear him.8
‘That girl’s only a baby,’ said the boy.’ What can she possibly be guilty of? 9 It’s very wrong.’
‘So you understand that what the Government soldiers do is wrong,’ said the man. ‘Good for you, my son!’ He sighed. ‘They are the cleaver and we are the meat. They are the cauldron and we are the deer.’10
注7. 英语除了先出引语，后出说话人，还经常把一句引语分成两截，把说话人插在中间。
注8. All our best scholars. And all of them innocent… 都是省略句。这在口语里是常见的。这样译正体现了口语的特点。此外，原文“生怕……”在结构上是前面谓语的并列谓语，但其含义是说明压低声音的原因。因此译文用介词短语加that从句for fear that…，这在句子里叫状语，表示原因。
注9. 原文“那个小女孩还在吃奶，难道也犯了罪？”前半句是陈述句，后半句是疑问句，可以放在一起。英语则不然，前半句和后半句在文字上没有联系，便要分成两句。在陈述句后加句号，问题另起一句。像中文那样用逗号把它们连在一起是不行的。
注10. 最后两句译文中间都加了and。请注意，我们自己译的时候，不要把它丢掉。
6. 那孩子道：“爹，你前几天教过我，‘人为刀俎，我为鱼肉’，就是给人家斩割屠杀的意思。人家是切菜刀，是砧板，我们就是鱼和肉。‘人为鼎镬，我为麋鹿’这两句话，意思也差不多么？”那文士道：“正是！”眼见官兵和囚车已经去远，拉着小孩的手道：“外面风大，我们回屋里去。”当下父子二人走进书房。
‘You explained “they are the cleaver and we are the meat” the other day, papa,’ said the boy. ‘It’s what they say when people are massacred or beheaded. Like meat or fish being sliced up on the chopping-board.11 Does “they are the cauldron and we are the deer” mean the same thing?’
‘Yes, more or less,’ said the man; and since the train of soldiers and prison carts was now fast receding, he took the boy by the hand.12
‘Let’s go indoors now,’ he said.13 ‘It’s too windy for standing outside.’
Indoors the two of them went, and into his study.
注11. It’s和泛指的they都是口语里常用的说法。Like meat and fish being… 也是省略句。这都体现了口语的特点。叙事像叙事，对话像对话，不是很容易做到的，值得注意。
注12. train一词很有用，我们往往想不起它来。它可以指a number of people or animals moving in a line，也可以指a series of events or actions that are connected，用在这里是很恰当的。
此外，“拉着小孩的手”不要译作He took the boy’s hand，那是中国式的英文，He took the boy by the hand，这才是地道的英文。
注13. 从原文第4段到第6段，“文士”一词共出现五次。第一次出现时译为scholar，随后便不再重复这一译法，而交替使用he (his, him)和the man。这一点，你注意到了吗？
逗号
根据《现代汉语词典》第五版(2005)，逗号“表示句子中较小的停顿”。英译汉时，使用逗号容易出现两个问题，一是许多内容集中在一个句子里，该断句的地方没有断句，连续用了许多逗号。这个问题比较明显，也容易纠正。另一个问题是一口气说到底，连“较小的停顿”也不要，所以一个逗号也没有。这个问题不甚明显，人们一般不大注意。然而，这个问题如果解决得好，可以减少英文式的中文，使译文更加顺畅。不过要解决好这个问题，也不能光加逗号，而需要调整句子的结构。
一． 使用并列分句
例1．We played cards to relieve the boredom of long wait.
我们打扑克牌来调剂长时间乏味的等待。
例2．They let the house go to rack and ruin.
他们任由房子变得破旧不堪。
例3．You rescued me from an embarrassing situation.
你把我从尴尬的境地中解救了出来。
例4．How can I ever repay you for your generosity?
我怎么才能报答你的慷慨呢？
例5．Dogs come in all shapes and sizes.
有各种各样、大小不一的狗。
例6．The woods are remnants of a huge forest which once covered the whole area.
这片树林是曾经覆盖整个这片地区的大森林的残余部分。
例1至例4，译文给人的感觉是尾大不掉；例5和例6，译文给人的感觉是定语太长。解决办法就是把这个不掉的大尾和太长的定语消化掉。也就是使用并列分句。这六个句子似可改译如下：
1．长时间等待实在无聊，我们就打扑克来解闷儿。
2．这房子越来越破旧，他们也不管。
3．正感到尴尬，你为我解了围。
4．对我这样慷慨，我怎么才能报答你呢？
5．有大有小，模样也各不相同。
6．片树林只是剩下的一部分，原来这一带是一大片森林。
二． 使用并列谓语
例7．They pain started in my stomach and radiated all over my body.
我腹部的疼痛蔓延到了全身。
例8．He dismissed her words as the ravings of a hysterical woman.
他将她的话视为一个歇斯底里的女人的胡言乱语而不予理会。
例9．She took a deep breath to calm her racing pulse.
她深深地吸了口气来平静急速跳动的脉搏。
例10．Right , we’re ready to go.
对，我们已经做好了出发的准备。
例11．He’s still recuperating from his operation.
他仍处于手术后的康复之中。
这几句译文听着都有些别扭，好像都太文，前三句虽然是叙述，例7“腹部的疼痛”也显得太文了。例8中间部分“视为……胡言乱语”太长。例9 “平静”和宾语“脉搏”似乎也不好搭配。最后两句是口语，原文用了we’ re和 He’s 这种明显带有口语特点的缩约式说法，译文就特别文了，怎么办？我看我们可以充分发挥我们对母语的语感，怎么听着顺耳就怎么译。这五个例子似可改译如下：
7．我起初只是肚子疼，后来全身都疼。
8．他不理睬她的话，认为那是一个歇斯底里的女人的胡言乱语。
9．她深深地吸了口气，想使急速跳动的脉搏平静下来。
10．对，我们准备好了，可以走了。
11．他动了手术，还在恢复。
三． 使用外位语
例12．The sincerity of his beliefs is unquestionable.
他对信仰的忠诚无可置疑。
例13．She broke her public silence in a TV interview.
她在一次电视采访中打破了在公开场合保持缄默的情形。
例14．She recoiled from the idea of betraying her own brother.
要背叛她的亲兄弟的想法使她感到恐惧。
例15．I recommend the book to all my students.
我把这本书推荐给了我的所有学生。
例16．Cigarette smoking is responsible for about 90% of deaths form lung cancer.
90％肺癌引发的死亡都是由于吸烟所致。
例17．Don’t believe everything you read in the papers.
不要相信你在报纸看到的所有事情。
例18．No rational person would ever behave like that.
没有哪一位理智的人会这样行为处事。
这几句译文里，有些部分显得笨重，如例12中的“他对信仰的忠诚”，例14中的“要背叛她的亲兄弟的想法”，例16中的“90％肺癌引发的死亡”，例17中的“你在报纸看到的所有事情”，例18中的“ 没有哪一位理智的人”等。有些部分则显得不够突出，如例13中的“她在一次电视采访中”和例15中“我的所有学生”。这些笨重的或不够突出的部分裹在句子里，又没有停顿，意思就显得不够清楚，这个问题怎么解决呢？答案就是：使用外位语。
吕叔湘，朱德熙合著《语法修辞讲话》第一讲在介绍句子成分时就提到“外位成分”。作者说：“有时候，我们又把实际上指相同事物的两个词或短句拆开来放在两个地方，用一个做句子的成分，把另外一个放在句子的头上。我们就管这个居于结构之外的成分叫外位语，管那个结构之内的成分叫本位语，后者常常是一个代词。”
接下去，作者举了两个例子：
1．先进的人们，为了使国家复兴，不惜艰苦奋斗，寻找革命真理，这是相同的。（“这”是本位语，在句中起主语的作用。“先进……真理”是外位主语。）
2．一切主观主义、宗派主义、党八股的货色，我们都要抵制，使它们在市场上销售困难。（“它们”是本位语，在句中起宾语的作用。“一切……货色”是外位宾语。）
作者在第4讲论述句子结构时又提到外位成分。他们说“这是我们汉语常用的一种格式”。“ 应用这个格式，或者是由于消极的原因，这个成分比较长，放在本位上嫌笨重；或者是由于积极的原因，要使这个成分突出，或是便于和上文联络；多半是两种原因兼而有之。”他们还说，应用这个格式，一般是在本位上用个代词，也有不是代词的。
如果我们使用外位语，把上面几个例子重译一下，就会得出这样的译文：
12. 他忠于信念，这是无可置疑的。
13. 她接受了一次电视采访，这就结束了她不在公开场合露面的状态。
14．背叛自己的亲兄弟，这个想法使她感到恐惧。
15．所有我的学生，我都向他们推荐这本书。
16．因患肺癌而死亡者，约90％是吸烟所致。
17．报上看到的东西，不能什么都信。
18．有头脑的人，谁也不会这样做。
四．提前
例19．An agreement between the countries enables companies to repatriate their profits freely.
两国间达成的一项协议允许公司自由地将所获利润调回本国。
例20．Complaints have led to (a) simplification of the rules.
人们的抱怨导致规则的简化。
例21．I go hill-walking for relaxation.
我去山区徒步旅行以得到放松。
例22．He’s already in training for the big race against Bailey.
他已经在为同贝利之间的激烈比赛进行训练了。
例23．The calm of the countryside came as a welcome relief from the hustle and bustle of city life.
乡村的宁静是对喧嚣忙碌的城市生活的可喜的调剂。
以上五个例子，译文和原文很接近，主-谓-宾或主-谓-状，顺序也和原文大致一样，只是例22译文将状语提前了一点，原文一句话说到底，未用逗号，译文也一句话说到底，未有些许的停顿。句子虽都不长，但仍感觉臃肿（如例19），或生硬（如例20）。究其原因，我觉得都是因为句子内容压的太紧，如能把结构打散一点，把某些部分提前处理，句子就会显得较为流畅。根据这个思路，这五个例子似可改译如下：
19．根据两国间达成的协议，公司可以自由地将所获利润调回本国。
20．因为人们抱怨，规则简化了。
21．我要是想活动活动，就到山上走走。
22．为了跟贝利决一雌雄，他已经着手训练了。
23．离开喧嚣忙碌的城市生活，来到宁静的乡村，也是一种难得的调剂。
写到这里，我想起我在《英汉翻译练习集》（1984）的前言里说过的两段话：
“英汉两种语言在遣词造句方面一个突出的不同之处，根据我个人的体会，是英语体现一个“紧”字，汉语体现一个“松”字。翻译的时候，译文往往不能或不一定保持原文句子的结构，而需要加以改变，在很多情况下都体现了这种松与紧的特点。”
“英语叙事往往把许多意思集中在一个句子里，多用主从结构，主要部分（主语和谓语）可能很短，从属部分可能很多，句中各个成分之间的关系显得比较紧密。这样一个英语句子所表达的思想，用汉语来表达，往往多用并列结构，多按时间顺序或自然的逻辑顺序，一层层逐渐展开，甚至分成几个短句，和英语的原句相比，结构显得较为松散。翻译时，如果注意到英汉两种语言各自的特点，就不会过分受原文句子结构的束缚，而可以用比较自然的汉语来表达原文所表达的意思了。”
这两段话不仅说明了修改最后五例的方法，也道出了整个英译汉的奥秘，在这里重提一下，也许不是多余的。
本文所用23个例子，原文除例10外，都没有用逗号，最初的译文也都没有用逗号。修改后的译文都改变了句子的结构，加了逗号，例23竞加了两个逗号。这就是为什么本文以“逗号”为题目。说真的，用不用逗号只是个现象，改变句子结构才是本质。结构不改变，想加逗号也是加不上去的。
逗号表示“较小的停顿”对句子来说是这样，对我们这个“翻译漫谈”来说也是这样，你明白我的意思吗？
庄绎传
全国翻译专业资格（水平）考试英语专家委员会顾问
北京外国语大学教授
2005年9月27日于北京
本帖最后由 般若白莲 于 13-1-24 03:45 编辑
实用英语口译教程（译林出版社） 冯建忠教授
内容暂略
本帖最后由 般若白莲 于 13-1-29 12:26 编辑
新世纪大学英汉翻译教程上海交大毛荣贵教授
一．英汉翻译理论与实践课程之教案目录
第1讲 “翻译”溯源
第2讲翻译的本质
第3讲翻译的标准
第4讲翻译面面观
第5讲翻译必有“失” /失于此而得于彼 （两讲合并）
第6讲翻译与联想
第7讲翻译与语法
第8讲 翻译与语体
第9讲 翻译与语篇
第10讲英汉十大差异
第11讲形合与意合
第12讲代词的困惑
第13讲 Connotation的翻译
第14讲翻译与词典
第15讲以“模糊”求精确
第16讲落笔知轻重 译文讲分寸
第17讲翻译最难是口吻
第18讲 翻译与形象思维
第19讲 翻译与灵感思维
第20讲 英语修辞的翻译（包括连接三讲）
第21讲 翻译中的文化冲击
第22讲思维是语言的脊梁 （两讲合并）
第23讲翻译美学之思考（两讲合并）
二．汉英翻译理论与实践课程之教案目录
第1讲 汉译英呼唤文字功力
第2讲 语篇与翻译
第3讲： 英汉语美感比读（两讲合并）
第4讲： 理性概译：翻译之坦途
第5讲：英语句式的亮点：非人称主语句 （两讲合并）
第6讲：汉译英有用的句型（两讲合并）
第7讲：类析汉译英常见拙译（三讲合并）
第8讲：从 “湖光山色”的英译说开去（两讲合并）
第9讲：Denotation和Connotation（两讲合并）
第10讲：翻译，你的本质是什么？
第11讲：归化与异化----汉语习语的英译
一．英汉翻译理论与实践课程之练习
第1讲 “翻译”溯源
试将下列文字译成汉语：
1/ Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida & Charles R. Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation, 1969)
2/ Translation may be defined as follows:
The replacement of textual material in one language (SL) by equivalent textual material in another language (TL)
3/ A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work. The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original. A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. (A. F. Tytler: Essay on the Principles of Translation. 1791)
参考译文
1/ 所谓翻译，是在译语中用最切近的自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。
2/ 翻译可作如下界定：用一种语言（目的语）的文本材料对等地再现另一种语言（出发语）的文本材料。
3/ 译文应完全复写出原作的思想。译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同。译文应和原作同样流畅。
第2讲翻译的本质
将下列段落译成汉语：
1/ Some professional translation take considerable pride in denying that they have any theory of translation—--they just translate. In reality, however, all person engaged in the complex task of translating posses some type of underlying or covert theory, even though it may be still very embryonic and described only as just being “faithful to what the author was trying to say.”（ Nida ）
2/ It is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text. Common sense tells us that this ought to be simple, as one ought to be able to say something as well in one language as in another. On the other hand, you may see it as complicated, artificial and fraudulent, since by using another language you are pretending to be someone you are not. The translation cannot simply reproduce, or be, the original. And since this is so, the first business of the translator is to translate.(Peter Newmark)
参考译文：
1/ 一些职业翻译工作者相当得意地称他们没有翻译理论——他们只顾埋头翻译。然而，事实上，所有从事翻译这项复杂工作的人都具有或隐或掩的理论，尽管这种理论尚处在萌芽状态，或者被轻描淡写地说成“忠实于作者想要说的”。（奈达）
2/ 翻译，就是像原作者把思想变成文字那样，把一个文本的意思译成另一种语言。常识告诉我们翻译应该是简单的，就如一个人能够用一种语言自如表达，也能够用另一种语言自如表达一样。但从另一方面来说，你也许会觉得翻译是复杂的、做作的以及虚假的，因为在使用另一种语言的时候，你实际上在扮演一个非你的角色。翻译不可能是简单的复制，或者，也不可能是如出一辙的原本。既然如此，译者的第一任务就是翻译。(纽马克)
第3讲翻译的标准
请将下列段落译成汉语：
Translation is first a science, which entails the knowledge and verification of the facts and the language that describe them – here, what is wrong, mistakes of truth, can be identified;
Secondly, it is a skill, which calls for appropriate language and acceptable usage;
Thirdly, an art, which distinguishes good from undistinguished writing and is the creative, the intuitive, sometimes the inspired, level of the translation;
Lastly, a matter of taste, where argument ceases, preference are expressed, and the variety of meritorious translation is the reflection of individual differences. (Peter Newmark)
[批注：meritorious]
1. 有功绩的;有价值的
2. 值得称赞的;令人敬佩的
参考译文：
首先，翻译是一门科学，它需要对事实的认知、核查，需要懂得描述这些事实的语言 ---- 错误的内容，错误的事实，应该得以鉴别。
第二，翻译是一种技巧，它需要恰当的语言和约定俗成的用法。
第三，翻译是一门艺术，它识优辨劣，是一种创造性的、凭直觉的，有时是闪烁灵感的翻译。
最后，翻译是一种风格，它弥合了分歧，显示了个人的偏爱，形形色色精彩纷呈的译文折射了译者的特点。（纽马克）
第4讲翻译面面观
试将下列句子译成汉语：
1/ No hand can make the clock strike for me the hours that we are passed.
2/ It is very difficult to know people and I don’t think one can ever really know any but one’s own countrymen.
3/ They never fail who die in a great cause.
4/ A lie can be halfway round the world before the truth has got its boots on.
5/ So swift was the advance that the German did not have time to destroy the harbor facilities at Antwerp.
6/ The record was considered soft since it was set last May.
7/ Work is the grand cure of all the maladies 【弊病、疾病、坏风气】and miseries that ever beset [包围、困扰] mankind.
8/ Then she saw her husband and two middle-aged men who looked like brokers sitting at a table in the corner.
9/ We can read of things that happened 5,000 years ago in the Near East, where people first learned to write.
10/ Stone does not decay, and so the tools of long ago have remained when even the bones of the men who made them have disappeared without trace.
11/ As the police put it, anything you say may be used as evidence against you. If handwriting reveals character, writing reveals it still more.
12/ Pursue your object, be it what it will, steadily and indefatigably.
参考译文：
1/ 光阴如流水，一去不复返。
2/了解人不是一件容易的事；我觉得一个人除掉他本国人以外，很难说真正了解什么人。
3/为伟大事业而死，决不是失败。
4/ 真话未出门，谎言行千里。
5/ 盟军进展神速，德军来不及破坏安特卫普的港口设施。
6/ 这个记录是去（今）年五月创造的，人们并不认为这是什么无法超过的记录。
7/ 工作是医治人间一切疾病和厄运的良药。
8/ 不一会儿，她瞧见丈夫跟两个经纪人模样的中年人在屋角的一张桌子边坐着。
9/我们可以读道关于5000年前近东的情况记载，因为在近东，人们首先学会了写字。
10/ 石头不会腐烂，因而远古年代的石器遗留了下来，尽管制作这些器具的人的尸骨早已荡然无存。
11/ 警察有句话：只要你开口，证据就在手。字如其人，文尤如其人。
12/ 不管追求什么目标，都应该坚持不懈。
第5讲翻译必有“失” /失于此而得于彼 （两讲合并）
1试将下列这段文字译成英语，注意黑体字部分：
It is not only in affluent societies that people are obsessed with the idea of making more money. Consumer goods are desirable everywhere and modern industry deliberately sets out to create new markets. Gone are the days when industrial goods were made to last forever. The wheels of industry must be kept turning. “Built-in obsolescence” provide the means: goods are made to be discarded. Cars get thinner and thinner. You no sooner acquire this year’s model than you are thinking about its replacement.
This materialistic outlook has seriously influenced education. Fewer and fewer young people these days acquire knowledge only for its own sake. Every course of studies must lead somewhere: i.e. to a bigger wage pocket. The demand for skilled personnel far exceeds the supply and big companies compete with each other to recruit students before they have completed their studies. Tempting salaries and “fringe benefits” are offered to them. Recruiting tactics of this kind of have led to the “brain drain”, the process by which highly skilled people offer their services to the higher bidder. The wealthier nations deprive their poorer neighbors of their most able citizens. While Mammon is worshipped as never before, the rich get richer and the poor, poorer.
参考译文
不仅是在富裕社会中人们会被多多赚钱的想法弄得不能自拔。对消费品处处有需求，而现代工业则着意要创造新市场。工业品被作得永久耐用的日子已经一去不返了，工业必须时刻更新换代，保持向前发展，而商品的“内设废弃性”则为此提供了途径：制造一件商品，就意味着将来要废弃这件商品。轿车作得越来越单薄。你刚买下今年的新车型，可能就得考虑如何替代它了。
这种实利主义的观念已严重波及教育。如今，越来越少的年轻人为了求知本身的乐趣而求知。每门课程都必须带来实际的好处，比如说更丰厚的工资。由于对技能人才的求远大于供，大公司竞相在学生尚未完成学业之时就先录用他们，为他们提供的是诱人的薪水和附加福利。这样的人才录用策略已导致“人才流失”，也就是高技能人才流向出最高价码的雇主。富国如此这般地从与它相邻的穷国掠走了他们最富才干的公民。在对财神的膜拜已经史无前例的今天，富则更富，穷则更穷。
2．试将下列文字译成汉语，特别注意黑体字部分：
1/ The best friend a man has in this world may turn against him and become his enemy. His son or daughter whom he has reared with loving care may prove ungrateful. Those who are nearest and dearest to us, those whom we trust with our happiness and our good name, may become traitors to their faith.
2/ I took home a briefcase full of troubles. As I sat down on that hot and humid evening, there seemed to be no solutions to the problems thrashing around in my brain. So I picked up a book, settled into a comfortable chair and applied my own special therapy—super-slow reading.
3/ To the end, the Emperor, like an eagle deprived of its wings, remained submissive to his aunt. Ignorance added to a strong character was a double curse; stupidity joining hands with stubbornness was twice stupid.
4/ The stage of mental comfort to which they had arrived at this hour was one wherein their souls expanded beyond their skins, and spread their personalities warmly through the room.
参考译文：
1/ 世上的莫逆之交可能反目为仇。倾心呵护抚养成人的儿女到头来可能不念养育之恩。我们的至爱亲朋，我们以幸福与名声相托的人，也许会背叛其当初的誓词。
2/ 我带着满满一皮包伤透脑筋的问题回到家里。黄昏时分，既闷热，又潮湿，我坐下来，满脑子翻腾起伏的问题似乎找不到解决的办法。我只好拿起一本书，坐在舒适的椅子里，施展自己的特殊疗法了——那便是超慢速阅读。
3/ 皇上象个剪去双翅的仓鹰，一直对这位大权在握的老伯母必恭必敬，百依百顺。愚而妄，其为祸害则加倍的强烈。愚蠢再与刚愎携手，则愚蠢倍增。
4/ 他们那时所达到的欢畅阶段是：神游身外，脱则形骸，满眼生花，一室生春。
第6讲翻译与联想
试将下列文字译成汉语,特别注意黑体字部分
1/ At the beginning of a romance, a person’s habits may seem unimportant or even endearing, but over the long term his nightly snoring or her thing about never raising the window shades can begin to grate.
2/ The best indication of whether a man or woman is capable of genuine friendship with a mate, social psychologists say, is whether he or she has close, nonsexual friends of the opposite sex. Also important, says Pittman, is whether that person is friends with his parents, since someone still at war with his parents is probably not ready for friendship with a romantic partner.
3/ In a fruitful argument, each partner explains why her or she is mad while the other one listens—with respect. Long-term happy couples also tend to argue calmly. Loss of control—yelling, sobbing—seldom helps solve problems. “Couples whose relationship has improved over time usually have learned to keep the lid on arguments,” says Gottman. “They de-escalate anger by suggesting a compromise or solution.”
4/ Feelings of love may wax and wane during a relationship, but trust is constant. Infidelity is the most devastating betrayal of trust a couple can experience. That survey found that when one partner had sex outside the relationship, the couple were more likely to break up. Even a little bit of infidelity can set forces in motion that eventually wrech a marriage. Only when we trust our lover to be faithful and know that he or she can trust us do we fell comfortable and at peace with our own conduct and our relationship.
5/ Successful couples don’t take each other for granted but work constantly at rejuvenating their good feelings for each other. The most satisfied couples put the thought and energy into their relationship that they put into their children or career.
参考译文
1/ 罗曼史伊始,个人习惯似微不足道,抑或还惹人喜爱.但是久而久之,他夜半的鼾声,或是她从不卷启窗帘的小节开始令人不快。
2/ 社会心理学家认为,一个男人和一个女人是否能成为真挚友谊的相托者,其最佳标志是:他或她是否具有亲密而又无性关系的异性朋友.皮特曼说,此人与其父母是否友好也不可忽视。既与父母为敌，也许与情人无友情而言。
3/ 一个富有成果的争论中，双方解释他或她为何激怒，而另一方则洗耳恭听。长久的和睦夫妇惯于冷静地争辩。失去控制——吼叫、哭泣——无济于事。“经岁月磨合了关系的夫妇通常学会调控争吵。”高特曼说，“他们会用提出让步与解释来息怒。”
4/ 卡拉斯勃龙说：“朝夕相处，爱情会退潮，但是彼此信任却天长地久。”不忠，是一对夫妇所经历的对信任的最大破坏。据一项对6000名夫妇的调查，社会学家菲力普·勃鲁斯坦和柏泼·斯克华尔兹发现：一旦一方有外遇，夫妇即可能分道扬镳。“甚至一丁点的不忠也能最终导致婚姻的破裂。”斯克华尔兹说，“只有我们确信爱人忠贞不渝，并知道他或她可信赖我们，我们才能对我们自己的行为与关系感到心安理得。”
5/ “成功的夫妇不是想当然地彼此相处，而是不断努力让彼此的好感情不断更新。”耶鲁的罗伯特·斯坦勃格说，“最感满足的夫妇将其心思与精力投入其关系，又将其关系投入其子女及职业。
第7讲翻译与语法
请将下列各句译成汉语，注意黑体字部分：
1/ I must confess that I did not expect a speech about oysters here, I thought that Hiroshima still felt the impact of the atomic cataclysm.
2/ By now I can count the blows again. The only pain I feel is in the lips I have been biting.
3/ I took the hall-porter of the hotel into my confidence, and asked if he had ever heard of Mr.Whiteman.
4/“So that’s it? You were trying to hold out on me, weren’t you?” She laughed softly.
5/ “My father’s dying,” said Soams between his teeth. “I’m going up. Give my love to Annette.”
6/ Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection weakness, thrift avarice.
7/ Moreover, a successful scientist thinks he can improve the existing conditions, whether of pure or applied knowledge.
练习参考答案:
1/ 不瞒您说，我并没有想到会在这里听到讲牡蛎。我原以为广岛还在经受那场原子灾难的影响。
2/ 现在我又可以计算打的次数了，我唯一的痛感来自一直紧咬着的双唇.
3/ 我向旅馆的行李搬运工吐露了心腹话,问他是否听说过惠特曼先生。
4/ “是这样吗？你刚才想把那事瞒过去，是吗？“她和蔼地笑了。
5/ “我的父亲快要不行了，”沙姆士低声说，“我要上伦敦去了。请替我向南安蒂问好。”
6/ 过度的勇气变为蛮勇，过度的爱情变为溺爱，过度的节俭变为贪婪。
7/ 此外，凡是成功的科学家总认为他能够改进无论是基础知识还是应用知识的现状。
第8讲 翻译与语体
请将下列两段译成汉语：
1/ At a time when a towering personality like Mme. Curie has come to the end of her life, let us not merely rest content with recalling what she has given to mankind in the fruits of her work. It is the moral qualities of its leading personalities that are perhaps of even greater significance for a generation and for the course of history than purely intellectual accomplishments. Even these latter are, to a far greater degree than is commonly credited, dependent on the stature of character.
The greatest scientific dead of her life—proving the existence of radioactive elements and isolating them—owes its accomplishment not under the most extreme hardships imaginable, such as the history of experimental science has not often witnessed.
If but a small part of Mme. Curie’s strength of character and devotion were alive in Europe’s intellectuals, Europe would face a brighter future.
2/ One evening my sister was sleeping in her bedroom upstairs while her eight-year-old son, Jason, was in his room on the first floor. Suddenly she was wakened by a loud crash. A van has run off the road, smacked into the side of the house and come to a stop in the living room. Her first thought was of her son.
“Jason!” she yelled out—and from downstairs her son yelled back, “I didn’t do it, Ma!”
参考译文
1/ 在象居里夫人这样一位伟人与世长辞的时候，我们不要仅仅满足于回忆她以自己的科研成果对人类所作的贡献。杰出人物的道德品质，与其纯才智成就相比，也许具有更重大的意义；无论是对于一代人，还是对于历史进程，都是如此。甚至这些才智成就本身也取决于崇高品格，其依赖程度远远超过人们通常所能想见的。
她一生中最伟大的科学功绩——证明了放射性元素的存在，并把它们分离出来——之所以能取得，不仅要归功于她大胆的直觉，而且要归功于她在人们很难想象到的极端艰苦的实践中所表现出来的工作热忱和坚韧毅力，当时条件之艰苦在实验科学史上也是罕见的。
居里夫人的坚毅性格和献身精神，哪怕只有一小部分能在欧洲知识分子身上再现，欧洲也就会迎来更加光辉的未来。
2/ 一天晚上我姐姐睡在楼上的卧室里，她8岁的儿子杰森在一楼自己的房里。突然，她被一阵巨响震醒。一辆运货车偏离了道路，冲入了房内，在客厅里才停住。她的第一个念头是她的儿子。
“杰森！”她大吼道。不料，从楼下传来了她儿子的吼声，“妈，不是我干的！
第9讲 翻译与语篇
请改译以下译文：
Love Is Not like Merchandise
爱情不是商品
1/ A reader in Florida, apparently bruised by some personal experience, writes in to complain “if I steal a nickel’s worth of merchandise, I am a thief and punished; but if I steal the love of another’s wife, I am free.”
佛罗里达州的一位读者显然是在个人生活中受过创伤，他写信来悲叹道：“如果我偷走了五分钱的商品，我是个贼，就要受到惩罚，但要是我偷走了别人妻子的爱情，我却没事。”
2/ This is a prevalent misconception in many people’s minds that love, like merchandise, can be “stolen.” Numerous states, in fact, have enacted laws allowing damages for “alienation of affections.”
这是许多人心目中普遍存在的一种错觉爱情，像商品一样，可以“偷走”。实际上，许多州都颁布法令，允许索取“情感转让”赔偿金。
3/ But love is not a commodity; the real thing cannot be bought, sold, traded or stolen. It is an act of the will, a turning of the emotions, a change in the climate of the personality.
但是爱情并非商品；真情实意不可能购买，出售，交易，或者偷走。爱情是意愿之果，感情之向，是个性潮流之变。
4/ When a husband or wife is “stolen” by another person, that husband or wife was already ripe for the stealing, was already predisposed toward a new partner. The “lovebandit” was only taking what was waiting to be taken, what wanted to be taken.
当丈夫或妻子被他人“偷走”，那个丈夫或妻子被“偷”的条件成熟，已经做好了接纳新伴侣的准备。这位“爱匪”不过是取走等候取走、盼望取走之物。
5/ We tend to treat persons like goods. We ever speak of children “belonging” to their parents. But nobody “belongs” to anyone else; each person belongs to himself, and to God. Children are entrusted to their parents, and if their parents do not treat them properly, the state has a right to remove from their parents’ trusteeship.
我们往往待人如物。我们甚至说孩子“属于”父母。但是谁也不“属于”谁。每个个人只属于自己，属于上帝。孩子是托付给父母的，如果父母不善待他们，州政府有权取消父母的托管。
6/ Most of us, when young, had the experience of a sweetheart being taken from us by somebody more attractive and more appealing. At the time, we may have resented this intruder— but as we grew older, we recognized that the sweetheart had never been ours to begin with. It was not the intruder that “caused” the break, but the lack of a real relationship.
我们中的多数人年轻时也许都有过情人被某个更漂亮、更具魅力的人夺走的经历。当时，我们也许怨恨这位“窃贼”，但是，随年岁的增长，我们认识到：所谓情人，原本就不属于我们。不是“窃贼”“导致”决裂，而是本来就缺乏真实的关系。
7/ On the surface, many marriages seem to break up because of a “third party.” This is, however, a psychological illusion. The other woman or the other man merely serves as a pretext for dissolving a marriage that had already lost its essential integrity.
从表面上看，许多婚姻似乎是因为有了“第三者”才破裂的。然而这只是一种心理幻觉。那个女人，或者那个男人，实际上掩盖了一个已经失却真正意义的婚姻的解体。
8/ Nothing is more futile and more self-defeating than the bitterness of spurned love, the vengeful feeling that someone else has “come between” oneself and a beloved. This is always a distortion of reality, for people are not the captives or victims of others — they are free agents, working out their own destinies for good or for ill.
因爱情破裂而痛苦，因别人“插足”于自己与心上人之间而生复仇之心，是最没有出息、最自欺欺人的了。这是对事实的歪曲，因为谁都没有给别人当俘虏或牺牲品，他们都是自由的，不论命运是好是坏，都自己来做主。
9/ But the rejected lover or mate cannot afford to believe that his beloved has freely turned away from him — and so he ascribes sinister or magical properties to the interloper. He calls him a hypnotist or a thief or a home-breaker. In the vast majority of cases, however, when a home is broken, the breaking has begun long before any “third party “ has appeared on the scene.
但是，遭离弃的情人或配偶无法相信他的心上人是自由地背离他的，因而他归咎于插足者心术不正或迷人有招。他把他叫做催眠师、窃贼或家庭破坏者。然而，从大多数事例看，一个家的破裂，是早在什么“第三者”出现之前就开始了的。
参考译文：
1/ 佛罗里达州的一位读者显然是在个人生活中受过创伤，他写信抱怨：“如果我偷了五分钱的商品，我便是个贼，便要受罚，但是，如果我从别人那里横刀夺爱，却没事。”
2/ 这是一个普遍的误解：爱情，犹如商品，可以“偷走”。实际上，许多州都颁布了法令，允许索取“情感转让”赔偿金。
3/ 然而，爱情并非商品；真爱，买不到、卖不了、不能交换、也不能偷盗。爱情，是意志行为，是感情转折，是个性风标的转向。
4/ 当丈夫或妻子被“盗”，其实，该丈夫或该妻子被“盗”的时机已经成熟，他/她早已移情别恋，“爱匪”盗走之物，等候盗贼的光顾久矣。
5/ 我们往往视人如物。我们总是说孩子“属于”父母。但是，在这个世界上，谁也不“属于”谁。每个人只属于自己，属于上帝。孩子不过是托付给了父母，如果父母不善待孩子，州政府有权取消父母的托管权。
6/ 或许，我们中的多数人，年轻时也许都有过这样的经历：情人被某个更漂亮、更具魅力的人夺走了！当时，我们怨恨过这位“入侵者”，但是，随年岁的增长，我们认识到：所谓情人，原本就不属于我们。不是“入侵者”导致决裂，而是本来就缺乏坚实的关系。
7/ 从表面上看，许多婚姻好像毁在“第三者”手里。然而，这只是一种心理幻觉。第三者不过是一个表象，它瓦解了一个早就失却了其内在完整性的婚姻而已。
8/ 世上最没有出息、最自欺欺人之事莫过于因失却爱情而痛苦，因第三者的“插足”而萌生复仇之念。这其实是对事实的歪曲，因为人，并非他人的“俘虏”或“牺牲品”，他们都是自由的，命运是好是坏，都应该自己作主。
9/ 然而，遭离弃的情人或配偶实在无法相信他心爱的人是自觉自愿地离他而去的，因此，他归咎于插足者心术不正或迷人有招。他把他叫做催眠士、窃贼或家庭杀手。然而，从大多数事例看，一个家庭的破裂，远远早于第三者“登场”之前。
。
第10讲英汉十大差异
请将以下短文译成汉语：
原文：
Americans Eat Out More often and Less Healthfully
Although food cooked at home is far more healthful than meals eaten at restaurants, Americans are dining out more than ever, the U.S. Agriculture Department said Tuesday. Restaurant food accounted for（[在数量，比例方面] 占） 39 percent of U.S. meals bought in 1996, up from 26 percent in 1970, the department said in a report, ``Away-From-Home Foods Increasingly Important to Quality of American Diet.'' ``While（尽管）the nutritional quality（营养质量）of foods consumed by Americans has improved overall, foods prepared at home are generally much more healthful than away-from-home foods,'' the department said. ``Despite nutritional gains at home, Americans will find it difficult to improve their diets because they purchase so many meals outside the home,'' the study said. While （尽管）the nutritional content of food prepared both at home and in restaurants has improved in recent years, food eaten out contains more of the nutrients Americans typically（一般地；通常） eat too much of, including fat and saturated fat（饱和脂肪）, and less of what is lacking from most diets, such as calcium, fiber and iron. The department recommended nutrition education programs should place more emphasis on teaching U.S. consumers about how to order healthful meals when dining out. Improved diets have been found to prevent risk of heart disease, stroke（中风）, cancer, diabetes（糖尿病）, osteoporosis-related hip fractures（与骨质疏松症有关的髋关节骨折） and neural tube birth defects（神经管先天缺损）. Osteoporosis-related hip fractures cost up to $10.6 billion each year in the United States in medical care expenses, missed work and premature deaths（早亡）, the department said.
参考译文：
美国人外出用餐频繁而饮食健康水准美况愈下
据美国农业部星期二称尽管在家煮烧的食物远比餐馆里所用之餐有益于健康，美国人外出用餐更频繁。餐馆里的食物占1996年美国人购餐的39%，比1970年增长了26%。该部门在报告中称：“外出所用之餐对于美国人饮食质量日益重要”。该部门还称：“虽然美国人消费的食物的营养质量总体改善了。但是，一般来说，家里所备的食物远比外出用餐的食物有益于健康。”研究表明：“尽管在家里用餐能获取养份，美国人发觉他们难以改善自己的饮食，因为他们多次在外购餐。”近年来在家里和餐馆里所备的食物的营养结构都得到了改善，然而，外出用餐的食物包含了较多典型的美国人汲取过多的养份，包括脂肪和饱和脂肪，也包含了较少多数饮食中所缺少的，如钙，纤维和铁。该农业部提议营养教育计划应更着重于教导美国消费者外出用餐时如何预定有益于健康的一餐。人们发现改善后的饮食结构能预防心脏病，中风，癌症，糖尿病，与骨盆炎相关的髋部骨折以及试管婴儿的神经缺陷所带来的危险。该部门称，在美国与骨盆炎相关的髋部骨折每年在医疗照料费用，医疗失误和早产死亡之上的耗费高达106亿美元。
第11讲形合与意合
请将下列句子译成汉语：
1/ As the weather was fine, we decided to climb the mountain.
2/ As water can float a ship, so can it swallow the ship.
3/ Put into an old Chinese proverb, it means that one will never find it difficult to do anything until one has experienced it.
4/ A notion has taken hold in the United States to the effect that the only people who should be encouraged to bring children into the world are those who can afford them.
5/ As soon as the cinema is in darkness, spotlights are focused on the curtains which are drawn slowly apart, often to the accompaniment of music to reveal the title of the film.
6/ While the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns.
7/ The church was surrounded by yew trees which seemed almost coeval with itself.
8/ The sea thundered on, over and past, and as it roared by it revealed a hideous sight.
9/ The research work is being done by a small group of dedicated and imaginative scientists who specialize in extracting from various sea animals substances that may improve the health of the human race.
参考译文
1/ 天气很好，我们决定去爬山。
2/ 水能载舟，亦能覆舟。
3/ 用中国的一句老话来说：事非经过不知难。
4/ 在美国有一种根深蒂固的观点，说是只有那些抚养得起子女的人才应鼓励其生育。
5/ 在电影院变成一片漆黑的一刹那见，聚光灯照在徐徐打开的帷幕上，常常在音乐的伴奏下，显露出影片的片名。
6/ 前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。
7/ 教堂四周，有紫杉环合，两者几乎一样古老。
8/ 狂澜霹雳，隆隆滚远。汹涌波涛，呼啸喧闹了一阵后，一片惨状，顿现眼前。
9/ 一群人数不多，专心致志，富有想象力的科学家，正在研究这项工作，专门研究从各种海洋动物中提取增进人类健康的物质。
第12讲代词的困惑
请将下列各句译成汉语，注意句中的代词：
1/ The shopman offers you a third apple; but, before biting it, you examine it, and find that it is hard and green, and you immediately say that you will not have it, as it must be sour.
2/ In this way facts lead to ideas, ideas to more facts, these to revised or new ideas and so on. The process never ends.
3/ Although the traditionalist may have good intuitions about his language, his grammar only enables him to make invulnerable statements about language.
4/ This document is the property of Roll-Royce limited and may not be copied or used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied without the express written authority of Roll-Royce limited.
5/ Creep processes are diffusion controlled, and are therefore sensitive to temperature and holding time. This is demonstrated in Fig.2.
6/ Periodic checks are automatically performed to insure that the entire system is operating correctly and that no failures have occurred, unnoticed, that would affect the count data.
7/ The greater capacity of the depth filter usually enable them to be longer before being clogged.
8/ In order to achieve a special level of cleanliness, filtration system must be afforded the same degree of attention normally given to the selection of pumps and valves it serves.
参考译文
1/ 店员给你三个苹果，但这次在吃之前，你把苹果看个仔细发现又硬又青，立刻就说不要这个，因为这只苹果必定是酸的。
2/ 这样，事实产生思想，思想产生更多的事实，更多的事实又产生修正了的或新的思想，等等。这个过程永不止息。
3/ 虽然传统语法学家对自己的语言可能有着良好的直觉，但是，他们的语法只能使自己对语言提出一些无懈可击的论述。
4/ 本资料的所有权属于“罗罗公司”，未经本公司明确的书面许可，不准复制或用于所提供的资料的规定用途不同的任何其他场所。
5/ 蠕变过程是受扩散控制的，所以易受温度和保持时间的影响。这一点可以从图2得到证明。
6/ 计数器能自动地作定期检查，保证整个系统正常工作，并不使那些会影响计数数据的任何故障出现或被忽视。
7/ 深度过滤器的容量越大，通常它们在阻塞之前的使用期越长。
8/ 为了达到规定的清洁度的要求，人们在选择过滤装置时，必须象选择装有过滤装置的泵和阀一样，给予同样程度的注意。
第13讲 Connotation的翻译
请将下列段落中的划线部分译成汉语：
Seated behind the front desk at a New York firm, the receptionist was efficient. Stylishly dressed, the firm’s newest employee had a pleasant telephone voice and a natural charm that put clients at ease. The company was pleased : (1) Clearly, this was a person who took considerable pride in personal appearance. David King, the receptionist, is unusual, but by no means unique. (2) Just as all truck drivers and construction workers are no longer necessarily men, all secretaries and receptionists are no longer necessarily women. The number of men in women-dominated fields is still small and they haven’t attracted the attention that has often followed women advancing into male-dominated fields, but men are moving into more and more jobs that have traditionally been held by women. Strictly speaking, the phenomenon is not new. For the past several decades, men have been quietly entering fields such as nursing, social work and elementary education. But today no job seems off-limits. Men serve coffee in offices and meals on airplanes. (3) These changes are helping to influence some of the long-standing traditions about the types of work men and women can do – but they also produce some undeniable problems for the men who are entering those fields formerly dominated by women.
What kinds of men venture into these so-called “women’s fields”? All kinds. (4) “I don’t know of any definite answers I’d be comfortable with,” explains Joseph Pleck, Ph.D., of the Wellesley College Center for Research on women.
参考译文
1/ 很显然，他是个对自己的仪表感到相当自豪的人。
2/ 正像卡车司机和建筑工人再没必要都是男的一样，秘书和接待员再也不一定都是女的。
3/ 这些变化中影响着长期存在的传统观念中关于男女各可以干哪几类工作的看法，但这对于进入原先以妇女为主的那些领域的男人来说，无疑也带来了一些问题。
4/ 我还没听说过有任何使我感到满意的确切答案。
第14讲翻译与词典
翻译以下句子，对句子里的黑体词查考词典后再作翻译：
1/ Beer is the tipple of choice in Holland, where beer consumption follows hot on the heels of that in Germany, where beer is almost a religion, and Belgium, where they drink it for breakfast and feed it to babes and sucklings.
2/ Most U.S. brands use German brewing techniques as their basis rather than the British version, which produces a less alcoholic, flatter beer.
3/ Kids can catch up on sleep on weekends ---- up to a point. Going to bed in the wee hours and snoozing until noon only disrupts the brain's clock further. It's better to go to bed within about an hour of usual bedtime and then sleep an hour or two later.
4/ No doubt you’ve heard this grim statistic about weight loss: 90 percent of dieters who lose weight regain it ---- and sometimes more ---- within five years. This has become an article of faith among dieters, and it leaves many people hopeless about slimming down.
5/ The public health approach was found to be least effective then tried alone. However, the authors found strong evidence that a “full court press” combination of public policy with other types of interventions works best
6/ Tolken, who was not at the conference but is aware of the scientific findings and concerned about the general trend toward cutting physical education programs, said, “What we’re doing in the schools, I think, flies in the face of research.”
参考译文
1/啤酒是荷兰人常饮的酒之一，荷兰啤酒的消费仅次于德国和比利时。在德国，喝啤酒几乎成了每个人的心之所好。在比利时，甚至吃早餐时也喝啤酒，也给娃娃们喝啤酒。
2/美国大多数品牌的啤酒是以德国技术而不是以英国技术为基础酿造的，因为英国的啤酒酒精含量较少，且气也相对不足。
3/周末，孩子们可以作一定程度的补睡。凌晨上床睡觉，一直睡到第二天中午，只会进一步破坏大脑的生物钟。在平时就寝时间一小时内上床，再多睡一两个小时是更好的办法。
4/毫无疑问，你听说过这个有关减肥的无情的统计：百分之九十的减肥者在减肥后的五年内体重复原，有的甚至还增加了。这已经成为动摇减肥者信心的一个问题，使许多人对减肥失去信心。
5/ 已经发现单枪匹马地实施公众健康方案效果最差。然而，作者们已经发现有强有力的证据表明，公众政策和其他方略介入的“全面出击”式的结合作用最理想。
6/托尔肯尽管没有参加这次会议，但对这项研究成果是了解的，他对学校削弱体育运动的总趋势表示了关注。他说：“我认为，学校目前的所作所为完全置这项研究成果于不顾。”
第15讲以“模糊”求精确
请将下列短文译成汉语：
原文：
Haven't They Seen 'Casablanca'?
1/ Lingering kisses and tearful farewells are to be a thing of the past on the platforms of some of France's biggest railway stations.
2/ In a move decidedly not in keeping with the country's reputation for romance, officials at stations in Paris, Lyon and Marseille have launched new “welcome-filtering operations'' to keep platforms reserved purely for passengers.
3/ “These operations aim to reduce fraud (欺骗)by preventing people without tickets from boarding trains and to make it easier for trains to leave at the exact time,'' Jean-Luc Obadia, manager of Lyon Part Dieu station, said Tuesday.
4/ Uniformed（身着制服的）staff for the SNCF（abbr. <法>Société Nationale des Chemins de Fer法国国营铁路公司）rail company will demand to see people's tickets before letting them onto platforms, while their loved-ones will be encouraged to say their good-byes elsewhere in the stations' precincts（区域）.
5/ Officials said a new high-speed link between Paris and Marseille due to open next month will raise the number of trains traveling between the three cities, making it essential that all trains leave on the dot（准时地）.
6/ “If you're accompanying a person who is in good health and able to manage alone, we'll ask you to say goodbye before the platform. But if you're with your grandmother and she's carrying a heavy suitcase, we'll let you through,'' Obadia added.
7/ For those left behind at the platform barrier (栅栏), he had a consolatory（慰问的，可藉慰的）thought: “I tell people that they won't see the train leave so it won't be so sad.''
（注：关于标题中的Casablanca请参见本书第X页）
参考译文：
别了，“卡萨布兰卡”式的吻别！
1/ 久吻和泪别将称为法国一些主要火车站的一道历史风景。
2/ 在一项置该国浪漫名声于不顾的行动中，巴黎、里昂、马赛车站的官员们开展了一场新的所谓“情侣止步”行动，以便使月台能方便乘客使用。
3/ “此项目活动旨在通过防止无票人员登上列车而减少欺诈行为，同时也让列车正点离站。”里昂Part Dieu车站的经理Jean-Luc Obadia周二说。
4/ 身着制服的法国国营铁路公司的工作人员在允许乘客进入站台之前将进行检票，情侣们将被要求在车站的别处告别。
5/ 官员们称，连接巴黎和马赛的高速列车下月将开通，往返于这三座城市的列车将有所增加，列车正点发车就显得尤为重要。
6/ “如果你送别的乘客身体健康，能独立行动，我们将要求你在月台外告别，当然如果你和你的祖母在一块，她有携带一只沉重的手提箱，我们会让你进入。”Obadia补充道。
7/ 对那些被阻在月台栅栏外的人员，Obadia表达了这样一个可聊以自慰的想法：“哎，眼不见，心不烦。”
第16讲落笔知轻重 译文讲分寸
试将下列段落中的划线部分译成汉语：
Standardized tests should be considered in this context. They provide a quick, objective method of getting some kinds of information about what a person learned, the skill he has developed, or the kind of person he is. The information so obtained has, qualitatively, the same advantages and shortcomings as other kinds of information. (1) Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from experience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost and availability.
(2) In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined and least effectively when what is to be measured or predicted can not be well defined. Properly used, they provide a rapid means of getting comparable information about many people. Sometimes they identify students whose high potential has not been previously recognized, but there are many things they do not do. (3) For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.
参考译文
1/ 因此，在某一特定情况下，究竟是采用测试还是其它种类的欣喜，或是两者同时使用，须凭有关相对效度的经验依据而定，也取决于诸如费用和有无来源等因素。
2/ 一般地说，当所要测定的特征能很精确地界定时，测试最为有效；而当所要测定或预测的东西不能明确地界定时，测试的效果则最差。
3/ 例如，测试并不弥补明显的社会不公；因此，它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人，如果在较好的环境下成长的话，会有多大才干。
第17讲翻译最难是口吻
将下列两段文字译成汉语，注意行文的口吻
1/ Your friends stopped giving you their doubles, eh? Mooching doubles is a good scam, but you only get the crap nobody else wants (out-of-focus Eiffel Tower, anyone?). It's time to grow up and plunk down some cash for a camera of your own. It's daunting, we know ---- the salespeople use technical jargon, the prices run from $50 to $1,000, and with the advent of digital cameras, you're not even sure what type of camera you want (nobody wants to get stuck with the Betamax of cameras, after all). Don't spaz out ---- we're here to explain the options, outline the prices, and help you deal with tech-happy salespeople. Just say cheese.
2/ Color. What can we say? This is a personal choice. Phones come in many colors from chrome to emerald to basic black. If this is an important consideration to you, you have warped priorities, but hey, we said we'd provide you with all the information, so there you have it.
参考译文：
1/ 朋友不再送你他们加洗的照片了吗？去讨加洗的照片可得动不少脑筋。不料，你得到的只是没人要的废片（焦距没有对准的艾非尔铁塔，有谁要吗？）。现在该像个大人一样，掏出点钱来买一部自己的相机了！不过，这件事可有点棘手。我们知道 ---- 销售人员满嘴的技术名词，相机价格从50美元到1,000美元不等，而且随着数码相机的到来，你甚至弄不清自己想买何种相机（毕竟没人愿意被beta 制大尺寸磁带录象系统搞得晕头转向）。不必去做小傻瓜！有我们呢，我们来给你解释可能的选择，报一报大概的价格，帮你对付那些以谈论技术为乐的生意人。你呢，只要等着说“cheese”，就行了！
2/ 颜色。颜色，我们能说些什么呢？这可是个个人喜好的问题。手机颜色有铬黄、翡翠绿及常见的黑色等。假如颜色对你来说需要慎重考虑，那么，你一定有自己的偏爱。嗨，我们罗嗦了！不过，我们说过要向你提供全部的信息，于是，就扯上了这些。
第18讲 翻译与形象思维
请将下列段落中的划线部分译成汉语：
An office is the “Brain” of a business. (1) In an office, figures, lists and information are compiled which tell the managers or heads of the business what is happening in their shops and factories. These figures guide the managers by telling them what has happened and what is happening. Information comes into an office in all sorts of ways but the main items of information come in regularly. (2) It is part of the job of the clerks to collect and classify that information and to put it into such a form that it is easily interpreted and understood. Offices collect information, then they classify it.
This work of collection is common in a office from the sorting of mail every morning to the accountant’s work in finding out the final figure for the year’s profit. (3) Classification always requires the arrangement of the same kind of information, often into lists or columns. (4) For this work, correctness, accuracy and speed, as in all office work, are essential.
There is no value, however, in collecting figures which mean nothing. Figures are guides which should help us make decisions. (5) The interpretation of information and of tables should tell us where success or failure lies, where profit can be had and where losses occur. (6) On this kind of information and from the known figures, a choice is made and a series of such choices may make a policy.
A fire which has three factories may find, for instance, from its figures, that one factory is losing money and a choice may lie between either a change of manager, a cut in production, an increase in production or closure of the factory. Whichever one of these decision is taken becomes the policy. (7) It is clear that a decision leading to a policy can only be as good as the information on which it is based.
Consequently there is a constant search for more and more exact information. (8) Managers will want to have all the necessary facts before they can make the best decision and it is normal for them to seek for more and more information.
参考译文
1/ 在办公室，人们将各种数据、表格和资料（信息）加以汇编，使经理或企业主管人了解商店或工厂目前正在发生的情况。
2/ 职员的一部分任务，就是收集资料（信息），分类归类，制成表格；表格要使资料（信息）易于解释，易于理解。
3/ 分类工作始终需要将同类资料加以整理，通常将资料列成表格或专栏。
4/ 对这种工作来说，象所有办公室的工作一样，正确性、精确性和速度，这三者是缺一不可的。
5/ 对资料（信息）和报表所作的解释，务必给我们显示出成败关键之所在，即指出哪里可以牟利以及哪里出现亏损。
6/ 根据这种字（信息）和已知数据，就能作出一种选择，而一系列如此的选择就能制定一项决策。
7/ 很显然，导致形成政策的决定，正确与否只能取决于它所依据的资料（信息）的正确或错误。
8/ 经理务必在掌握一切必要的情况之后，才能作出最佳决定。对经理来说，要求得到越来越多的资料（信息）是很正常的。
第19讲 翻译与灵感思维
请将下列段落中划线部分译成汉语：
It would be interesting to discover how many young people go to university without any clear idea of what they are going to do afterwards. (1) In one considers the enormous variety of courses offered, it is not hard to see how difficult it is for a student to select the course most suited to his interests and abilities. (2) If a student goes to university to acquire a broader perspective of life, to enlarge his ideas and to learn to think for himself, he will undoubtedly benefit. (3) Schools often have too restricting an atmosphere, with its timetables and disciplines, to allow him much time for independent assessment of the work he is asked to do. (4) Most students would, I believe, profit by a year or so’s exploration of different academic studies, especially those “all-rounders” with no particular interest. They should have longer time to decide in what subject they want to take their degrees, so that in later life, they do not look back and say,”I should like to have been an archaeologist. If I hadn’t taken a degree in modern language, I shouldn’t have ended up as an interpreter, but it’s too late now. I couldn’t go back and begin all over again.
(5) There is, of course, another side to the question of how to make the best use of one’s time at university. (6) This is the case of the student who excels in a particular branch of learning. (7) He is immediately accepted by the University of his choice, and spends his three or four years becoming a specialist, emerging with a first-class Honor Degree and very little knowledge of what the rest of the world is all about. (8) It therefore becomes more and more important that, if students are not to waste their opportunities, there will have to be much more detailed information about courses and more advice. Only in this way can we be sure that we are not to have, on the one hand, a band of specialists ignorant of anything outside of their own subject, and on the other hand, an ever-increasing number of graduates qualified in subjects for which there is little or no demand in the working world.
参考译文
1/ 如果想一想为学生设置的那些门类繁多的课程，就不难发现，对学生来说，要选一门符合其兴趣和能力的课程是多么困难。
2/ 如果学生进大学，其目的是想获得在人生憧憬方面更广泛的知识，开阔思想境界，并学会独立思考，那么毫无疑问，进大学对他是有所裨益的。
3/ 由于受课程表和纪律的约束，校内气氛往往令人感到过于拘谨，这使学生没有充分时间对规定要他做的作业持有独立见解。
4/ 我认为：大多数学生，特别是那些不偏重某一门课程的“全面发展的学生”，经过一年左右时间对各门不同学科的钻研，将会从中获益。
5/ 当然，问题的另一方面是如何最充分地利用上大学的时间。
6/ 某一学科中出类拔萃的学生就属于这种情况。
7/ 他一毕业，马上就被他自己选中的一所大学所接受，再花三四年时间，以优异成绩取得荣誉学位，成为一名专家，但对外界的一切事却一无所知。
8/ 因此，如果要学生善于利用上大学的机会，就应该为学生提供大量关于课程方面更为详尽的信息和更多的指点。这个问题显得日益重要了。
第20讲 英语修辞的翻译（包括连接三讲）
1．试将下列段落中的划线部分译成汉语：
The fact is that the energy crisis, which has suddenly been officially announced, has been with us for a long time now, and will be for an even longer time. Whether Arab oil flows freely or not, it is clear to everyone that world industry cannot be allowed to depend on so fragile a base. (1) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.
(2) New sources of energy must be found, and this will take time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will ever restore that sense of cheap and plentiful energy we have had in the past. For an indefinite period from here on, mankind is going to advance cautiously, and consider itself lucky that it can advance at all. To make the situation worse, there is as yet no sign that any slowing of the world’s population is in sight. Although the birth rate has dropped in some nations, including the United States, the population of the world seems sure to pass six billion and perhaps even billion as the twenty-fist century opens.
(3) The food supply will not increase nearly enough to match this, which means we are heading into a crisis in the matter of producing and marketing food.
参考译文
1/ 石油供应可能随时会被切断；不管怎样，以目前这种消费速度，只需30年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。
2/ 必须找到新的能源，这需要时间；而过去我们感觉的那种能源价廉而充足的情况将不大可能再出现了。
3/ 食品供应的增加将赶不上人口的增长，这就意味着我们在秒年个粮食的生产和购销方面正陷入危机。
2．请将段落中划线部分译成汉语：
Taking all this account, what might we reasonably estimate supermarkets to be like in the year 2001?
To begin with, the world food supply is going to become steadily tighter over the next thirty years—even here in the United States. By 2001, the population of the United States will be at least two hundred fifty million and possibly two hundred seventy million, and the nation will find it difficult to expand food production to fill the additional mouths. (1) This will be particularly true since energy pinch will make it difficult to continue agriculture in the high-energy American fashion that makes it possible to combine few farmers with high yields.
It seems almost certain that by 2001 the United States will no longer be a great food-exporting nation and that, if necessity forces exports, it will be at the price of belt-tightening at home.
In fact, as food items will tend to decline in quality and decrease in variety, there is very likely to be increasing use of flavoring additives. (2) Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the point where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more “unnatural food”.
参考译文
1/ 这种困境将是确定无疑的，因为能源的匮乏使农业无法以高能量消耗这种美国耕种方式继续下去了，而这种耕种方式使投入少数农民就可获得高产成为可能。
2/ 除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度，使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食，否则，人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
3．试将下列段落中的划线部分译成汉语：
“Intelligence” at best is an assumptive construct—the meaning of the word has never been clear. (1) There is more agreement on the kings of behavior referred to by the term than there is on how to interpret or classify them. But it is generally agreed that a person of high intelligence is one who can grasp ideas readily, make distinctions, reason logically, and make use of verbal and mathematical symbols in solving problems. An intelligence test is a rough measure of a child’s capacity for learning, particularly for learning the kinds of things required in school. It does not measure character, social adjustment, physical endurance, manual skills, or artistic abilities. It is not supposed to –it was not designed for such purposes. (2) To criticize it for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.
参考译文
1/ 人们对智力所指的有哪些不同表现，比对这些表现如何进行解释或分类，看法更为一致
2/ 批评智力测试不反映上述情况，就犹如批评温度计不测风速一样。
第21讲 翻译中的文化冲击
试将下列段落中的划线部分译成汉语
(1)“It’s humiliating to be done out of your job by a machine and there is no way to fight back, but it is the effort to find a new job that really hurts.” Some workers, like Jane Mathesen, are retrained to handle the new equipment, but often a whole new set of skills is required and that means a new and invariably smaller, set of workers. (2) The old workers, trapped by their limited skills, often never regain their old status and employment. Many drift into marginal area. They feel no pride in their new work. They get badly paid for it and they feel miserable, but still they are luckier than those who never find it.
(3) The social costs go far beyond the welfare and unemployment payments made by the government. Unemployment increases the chances of divorce, child abuse, and alcoholism, a new federal survey shows. Some experts say the problem is only temporary – that new technology will eventually create as many jobs as it destroys. (4) But futurologist Hymen Seymour says the astonishing efficiency of the new technology means there will be a simple and direct net reduction in the amount of human labor that needs to be done.” We should treat this as an opportunity to give people more leisure. It may not be easy, but society will have to reach a new unanimity on the division and distribution of labor.” Seymour says. He predicts most people will work only six-hour days and four-day weeks by the end of the century. But the concern for the unemployed is for now. (5) Federally funded training and free back-to-school programs for laid-off workers are under way, but few experts believe they will be able to keep up with the pace of the new technology. For the next years, for a substantial portion of the workforce, times are going to be very tough indeed.
参考译文
1/ 被一台机器抢走你的工作是很伤自尊心的，可又没法还击，但真正伤我心的是要费很大的劲去寻找新的工作。
2/ 老工人由于处于技术掌握很有限的困境，往往不能重新获得其原有的地位和就业机会。
3/ 要付出的社会代价远远超过政府在福利与失业救济方面的开支。
4/ 未来的科学家海曼·西摩说，新技术所具有的惊人效率意味着所需要的劳力将出现一个绝对的和直接的净减数。
5/ 为失业工人提供的由联邦政府资助的培训计划和免费重返学校学习的计划目前都在实施中，但专家中几乎没有人认为这些计划能跟上新技术的发展步伐。
第22讲思维是语言的脊梁 （两讲合并）
1. 将下列段落中的划线部分译成汉语：
The increasing scale and scope of the experiments needed to test new hypotheses and develop new techniques and industrial processes led to the setting up of research groups or teams using highly complicated equipment in elaborately designed laboratories. (1) Owing to the large sums of money involved, it was then felt essential to direct these human and material resources into specific channels with clearly-defined objectives. In this way it was considered that the quickest and most practical results could be obtained. This, then, was programmed (programmatic) research.
One of the effects of this organized and standardized investigation is to cause the scientists to become increasingly involved in applied research (development), especially in the branches of science which seem most likely to have industrial applications. (2) Since private industry and even government departments tend to concentrate on immediate results and show comparatively little interest in long-range investigations, there is a steady shift of scientists from the pure to the applied field, where there are more jobs available, frequently more highly-paid and with better technical facilities than jobs connected with pure research in a university.
Owing to the interdependence between pure and applied science, it is easy to see that this system, if extended too far, carries considerable dangers for the future of science – and not only pure science, but applied science as well.
参考译文
1/ 由于涉及到大笔科研经费，因此有必要把这些人力和物力投入到目标明确的具体研究方面。
2/ 由于私营工业、甚至政府部门都注重快速取得成果，并对长期性研究缺乏兴趣，所以科学家不断从理论科学研究领域转移到应用科学研究领域，因为后者能够提供更多的工作机会，而且通常是待遇优厚，技术设施比大学理论研究工作更良好。
2. 试将下列段落中的划线部分译成汉语：
According to the new school of scientists, technology is an overloaded force in expanding the horizons of scientific knowledge.(1)Science moves forward, they say, not so much through the insights of great men of genius as because of more ordinary things like improved techniques and tools. “In short”, a leader of the new school contends, “the scientific revolution, as we call it, was largely the improvement and invention and use of a series of instruments that expanded the reach of science in innumerable directions.”
(2)Over the years, tools and technology themselves as a source of fundamental innovation have largely been ignored by historians and philosophers of science. The modern school that hails technology argues that such as Edison attached great importance to, and derived great benefit from, craft information and technological devices of different kinds that were usable in scientific experiments.
参考译文
1/ 他们（新学派科学家们）说，科学的发展与其说源于天才伟人的真知灼识，不如说源于改进了的技术和工具等等更为普通的东西。新学派的一位领袖人物坚持说：“简而言之，我们所称谓的科学革命，主要是指一系列器具的改进、发明和使用，这些改进、发明和使用使科学发展的范围无所不及。”
2/ 工具和技术本身作为根本性创新的源泉多年来在很大程度上被科学史学家和科学思想家们忽视了。
第23讲翻译美学之思考（两讲合并）
1．试将下列段落译成汉语：
American urbanization went forward in the same climate of the unexpected that has characterized urbanization everywhere. Townsmen, home builders, immigrants, businesses, and governments have made their way in a setting of constant change. They have dwelt in a space they could never know or predict. The settlement , the building and rebuilding, the economy and the governance of American cities thus takes the shape of a history of peoples who brought commonly accepted knowledge and traditions to a situation that demanded continuing adaptation and change.
Today the United States is a thoroughly urbanized nation. Only 3.4 percent of the population still farms, and everyone else, regardless of the size of the settlement, is employed in urban-type jobs. Yet for all the novelty of the present situation, survivals of past stages of American urbanization continues as active tensions within the new totally urbanized setting.
The racial conflicts between whites and blacks, devolving from the seventeenth century enslavement of Africans, grind on. Seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth century conflicts among farmers, village merchants, city brokers, and bankers go forward in the politics of governments-subsidized agriculture and government-managed banking. The rivalries among developers, contractors, and cities that characterized the building of nineteenth century canals and railroads reappear in the politics of interstate highways, and airplanes, telecommunications. The specialized city districts that first took shape in the nineteenth century now have been magnified a thousand times into the giant mosaics of metropolitan suburbs, industrial and office parks, shopping centers, and resort and retirement settlements. The community-destroying tensions of relative poverty amidst great wealth first appeared with urban boom of the early nineteenth century. At that time these tensions found their characteristic outlets in workers; unions. Now riches and poverty are separated into distant enclaves within vast metropolitan regions, and class conflicts appear in the rivalry of economic factions for special advantages within the system of welfare capitalism of the federal government. The American city remains, as in the nineteenth century, the preeminent place of class contrast, but in the current national and international economy of the united States the city is no longer the place where relief can be sought.
参考译文
美国的城市化，在那些毫无预见的人看来，是在其他地方的城市话毫无二致的气氛中进行的。城镇居民、营造家园者、外地移民、商贸往来、政府部门，都在不断变化的环境中拓展。他们生活在一个自己不可能知道，也不可能预见的空间中。因此，美国城市的开拓，建设和重建，经济发展，管理整治，呈现初一种历史形式，即不同的民族把共同接受的知识和传统带到了一个需要不断调整和改变的情势下。
如今的美国已是一个彻底城市化的国家；除了3.4%的人依然务农外，其他人，不管其财产处理方式如何，均从事城市型的工作。尽管当前的情况很新奇，但是，美国城市化过程中各个历史阶段遗留下来的东西，都作为灵敏的张力继续出现在完全城市化的新环境中。
从17世纪非洲人沦为奴隶开始的白人和黑人之间的种族冲突，依然存在；17、18和19世纪农场主、农村商人、城市经纪人、银行家之间的分歧，仍然在政府补贴农业、政府管理银行的政治方面有增无减。19世纪开发者、承包商和城镇一度围绕开渠修路展开的竞争，有重新出现在州际公路、机场和电讯等建设上。19世纪首次形成的专业化市区，如今扩大了上千倍，已成为都市郊区、工业园区、办公园地、购物中心、避暑疗养地等庞大建筑群体。随着19世纪初期城市的繁荣，首先在巨富中间出现了相对贫困造成破坏社区的紧张状况。当时的这种紧张状况主要表现在工人的政治组织、互惠协会和手艺行会之中。现在的贫富分化已在广大城区中形成差异，非常悬殊的社区，阶级冲突已随着经济派别在联邦政府实行的福利资本主义制度内争夺特殊利益而出现。现在的美国城市仍然是像19世纪那样是一个阶级差别鲜明的地方，但是，在美国当前的国家和国际经济中，城市不再是人们可以寻求轻松调剂的去处。
2．试将下列段落译成汉语：
Now we know that all this is caused by the movement of the earth around the sun. As the earth journeys around the sun, it spins on its own axis. This can be illustrated by a simple experiment. If you push a sharp stick through a rubber ball and twirl it with two fingers, the ball spins around in much the same way the earth is spinning at this very movement. The points where the stick comes through the ball correspond to the North and South Poles. If you twirl this ball at night directly in front of a bright light, you will notice that half the ball is lighted up while the other half is in the shade. That is just like our night and day. If you keep the stick strictly vertical to the light and twirl it at an even speed, any spot on the ball’s surface will be in the light and in the shade the same length of time.
f the earth were spinning just like this rubber ball, there would only be day and night on earth, but no seasons, and days would always be the same length as nights – 12 hours each. But that is not how the earth spins. It spins with its axis tilted. Its axis is always at the angle to the plane of its orbit – an angle of about 23.5 degrees.
It is this tilting that accounts for our four seasons and the lengthening and shortening of days and nights. For this reason also, the Equator (an imaginary line drawn around the earth at equal distance from the two poles) is not always directly under the sun’s rays. For six months the earth is tilted towards the sun, and the Northern Hemisphere gets more than its share of sunlight every day. Days are longer than nights, and what is more, the sun’s rays come down more perpendicularly instead of slanting down.
参考译文
现在我们知道，所有这一切现象都是由于地球围绕太阳转动而产生的。地球绕着太阳运行时是围绕自身的轴旋转的。这可以用简单的实验来说明。如果把一根尖头棒插进皮球，用两个手指使它转动起来，橡皮球的旋转与地球此时此刻的自转极为相似。尖头棒穿过的两处相当于地球的南极和北极。如果在夜间正对着明亮的灯光转动，就会发现半个皮球被照亮了，而另外半个在阴暗处。这种情况正好同我们的白天黑夜的现象相同。如果使尖头棒完全与灯光垂直，以均匀的速度加以转动，球面的任何一点在亮处和暗处的时间长短是相同的。
如果地球完全像这个橡皮球一样转动，那么，地球上就只有白天和黑夜，没有季节，而白天和黑夜一样长 ---- 各是12小时。但是地球并不是那样转动的。它旋转时地轴是倾斜的。地轴同地球轨道平面总是成一个角度 ---- 大约二十三度半的角度。
就是这样的倾斜角度才使我们有四个季节。有昼夜长短的变化。由于同样的缘故，赤道（离两极距离相等的地方围绕地球的一条假想的线）并不总是在阳光垂直照之下。白天就比黑夜长，而且，阳光不是斜射，而是以比较直的角度向下照射。
二．汉英翻译理论与实践课程之练习
第1讲 汉译英呼唤文字功力
翻译练习：
等待
他们认识了三年。二人同是羞涩内向，个性保守。他从来没有在她面前提过爱，然而，她依稀可从她羞涩眼眸中察觉到那一股灼灼爱意。几次三番，她向他暗示鼓励，他却仍是木呐呆傻，不敢开口。岁月飘逝，三年后，她跟另一个男孩订婚了，在订婚前夕却仍忘不了他。
“如果他现在开口，说出那一句话，我还愿意回到他的怀抱。”在亲友的祝福声中，她这么想。可是，他什么也没表示，只不过眼神里多了一股淡淡的忧郁。
终于，到了结婚前夕，在她新婚的喜悦中却掺杂着一股淡淡的哀伤。
“如果他现在开口，说出那一句话，我还愿意放弃一切，选择这份迟来的幸福。”在试穿新婚礼服的一刻她这么想着，可是他什么也没表示，只不过眼神中的忧郁更浓了些。
50年后，二人都已白发苍苍。终于，她先倒下去，在病危中，他远从外地来看她。她紧紧握住他的手，把一生中的疑惑与等待化成一句问话：“告诉我，你究竟在等待什么？”他四顾无人，颤抖着声音说出了也是一生中的彷徨与等待：“我在等你。”“等我什么？”“等你先开口啊！”
参考译文：
WAITING
They had known each other for three years. Both of them were of the conservative type, shy and inhibited. Although he had never mentioned the word of “love” before her, yet she could vaguely detect that passion burning in his diffident look.
She dropped him one hint after another to encourage him; however, he remained a big fool, never daring to confess it. Water flowed on under the bridge. Three years later, she was engaged to another young man. On the eve of her engagement, her thoughts went to that young man.
“If he comes and proposes now, I’m still willing to go to him,” she brooded, amidst the congratulations of her relatives and friends.
Yet, he did nothing of the kind. Added to the shyness of his look was a faint streak of melancholy.
Soon, it was the eve of her marriage. The happiness of the happiest girl was not untempered with a touch of sadness.
“Even if he should come and propose now, I would give up all this to embrace the belated happiness,” she repeated to herself as she tried on her bride’s gown. But again he hid his feelings, only his eyes betrayed greater misery.
Fifty years passed. The passage of time had dyed their hair silvery white. She was the first to collapse. When she was in a critical condition, he came from a far-away place to have a last look at her. Holding his hands in a tight grip, she asked him one question, into which she had compressed the wondering and expectations of her lifetime.
“Tell me, what on earth have you been waiting for?”
“Waiting for you to…” he mumbled out his life-long hesitation and expectations only when he had made sure that no one else was within hearing.
“For me to do what?”
“For you to break the ice!”
第2讲 语篇与翻译
翻译练习：
况且，一想到昨天遇见祥林嫂的事，也就使我不能安住。那是下午，我到镇的东头访过一个朋友，走出来，就在河边遇见她；而且见她瞪着的眼睛的视线，就知道明明是向我走来的。我这回在鲁镇所见的人们中，改变之大，可以说无过于她的了：五年前的花白的头发，即今已经全白，全不像四十上下的人；脸上瘦削不堪，黄中带黑，而且消尽了先前悲哀的神色，仿佛是木刻似的；只有那眼珠间或一轮，还可以表示她是一个活物。她一手提着竹篮，内中一个破碗，空的；一手柱着一支比她更长的竹竿，下端开了裂：她分明已经纯乎是一个乞丐了。
参考译文：
Besides, the thought of my meeting with Xianglin’s Wife the previous day was preying on my mind. It had happened in the afternoon. On my way back from calling on a friend in the eastern part of the town, I had met her by the river and knew from the fixed look in her eyes that she was going to accost me. Of all the people I had seen during this visit to Luzhen, none had changed so much as she had. Her hair, streaked with grey five years before, was now completely white, making her appear much older than one around forty. Her sallow, dark-tinged face that looked as if it had been carved out of wood was fearfully wasted and had lost the grief-stricken expression it had borne before. The only sign of life about her was the occasional flicker of her eyes. In one hand she had a bamboo basket containing a chipped, empty bowl; in the other, a bamboo pole, taller than herself, that was split at the bottom. She had clearly become a beggar pure and simple.
第3讲： 英汉语美感比读（两讲合并）
翻译练习1：
盼头
细娃盼过年，大人盼开春。儿时，对于大人的盼是不能理解的，但过年，对我来说，可是一年的大盼头了。过年，不但好玩，且有肉吃，那气氛是迷人的。年一过，又盼日子快些流，好流来又一个春节。
在盼中，日子真的流得飞快，转眼上了小学，继而初中，然后高中，最后大学；盼的欲望更加强烈，盼的内容也越渐丰富了：盼有好成绩毕业，盼有一份好工作，盼事业有成，盼挣钱替父母分忧，盼有一个好爱人……不知不觉，天天踩着盼的石阶而上，自己竟成了一个大男人，一个挣钱养家糊口的忙碌人了。
生活开始变得复杂。然而，无论自己是否变得庸俗，变得伟大，盼头依然天天有：盼信件，盼稿件被采用，盼发奖金，盼某事有满意结果，盼一次聚会、一次旅行……人就在盼中找到了依托。
没有盼头的日子是苍白不可想象的。人，得天天有点什么盼头，生活才不至于暗淡。有了盼头，会觉得太阳每天都是新的。不管是望梅止渴，还是画饼充饥，它都会激励你不停手中的桨，去追逐哪怕一星微小的火光。
土地去掉水分，就成了沙漠；人没有了盼，还剩什么？小盼头支撑人的一天，大盼头支撑人的一生。
人，是绝不能没有盼头的。
参考译文1：
Something to Look Forward To
Little children look forward to the arrival of lunar New Year, adults to that of spring. When a child I couldn’t understand what the elders hoped for. But New Year’s Day was always the greatest red-letter day of al the year, for it meant the nicest food as well as a lot of fun, which was really fascinating. As soon as the festival was over, another one was my dream and I wished time flew as fast as possible.
Days spent in expectation come and go really very fast. Very soon I finished primary school, went to junior and senior middle school, and finally to college; with ever greater desire for more varied things: for graduation with honours, for an ideal job, for a successful career, for more earnings to share my parents’ burden, for a satisfactory wife…. Climbing the upward steps of hope I had become a fully grown man before I was aware of it, a busy breadwinner with a family on my hands.
Life began to show its various facets. Whether I have turned more vulgar or great, I have always something to look forward to. It may be arrival of a letter, publication of an article, the bonus-distributing day, a gratifying result of something, a get-together of a pleasure trip…Such expectations serve as a prop to a person’s faith in life.
A day without hope would be unimaginably pale. There must be something to look forward to each day to brighten one’s life and keep it out of shadows. To a person cherishing hopes every morning rises a new sun. Even if it is a fantasy or an illusion, so long as it shows a ray of hope it still urges you on in pursuit of that little sparkle without letup.
Deprived of moisture content, soil turns into desert. Deprived of hope, what is there left to a person? A small hope sustains a person for a day, a great one for a lifetime.
Human beings cannot do without something to look forward to.
翻译练习2：
雄辩症 （王蒙）
一位医生向我介绍，他们在门诊中接触了一位雄辩症病人。医生说：“请坐。”
病人说：“为什么要坐呢?难道你要剥夺我的不坐权吗？”
医生无可奈何，倒了一杯水，说；“请喝水吧。”
病人说：“这样谈问题是片面的，因而是荒谬的，并不是所有的水都能喝。例如你如果在水里搀上氰化钾，就绝对不能喝。”
医生说：“我这里并没有放毒药嘛。你放心！”
病人说：“谁说你放了毒药了呢？难道我诬告你放了毒药？难道检察院起诉书上说你放了毒药？我没说你放毒药，而你说我说你放了毒药，你这才是放了比毒药还毒的毒药！”
医生毫无办法，便叹了口气，换一个话题说：“今天天气不错。”
病人说：“纯粹胡说八道！你这里天气不错，并不等于全世界在今天都是好天气。例如北极，今天天气就很坏，刮着大风，漫漫长夜，冰山正在撞击……”
医生忍不住反驳说：“我们这里并不是北极嘛。”
病人说：“但你不应该否认北极的存在。你否认北极的存在，就是歪曲事实真相，就是别有用心。”
医生说：“你走吧。”
病人说：“你无权命令我走。你是医院，不是公安机关，你不可能逮捕我，你不可能枪毙我。”
……经过多方调查，才知道病人当年参加过“梁效”的写作班子，估计可能是一种后遗症。
参考译文2：
A Case of Eloquence （Wang Meng）
A doctor once told me about one of his outpatients who suffered from the disease of eloquence:
“Please sit down,” the doctor told him.
“Why should I?” the patient asked. “Are you going to deprive me of my right not to sit down?”
The doctor could say nothing but offered him a glass of water. “Have some water then.”
The patient retorted, “This is lop-sided talk, so it is absurd. Not al water is drinkable. If you put some potassium cyanide in it, it will be undrinkable.”
The doctor said, “I didn’t put any poison in it. Please rest assured.”
“Who said you put poison in it? Do you mean to say that I am lodging a false accusation against you? Has it been written on the indictment of the procurator that you have put poison in the water? I didn’t say you had put poison in it, but you claimed that I said you had put poison in it. So you have indeed put in more poisonous poison against me!”
The doctor could not but heave a sigh and switched to another topic, “It’s fine today.”
The patient replied. “Nonsense! The fact that it is fine here doesn’t mean that it is fine everywhere else in the world. At the North Pole, for example, it must be freezing, with strong winds, long nights and icebergs colliding with one another…”
The doctor couldn’t help but retorted, “This is not the North Pole.”
The patient argued. “You can’t deny the existence of the North Pole. If you do, you’ll be distorting facts with ulterior motives.”
Finally the doctor begged him, “Please go away.”
The patient again answered back. “You have no right to order me to leave. Yours is a hospital, not a public security office. So you can’t arrest me, nor shoot me to death.”
An investigation revealed the fact that this patient had joined the so-called “Liang Xiao” (An organization during the Cultural Revolution that wrote the major articles which voiced the opinions of the Gang of Four. Here “Xiao” also implies “Loyalty to the Gang of Four.”) writing group. What he was suffering from may have been the after-effects of that period.
第4讲： 理性概译：翻译之坦途
翻译练习：
接着他便说到壮年之日，在南方那些山中冬夜走路的事情。一个人的漂泊生活，我是喜欢打听的，同时车又没有驰来，便怂恿他说了下去。他说晚上在那些山里，只要你是一个正派的人，就可以朝灯火人家一直走去，迎着犬声，敲开树阴下的柴门，大胆地闯进。对着火堆周围的人们，不管他男的女的，用两手向他们两肩头一分，就把你带着风寒露湿的身子，轻轻地放了过去。烧山芋和热茶的香味，便一下子扑入你的鼻子。抬头看，四周闪着微笑的眼睛，欢迎着，毫没有怪你唐突的神情。你刚开口说由哪儿来的时候，一杯很热的浓茶，就递在你的下巴边上。老太婆吩咐她的孙女，快把火拨大些，多添点子柴，说是客人要烘暖他的身子；你暖和了，还不觉得疲倦的话，你可以摸摸小孩子的下巴，行拧他们的脸蛋，做一点奇怪的样子，给他们嘻笑。年轻的妈妈，一高兴了，便会怂恿他的孩子把拿着要吃的烧山芋，分开一半，放在你这位客人的手上。如果你要在他们家过夜，他们的招待，就更来得殷勤些。
参考译文：
Then he began to relate to me the adventures of his younger days -travelling alone in winter nights through the mountains in the south. As I was interested in stories about wanderers and since the bus had not arrived yet, I encouraged him to go on. “When you end up in the mountains at night,” he said, “and if you are a decent person, you can always turns to the place where there is a light flickering and a dog barking. You push open the bramble gate under the shade and walk in without hesitation. Part the people, men or women, around the fire with your hands and you bring yourself-a cold and wet man with dew-among them. Immediately your nose is filled with the aroma of hot tea and roast sweet potatoes. When you look round you see friendly faces smiling at you; there is no hint of anything like blame for what elsewhere might be considered as brusqueness. Scarcely have you begun to tell them where you come from when a cup of hot and strong tea is handed over to you. Grandma will teal her granddaughter to feed the fire with more wood, saying that the guest needs more heat to warm up. When you are recovered from cold and fatigue, you tend to tease the baby, stroking his chin, giving a gentle pinch to his cheek or making a face to provoke him to gurgle. The delighted young mother will encourage her baby to share his sweet potato with you. The baby will then break it in two and thrust one half into your hand. If you intend to stay overnight, you will be entertained with al possible hospitality.
第5讲：英语句式的亮点：非人称主语句 （两讲合并）
翻译练习1（注意使用非人称主语句）：
1/积习难除；
2/ 他想起了母亲，才鼓足了勇气继续干下去。
3/ 他因家境贫寒失学，似乎感到了失学之苦。
4/ 新的一年将出现巨大变革。
5/ 那个寒冷的下午，他独自在雪地里跋涉。
6/ 他在驾车驶过那事故多发拐角时总是格外小心。
7/ 他失去了勇气。
8/ 登上甲板，我们便见到了一轮旭日。
9/ 他绝望了，正在此时，他见到了远方的帆影，有了绝处逢生的希望。
10/ 人们使用了电脑，劳动生产率突飞猛进。
11/ 此事需立即办理。
12/ 调查结果证明，他就是那个婴儿的生父。
13/ 你吃了这些药就会好些。
14/ 一见到那孤儿，我就想到他的父母。
15/ 你只消仔细比较一下，就会发现不同。
16/ 只要你仔细读一读，一切就会清楚了。
参考译文：
1/ Old habits die hard.
2/ Only the thought of his mother gave him the strength to go on doing it.
3/ The want of his family had kept him from school, and he seemed to feel the loss.
4/ The new year is expected to see great changes.
5/ That chilly afternoon saw him trudging in the snow alone.
6/ He was exceptionally careful when driving past that corner which had seen many accidents.
7/ Courage deserted him.
8/ The morning sun greeted us as we came out on deck.
9/ He gave up all the hope when the appearance of a distant sail raised his hope of rescue.
10/ The application of electronic computers makes for a tremendous rise in labor productivity.
11/ The matter asks immediate attention.
12/ Investigation fathered the baby on him.
13/ This medicine will make feel better.
14/ The sight of the orphan always reminds me of her parents.
15/ Careful comparison of them will show you the differences.
16/ A little careful reading will make everything clear to you.
翻译练习2：
伤害
心灵的伤害比肉体的伤害更深更惨！肉体的伤害经过滋养愈合能够复原，而心灵的伤害足以摧毁一个人的一生。
青春在一生中是黄金时节，爱情是青春的花朵，人们把这朵花看得尤为重要。所以，爱情的伤害比起其它的更深重一些。
有的人尽管不爱一个人，然而，不知是出于什么目的，同样接受人家的感情，而且还卑鄙地掩盖自己说：“我是怕伤害对方。”岂不知，这样做本身就属于一种伤害。
在感情上，不要只跟着感觉走，“自我感觉”这东西并不实在，夜晚里闪着银光的路上，往往是一片泥水。
如果你不爱，请千万别回转身，不要管身后的人怎样泪流满面，那只是一时感受，要知道爱应是相互的。当岁月流逝，身后的人找到了属于自己的幸福，他和她互相爱慕，你该感到欣慰。扬起头，潇洒地向前走吧，不要那么心事重重，这不是你的错。你的路上会鲜花常开，你完全有权利采到自己最喜欢最满意的一朵。
当你走到路的尽头，回首往事的时候，有一个人永远感激并深深祝福着你，因为你给予人的，不是伤害而是尊重。
参考译文2：
Hurt
A hurt to feelings causes much greater harm than an injury. The latter will heal by care and nourishment while the former is sometimes so deep as to leave behind a lifelong suffering.
Love is so much valued because it is the beautiful flower of youth, the golden time of one’s life. Therefore, nothing other than a hurt received in love affairs affects one more severely.
There is such a kind of person who does not love his or her admirer but somehow or other readily accepts the latter’s affection, trying to cover it up by such a cheap excuses as “I’m afraid of causing a hurt”. But the fact is one’s doing so is itself a real hurt.
Do not trust your intuition in love affairs. So-called “one’s intuitive feelings” can be deceiving. A patch of road glistering at night may be a muddy one.
Remember love is mutual. If you don’t have the same affection as the person behind does towards you, never turn round to look even if there’s a tearful pleading face, letting the grief go of itself. There will be a day for that person to find a desirable sweetheart. You will then be pleased to see that there is a reciprocated love between them. Go ahead holding up your head. Don’t be disturbed by your refusal to accept the person’s love for it is not your fault. On your road, you will find flowers here and there, among which you can pick the one you like and are satisfied with.
When you look back at the end of the road, the person you catch sight of will be the one forever grateful to you and wishing you happiness, for you showed respect instead of doing hurt.
第6讲：汉译英有用的句型（两讲合并）
翻译练习1：
第二天午后，我上邮局去取了钱，在太阳晒着的大街上走了一会，忽而觉得身上就
淋出汗来。我向我前后左右的行人一看，就不知不觉地把头低俯了下去。我颈上头上的
汗珠，更同盛雨似的，一颗一颗地钻出来了。因为我在深夜游行的时候，天上并没有太
阳，并且料峭的春寒，于东方微白的残夜，老在静寂的街巷中留着，所以我穿的那件破
棉袍子，还觉得不十分与季节违异。如今穿了这件夜游的敞袍，在大街上阔步，于前后
左右的和季节同时进行的我的同类一比，我哪得不自惭形秽呢？我一时竟忘了几日后不
得不付的房金，忘了囊中本来将尽的些微的积聚，便慢慢的走上了闸路的估衣铺去。好
久不在天日之下行走的我，看看街上来往的汽车人力车，车中坐着的华美的少年男女，
和马路两边的绸缎金银铺窗里的丰丽的陈设，听听四周的同蜂衙似的嘈杂的人声，脚步
声，车铃声，一时倒也觉得是身到了大罗天上的样子。我忘记了我自家的存在，也想和
我的同胞一样欢歌欣舞起来，我的嘴里便不知不觉的唱来几句久忘了的京调来了。
（郁达夫：春风沉醉的晚上）
参考译文：
1．The next afternoon I went to the post-office and cashed the money order. A short time on the streets under bright sunlight and I was dripping with perspiration. I looked at the people round me, then looked down at myself and felt self-conscious. Trickles of sweat rained down my head and neck. When I had been roaming about at night, there had no sun and the cool air of the spring nights as I strolled through deserted lanes in the small hours was not so incompatible with the shabby padded gown that was my only wear. But now it was mid-afternoon on a warm sunny spring day and I, like a fool, did not have the sense to realize it but had walked down the street still in the same old attire. Naturally I felt abashed when I compared myself with my fellow creatures on the street, who had adapted themselves to the change of the season. At that moment I forgot all about the rent that was due in a few days and the fast emptying contents of my purse and turned slowly towards the clothiers on Zha Road. I, who had not been out in broad daylight for a fairly long time, now felt for a moment that I had entered paradise when I saw the busy traffic and rickshaws rushing down the street with beautifully clothed young men and women in them, the luxurious and dazzling windows of the silk shops and jeweler’s, and heard the buzz of human voices, footsteps and bells and horns. I forgot my won mean existence and felt like singing and skipping as merrily as my fellow men. Inadvertently, I began to hum a long-forgotten tune from some Peking opera. (Yu Dafu：Intoxicating Spring Nights)
翻译练习 2书籍到了我的手里，我的习惯是先看序文，次看目录。页数不多的往往立刻通读，
篇幅大的，只把正文任择一二章节略加翻阅，就插在书架上。除小说外，我少有全体读
完的大部的书，只凭了购入当时的记忆，知道某册书是何种性质，其中大概有些什么可
取的材料而已。什么书在什么时候再去读再去翻，连我自己也无把握，完全要看一个时
期一个时期的兴趣。关于这事，我常自比为古时的皇帝，而把插在书架上的书譬诸列屋
而居的宫女。
我虽然爱买书，而对于书却不甚爱惜。读书的时候，常在书上把我所认为要紧的处
所标出。线装书大概用笔加圈，洋装书竟用红铅笔划粗粗的线。经我看过的书，统体干
净的很少。
据说，任何爱吃糖果的人，只要叫他到通过铺中去做事，见了糖果就会生厌。自我
入书店以后，对于书的贪念也已消除了不少了，可不免要故态复萌，想买这种，想买那
种。在大概因为糖果要用嘴去吃，摆存毫无意义，而书则可以买了不看，任其只管插在
架上的缘故吧。（夏眄尊：我之于书）
参考译文2：As soon as a new book comes to hand, I always read the preface first and then the table of contents. If it happens to be a thin one, I often finish reading it at one sitting. Otherwise, I often browse through one or two chapters or sections before putting it onto my bookshelf. I seldom read a thick book from cover to cover unless it is a novel. By dint of the first impression it made on me at the time of buying, I have a rough idea of what a book is about and what useful materials in it are available to me. But I have little idea which book is to be read or looked over again at what time. It is completely subject to the whims of the moment. This often prompts me to liken myself and the books on my shelves respectively to an ancient emperor and his concubines housed separately in a row of adjoining rooms.
Much as I love books, I take little care of them. In doing my reading, I often mark out what I regard as important in a book. If it is a thread-bound Chinese book, I use a writing brush to draw small circles as markings. Otherwise, I use a red pencil to draw heavy underlines. Consequently, the books I have read are rarely clean.
It is said that those who have a great liking for candies will sicken to see them when later they happen to work in a candy store. Likewise, ever since I began to work in a bookstore, my obsession with books has been very much on the decline. Nevertheless, I still cannot help slipping back into the same old rut, eager to buy this and that book. This is probably because candies are to be eaten with the mouth and not worth keeping as knick-knacks while books can be bought without being read and just left on a shelf. (Xia Mianzun: Books and I)
第7讲：类析汉译英常见拙译（三讲合并）
翻译练习：
1。落花生 (许地山)
我们屋后有半亩隙地。母亲说：“让它荒芜着怪可惜，既然你们那么爱吃花生，就辟来做花生园罢。” 我们几姊弟和几个小丫头都很喜欢 ---- 买种的买种，动土的动土，灌园的灌园；过不了几个月， 居然收获了！
妈妈说：“今晚我们可以做一个收获节，也请你们爹爹来尝尝我们的新花生，如何？”我们都答应了。母亲把花生做成好几样食品，还吩咐这节期要在园里的茅亭举行。
那晚上的天色不大好，可是爹爹也到来，实在很难得！爹爹说：“你们爱吃花生么？”
我们都争着答应：“爱！”
“谁能把花生的好处说出来？”
姊姊说：“花生的气味很美。”
哥哥说：“花生可以制油。”
我说：“无论何等人都可以用贱价买它来吃；都喜欢吃它。这就是它的好处。”
爹说：“花生的用处固然很多；但有一样是很可贵的。这小小的豆不像那好看的苹果、
桃子、石榴，把它们的果实悬在枝上，鲜红嫩绿的颜色，令人一望而发生羡慕的心。它只把果子埋在地里，等到成熟，才容人把它挖出来。你们偶然看见一颗花生瑟缩地长在地上，不能立刻辨出它有没有果实，非得等到你接触它才能知道。”
我们都说：“是的。”母亲也点点头。爹爹接下去说：“所以你们要像花生， 因为它是有用的，不是伟大、好看的东西。”我说：“那么，人要做有用的人，不要做伟大、体面的人了。”爹爹说：“这是我对于你们的希望。”
我们谈到夜阑才散，所有花生食品虽然没有了，然而父亲的话现在还印在我心版上。
参考译文：
1．The Peanut (Xu Dishan)
At the back of our house there was half a mu of vacant land. “It’s a pity to let it go to waste like that,” Mother said. “Since you all enjoy eating peanuts, let us open it up and make it a peanut garden.” At that my brother, sister and I were all delighted and so were the young housemaids. Some went to buy seeds, some dug the ground and others watered it and, in a couple of months, we had a harvest!
“Let us have a party tonight to celebrate,” Mother suggested, “and ask Dad to come for a taste of our fresh peanuts. What do you say?” We all agreed, of course. Mother cooked the peanuts in different styles and told us to go to the thatched pavilion in the garden for the celebration.
The weather was not very good that night but, to our great delight, Dad came all the same. “Do you like peanuts?” Dad asked.
“Yes!” we all answered eagerly.
“But who can tell me what the peanut is good for?”
“It is very delicious to eat,” my sister took the lead.
“It is good for making cooking oil,” my brother followed.
“It is inexpensive,” I said. “Almost everyone can afford it and everyone enjoys eating it. I think this is what it is good for.”
“Peanut is good for many things,” Dad said, “but there is one thing that is particularly good about it. Unlike apples, peaches or pomegranates that display their fruits up in the air, attracting you with their beautiful colors, peanut buries its fruit in the earth. It does not show itself until you dig it out when it is ripe and, unless you dig it out, you can’t tell whether it bears fruit or not just by its frail stems above ground.”
“That’s true,” we all said and Mother nodded her assent. “So you should try to be like the peanut,” Dad went on, “because it is useful, though not great or attractive.”
“Do you mean,” I asked, “we should learn to be useful but not seek to be great or attractive?”
“Yes,” Dad said. “This is what I wish you to be.”
We stayed up late that night, eating all the peanuts Mother had cooked for us. But Father’s words remained vivid in my memory till this day.
翻译练习2南京，她有层出不穷的风流人物和彪炳千秋的不朽业绩。大都会特有的凝聚力，吸引了无数风云人物、仁人志士在这里角逐争雄，一逞豪彦。从孙权、谢安到洪秀全、孙中山，从祖冲之、葛洪到李时珍、郑和，从刘勰、萧统到曹雪芹、吴敬梓，从王羲之、顾恺之到徐悲鸿、傅抱石，还有陶行知、杨廷宝等等，中国历史上一批杰出的政治家、军事家、科学家、文学家、艺术家、教育家、建筑家等荟萃于此，在这块钟灵毓秀的土地上一圆他们的辉煌之梦。他们是中华民族的优秀儿女。巍巍钟山、滚滚长江养育了他们，为他们提供了施展抱负的舞台，他们也以自己的雄才大略、聪明智慧为中华民族的灿烂文明增添了流光溢彩的新篇章。
南京，她自新中国建立以来发生的巨大而深刻的变化更加令人欢欣鼓舞。“虎踞龙蟠今胜昔，天翻地覆慨而慷。”从1949年4月23日始，人民真正成为这座古老城市的主人。金陵回春，古城新生，昔日饱尝的屈辱和灾难，至此如同梦魇终被摆脱。人民在自己的土地上辛勤劳作，把古城南京妆扮得面貌一新。特别是近十几年来，改革开放又给这座美丽的名城注入了新的活力，崭新的工业、通达的运输、如画的城市建设、兴盛的第三产业、多彩的文化生活，都使这个具有古都特色的现代都市焕发出勃勃英姿。孙中山先生所预言的：“南京将来之发达未可限量也”，正在逐步成为现实。
南京，这座古老而又年轻的历史文化名城，是多么的可爱！
参考译文2．Nanjing has witnessed the continuous emergence of many distinguished talents and noble hearts as well as monumental achievements that shone through the ages. Attracted by her special appeal, a great number of powerful figures and people actuated by high ideals have stayed in or frequented this metropolis to contend for the lead or to give play to their genius and virtues. Military commanders such as Sun Quan and Xie An; political leaders such as Hong Xiuquan and Dr. Sun Yat-sen; scientists like Zu Chongzhi, Ge Hong, Li Shizhen and Zheng He; men of letters such as Liu Xie, Xiao Tong, Cao Xueqing and Wu Jingzi; artists like Wang Xizhi, Gu Kaizhi, Xu Beihong and Fu Baoshi; educators such as Tao Xingzhi; and architects like Yang Tingbao—all these renowned historical figures used to settle on this blessed land to have their splendid dreams fulfilled. The towering Purple Mountains and the billowing Yangtze River nurtured them and provided them with arenas in which to realize their aspirations. By virtue of their genius, vision, and sagacity, those best and brightest sons and daughters of the nation made spectacular contributions to the resplendent Chinese civilization.
The tremendous change that have taken place in Nanjing since New China was founded are even more inspiring, just as the much quoted couplet from a poem written by the late Chairman Mao Zedong on the occasion of the liberation of the city on April 23,1949 has it:
The city, a tiger crouching, a dragon curling, outshines its ancient glories;
In heroic triumph heaven and earth have been overturned.
Balmy spring winds returned to bring new life to this historic city, of which the common people came to be the genuine masters. The nightmarish sufferings and humiliations of the past were left behind once and for all. The citizens of Nanjing have been working hard to give this age-old town a new appearance. Especially for the past ten years or more, the country’s reform and opening-up policy has infused new vigour into this beautiful and famous city. Newly built industries, an efficient transportation network extending in all directions, picturesque urban construction, a booming tertiary industry, a varied and colourful cultural life, all these and more added charm and vitality to this modern metropolis, which retains somehow the ambiance and features of an ancient capita. The prophecy of Dr. Sun Yat-sen father of modern China that “Nanjing will have a future that knows no bounds” is becoming true.
Nanjing, an old city with a rich and celebrated past, yet vigorous.
翻译练习3．匆匆 （朱自清）
燕子去了，有再来的时候；杨柳枯了，有再青的时候；桃花谢了，有再开的时候。但是，聪明的，你告诉我，我们的日子为什么一去不复返呢？——是有人偷了他们罢：那是谁？又藏在何处呢？是他们自己逃走了罢：现在又到了哪里呢？
我不知道他们给了我多少日子；但我的手确乎是渐渐空虚了。在默默里算着，八千多日子已经从我手中溜去；像针尖上一滴水滴在大海里，我的日子滴在时间的流里，没有声音，也没有影子。我不禁头涔涔而泪潸潸了。
去的尽管去了，来的尽管来着，去来的中间，又怎样地匆匆呢？早上我起来的时候，小屋里射进两三方斜斜的太阳。太阳他有脚啊，轻轻悄悄地挪移了；我也茫茫然跟着旋转。于是——洗手的时候，日子从水盆里过去；吃饭的时候，日子从饭碗里过去；默默时，便从凝然的双眼前过去。我觉察他去的匆匆了，伸出手遮挽时，他又从遮挽着的手边过去，天黑时，我躺在床上，他便伶伶俐俐地从我身上跨过，从我脚边飞去了。等我睁开眼和太阳再见，这算又溜走了一日。我掩着面叹息。但是新来的日子的影儿又开始在叹息里闪过了。
参考译文3：Rush （Zhu Ziqing）
Swallows may have gone, but there is a time of return: willow trees may have died back, but there is a time of regreening; peach blossoms may have fallen, but they will bloom again. Now, you the wise, tell me, why should our days leave us, never to return? –If they had been stolen by someone, who could it be? Where could he hide them? If they had made the escape themselves, then where could they stay at the moment?
I do not know how many days I have been given to spend, but I do feel my hands are getting empty. Taking stock silently, I find that more than eight thousand days have already slid away from me. Like a drop of water from the point of a needle disappearing into the ocean, my days are dripping into the stream of time, soundless, traceless. Already sweat is starting on my forehead, and tears welling up in my eyes.
Those that have gone have gone for good, those to come keep coming; yet in between, how swift is the shift, in such a rush? When I get up in the morning, the slanting sun marks its presence in my small room in two or three oblongs. The sun has feet, look, he is treading on, lightly and furtively; and I am caught, blankly, in his revolution. Thus –the day flows away through the sink when I wash my hands, wears off in the bowl when I eat my meal, and passes away before my day-dreaming gaze as I reflect in silence. I can feel his haste now, so I reach out my hands to hold him back, but he keeps flowing past my withholding hands. In the evening, as I lie in bed, he strides over my body, glides past my feet, in his agile way. The moment I open my eyes and meet the sun again, one whole day has gone. I bury my face in my hands and heave a sigh. But the new day begins to flash past in the sigh.
What can I do, in this bustling world, with my days flying in their escape? Nothing but to hesitate, to rush. What have I been doing in that eight-thousand-day rush, apart from hesitating? Those bygone days have been dispersed as smoke by a light wind, or evaporated as mist by the morning sun. What traces have I left behind me? Have I ever left behind any gossamer traces at al? I have come to this world, stark naked; am I to go back, in a blink, in the same stark nakedness? It is not fair though: why should I have made such a trip for nothing!
You the wise, tell me, why should our days leave us, never to return?
第8讲：从 “湖光山色”的英译说开去（两讲合并）
翻译练习：
1．常胜的歌手（王蒙）
有一位歌手，有一次她唱完了歌，竟没有一个人鼓掌，于是她在开会的时候说道：“掌声究竟说明什么问题呢？难道掌声是美？是艺术？是黄金？掌声到底卖几分钱一斤？被观众鼓了几声掌就飘飘然，就忘乎所以，就选成歌星，就坐飞机，就灌唱片，这简直是胡闹！是对灵魂的腐蚀！你不信，如果我扭屁股唱黄歌儿，比她得到的掌声还多！”
她还建议，对观众进行一次调查分析，分类排队，以证明掌声的无价值或反价值。
后来，她又唱了一次歌，全场掌声雷动。她在会上又说开了：“歌曲是让人听的，如果人家不爱听，内容再好，曲调再好又有什么用？群众的眼睛是雪亮的，群众的心里是有一杆秤的，离开了群众的喜闻乐见，就是不搞大众化，只搞小众化，就是出了方向性差错，就是孤家寡人，自我欣赏。我听到的不只是掌声，而且是一颗颗火热的心在跳动。”
过了一阵子，音乐工作者又开会，谈到歌曲演唱中的一种不健康的倾向和群众的趣味需要疏导，欣赏水平需要提高。她便举出了那一次唱歌无人鼓掌作为例子，她宣称：
“我顶住了！我顶住了！我顶住了！”
又过了一阵子，音乐工作者又开会，谈到受群众欢迎的歌曲还是创造演唱得太少。她又举出了另一次掌声如雷的例子宣称：
“我早就做了，我早就做了，我早就做了！”
参考译文：
1．An Infallible Singer
One day, a singer sang for the audience. After she finished, nobody applauded. Thereupon, she said at a meeting, “What possibly can applause mean? Does it mean beauty? Art? Or gold? How much is one burst of clapping worth? If on account of some sporadic clapping, a singer should become smug and starts to forget herself, and people around her start to vote her a star, qualified to travel by air and cut discs, this would be sheer folly, and an attempt to corrupt the souls of the people. Believe me, I can get much louder applause if I should sing those smutty songs and swing my hips all the while.” She also suggested that the audiences be polled and classified so that he non-value or anti-value of applause could be established.
On a later occasion her singing was greeted with thunderous applause. At a meeting convened after the performance, she declared, “Songs are composed for the audience. If the audience don’t like your songs, what’s the use of their good content and melody? The audience know what is good for them and they have their own criteria. If we don’t give them what they like, we are meeting the needs of only a few people, instead of the broad masses. We’ll be committing a mistake in political direction. We’ll be acting like Narcissus, admiring our own images and isolating ourselves from he outside world. What I heard at the concert was not just the clapping of hands, but the beatings of a multitude of fervent hearts.”
Sometime later, musicians met for another meeting, at which they criticized the unhealthy tendency in vocal concerts and suggested that the musical taste of the masses be properly guided and their level of appreciation be raised. Citing as an example that occasion when her songs received no applause, she declared, “I resisted that tendency! I did that long, long ago!”
At still another gathering held later, musicians deplored that songs the people really liked were still too few in number and that too few singers song such songs. Citing as an example the other occasion when her songs were warmly applauded, she exulted, “I sang such songs long ago! Long, long ago!”
2．夜间，九时余 ---- 从前面漆黑的夜幕中，看见很小很小几点亮光。人们指给我那就是长江大桥，“江津”号稳稳地向武汉驶近。从这以后，我一直站在船上眺望，渐渐的渐渐的看出那整整齐齐的一排像横串起来的珍珠，在熠熠闪亮。我看着，我觉得在这辽阔无边的大江之上，这正是我们献给我们母亲河流的一顶珍珠冠呀……再前进，江上无数倒影在浮动，那是无数船只在航行，而那由一颗颗珍珠画出的大桥的轮廓，完全像升在云端一样，高耸空中，而桥那面，灯光稠密的简直像是灿烂的金河，那是什么？仔细分辨，原来是武汉两岸的亿万灯光。当我们的“江津”号，嘹亮地向武汉市发出致敬欢呼的声音时，我心中升起了一种庄严的情感，看一看，我们创造的新世界有多么灿烂吧！
2 It is after nine in the evening. Through the black night ahead we see tiny pinpoints of lights. We are told that this is the great bridge over the Yangtze. The S. S. Jiangjin steams steadily towards Wuhan and I remain on deck watching. By degrees I see a row of twinkling lights like a string of well-matched pearls. To me, on this boundless Yangtze, it seems a pearl-decked tiara which we have presented to our mother of rivers … As we approach, innumerable blue, white, red and green lights on different boats appear, trailing long reflections in the water. Then the outline of the giant bridge marked by so many pearls looms high above as if rising to the clouds, while the blaze of lights beyond seems a gleaming river of gold. I see now that it is the millions of lights on both banks at Wuhan. And as the S. S. Jiangjin calls out a loud cheerful greeting to the city, my heart swells with pride. See what a glorious new world we have built!
第9讲：Denotation和Connotation（两讲合并）
翻译练习1：
学校
我怎能忘记那美丽的校园呢？
那儿处处是碧绿的芳草，绿草中铺着洁白的、笔直的石路。路两旁种的那些树分明是一品红，然而原该为大红色的排列为环状的叶，却变为柔媚的粉红，还有着淡绿色的边儿。我常在这条长长的石径上散步。走着走着，来到一座宽阔的台子上，站在这里可以看到迷人的晚霞与夕照，偶然也能看到冒着浓烟呜呜南去的列车。转身往回走，不远便会来到实验室和图书馆。这儿宽大的落地窗软帘垂地，窗外的木棉树上开着耀眼的红花。再往前走便是餐厅了，那儿有一株美丽的树，开着雪一样白的花儿。那花儿开得轻柔而又婀娜，一朵朵地连成一片，从远处看去，美得像新嫁娘雪白的头纱。后来我才知道这就是我在书上读到那么多次的曼陀罗。
学校的中心地带是个扇形的喷水泉，中间很艺术地摆着些中国式的太湖石。这是新建的。
在我们中国教师住的院子里，有一个跟这模式一样的喷水泉，不过比这要小得多，像个盆景似的，那是早来这儿的老师利用业余时间建的。他们在池中放了些水草和金鱼，可能是为了抒发对祖国的怀念之情吧，还在太湖石上用秀丽的隶书字体刻了“二泉映月”四个红字，似乎这么一来，西湖便在他们的怀抱之中了，故乡的月便也在向着这些游子微笑了。
一天，学校的校长来到中国教师的住所。他对这个喷水池赞不绝口，定要中国教师为学校也设计一个跟这一样的喷水池，建在校园的中央。于是在校园里，在绿茸茸的芳草和艳丽的花朵之间又加上了一个中国色彩的喷水池，在阳光的辉照下，喷射着亮晶晶的水珠儿。
参考译文：
1.The College
How can I ever forget the beautiful campus in Africa?
The grounds were covered with dark green grass through which stretched a straight white stone path. On both sides of the path were planted what I believed to be poinsettias. Now the flowers were surrounded by pinkish leaves instead of bright red ones as they should have been. Trimmed with light green edges, the leaves looked delicate and charming. Along the long path I often took a stroll which would take me to a wide terrace, where I could watch the enchanting glow of sunset, and occasionally catch the sight of a train puffing and hooting on its way southward.
On my way back I would pass by the laboratory and library building whose large French windows had soft curtains let fall to the floor. Just outside the windows kapok flowers glowed red in full bloom. A short way off stood the dining hall, where I found a tree bearing snow-white blossoms so graceful and soft to the touch. Viewed together from the distance, they were as beautiful as a bridal veil. Later I learned that it was a tree called datura which I had so often read about in books.
In the center of the campus was newly-built fan-shaped fountain. A number of Chinese taihu rocks were arranged in it with a touch of artistry. And there was a story behind it.
In the courtyard of the house where Chinese teachers were living, there was also a similar but much smaller fountain looking like potted landscape. It was built by the Chinese teachers who had come earlier in their spare time. They had graced it with water plants and goldfish. Perhaps out of a yearning for their homeland, they had even engraved on a taihu rock four Chinese characters: “Er Quan Ying Yue” meaning “two springs reflecting the moonlight.” These characters were painted red and written in an ancient calligraphic style. The homesick Chinese teachers seemed to feel that at the sight of these characters, they could by a fight of the imagination bring to their presence a native moon smilingly beaming over the West Lake.
One day the president of the college came to visit the Chinese teachers. Delighted by the beauty of their fountain he asked then to design another one for the college. Thus in the center of the campus, in a field of green grass and colorful flowers appeared a new Chinese fountain spurting out water drops glistening in the sunlight.
翻译练习2：
我最大的爱好是沉思默想。我可以一个人长时间地独处而感到愉快。独享欢乐是一种愉快，独自忧伤也是一种愉快。孤独的时候，精神不会是一片纯粹的空白，它仍然是一个丰富多彩的世界。情绪上的大欢乐和大悲痛往往都在孤独中产生的。孤独中，思维可以不依照逻辑进行。孤独更多地产生人生的诗情 ---- 激昂的和伤感的。孤独可以使人的思想向更遥远更深邃的地方伸展，也能使你对自己或环境作更透彻的认识和检讨。
参考译文2：My greatest avocation is musing. I can stay by myself for a long time without feeling disconsolate in the least. Happiness enjoyed alone is a pleasure, so is sorrow tasted privately. In solitude, the mind is not a complete blank; it remains a rich and colorful world. Solitude often induces ecstasy or anguish, and allows thinking to wander in a random way. She inspires the mood for poems, passionate or pathetic. She also enables people to think further and deeper and to have a more thorough understanding and examination of themselves and their environment.
第10讲：翻译，你的本质是什么？
翻译练习：
微笑，是个很奇妙的东西，它既反映一个现象，又反映一种事物。
我们所讲的微笑，是发自内心的诚挚和善良的笑容，而不是为讨好别人的媚笑，也不是存心不良的奸笑或皮笑肉不笑，更不是带有杀机的笑里藏刀。这就是说，微笑者都有健康的心理、乐观的情绪和坚定的信念。而一个人只有热爱生活、热爱工作、热爱民众，才会在脸上浮现出永不消失的微笑。
微笑，永远是微笑者个人的专利，它既不能租，又不能买；既不能借，又不能偷。微笑，是微笑者心境的体现，这种笑脸又能产生多种功能：它能使某些人之间的生疏变成亲密，使某些人之间的隔阂变成融洽，它能使失意成为顺意，使烦恼成为愉快；它能使人们的心灵沟通，感情交融……
微笑，凝聚着内心的纯洁无私，召唤着友谊与情感的到来，消化着矛盾和不快。微笑是无声的，但又胜似有声。微笑把一具心灵传递给另一具心灵。古人说：笑口常开，笑古笑今，万事一笑了之。我们可以理解为：带着微笑的赞扬，使人感到诚心，能催人奋进；带着微笑的批评，使人感到善意，能促人进步；带着微笑的拒绝，使人感到理解，能帮人走出困境；带着微笑的请求，使人感到亲切，能帮人过关。
微笑是光明的，微笑的世界是文明的世界。愿每一个人都多一点微笑，少一点忧愁。
参考译文：
Smile is intricate, for it is not only a phenomenon but also a reflection of something. What we refer to here is a sincere and good-natured smile that comes from the bottom of one’s heart. We do not mean a smile specially put on to please others, or a false one harboring a sinister design, much less a grin with murderous intent behind. That is to say, a smile should be mentally sound, optimistic and firm in faith. Only when a person has a strong love of life, for work and people, can he or she always wear a smile.
Smile is inseparable from its owner, for it can neither be rented nor bought, neither borrowed nor
stolen. It symbolizes the person’s mind and serves many purposes: bringing strangers closer to each other, turning estrangement into reconciliation, giving hope to the disappointed and replacing vexation with joy. It opens channels from heart to heart so that feelings can flow reciprocally
Embodying purity and selflessness, smile calls for friendship and affection. It causes antagonism and displeasure to dissolve. Its soundlessness is even better than utterance in communicating between minds. The ancient said to a well-known Buddha statue: “Always grinning, you look at things past and present, and laugh them off whatever they are.” What is meant by a smile can be understood this way: a compliment given with a smile represents a sincere encouragement to the addressee for further efforts, while criticism with a smile is likely to be accepted as meaning well and helpful to one’s progress. A smiling refusal, which causes no embarrassment, contributes to mutual understanding; while a smiling request, which appeals irresistibly, does a great deal to help tackle knotty problems.
Where there is a smile, there is a light. A smiling world is a civilized one. Let there be more smiles and less worries.
第11讲：归化与异化----汉语习语的英译
翻译练习（注意下列各句中出现的习语）：
1/ 但是，事实胜于雄辩，水落自然石出。
2/ 青黄不接的季节，……
3/ 后来出嫁了，两个人还藕断丝连，这只能怪包办婚姻，不能怪她。
4/ 木已成舟，也只好如此了。
5/ 她觉得丈夫这句话说得对，真是一阵见血，点头附和道……
6/ 她听了这话，像是火上加油，立刻说……
7/ 他对乡里的情况，了如指掌。
8/ 打蛇先打头，擒贼先擒王。
9/ 夫妻无隔夜之仇。
10/ 东风压倒西风。
11/ 送君千里，终有一别。
12/ 薛蟠也来上学，不过是三日打鱼，两日晒网。
13/ 不是鬼使神差，好端端的他怎么会抽上了鸦片烟？
14/ 人怕出名猪怕壮。
15/ 最重要的，她不是小姐堆里娇生惯养出来的人。
16/ 失败者成功之母。
17/ 人勤地不懒，这话真不假。
参考译文：
1/ However, facts speak louder than eloquence and the truth will prevail in the end.
2/ In spring when one crop was eaten and the next still green. / When the crop is still in the blade and the old stock is consumed. / Before the green corn grows and after the white crop is consumed.
3/ After she was married they still kept it up. The arranged marriage was the cause of this; she can’t be blamed.
4/ What’s done is done, and can’t be undone.
5/ Feeling that her husband had been right to say this and had touched him on the raw, she nodded and backed him up…
6/ This only added fuel to the flames of her anger and she said at once
7/ He knew everything about the township like the back of his hand.
8/ If you want to kill a snake, you must first hit it on the head and if you want to catch a band of robbers you must first catch their leader / head / cock.
9/ Enmity between husband and wife doesn’t last the night.
10/ The East wind prevails over the West wind. / The East wind subdues the West wind.
11/ Although you may escort a guest a thousand miles, yet must the parting come at last.
12/ Xue Pan enrolled as a student. But he was like the fisherman who fishes for three days and then suns his net for two.
13/ Had it not been for the influence of devils, how would a decent fellow like him have taken to smoking opium?
14/ Fame is as fatal to men as fattening to pigs.
15/ What’s most important, she isn’t one of those well-born young ladies who’ve been pampered and spoiled all their lives.
16/ Failure is the mother of success.
17/ If man is diligent, soil is not idle. How true the proverb is!
Absence is mother of disillusion. .....疏离是觉悟之母
Absence makes the heart grow fonder. .....小别情更浓/ 小别胜新婚
Absence sharpens love, presence strengthens it. .....分离令爱加深，相见使情更
本帖最后由 般若白莲 于 13-1-24 04:08 编辑
因特网在翻译中的妙用
北外李长栓
网络的出现为我们生活和工作带来了巨大的便利，对翻译工作者的影响可以说是革命性的，学会使用因特网，可以大大提高工作效率，提高翻译质量，其优势是如何其他翻译工具书都无法相比的。本文以目前全球最大的搜索引擎www.google.com为例，向大家介绍我个人在使用因特网协助翻译时的一些经验体会，供大家参考。
1. 专有名词的翻译和还原
这里所说的专有名词包括：人名、地名、作品名、组织机构名等。翻译专有名词要符合习惯或原来的说法（回译）。
1.1 人名：英译中
对于不常见的人名、地名，一般按照音译表翻译。音译表见《英汉大词典》，陆谷孙主编，上海译文出版社
对于常见的人名、地名，如要译为中文，或知道中文译名发音，但不知道写法，可以在Google中输入英文名称，点击搜索中文网页，会有负责任的译者在中文名称后，用括号加注原文名称。加注的名称之前，就是你找要的译文
如果查出的译法不止一种，选择常用的一种（把不同的中文名称分别输入Google查找，哪个hits多，哪个就更常用），但最常用的也可能不是最好的，所以还要依据自己的判断,如，要查找缅甸反对党领袖Aung San Suu Kyi的中文译名，可以在Google搜索框里输入Aung San Suu Kyi，点击搜索所有中文网页，可以看到有基本上有三种译法：昂山淑姬、翁山苏姬、昂山素季。如果只有一种，自然没有选择余地；现在出现了三种，就要决定使用哪一个。你可以把三种译名分别输入搜索框，点击搜索简体中文网页（“所有中文网页”中包含港澳台和海外中文网页），看哪个hits多。结果发现：昂山淑姬有610项，翁山苏姬有186项，昂山素季有5620项。从数量上来看，应当使用“昂山素季”。如果你要进一步确保该译法与我国外交部的译法一致，则要看有关文章是否中国官方媒体的文章。检查结果是肯定的。
1.2 人名：把中文译名还原为英文
把翻译为中文的外国人名（包括日本、港澳台和海外华人名字）译回英文
在Google中输入该中文名称，搜索中文网页，希望在找到的结果中，有好心的译者把英文放在括号中
如，要查“史迪威”将军的英文拼写，在Google搜索框里输入“史迪威”，其中一个搜索结果就显示：“史迪威在中国, 约瑟夫·沃伦·史迪威（Joseph Warren Stilwell）是一位与中国有着不解之缘的美国人……”
如果你知道专有名词中的一部分用英文怎么说，同时把这一部分输入搜索框，可以加快搜索速度
如，要查找“诺尔曼·白求恩”，你已经知道Norman，可以把“诺尔曼 白求恩 Norman”同时输入（注意关键词之间加空格），一下就可以找到（当然，这个名字不用输入英文也很容易找到）
如果单独输入中文，搜索出来的结果太多，一下子无法找到哪个附有英文说法，可以在关键词中加一个有关的英文单词，缩小搜索范围（即把搜索范围限定在既有中文也有英文的网页）
如，要查找“利马窦”的英文说法，输入“利马窦”后，发现搜索结果不计其数，你可以同时输入“利马窦 Italy”，一下子就找到了：
……地图信息咨询. Dear sir: Thank you very much for your web and it is very well organized. Congratulations! We are from Matteo Ricci (Li Madou in Chinese) Institute in Italy. ... Best wishes. Filippo Mignini…
如果以上方法查不到，可以用英文输入与这个人有关的事务，在所有网页中查找
如要查日本首相“小泉纯一郎”和“靖国神社”的英文说法，你可以在Google搜索框里输入Japanese prime minister visit war criminal China Korea protest；如要查澳门特首何厚铧的英文拼法，可以查Macao special administrative region chief Ho.
如果还查不出来，就查这个人所在机构（大学、研究所、公司、国际组织等），希望其中有该人的介绍或其他线索（如果不知道该机构的确切说法，可以试查几个关键词）如要查下句中人名的英文：
但是，正如奈娜·卡比尔所说：“没有任何一组方法本身对男女之间的差异和不平等具有敏感性；一个方法的社会性别敏感度完全取决于其使用者”。（卡比尔，1995）
用中文搜索“奈娜 卡比尔”，仅得到这样的信息：
“本文的分析框架选择的是英国萨赛克斯大学发展学研究所奈娜·卡比尔创立的社会关系分析法……”
我又用相关关键词法查了多次，也猜了数种拼法，但均未查到。后来在搜索框里输入“Sussex university development institute”，找到研究所网页，在网页的Bookshop下，发现
Gender Mainstreaming in Poverty Eradication and the Millennium Developing Goals: A Handbook for policy-makers and other stakeholders, Published by the Commonwealth Secretariat, By Naila Kabeer
问题迎刃而解。
用这个人的著作名称及其他有关信息查
如，要查找下文中的人名（及著作名）：
针对女性（或者说是妇女）这一有特色的区别性范畴进行分析研究，应该归功于丹麦经济学家E.鲍塞罗普，他1970年的著作《经济发展中妇女的作用》，可以说是“妇女”作为一个有特色的区别性范畴在发展思想中的标志。
中文网页查不到这一人名，这时可以输入“danish economist women role economic development”，人名和准确的著作名一下子便可以找到：
…In 1970, Ester Boserup, a Danish economist, wrote a book (Women's Role in economic Development) showing that women's work had been ignored or underestimated by…
查这个人的合作者名称
如，要翻译
《中国居民收入分配再研究》， ---赵人伟、李实、卡尔·李思勤著 ----中国财政经济出版
中的人名“卡尔·李思勤”，用其他方法搜索不出来，可以输入“zhao renwei li shi”，人名和著作名一下子便找到了：
…S Bj?rn Gustafsson & Li Shi "Is China Becoming More Unequal?" pages 212 - 252 in Zhao, Renwei, Li Shi & Carl Riskin (Eds) Re-study on Income Distribution of Chinese Households
猜测拼法加与这个人有关的任何其它关键词
如要查下一句话中的人名：
1993年，卡罗琳·摩塞从妇女参与发展的角度出发，第一次对社会发展过程中的性别平等问题的理论和政策实践进行了分类……
在中文网页没有查到，但你比较肯定“卡罗琳”是Caroline，你可以在搜索框里输入Carline gender，搜索所有网页，便可以很快找到：
Caroline Moser …and social capital, social protection, human rights and sustainable livelihoods and mainstreaming gender into development practice. Caroline recently moved to…
如果还查不到，再猜测几个可能的拼法。实在不行，再查别的辞书，或者问作者，找委托人协助。
1.3 地名：把中文译名还原为英文
在中文网页搜索，希望有好心的译者把原文放在括号中
在英文网页中搜索与此地名有关的事件
搜索所在国家或地区的地图（输入国家或地区的英文名称＋map）
但对于一些小地名，查找起来确实不易，比如，有一次我翻译“越南义安省义禄县义莲社”，是这样查的：在中文网页查到了义安省的拼法Nghe An，通过Nghe An找到了该省的网站，通过网站查到了Nghi Loc District.
就剩一个公社的名字，这么小的地名，是否可以找到？总不能为一个小地名去买本越南地名词典。于是，我把省和县的名字都输入Google（注意分别加引号），还真发现有不少文章含有这两个名字，如果逐一查看，说不定有各公社的名字。但这样找太慢了，我就先猜了两种拼法：Nghe Lien和Nghi Lien，经Google检验，果然有一个正确：
Nghi Lien Commune- Nghi Loc District Nghe An Province…
当然，如果手头有越南人名地名词典，查起来也很方便。网上查不到时，词典还是用得着的。
1.4 地名：英译中
遇到的问题较少。搜索时输入英文，在中文网页查找。如找不到，小地名根据音译表翻译，大地名查地名词典。注意，日本、朝韩、越南等历史上使用汉字的国家，其地名要使用本来的汉字。举例略。
1.5 作品名：中译英
要把译为中文的著作名还原为英文，可以输入几个可能的英文关键词，加上作者名和其他关键词，往往可以碰到。如，要查以下段落中的书名：
国外还有一些机构和个人还进行了妇女视角的实证和调查研究。如世界银行进行的《通过权利、资源和言论上的性别平等促进发展》，该项研究认为“性别不平等仍广泛而持续地存在于生活的许多方面，存在于家庭、社会制度和经济中……”
在Google中输入以下关键词：World bank rights resources equality development，得到的第一条结果就是：
Engendering Development - Through Gender Equality in Rights, Resources, and Voice is a Policy Research Report by the World Bank focusing on gender issues and…
其他例子见“人名”一节。
1.6 组织机构名称
包括政府机构、国际组织、非政府组织、公司名称等。
输入中文，可能把你带到该机构的中文网页，进而把你引到它的英文网页
如，输入“劳动和社会保障部”，便可以看到“简介: Ministry of Labour and Social Security, PRC”。
输入可能的英文关键词，会帮你找到准确的说法
如，查找“英国萨赛克斯大学发展学研究所”，可以输入“Sussex university development institute”，一下子便可以找到“Welcome to the Institute of Development Studies”。不敢肯定的关键词不要输入。
再比如，翻译Survey and Mapping Office, Lands Department。这是一个香港政府机构，所以，必定有现成的中文名字，不能随意翻译。用Google搜索，就可以找到该机构的网页，中文是：地政总署测绘处。
专业术语的翻译和还原
翻译专业术语，我们往往依赖专业词典，但作为一个职业翻译，什么专业的内容都可能碰到，不可能把所有的专业词典都买回家；而且，字典的编纂速度，总是跟不上新词出现的速度，很多词字典上没有收录。这时，因特网就可以作为一个无所不包的百科辞典来使用。
2.1 英译中
英译中时，经常有一些新的英文专业术语，译名还未确立，自己翻译出来的也未必准确，这时，可以输入该词（词组），搜索中文网页，你会发现许多人已经翻译过该词，且把英文放在括号里面。可能有不同的译法，自己可以参考使用。
比如，要翻译某一上下文的turnaround time，输入该词组，点击搜索所有中文网页，结果发现该词被翻译为周转时间、回应时间、往返时间、处理时间、回复时间等。你可以根据自己的上下文选择合适的使用，或根据意思再想出一个。
这一方法不一定总能搜索到翻译。如果在中文网页找不到，Google会自动搜索所有网页，这时，你可以看到该词组出现的很多上下文，从而帮助你进一步了解它的意思。
我还经常使用这一方法查找日语汉字。
如英译中时谈到美日贸易关系，有一个词keiretsu，要查日语汉字，在Google搜索框里输入该词，搜索中文网页，即可看到不少文章介绍这一制度。日语汉字是：系列
再如，日本企业管理制度中，有一项制度叫HO-REN-SO。用Google搜索中文网页找不到，但其他网页（包括日语网页）中有一项：
HO-REN-SO. (Spinach). HO stands for HOKOKU à Report. REN stands for RENNRAKU à Contact. SO stands for SODAN à Consultation…
如果你懂一点日语，就知道这三个字分别代表“報告、連絡、相談”，所以，就可以翻译为“报连相”或“报联商”制度；即使不懂日语，也可以把意思翻译出来：“报告、联络与商谈”制度。
2.2 中译英
中文里现在有许多词是从英文直接翻译过来的，翻译回去的时候要保证和原来的说法一致。
比如，要查找下文划线部分的英语原文：
首先，中国在短期内将扩大纺织服装的出口。加入WTO之后，一方面可以按照ATC协议，获得“一体化比例”和“额外增长率”，争取到自由化带来的贸易利益。
可以先猜几个译法，如，integration proportion/ratio/rate, incremental/additional growth rate，然后在Google中分别查找，加以证实，可以发现，正确说法是：integration rate和additional growth rate。也可以输入汉语，加上你可以肯定的integration与growth rate，看有没有文章在这两个词中文词后面夹注英文。不仅外来词可以查到，对于是中国特有的事务，国外也有很多人关注和研究，我们从他们的文章中，就可以借鉴很多说法，不用我们翻译时闭门造车。
比如，要翻译中国刑法中的拘役、劳改等概念，查China criminal justice system就可能发现这样的内容：
There are mainly 5 types of incarcerating institutions: 1) prisons; 2) reform-through-labor institutions, in which criminals are sentenced to a minimum of 1 year fixed-term imprisonment; 3) reform house for juvenile delinquents; 4) Juyi house (criminal detention house), which houses offenders sentenced to criminal detention; and the 5) Kanshou house (detention house), which houses offenders awaiting trial.
更多的情况下，译者不仅需要知道几个专业术语，还需要对专业有一定的了解，才能翻译好。比如，要把一篇关于保险和再保险的文章从中文翻译为英文，专业不太懂，有些词（分出公司、分入公司）甚至没有听说过，那么，如何利用Google来帮助我们呢？有很多种方法：
同时输入英文和中文关键词，点击搜索所有网页，可能找到英汉对照的词语或相关解释
比如，在搜索框里输入“再保险 分出公司 insurance”，便会出现众多的搜索结果，进入其中一条：
Ceded Company分进公司
分进公司系指接受原保险人(Original Insurer)所分出之业务之保险人，即再保险人(Reinsurer)。
Ceding Company分出公司
分出公司系指依再保险契约之规定，将其所承保之业务分予再保险人(Reinsurer)以获取再保险保障之保险公司，又称原保险人(Original Insurer)、原签单公司(Original Writer)或被再保险人(Reinsured)。
我们不仅查到了词语，还学习到了专业知识，知道许多说法原来是同义词。也可以使用以下查找方法：
在搜索框里输入insurance ＋其它英文关键词（各个关键词以空格隔开），点击搜索所有网页，可以找到无数有关的文章（平行文本），你可能从中找到所需词语
输入insurance glossary (or terminology, terms, dictionary等），你可以找到英英保险词语表或词典，可以据此确定某个英文术语的含义与中文是否完全一致
输入“保险词语 （或术语、词典）英汉对照”，可能找到英汉对照保险词语表
输入的关键词越多，查出来的结果越少，越有针对性。Google最多允许输入10个关键词。但如果关键词过多，无搜索结果，则要减少关键词数目。另外，如果一组关键词查不到理想的内容，要多试几组，一般总能查到。
关键词不仅限于待翻译文本中出现的词，也可以是文本之外大背景中的词。例如，文章中虽未提及“中国”一词，但因讲的是中国的事情，“中国”也是关键词。
3. 引用文献的翻译和还原
翻译中经常需要翻译引用的文献资料。无论英译中，还是中译英，如果有官方译文，则以官方译文为准；如果待翻译文本的引文部分本来就是译文，则一定找到原文；如找不到原文，则应把直接引用变为间接引用。因特网在查找原文及译文方面效率很高，谨举例说明：
3.1 英译中
如果把引用的国际公约条文译为中文，可以用中文输入公约名称（名称不敢确定时，输入几个可以肯定的关键词，词与词之间留空格），在中文网页查找，看是否有现成的译文；把翻译为英文的中文法律文本或文件还原为中文时也是如此
3.2 中译英
如果要把翻译为中文的某公约、法律文书等条文翻回英文，在搜索框输入被引用部分可能的英文关键词，就可能直接把你带到这段原文
如，要翻译
但在2009年1月1日以前，中国的出口还要受到数量约束，“控制在不超过提出磋商请求的当月前的最近14个月中，前12个月进入该成员数量的7.5%（羊毛产品类别为6%）的水平。”
可以输入："14 months" request consultations 7.5 6。搜索结果中，“沈阳与WTO”项下有：
(c) Upon receipt of the request for consultations, China agreed to hold its shipments to the requesting Member of textile or textile products in the category or categories subject to these consultations to a level no greater than 7.5 per cent (6 per cent for wool product categories) above the amount entered during the first 12 months of the most recent 14 months preceding the month in which the request for consultations was made.
查中国的官方文件、法律文书的英文译本。输入英文可能的关键词，在“所有网页”搜索
如，要查中华人民共和国刑法第141条，只需要输入 China “criminal law” “article 141” ，便可以很快找到。
有时对文献的引用，不是直接引用，这时，仍然可以通过查找相关论述，使译文尽量贴近原文的表达方法。
以上总结了使用Google帮助翻译的常用技巧。翻译时遇到的问题千变万化，搜索也不一定顺利，但一个职业译员的责任心，会驱使你不断地去寻找答案，一旦你找到了答案，你就会忘记工作的辛劳。
[作者简介]李长栓，北京外国语大学高级翻译学院副教授
本帖最后由 般若白莲 于 13-1-26 18:31 编辑
《英汉翻译教程》
第一章 总论
翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。
（张培基等 1983）
我国早期典籍《周礼·秋官司寇》篇里就有“象胥”（谓通言语之官）这一名目，唐朝贾公彦所作的《义疏》里提到“译即易，谓换易言语使相解也。”这条注疏，关于翻译的定义，足以给人不少启发。用现代文艺理论和语言理论，也许可以诠释为：翻译是把一种语言文字换易成另一种语言文字，而并不变更所蕴含的意义，——或用近年流行的术语说，并不变更所传递的信息，——以达到彼此沟通，互相了解的目的。
（罗新璋1984）
一、关于翻译
何谓翻译？关于翻译的定义很多。根据《现代汉语词典》，翻译是“把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来”。根据《剑桥语言百科全书》，“翻译”这个中性术语是指将一种语言（“原语”）里的词句的意思转变为另一种语言（“目的语”）的意思所做的一切，不论其手段是说话、写字还是做手势。美国著名翻译理论家奈达认为，所谓翻译，是指从语义到语体在译语中用最切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息。（《奈达论翻译》，1984）有人把翻译看作是一门科学 （science），因为它有自身的规律可循；有人看作是一门艺术 （art），因为它是译者对原文再创造的过程；也有人看作是一门手艺（craft）， 因为原语的信息需要用地道恰当的目的语再现。在自动化数据处理中，翻译又被定义为：“将计算机信息从一种语言转换成另一种语言，或将字符从一种表示转换成另一种表示。”（《现代科学技术词典》上海科学技术出版社 1980）凡此种种，不一而足。但是，在经济和文化日益全球化的今天，翻译的重要性是有目共睹的。
翻译是国际间理解的钥匙，据说西欧的文明归功于翻译者（据L·G·凯里 1979）。季羡林教授也说，翻译是永葆中华文明青春的万应灵药。前中国驻联合国代表凌青先生说，从中国来讲，没有翻译工作，就没有中国***和中国近代的革命运动，就没有中国成功的对外开放和四个现代化；从世界范围来讲，没有翻译，就没有世界和平，就没有各种国际交往，就没有一个共同繁荣的美好世界的未来。 中国加入WTO后，翻译的重要作用就更是不可忽视。经济竞争是在交际中进行，而没有翻译在场，交际就很难进行，交际不成，生意就做不成。因此，翻译的作用，再怎么强调也不过分。
关于翻译的种类可以从下面几个角度来划分：
（１）从原语和目的语的角度来看，翻译可分为本族语译为外语，外语译为本族语两大类。
（２）从翻译的手段来看，可分为口译、笔译、手势翻译和机器翻译。
（３）从翻译的内容来看，可分为文学翻译、政治翻译、科技翻译和应用文翻译等。
（４）按其处理方式来分，又有全译、摘译和编译等。
不同种类的翻译，有不同的要求。
总之，翻译是一门跨学科的专业，翻译教学也不能等同于外语教学，它应该作为一门独立的学科来学。既要学习理论知识又要重视实践。没有足够的翻译实践，学理论如隔靴搔痒，而没有一定的理论知识指导，翻译实践的水平也难以提高。翻译课的目的是培养和提高学生的实际翻译能力，要达到这个目的，光靠课堂传授知识是不够的，学生应该自主学习，积极参与翻译实践才行。
相关链接
译者其实是不写论文的学者，没有创作的作家。也就是说，译者必定相当饱学，也必定擅于运用语文，并且不止一种，而是两种以上：其一他要尽窥其妙；其二他要能运用自如。造就一位译者，实非易事，所以译者虽然满街走，真正够格的译家并不多。
（余光中：1994）
大学教师申请升等，规定不得提交翻译。这规定当然有理，可是千万教师里，对本行真有创见的人并不多，结果所提交论文往往东抄西袭，或改头换面，有移植器官，对作者和审查者真是一大浪费。其实踏踏实实的翻译远胜于拼拼凑凑的创作。如果玄奘、鸠摩罗什、圣吉洛姆、马丁·路德等译家来求教授之职，我会毫不考虑地优先录用，而把可疑的二流学者压在后面。
（余光中：1985）
翻译家的责任非常重要，无论在哪一国的文学史上，没有不受别国文学影响的痕迹。而负这种介绍责任的，却是翻译家。
（郑振铎：1920）
美国当代翻译理论家尤金·奈达（Eugene A.Nida）在《翻译理论与实践》（The Theory and Practice of Translation）一书中指出，一个称职的翻译工作者应具备五个方面的条件：
1． 必须熟悉原语。仅能理解原文信息的大意或能查字典是远远不够的，还必须能吃透语义的微细区别、词语的情感含义以及决定文章风味情调的各种文体特色。
2． 译者必须精通译入语。这一点比第一点更为重要。在翻译中，译者对原文信息可以通过查阅字典、注释和专业文献加以理解，而对于是否精通译入语的问题却没有别的东西可以替代。翻译中最常见而且最严重的错误，主要是因为不精通译入语而造成的。
3． 精通一门语言同具备专业知识并不是一码事。例如译者也许精通某种语言，而对核物理或化学却一窍不通。要翻译这些学科的技术资料，单凭一般的语言知识是不够的。也就是说，翻译者不仅要掌握原语和译入语，还必须充分了解所译题材。
4． 译者必须具备“移情”本领，即能体会原作者的意图。此外，译者还必须具备一些与原作者类似的文化背景；如果不具备，就应尽快地弥补这一缺陷。
5． 必须具备语言表达的才华和丰富的文学想象力。
（摘自许建中：《工商企业翻译实务》p.19 2002）
二、关于译者
要保证翻译质量，一个好的译者必须具备一定的自身条件。首先，对于本民族语的语言文字他必须有扎实的功底。这一点往往容易被人忽视。翻译的过程包括理解原文和表达原文。译者如果不能很好地掌握汉语，在中译外时就不能正确地理解原文，在外译中时就无法熟练地运用母语来表现原文。因对自己的母语理解失当而导致错译的例子很多。例如，有人把“我是和尚打伞。”译成：“I am a lone monk walking the world with a leaky umbrella.”（Time December 5,1994 p.37）。这显然是对“和尚打伞，无法无天。”这个歇后语不理解造成的。 正确的翻译应该是：“I am a monk under an umbrella, defying laws human and divine.”。必要时，还可以加上注释。 在外译中时，有时原文的意思理解了，却发现无法准确地表达。请看下面这句话的两种译文：
Subways, sewers and other underground passage-ways must be blocked to prevent unobserved access into inner city.
译文1： 地铁、下水道和其他地下通道必须堵死，以防不被发现而进入城市内。
译文2： 对地铁、下水道和其他地下道必须严密封锁，以防敌人潜入市内。
不难看出，译文1表达不准确、欠通顺，译文2则比较准确通顺。由此可见，对母语的理解能力和表达能力直接影响到了翻译质量的好坏。
其次，好的译者必须具备较高的外国语言文字水平。这一点毋庸质疑。好的译文要求译者不光要掌握全面的外语语法知识，还要有很大的词汇量，否则必将影响翻译质量。请看下面这句话的两种译文：
Everything seemed to be cut and dry in the minister''s office.
译文1： 在部长办公室里，一切似乎都是一刀切齐枯燥无味。
译文2： 在部长办公室里，一切似乎都很呆板。
译文1是错误的，“ be cut and dry”这一成语指“一切都很少变化”，因此译文2才是准确的。这说明，如果译者缺乏外语素养，翻译质量也同样得不到基本的保证。
第三，除了对两种语言文字的掌握以外，对两种语言的文化相关背景知识要有足够的了解。相关文化背景知识包罗万象，有历史、地理、政治、经济、科学、风俗习惯等等。光在语言上下功夫，而忽略了不同文化背景造成的文化差异，容易导致错译、乱译。随着国际交往的深入，越来越多的人们意识到在跨文化交际当中，由于对异国文化的不了解，已经阻碍了跨文化交际的顺利进行。这一点表现在翻译上尤为明显。同一国家的不同时期，其文化背景也有差异，译者切不可掉以轻心，不求甚解，胡乱翻译。一定要联系年代、地域和其他相关背景来理解原文。如有疑问还可以查阅有关资料和工具书，甚至发e-mail向native speaker请教。例如，five o''clock shadow到底是什么？是“五点钟的阴影”吗？当然不是。查一下《新英汉美国小百科》就知道是指男子的络腮胡子，早上刮干净后到下午五点有长出的胡子茬。更可怕的是有些译者自以为是中国人就一定会了解中国文化，于是就想当然，随意翻译。如有些正规出版物中，把“八大山人”译为“eight famous recluse monks ”，实际上，“八大山人”是指清僧人画家朱耷。把“二十五史”译成“the history of twenty-five dynasties ”，其实“二十五史”是二十五部史书，不是“二十五个朝代的历史”。可见译者的知识面的宽窄，文化修养，在很大程度上决定其翻译质量的高低。
第四，当然，好的译者还必须掌握一些翻译理论和技巧。翻译理论和技巧是前人翻译经验的总结，学点翻译理论和技巧，可以少走弯路，事倍功半。翻译课的练习量毕竟有限，不能奢望每周几学时的学习，翻译水平就能有很大提高。因此，翻译教学的关键在于传授学生原理和方法，掌握获取信息的手段和自主学习的方法，这正是翻译教程要介绍翻译原理的目的所在。
第五，要有严谨的态度，一丝不苟的作风。做翻译切不可望文生义，要勤查工具书，善于利用网络资源，来解决疑难问题。初学翻译的人，还要区分口译和笔译的区别，口译要求敏捷、达意，而笔译则要求严谨、准确。要提高口译能力，必须大胆开口，多听勤讲；要提高笔译能力，则必须勤于练笔，善于比较总结。只有比较、鉴别、字斟句酌才能不断提高。
以上五点，应该是译者的基本素养。总之，扎实的中英文功底，深厚的文化修养，高度的责任感和精益求精的精神都是每一位译者必备的素质。
翻译应当把原文的本意，完全正确的介绍给中国读者，使中国读者得到的概念等于英俄日德法等国的读者从原文得来的概念。
（瞿秋白：1931）
“动态对等”（Dynamic Equivalence）是奈达（E.Nida）从交际学方面探索翻译中的对等问题提出来的一个概念。他给“动态对等”所下的定义是：“最切近原语信息的自然对等。”并进一步解释说在上述定义中有三个关键术语： 1. 对等——对原语信息而言； 2. 自然——对目的语而言； 3. 最切近——尚属两者的结合，以达到最高度近似。“动态对等”的理论基础是“效果对等”的原则，即译文读者对译文所作出的反应与原文读者对原文所作的反映基本一致。后来为避免“动态”一词引起概念上的混淆，奈达将“动态对等”改为“功能对等”（Functional Equivalence）。
（《译学大辞典》 p.18）
翻译标准的相对性说明了一个事实，即不论是从事翻译理论研究的人还是从事翻译实践的人，至今都还没有找到一个客观的、放之四海而皆准的答案来解决语际话语的翻译等值这个相当复杂的问题。
（沃尔弗拉姆·威尔斯：1989） 三、关于翻译的标准
不少翻译家对翻译的标准都提出了要求。有了翻译标准，评判译文的正误优劣才有依据，在翻译过程中才能目标明确、取舍有据、少走弯路。那么什么是翻译标准呢，对于这个问题可以说是百家争鸣，仁者见仁，智者见智。但是我国清代翻译家严复于1898年提出了著名的翻译标准“信、达、雅”，历经百余年，至今仍广为引用和研究，足见其影响深远。严复的“信”，是指“达旨”，主张译文应忠实于原文，不拘泥于原文形式以求原意明显；严复的“达”，是要用汉以前的字法句法；而他的“雅”，则是脱离原文而片面追求译文的古雅。后来的翻译理论家都各自给严复的三字翻译标准赋予新的内涵。多数人认为“信”是忠实原意，“达”是通顺流畅，“雅”是保持原文的风格。这就赋予“信、达、雅”翻译标准新的内容和要求。
傅雷在总结了严复以来我国的翻译经验之后提出翻译应“重神似而不重形似；得其精而忘其粗，在其内而忘其外。”
钱钟书则指出：“文学翻译的最高标准是‘化’。把作品从一国文字转变成另一国文字，既能不因语文习惯的差异而露出生硬牵强的痕迹，又能完全保存原有的风味，那就算得入于‘化境''。”
英国翻译家泰特勒于1790年在他的《论翻译的原理》一书中也提出了著名的翻译三原则：
１．译文应完全复写出原作的思想。
２．译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同。
３．译文与原作同样流畅。
张培基先生提出可用“忠实、通顺”四个字作为翻译标准。忠实不但指忠实于原作的内容，还指保持原作的风格。通顺指译文语言必须通顺易懂、流畅地道。如果不考虑表达是否通顺，只注重内容的忠实，常会导致译文失去原作风采甚至使读者看不懂；另一方面，如果牺牲内容而追求表达方式的华丽，则无法传达原文信息。二者都不能说是完美的翻译。在不能兼而有之的情况下，译者应首先照顾忠实的要求。
要达到忠实、通顺的翻译标准是不容易的，但应当是我们的努力方向。实践证明，我们只能要求译文和原文“等值”，而不能要求完全等同。按照奈达的理论，绝对一致的翻译是不存在的；译者寻求的应当是“对等语（equivalence），而不应是同一语（identity）； 理想的翻译是在译入语中找到最切近的对等语。绝对忠实只是一个梦想，是极难办到的事。翻译只可能尽量忠实准确地用译文形式把原作的思想内容、风格、神韵等再现出来，尽可能使译文读者的感受和反应与原文读者的感受和反应基本一致。
1．理解
2．表达
3．校核
奈达认为更准确地反映出好的翻译的实际过程是：（１）分析：从语法和语义两方面对原文的信息进行分析；（２）传译：译者在脑子里把经过分析的信息从原语转译成译语；（３）重新组织：把传递过来的信息重新加以组织、使之完全符合译语的要求。
乔治·斯坦纳认为，翻译过程分为四个步骤：第一是信任，相信所译的是一部言之有物的作品；第二是进攻，理解明显地带有进攻性，译者把意思俘虏过来，满载而归；第三是吸收，吸收的程度不同，有完全归化的、有显得生疏的，都会影响译语的整个结构；第四是补偿或恢复，第一步的信任使译者失去平衡，真正的翻译必须恢复平衡。
加切奇拉泽认为，翻译过程始于努力想象作者作品中反映的东西，使用作者可能没使用的文词来表达，甚至用读者或听众能懂的语言再现原作的艺术真实。
巴尔胡达罗夫从语言学观点出发认为，语际的综合处理便是从语言学意义上的翻译过程，因而提出，翻译是把一种语言的言语产物在保持内容方面也就是意义不变的情况下改变为另外一种语言的言语产物的过程。
（董史良《中国翻译词典》）
如果还是翻译，那么，首先的目的，就在博览外国的作品，不但移情，也要益智，至少是知道何地何时，有这等事，和旅行外国，是很像的：它必须有异国情调，就是所谓洋气。其实世界上也不会有完全归化的译文，倘有，就是貌合神离，从严辨别起来，他算不得翻译。凡是翻译，必须兼顾这两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保存着原作的丰姿，但这保存，却又常常和易懂相矛盾：看不惯了。不过它原是洋鬼子，当然谁也看不惯，为比较的顺眼起见，只能改换他的衣裳，却不该削低他的鼻子，剜掉他的眼睛。我是不主张削鼻子剜眼睛的，所以有些地方，仍然宁可译得不顺口。
（鲁迅《且介亭杂文二集》）
余译此书之宗旨，第一在求于最大可能之范围内，保持原作之神韵，必不得已而求其次，亦必以明白晓畅之字句，忠实传达原文之意趣；而于逐句对照式之硬译，则未敢赞同。凡遇原文中与中国语法不合之处，往往再四咀嚼，不惜全部更易原文之结构，务使作者之命意豁然呈露，不为晦涩之字句所掩蔽。每译一段竟，必先自拟为读者，查阅译文中有无暧昧不明之处。又必自拟为舞台上之演员，审辨语调之是否顺口，音节之是否调和。一字一句之未惬，往往苦思累日。
（朱生豪《莎士比亚戏剧全集》译者序）
四、关于翻译的过程
翻译的过程通常包括理解、表达和校核三个阶段。
在翻译实践中，理解是表达的前提，但理解与表达通常是互相联系、相辅相成的统一过程，不能截然分开。译者在理解原文的同时，也在选择表达方式；在表达的同时，又会进一步加深理解。
1．理解
理解是翻译过程的第一阶段。它既包括对语言现象、文化现象的理解，又包括逻辑关系的理解，对有可能发生歧义的语句要善于分析，进而做出正确判断。例如：
The police went out in force to control the crowd.
译文1：警察出动武力去控制人群。
译文2：警察大批出动去控制人群。
译文1对于in force的理解是错误的，in force的意思是in large number。所以译文2是正确的。
Some people swap houses for a holiday.
译文1：有的人以房子换假期。
译文2：有的人异地度假互换房子住。
在英美国家，如果甲到乙住的城市度假，乙到甲住的城市度假，在度假期间，他们可以互换房子住，以节省房租。 译文1的译者缺乏对这个文化背景的了解，故译错了。译文2是正确的。
2．表达
这一阶段是译者把自己从原文所理解的内容用目的语重新表达出来的过程。表达是理解的结果，但理解正确并不意味着必然能表达得正确。因此我们必须学习许多具体的方法和技巧，如直译、意译、直译加意译、直译加注释等。译者必须根据实际情况灵活处理。He is a good sailor．若直译，就是“他是一位好水手。”而原文的实际意思是“他不会晕船。”碰到这种情况，就应该意译，而不能直译。例如：
他卧床不起。
译文1：He was very sick and lay in bed all the time.
译文2：He was bedridden.
译文1虽然基本表达了原文的意思，但不如译文2简练地道。这说明，理解之后，表达还要靠译者的语言功底。
3．校核
这一阶段是理解与表达的进一步深化，是对原文内容进一步核实以及对译文语言进一步推敲的阶段。它也是使译文能符合忠实、通顺的翻译标准所必不可少的一个环节。在校核时要注意检查译文的格式、文字输入和拼写标点错误；数字有无错漏；人名、地名是否统一；句子、段落有无漏译等。校核一般要二至三遍，先检查内容，后润饰文字，如有可能，请中文较好的人看一遍中文译文，或请以英语为本族语的人看一遍英文译文。
根据中国对外经济贸易出版社编的《著译者必读》，具体应该注意以下几个方面的问题：
在格式方面要注意，每编、每章应当另页起写，编、章标题上下各空一行，居中；节题上空一行，居中。编、章、节等标题层次要排列清楚。翻译完成后，应该按顺序编页码。页码一般从正文编起。
全书所用名词术语应前后一致。在数人翻译的情况下，应该有人将译名前后统一。人的职务、地名等常有变动，在校核时，要特别注意这方面的情况。凡外国国名，重要的或常见的地名、人名、党派、政府机构、报刊等译名均应以新华社的译名为准。如，朝鲜民主主义人民共和国，简称“朝鲜”，不能叫“北朝鲜”；蒙古人民共和国，简称“蒙古”，不称“外蒙古”；孟加拉人民共和国，简称“孟加拉国”，不称“孟加拉”；阿拉伯也门共和国，简称“也门”，不称“北也门”；也门民主人民共和国，简称“民主也门”，不称“南也门”。有些名词是规定不用的，如“满清”应改为“前清”或“清朝”；“回教”应称为“伊斯兰教”；表示时间不用“礼拜”，而用“星期”。
数字、时间的用法要统一体例。如年份数字不能省略，“1997年”不能写成“97年”。运用我国历史上各个朝代年号时，要加公历年份，如“清道光二十年”应写成“1840年（清道光二十年）”。凡是可以使用阿拉伯数字而且又很得体的地方，均应使用阿拉伯数字。如记数与计量、公历世纪、年代、年、月、日和时刻等。
译文中运用自己推算出来的数字，应仔细检查，使数字准确无误。对于数字的增加或减少要注意下列用词和概念：增加为过去的二倍，即过去为一，现在为二；增加到过去的二倍，即过去为一，现在为二；增加二倍，即过去为一，现在为三；增加了二倍，即过去为一，现在为三； 超额80%，即定额为100，实际为180；降低到80%，即原来是100，现在是80；降低（了）80%，即原来是100，现在是20。不能用“降低X倍”或“减少 X倍”，只能说“降低X%”或“减少X%”，因为减少一倍，就意味着一减一等于零。 如果“减少X倍”，就更不可理解了。
关于标点符号，要检查汉语句号应用“。”，不能用“.”，这在电脑输入时经常会错。引号用“”和‘’，不能用 『』和「」（直排时除外）。书籍、报刊、文件、文章等的名称用书名号《》，如果书名号中还要用书名号，就用单书名号〈〉，英文的书名可用斜体表示。括号用（），在括号里在用括号时，外用方括号[]，利用圆括号（）。但注明参考文献的序号时可单用方括号。汉语的省略号是六个点，英语的省略号是三个点。中文的并列字、词用顿号“、”分开；阿拉伯数字及外文的并列字、词用逗号分开。冒号用于提示下文，不要在冒号之后再用冒号。圆点号“·”用于外国人缩写名字后面，点在中间，如J·A·亚历山大，表示外文缩写字母，则点在该字母后面下侧，如K.V.A.。外国人姓和名均译成中文时，在姓和名之间加圆点号，如约翰·史密斯。在检查汉译英的译文时，还要注意英文转行必须在一个音节完了处转。
关于注释和引文，译者如认为文中个别名词或概念需要解释时，可以加注说明，并在注文后标出“——译者注”，如“原书此句有误。——译者注”，句号放在注文后，“译者注”三字后不要加标点符号。外文书籍中用星号（*）或其他符号作为注释符号， 在翻译时应改为①、②、③等。文稿中的引文，如果是一整句，则最后的句号应放在引号内；如果是不完全的句子，标点符号则放在引号外。引用他人成段著作或讲话时，引用部分应另成一段，而且整段两边各缩进两格，并注意在第一段开头和最后一段末尾加引号，但不要在每段起讫处都加引号。
1．理解
2．表达
3．校核
相关链接
词典是参考书，任何参考体系都要求使用者采用特殊的参考技巧。
（Herbst 1987:116）
OALD的主编荷恩毕说过：“一部正确使用的词典能告诉你的不仅仅是如何拼写单词。他能拓宽你的英语知识，提高你的英语水平，其作用远远超过任何一本教科书”
（Hartmann,1983）
鲁迅先生在译《死魂灵》时曾有句名言：字典不离手，冷汗不离身。
（摘自《翻译技巧111讲》p.35）
兹古斯塔曾经告诫说，词典编纂者一项最重要的任务就是要帮助并且促使（即便是间接地）这种概念和术语明确起来。兹古斯塔当时这样写到：
“如果说只有在科学领域中，才使用准确的术语和概念，那就错了。相反，很难全部列举已制订出这些概念的领域。不仅是立法者必须要规定出‘抢劫’的定义和‘盗窃’的定义，体育协会要规定出‘跑’和‘走’的定义，而且在现代文明复杂的世界中，几乎所有使用语言的领域，都在不同程度上存在着一种追求越来越精确的倾向。的确，人们可以说，在那些有悠久语文学、哲学和一般文化作品的语言中，有一大部分所指内容倾向于接近准确的概念，至少在书面语中使用的所指内容是如此。…… 帮助并且促使（即便是间接地）这种概念和术语明确起来，是词典编纂者一项作重要的任务。”
（摘自 中国翻译网）
五、关于翻译的参考资源
翻译涉及的内容十分广泛，几乎无所不包。因此，译者的知识面越广博，对原文的理解就越深刻，译文的表达就越贴切完美。但是，在信息爆炸的时代，译者不可能样样精通。因此，搞好翻译的关键还在于译者是否有过治学的训练，是否有考据求证的方法可以找到答案。懂得正确使用工具书，善于利用翻译参考资源，就等于有许多专家为你服务， 随时听你调遣，既省时，又准确。
如何正确使用工具书，避免种种误译、讹译与拙译呢？首先，词典不可不靠。对一些一目了然的词与词组尤不可掉以轻心；一些译文译出后即令人感觉到逻辑上站不住脚，这可视为一个重要信号——需复查词典。因此译者落笔就当格外小心。勤查细览词典不仅可使译者避开译海“暗礁”，而且可使我们在迷茫的译途中步入“花明”的境界。其次，词典也不可全靠。英国著名语言学家Firth与我国学者林语堂曾发表过精神贯通的议论。前者说：Each Word when used in a new context is a new word． 后者称：单靠查字典去翻译，译出来与原文意旨必然相讹。字是死的，有了上下文才是活的。依靠词典过了头也会出毛病，容易“矫枉过正”。除语境外，语体也是一大问题。靠词典往往难以解决。第三，难下译笔时，不妨查阅英英词典，这样也许会令译者豁然开朗。第四，“不要吊死在一棵树上。”翻译切不可靠一部词典。有时两部词典对同一个词的释义会“打架”。有时同一个词（组）在一部词典中苦觅不见，在另一部词典中却赫然在目。有时不同词典对某一专业性较强的词汇会提供“专业性”程度不一的译语。译路漫漫，不乏“车到山前”时，查阅形形色色的专业词典会使我们产生“必有路”的感觉。第五，词典也有无奈时。
有人戏言，词典一旦出版即成“过时货”。英语构词灵活，美国英语又擅长标新立异，再加上科学技术的迅猛发展，英美报刊上的新词层出不穷，常令我们手头的词典“无奈”。有些词尚可猜而译之。而有些词却令我们如坐云雾。（参见毛荣贵《翻译技巧111讲》）
常用的翻译参考词典：
《英汉大词典》陆谷孙 上海译文出版社
《新时代汉英大词典》吴景荣 程镇球 商务印书馆 较权威
《英汉美英报刊词典》周学艺 外语教学与研究出版社
《英语姓名译名手册》商务印书馆
《外国地名译名手册》商务印书馆
《当代英语习语大辞典》秦秀白 天津科学技术出版社 外语教学与研究出版社
《牛津高级双解词典》商务印书馆
《美国俚语大全》中国对外翻译出版公司
《汉英外事工作常用词汇》外文出版社
《当代英汉搭配词典》现代出版社（台湾）建宏出版社
当然，现在除了工具书，因特网也是一个重要的信息资源。善于利用因特网查询资料，既快捷，又方便，而且，能够查到最新的资料，在工具书无奈时，因特网可以起到工具书无法比的作用。当然，同样也有个使用方法的问题。网络上的东西虽多，但可谓鱼龙混杂，仅供参考，不可全信，要善于分析、判断。这里不妨提供一些网站，供参考：
Google网 http://www.google.com
中国翻译网 http://www.chinatranslate.net
译丛 http://www.renditions.org
百科全书 http:// www.encyclopedia.com
词典 http://dictionary.reference.com
金桥译港世界通 http://www.netat.net
中国日报
http://language.chinadaily.com.cn/vocabulary.shtml
新华网 http://xinhuanet.com
英语比萨园地 http://epizza.nease.net/
词层不对等的情况
词层不对等采取的策略
对等译法的实例
第二章 词语翻译
相关链接
family的译法：
原文：Do you have a family?
译文1：你有家庭吗？
译文2：你成家了吗？
辨析： 译文1完全照字面搬过来， 译文2将have a family译成“成家了”似乎很贴切，然而两者都是错误的。
family一词指的是“家庭中的成员”不错，但在这个句中是强调指孩子，全句意思是：你有孩子了吗？（重点在于有养育孩子的责任。）英美人所说的family 一般不包括祖辈，也不包括已成婚的子女。
《环球时报》〔2003/01/29〕
词汇空缺： 语言之间的词汇空缺现象是一种普遍存在而又给翻译造成很多困难的现象，可以概括为：一、由于生活环境、经验的差异而引起的词汇空缺”；二、由于风俗习惯的不同而引起的词汇空缺；三、由于宗教信仰的不同而引起的词汇空缺；四、由于对客观世界认识的不同而引起的词汇空缺；五、由于语言或非语言方面的原因而引起的词汇空缺。辩证唯物主义认为，语言常常是客观世界的反映，是一种社会现象。人们生活、劳动在一种什么样的环境里，就会产生出什么样的语言。如果某一事物在人们所生活的客观环境里不存在，那么语言中就可能出现空缺。比如在英国，竹子不是一种土生土长的植物，因此，语言中就缺乏这方面的原始词汇。汉语中的“笋”字只能译成“ bamboo-shoot”（意即“竹芽”），甚至连bamboo这个词也是从外来语接引过去的。又比如“salad”（色拉）这种凉拌蔬菜源于法国，英国人最先没有这道菜，语言中也不存在这个词，只好从法语中原封不动地移过来。其次由于风俗习惯的不同，不同语言之间可能出现相对的词汇空缺现象。中国人把生孩子、娶媳妇、贺生日称为“红喜”，把死人的事称为“白喜”，语言中也有“红白喜事”的表示法。对于没有接触过中国文化或佛教文化的欧美人来说，把死人也当成一大“喜事”，令人大惑不解。欧美人多信基督教，认为世界是上帝创造的，世上一切也都按上帝的旨意安排。而在传统中，中国人心目中只有“开天辟地”的盘古和“主宰自然界”的天老爷。“上帝”（God，Dieu，Gott）和“天老爷”所代表的东西不相同，含义也不一样。特别是“上帝”这个概念，它具有较浓的基督色彩，是欧美文化的个性，虽然我们可以把英语的“My God!”译成“天哪！”把法语的“Dieu soit loue”译成“谢天谢地”，但反过来把汉语的“天”译成“God”或“Dieu”，有时就不很合适。翻译古典文献时尤其如此。再如，汉语和英语中都有“龙”的字眼，但“龙”在英语文化中是没有“地位”的爬行动物，是可怕的恶的象征，在汉语中则恰恰相反。在我国古代，龙就是皇帝的象征，后来又引申为高贵、珍异的象征，语言中也就相应出现了“龙颜”、“龙袍”、“龙床”、“望子成龙”等等褒义表达法。另外，人们由于对客观世界认识的不同亦会导致语言产生词汇空缺现象。亦即说，有时人们虽然生活在同一客观环境里，但对某些客观事物却各持己见，对代表那些事物的语言赋予不同的意义。如汉语和英语中“狗”的含义大小不一样。汉语中“狗腿子”、“狗杂种”、“狗崽子”、“狗胆包天”、“狗急跳墙”、“狗屁”等等所表达的意义，在英语的“dog”词汇上属空缺。
（谭载喜，见《中国翻译词典》）
纪德是最理解莎士比亚的法国作家之一。在他看来，“没有任何作家比莎士比亚更值得翻译”，但同时，“也没有任何作家比他更难翻译，译文更容易走样”。纪德对莎士比亚的理解是双重的，既是精神的，也是语言的。他在与莎士比亚的相遇与相识中，经历了一系列的考验。对他在翻译中经历的这番历史奇遇，他曾在为七星文库出版的《莎士比亚戏剧集》撰写的前言中作了详尽的描述：描述了两种文化与两种语言之间的遭遇，也揭示了翻译中译者所面临的种种障碍。
纪德首先看到的，是语言与文化层面的逻辑性，这涉及到不同语言的思维方法。他说：“莎士比亚很少考虑逻辑性，而我们拉丁文化缺了逻辑性就踉踉跄跄。莎士比亚笔下的形象相互重现，相互推倒。面对如此丰富的形象，我们可怜的译者目瞪口呆。他不愿意对这种绚丽多彩有丝毫遗漏，因此不得不将英文原本中用仅仅一个词表示的暗喻译成一个句子。原来像蛇一样紧紧盘成一团的诗意，如今成了松开的弹簧。翻译成了解释。逻辑倒是很满意，但魅力不再起作用。莎士比亚的诗句飞跃而过的空间，迟缓的熊虫一瘸一拐才能走完。”在紧密的逻辑与丰富的形象之间，英语与法语的天平有所侧重，在两者的遭遇中，译者的无奈与局限源于文化与语言的巨大差异。
头脑清醒的纪德没有丝毫责备英语或莎士比亚的语言的意思，相反，在翻译莎士比亚的戏剧中，他充分意识到了母语的缺陷。他说：“只有在接触外语时，我们才意识到本国语言的缺陷，因此，只会法语的法国人是看不到缺陷的。”他的这一观点与德国作家歌德的观点几乎是一致的。异之于我，可作一明镜，从异中更清楚地照清自身。在这个意义上，与异语文化的接触，有助于认识母语与母语文化的不足。看清了自身的不足，便有可能从异语异文化中去摄取营养，弥补自身，丰富自身。
在艰难的翻译中，纪德亲历了种种障碍，他结合翻译中的具体例证，作了某种意义上的剖析与归纳，其中几条颇具启发性。
首先是词语层面的对等问题。他指出：“几乎总发生这种情况：即使当一个词指的是精确物体，而且在另一种语言中也有精确的对应词，但它是一种联想与模糊回忆的光环，一种谐波，它在另一种语言中是不一样的，译文中是无法保留的。”纪德这儿谈及的，是文学翻译中一个十分微妙而棘手的难题。从指称意义上看，甲乙两种语言中的词可以是相对应的，但问题是该词在不同语言中却有可能给人以不 同的联想，或具有相当微妙的内涵意义。这样在翻译中便有可能给译者提出一个问题，那就是寻求指称意义上的对应，还是联想意义上的融合？从英语到法语，特别是善于运用词语制造丰富联想意义的莎士比亚，给纪德造成的困难，便不仅仅是语言表达层面的取舍，而是文化意义的移植。
其次是面对莎士比亚戏剧文本中出现的多义性或意义含糊的情况，纪德又遭遇到了两难的选择。从翻译的根本任务来看，“译意”，为翻译的第一要义，而理解是译意的基础。但问题是，“莎士比亚有无数段落几乎无法理解，或者具有二、三、四种可能的解释，有时明显地相互矛盾，对此评论家议论纷纷。有时甚至存在好几种文本，出版商在取舍时犹豫不定，人们有权怀疑最通常接受的文本也许是错误的。”面对这种情况，纪德认为译者无疑要对如下的问题作出选择性的回答：在原文多种的含意中，“该选择哪一种？最合理的？最有诗意的？还是最富联想的？抑或，在译文中保持含糊性，甚至无法理解性？”纪德给自己或给译者提出的这些问题，是值得每一个文学翻译家去认真思考的。多义可以使读者产生丰富的联想，而意义的含混则有可能给读者开拓广泛的想像空间。文学文本的多义性和意义含混性问题，是文学理论研究者颇为关注的一个问题，也是译者所应该细加对待的。面对多义的文本，首先要求译者能真正深刻地领悟到原文本的意义和原作者的意图，这是基础的基础，因为只有全面理解了，才有可能从整体的效果出发，经过全局地衡量，作出不可避免的取舍。
纪德面临莎士比亚给他造成的种种障碍和给他出的道道难题，没有像伏尔泰、夏多布里昂等前辈那样对莎士比亚的“趣味”或文风加以责难，而是从译者的角度，在语言与文化接触与交流的层面，对种种障碍与困难出现的原因进行了分析。在他看来，“如果说每个译本不可避免地都多多少少背叛了莎士比亚，但至少不是以同一种方式。每种译文都有其特殊功效，只有当它们聚合起来才能重现莎士比亚天才的绚丽光彩”。经过几个世纪的风风雨雨，法国人在与莎士比亚的遭遇、相识与种种冲突中，最终看到了莎士比亚天才的绚丽光彩，而翻译在其间起到的作用，是谁也不能否认的。
（许钧 《“遭遇”莎士比亚》）
一、英汉词层对等问题
词是语言中能够独立出现的最小语言单位。尽管我们在翻译中要正确传达语篇的总体意思，但在解读文本时，还是常常要从词入手。然而，我们会发现在绝大多数句子中是很难找到英汉完全对应的等值词，因此，词对词的对等翻译，几乎不可能。在多数情况下，英汉语词与词之间是不对等的。
如：从语义上来讲，“杯子”并不完全对等与“cup”，因为英语的cup，mug，glass等都可以叫“杯子”。“汽车”不完全等于“car”，因为car，truck，bus，lorry，van 等都可以叫“汽车”。从语言色彩上来说，“农民”不完全等于“peasant”， “地主”不完全等于“landlord”。
参照Mona Baker In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation中关于“常见不对等问题”的论述，英汉之间词层不对等的情况，大概可以归纳为以下几个方面：
１．有特定文化内涵的词。英语中的cousin，privacy，speaker在汉语中就没有完全对等的词，汉语中没有一个既可以指“堂兄弟、堂姐妹”又可以指“表兄弟、表姐妹”的词， privacy译为“隐私、私事、独处”等都不是很确切， speaker译为“议长”，也难以反映speaker作为维护议会权威和秩序的一个独立个人所起的作用。汉语中的“粽子”、“饺子”在英语中也没有对等词，因为这些是中国特有的食品，笼统地译为dumpling并不等值。
２．原语中的概念在目的语中未词化（lexicalized）的词。如英语中的landslide，可以用来形容在大选中获得“占绝对多数的”选票，但在汉语中没有对应的词来表达这个概念。
３．原语中词义复杂的词。如在巴西语中arruacao这个词的意思是：“清理咖啡树下的垃圾并把它堆在树行间，以便于在收获时把落在树下的咖啡豆收起。”这样复杂的意思在许多语言中是找不到对等词的。
４．原语和目的语有不同的词义区别。如汉语指人的性别用“男性、女性”，指动物的性别用“雄性、雌性”。英语没有这样的区别，都用male，female。
５．目的语中没有对应的上义词。如汉语中的“酒”，就很难在英语中找到对应的上义词，英语中的wine在多数情况下是指“葡萄酒”，white wine是指“白葡萄酒”，red wine是指“红葡萄酒”，liquor或spirits可用来指汉语中的“白酒”，beer是“啤酒”，Guinness是“黑啤酒”，但在英语中就很难找到统称这些酒的词。中国人讲“喝酒”，这个“酒”就是统称各种酒。
６．目的语中没有对应的下义词。如英语中上义词 jump 有许多下义词：leap，vault，spring，bounce，dive，clear，plunge，plummet，而在汉语中“跳”就没有这么多对应的下义词。
７．方位和人际视角不同。如汉语的“借”在英语中就有两个不同的词，向别人借是borrow，把东西借给别人是lend。汉语则只用一个“借”字。
８．表达意义不同。如汉语中“宣传”并没有不好的意思，在英语中propaganda就有不好的表达意思。根据《柯林斯伯明翰大学国际语料库》，propaganda是“usually used showing disapproval”，即常用“贬义”。 因此，表达意义的不同，也造成不对等。
９．词形不同。由于原语中特殊的构词形式在目的语中找不到对应的形式，翻译时只好用解释的办法。如英语中的后缀-ish——boyish，greenish在汉语里只能译成“孩子气的”，“呈绿色的”。
10. 原语中使用外来词。原语中使用的外来词，在译入目的语时会失去原来的内涵，因为大多只能意译。 如英语中讲dine alfresco译成汉语是“在户外进餐”，跟dine outdoors没什么区别， 这就失去原文使用意大利外来语alfresco的特有内涵和异国情调。
另外还有一种情况叫false friend（假朋友）或false cognate（假同源词）， 是指两种语言中形式相同或非常相似，但意义不同的词。如法语单词exp é rience不是“经验”而是“实验”。 英文的eat one''s words不是“食言”（go back on one''s word / break a promise） ，是“认错；道歉”（to admit that they were wrong about something they said）。 汉语和英语属于两个截然不同的语系，因此不存在形式相同的词。但也常常有意义上看似对等其实不对等的情况。如white coffee不能译为“白咖啡”，而是“加牛奶的咖啡”。此类情况甚多，翻译时千万不可想当然，应该认真查证。再看这个例子：
Last-minute bargain hunters flocked to the shop.
此句子里bargain hunter无关打猎，是店家大廉售时，想要在最后一刻捡便宜者蜂拥而至的意思。
英文hobby一般翻成“嗜好”， 但跟中文“嗜好”的意思稍有不同。学生在会话及作文课时，如果提到hobby，常会说watching TV、sleeping、eating、window shopping是自己的hobby。但在英文里这些活动不能算hobby。中文有所谓的不良嗜好（addiction），英文里不止没有不良hobby， 连不够正面、积极的嗜好也不能算hobby。 像看电视、吃饭、睡觉、逛街等，不需要刻意去学，也不用培养兴趣，所以都不算。相对的，bird watching（赏鸟）、gourmet cooking（美食烹饪）、meditating（ 打坐）等才算。 骑马（horseback riding）可算是一种hobby，但hobby horse与马无关，而是别人早就听腻，自己却乐此不疲、老爱谈起的话题。诸如此类的“假朋友”还有：
Chinese rose 月季花
American Beauty 多年生杂种红玫瑰
From China to Peru 天涯海角
Dutch treat 各自付费的聚餐
French leave 不辞而别
Italian football 炸弹
castle in Spain 空中楼阁 ， 白日梦
Greek gift 害人的礼物
Turkish towel 粗面毛巾
minutes 会议记录
greens 青菜
a bad sailor 会晕船的人
under the weather 身体不适的
以上这些词语都不可以望文生义，翻译时要特别注意这些陷阱。当然，在翻译时要想把原语中每一个词的每一层意思都译出来，既不可能，也不可取。针对词层不对等的情况，我们一般采取以下几种策略：
１．使用上义词。 如英语中的shampoo具体说是“用洗发精洗发”，而译成汉语一般只是笼统译成“洗发”。例如：
I had a bath and shampooed my hair.
我洗了个澡，还洗了头。
Today there may be no more than 1000 giant pandas left in the wild, restricted to a few mountain strongholds in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan, Shananxi and Gansu.
今天，仍处于野生状态的大熊猫可能只有1000只，仅限于中国的四川、陕西和甘肃省内的一些山区。
原文里的stronghold，具体的意思是“要塞、城堡”，使人想到濒危动物熊猫所能守住的地方不多了，而译文只是把mountain stronghold，笼统地译为“山区”，因为如果直译为“山上的城堡”，可能会引起误解。
２．使用中性或表现力较弱的词。如：
Many of the species growing wild here are familiar to us as plants cultivated in European gardens — species like this exotic lily.
这里野生的许多种类我们很熟悉，是欧洲园林内种植的种类——像这一奇异的百合花等种类。
英语里的exotic是用来形容从遥远的国度来的不同寻常，非常有趣的东西，在汉语里没有对等词。
因此，译文难免要失去原文的表达意思。
３．文化概念替代法。原语中有特殊文化内涵的词语在目的语中没有对等的词语，但可以用一个在目的语读者中能产生相同效应的词语来替代。如向外国人介绍“梁山伯与祝英台”，可以说这是“中国的罗密欧与朱丽叶”（Chinese Romeo and Juliet），介绍“七月七夕”，可以说这是“中国的情人节”（Chinese Valentine''s Day）。 这样做的好处是使目的语读者马上能联系到自己所熟悉的文化概念，从而产生与原语读者一样的效应。类似的情况，也可以采用同样的方法，如： 猫哭老鼠假慈悲—to shed crocodile tears，红眼病—be green-eyed，开门红——get off to a good start，红白喜事——weddings and funerals，红板——honor board 。这些词语如果直译都很难达到以这项达到的交际目的，因为英语读者难以理解其文化内涵。
４．直接使用外来词或外来词加注释。在处理有特殊文化内涵的词项、现代概念和行话时可直接用外来语或外来词加注释。现在我们汉语中也经常直接使用外来词，CD，DVD，CT 都是大家熟悉的。英文报刊中在介绍有中国文化特殊内涵的词语时，也经常直接用拼音，然后加注释方法。如： Mo-er, a black tree fungus used in the preparation of a hot bean curd recipe called Ma-po dou-fu was found by Dale E . Hammerschmidt of the University of Minnesota Medical School to interfere with normal clotting in a person''s blood . （ UPI ） 这里“木耳”、“麻婆豆腐”都是采用音译加注释的方法。
５．用非相关的词进行解释性翻译。如果原语的概念在目的语中未被词化，在某些语境中仍可以用解释性翻译。如：…the lower mixed broadleaf forests…are the areas most accessible to and disturbed by Man. （偶尔也见于）较低地区的混合阔叶森林之中，因为这些地区是人类最容易进入、干扰最多的地方。 对于accessible to，只好用“容易进入”这种解释性的翻译。这样翻译的好处在于，能够将原文词义表达得比较精确，但很难再现原词表现力和联想意义。
６．省略不译。将一两个无关大局又需要大量解释的词项省略不译，有时反而使译文更流畅，可读性更强。如：
The panda''s mountain home is rich in plant life and gave us many of the trees, shrubs and herbs most prized in European gardens.
熊猫的山区定居地有着丰富的植物种类，有着欧洲园林所珍视的许多树木。
原文是给英美读者看的，译文是给中国读者看的，省去gave us不译，反而使译文更流畅。另外把the trees, shrubs and herbs （树、灌木和草本植物）化简为“树木”，也使译文更简练。不过这种方法不可滥用，因为，词汇省略必然要造成语义损失，只有在译文的通顺流畅，比某些无关紧要的语义损失更重要时才可以用。
７．用图示的方式。 如英语中的Mid Bus，实际上是学校接送学生的车，在汉语里找不到对等词，不能想当然译成“中巴”，解释起来也很费事，用图示就一目了然。
不过，在我们强调词层不对等的同时，也应该注意到人们对客观世界的认识、对自然现象的描述还是存在许多不谋而合之处，即不同文化的“文化共核”（cultural common core）。如汉语中描述自然现象的词：风、雨、云、雾、太阳、地球、月亮 ,大、小、冷、热等都可以在英语语言文化中找到对等的表述：wind, rain, cloud, fog, sun, earth, moon, big, small, cold, hot等。 血缘关系如：父亲、母亲、儿子、女儿及成语“血浓于水”等，在英语中都有对等的表达：father, mother, son, daughter, “Blood is thicker than water. ”等。尤其是科技词汇和专有名词，更容易找到对等的翻译。如：物理、化学、数学、联合国、欧元、香港等，均可在英语中找到对等的翻译：physics, chemistry, mathematics, the United Nations, Euro，Hong Kong等。正因为有诸如此类的文化共核的存在，才使得不同民族、文化之间的理解和交流成为可能。从某种意义上说，文化共核也方便了译桥两畔的译者， 它使目的的语（target language）的语言层次及目的语读者的理解效果，与原语（source language）的语言层次和原语读者的理解效果，达到较完美的一致。再请看下面各组对等译法的实例：
１．单词：
television 电视
electricity 电
wheat 小麦
I 我
winter 冬
２．成语
skin and bones 皮包骨头
in deep water 水深火热
at one''s fingertips 了如指掌
充耳不闻 turn a deaf ear to
颠倒黑白 talk black into white
破釜沉舟 burn one''s boat
３．谚语
Practice makes perfect. 孰能生巧。
Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁。
Ill news travels fast. 恶事传千里。
欲速则不达 More haste, less speed.
当了婆婆忘了本 The mother-in-law does not remember that she was a daughter-in-law.
４．句子
He went through fire and flood to save his mother.
他赴汤蹈火去救他母亲。
You have a lucky star above you.
你真是福星高照。
扪心自问，他不得不承认自己错了。
By searching his heart, he could not but admit that he was in the wrong.
这些国家的经济形势每况愈下。
The economic situation in these countries is on the down grade.
由于对等译法能使译文与原文所产生的效果贴近，因此，深受译者和译文读者的欢迎。
１．词义的选择
２．词义的引申
相关链接
词汇意义的理论原则：如欲判断词语的意义，或有效使用词典，便须牢记一系列有关意义的基本理论原则。首先，任何语境中词汇单位的正确意义，一般应当是最符合该语境的那个意义。就某种意义而言，这也就是说，对词语的正确解释即是给整个语境贡献最少的那个解释。换言之，正确的理解最大限度地依赖于语境，而不是最大限度地依赖于孤立的词语。第二个理论原则是，在任何一个语境里，一个词汇单位只可能有一个意义，而不会有几个意义。通常，只有一种语境是这个原则的例外，在这种语境里，有标记表明某个词汇单位具有两个以上意义，但有时标记不很明显。这种现象叫作“双关语”。例如《约翰福音》（第4章）中的 living water （活水）。就具有双关语义，一为“井水”（或译“泉水”），一为“生命之水“。第三个原则可看作解释原则，是指词汇单位的字面意义即“无标记”意义应被认作正确的意义，除非语境表明具有另一个意义。有些人总是在话语中寻找隐藏的意义，但他们多半会由于自己的求新欲望而受骗上当。这些人必须把本原则引为借鉴。词汇意义的另一个重要原则，是指语言里不存在完全同义的表达形式。两个不同的单词可以用来指同一所指物：例如， keep off the grass （不要踏草）和 keep off the 1awn （不要踏草坪），这两个句子指的是同一件事，但并不意味着grass（草）和lawn（草坪）的意义相同。使用两个不同的词来表示同一件事，其用意可能完全是为了使措词多样化，并且即使两个不同的词似乎指同一所指物，两者在“联想意义”上也几乎总是有所区别。词汇意义的最后一个也许是最重要的一个原则．即：符号总是通过其他符号加以解释的。这些起解释作用的符号分为两个不同的类别：言语符号和非言语符号。对英语单词chair（椅子）的意义进行语言学上的解释，可以采用同一语义场的其他词，如bench（板凳）、stool（方凳）、throne（宝座）和pew（教堂靠背长凳）。但是在市政会议上，Please address the chair一句中的chair则通过非言语的实际环境，标记出它是指人（即“会议主席”），而不是指一件家具。产生这些原则的一个重要原因是，无论在语言中，都只有数量极为有限的言语符号，而要表示的却是无限多的物体、动作和抽象概念。这么一来，除专有名词以外．言语符号的意义不可能是一个点，而是一个面。
（谭载喜：1993，第134－136 页）
引申的手法与范围层次：
在翻译中由于语言上的原因，在一种语言有某种强制性或惯用性的语法范畴，而另一种语言却没有相应的强制性或惯用性的语法范畴时，就常常会遇到很难逾越的障碍，但如能灵活运用引申手法，则往往有可能迎刃而解。下面谈谈逻辑引申、语用学引申和修辞引申。
一、逻辑引申
逻辑引申手法，就是根据上下文的内在联系，由表及里，运用一些符合汉语习惯的表现法，选用确切的汉语词句，将原文内容实质准确地表达出来。
例如：
1.1n fact one mould can produce many thousands of articles before it wears out 。
事实上，一个模子生产成千上万件产品之后才会用坏。
（时间关系的引申）
2.The mushroom fortress loomed indistinct1y but grandly through a morning mist.
这座像雨后春笋般一下子冒出来的堡垒，影影绰绰地但傲然地出现在晨雾中。
（“不清晰地”引申为“影影绰绰地”，这是以正说代反说。）
二、语用学引申
把原文里的弦外之音补译出来，这是属于语用学引申的手法。补译的词语是根据原文的语用学意义增添上去的，为的是避免译文晦涩费解。
例如：
3.He had lived all his life in desert where every cupful of water might be a matter of life or death.
他一直在沙漠生活，这地方每一杯水都得精打细算地用；一杯水可能是生死攸关的事。
（补译出弦外之音“都得精打细算地用”。）
4. she was ready to go , but first she wanted her book to be in print．
她准备与世永诀，但要目睹她那部书出版后才瞑目。
（补译出弦外之音“瞑目”。）
三、修辞引申
“言之无文，行之不远。”为使译文增色，除了真实地再现原作中包含的内容外，还得讲究修辞。这样，在翻译时，往往因修辞需要而增添一些引申意义。
例如： ”、
5．For the average consumer, voice-activated devices are a convenience; for the elderly and handicapped, they may become indispensable for a wide variety of chores in the home.
对一般使用者来说，声触发装置能提供方便，面对老年人和残废者来说它可能成为从事各种家庭杂务时不可缺少的帮手。
（把indispensable译成“不可缺少的帮手”，正是因修辞的需要。）
6．A large segment of mankind turns to untrammeled nature as a last refuge from encroaching technology.
许多人都想寻找一块自由自在的地方，作为他们躲避现代技术侵害的世外桃源。
（把last refuge引申译成“世外桃源”，符合汉语形象的说法。）
四、概念大小
词的概念范围常常在具体的语境中得以调整、或扩大外延而缩小内涵，或缩小外延而丰富内涵。
例如：
7．Torcello, which used to be lonely as a cloud, has recently become an outing from Venice。
托切罗往日如一片孤云，冷冷清清，近来却成了威尼斯外围的游览区。（缩小概念）
8．The seasons came and went and they revolved around Joshua。
寒来暑往，冬去春来，一年四季仿佛围绕着乔舒亚旋转。（扩大概念）
五、引申层次
词义引申可分为三个层次：近似、深化、升华。这三个层次的引申义与本义的差别由近至远。近似引申，指接近本义，但不为本义所限的引申。深化引申，指赋予新义，但与本义在字面上尚有蛛丝马迹的联系。而升华引申，由出自本义但在字面上远离本义。
例如：
9．1n order to get a large amount of water power we need a large pressure and a large current ．
为了得到大量水能，我们需要高水压和强水流。（近似）
10．A scientist constant1y tried to defeat his hypotheses, his theories, and his conc1usions 。
科学家经常设法否定自己的假设，推翻自己的理论，并放弃自己的结论。（深化）
11．In older cranes that have already paired off ， dancing reinforces the union — it''s a sort of annual renewal of “ vows ”。
对已有配偶的成年鹤来说，舞蹈会加强相互间的结合——这成了每年都要举行的一种重温“山盟海誓”的仪式。（升华）
以上主要涉及以词（组）作翻译单位的引申现象，实际上，引申可在不同的翻译单位产生，特别是句子的引申。因此，翻译时，为了充分再现原文的内容，又使译文形式流畅通顺，往往不必拘泥于原文的句子结构。
例如：
12．Enthusiasm is dampened by habit， but reinforced concrete still deserves a 1arge measure of it.
人们对事物习惯了以后，往往热情会衰退，但对钢筋混凝土，却仍情有独钟。（句子引申）
（冯树鉴 见《翻译技巧111讲》）
我还没有完全沉迷在辞典编撰中，以至忘了文字是大地之女，事物是上天之子。语言只是科学的工具，文字只是概念的表征。但是我希望这种工具不易陈旧，表征也会持之久远，就像它们所代表的事物那样。
约翰逊（Samuel Johnson）
《英语辞典》（1755），序
二、词义的选择和引申
有人认为学过一点英语，懂得一点语法，靠查字典就可以做翻译。其实不然，词典中的释义只是孤立的，一般的基本词义，一旦置于言语之中则千变万化。因此译者把原文转换成译文时，不可避免地要遇到确定词义的问题。词义的确定包括词义选择和引申两个方面。
１．词义的选择
英汉两种语言都有一词多类和一词多义的现象。翻译时首先应该根据句法结构判明一个词在原句中属于哪一词类，然后进一步确定词义。
如英语的record可作动词，也可作名词：
I record all my thoughts in a notebook. （动词）
我在笔记本上记下我所有的想法。
I''ll bring you some records next time. （名词）
下次我给你带一些唱片来。
汉语的“书”字，既可作名词，也可作动词：
你读过多少书？（名词）
How many books have you read?
振笔直书。（动词）
Take up the pen and write vigorously.
即使词类不变，一词多义也是很常见的。因此，译者在确定词类的基础上，应根据上下文来确定其确切的含义。越是简单的词，其释义和搭配越多。如take，在《英汉大词典》里，仅作为及物动词就有37项释义，作为不及物动词有15项，作为名词有12项，再加上几十个搭配词组就更多了。在《现代汉语词典》中，“走”字的释义有9项，搭配词组有61项。
现以英文的help作动词为例，看看在不同的上下文里会有多少不同的译法：
He helped sweep the floors of the waiting rooms.
他帮助打扫了候车室。
The government needs to help the needy.
政府要救济穷人。
Trade helps the development of industry.
贸易促进工业的发展。
I couldn''t help crying.
我忍不住哭了。
This organization may be able to help you with such information.
这个组织也许能为你提供这类信息。
Maybe it would help if you took some adult education courses.
你要是学点成人教育课程也许会有好处。
This room is so depressing — I suppose new curtains would help.
这房间让人觉得压抑——我想换上新窗帘会觉得好些。
I helped Oakley inside.
我扶奥克利走进去。
Can you help me with this case please?
请帮我抬一下这箱子好吗？
Can I help you to some more meat?
给你再来点肉好吗？
Mr. Stokes helped himself to some more rum.
斯托克斯先生又自己动手斟了些朗姆酒。
He''s been helping himself to the contents of the till again!
他又在偷账台抽屉里的钱了！
Humor often helps a tense situation.
幽默常能缓和紧张局面。
A: Do you let your holiday cottage?
B: Oh yes, it helps with the upkeep.
甲：你出租你的度假别墅吗？
乙：是啊，这样可以贴补房屋的保养费。
同样，汉语里一字多义和一字多种搭配也是相当常见的。就以“打”字为例，译成英文，十有八九要译成不同的英文词：
雨打在窗户上。
The rain was beating against the windows.
她用力打一下锣。
She sounded the gong lustily.
趁热打铁。
Strike the iron while it is hot.
他用瓶子打她的头。
He hit her on the head with a bottle.
李梅亭打门进来。
Li Meiting knocked on the door and entered.
我打了一个碗。
I broke a bowl.
别把茶壶打了。
Don''t drop the teapot.
他们打了一仗。
They fought a battle.
他们又打下了一座县城。
They''ve captured another town.
他们在打墙（堤）。
They are building a wall （ dyke ） .
他在打篱笆。
He is putting up a fence.
他正在打行李。
He is packing his luggage.
她善于打毛衣。
She is good at knitting a sweater.
你最好先打方格儿。
You had better draw squares first.
昨天他们又打了一口井。
Yesterday they sank a well again.
她习惯于打伞。
She is used to holding up an umbrella.
让她在前面给我们打手电。
Let her go in front and flash a torch for us.
我们必须打起精神来工作和学习。
We must raise our spirits to work and study.
他打起了日本式的印花纱帘。
He parted the Japanese-style gauze — curtain patterned with flowers.
他打电话到她家里。
He called her at home.
高松年直接打电报来的。
Kao Sung-nien cabled me directly.
请你给我打介绍信。
Write a letter of introduction for me.
打 一盆水来！
Fetch a basin of water!
小孩打酱油去了。
The boy went to buy soy sauce.
我爱好打鱼。
I am fond of catching fish.
他昨天打了 1000 斤谷子。
He got in 1000 jin of rice yesterday.
他为妻子把柴打。
He gathers firewood for his wife.
你最好先打个草稿。
You''d better work out a draft first.
成本你得打五百元。
You should estimate the cost at 500 yuan.
我在篮球队打中锋。
I played center on the basketball team.
我们应给植物打农药。
We should spray insecticide upon plants.
咱告诉大家这官司打不得呀 ！
I can tell you nobody should try any lawsuit.
另外，我们还得考虑专业内容，一个词用在不同专业的文本中，词义自然就不同。如：
The hearing aids are operated from batteries.
助听器用电池供电。
The doctor operated on the patient for a tumor.
医生为病人施行肿瘤切除手术。
The frontier forces had to operate against the invaders.
边防军不得不对入侵敌人作战。
贵方根据什么条件供应备件。
On what terms do you supply spare parts?
他身体条件很好。
He is in very good physical condition.
我们必须考虑主客观条件。
We have to consider the subjective factors and objective circumstances.
以上这些实例充分说明，在翻译时，词典虽然能起很大的作用，然而，光有词典没有具体的上下文是不够的。一个词在语境中的功能以及它的前后搭配是我们判断和选择词义的重要依据。不过有时候，在一个狭窄的上下文里，尤其是一个孤立的句子里，我们还很难对某一个词进行选义。遇到这种情况，我们就必须借助更为宽广的上下文来选定词语的真正意义。如: He is my uncle. 如果没有更多的信息，我们很难准确判断这个uncle是“叔叔”、“伯伯”或是“舅舅”。 再看下面这两个例子：
I''m sure I''ll beat John this time.
译文1：我这次肯定会（在比赛）中战胜约翰。
译文2：我这次肯定要揍约翰一顿。
爸走了。
译文1：Father has left.
译文2：Father has passed away.
如果没有更广泛的上下文作判断，这两种译文都不能算错。翻译中词义选择的难易，既有客观因素，也有主观因素。客观因素包括词义的繁简和文本的难易，而主观因素则是译者个人获取信息和对英汉两种语言驾驭的能力。客观因素是译者不得不面对的，主观因素是译者要不断历练的。只有通过不断实践，提高把握语言的能力和熟练掌握利用工具书和网络资源获取信息的本领，才能提高在翻译中准确选择词义的水平。
２．词义的引申
在英汉互译时，有时会遇到某些词在词典里难以找到符合上下文的贴切词义，如生搬硬套，译文就不能确切表达原文的意思，甚至导致误解。在这种情况下，需要根据上下文和逻辑关系，根据英汉不同的表达习惯，从该词固有的基本含义出发，进一步加以引申：
For twins they are very dissimilar, Colin is tall and active and Johnny is short and middle-aged.
这对双胞胎兄弟毫不相似，科林个子高而且很活跃，约翰个子矮而且老成。
这里middle-aged的基本意思是”of or relating to middle age”，如果译成“中年”，显然讲不通，因此可以从“与中年人有关”这个意思引申为“老成”。
We enclose a list showing our present availabilities .
兹附上我方现货货单一份。
Availability原意是“可得到的东西”，在这里引申为“现货”。又如：
This kind of wood works easily.
这种木料容易加工。
After the fall of France, Germany was incomparably stronger than England on the ground, about equally matched in the air, and gravely inferior at sea.
法国崩溃之后，德国陆军大大超过英国，空军力量旗鼓相当，海军则处于劣势。
Poor Joe''s panic lasted for two or three days, during which he did not visit the house.
乔的恐慌持续了两三天，这可怜虫不肯会家。
Every life has its roses and thorns .
每个人生活都有甜有苦。
The car in front of me stalled and I missed the green .
我前头那辆车停住了，我错过了绿灯。
The beauty of lasers is that they can do machining without ever physically touching the material.
激光的妙处就在于它能进行机械加工而不必实际接触所加工的材料。
Beauty lies in lover''s eyes.
情人眼里出西施。
The difference between fusion and fission does not stop here.
聚变和裂变的差异不仅如此。
Different systems of gases produce flames of different colors.
不同气体的组合产生不同颜色的火焰。
Rubber is not hard and it gives way to pressure.
橡胶性软，受压变形。
汉语里引申的词义也很多。因此，在汉译英时也要根据不同情况，灵活掌握。如：
我们吃掉敌人一个团。
We wiped out an enemy regiment.
在这句里，“吃”的原意是eat, 但在这里引申为wipe out。类似的例子还有：
凭他多年的教学经验，这门课他拿得下来。
With many years'' teaching experience behind him he has no problem with this course.
必须始终不渝地坚持两手抓，两手都要硬的方针，加强精神文明建设。
We must unswervingly give equal importance to economic development on one hand and to the development of socialist culture and ideology on the other hand .
各级预算都要量入为出，一是吃饭，二是建设。
In preparing their budgets, governments at all levels should make sure that they can make both ends meet and that budgeted expenditures cover both material and construction costs .
实现了上述目标，中国的综合国力和人民生活水平都将再上一个大台阶。
Fulfillment of the aforementioned goals will yield substantial progress in expanding China‘s comprehensive national strength and improving the living standards of her people.
我们的同志应当注意，不要靠官，不要靠职位高，不要靠老资格吃饭。
Our comrades should take note: Don''t live on the power of your office, your high position or seniority.
期间多次实行权力下放，但都只限于调整中央和地方，条条和块块的管理权限。
We tried to delegate power to lower levels on a number of occasions. But this was limited solely to readjusting the administrative power of the central and local authorities and of the different departments and regions.
词义引申是词层翻译的一个重要手段，但必须强调指出，词义引申必须从原文固有的基本含义出发，不可离开上下文，任意联系发挥。这是词义引申的重要原则，否则引申就会失去依据。
１．词义的选择
２．词义的引申
相关链接
一般人总觉得创作难而翻译易，只有搞过翻译工作的人才知道翻译也不容易。创作可以“写你所熟悉的”，翻译就不能完全由自己做主了。即使以全篇而论可以算是“熟悉”了，其中还是难免有或大或小或多或少的问题，非把它解决不能完成你的任务。
（吕叔湘 1951）
一词多义是各国语言中的普遍现象。翻开任何一部较详细的字典，都可以发现在一个词条下往往举出几个乃至几十个意义。在翻译一篇文章时碰到一个有疑义的词怎么办呢？一个词不能单就他本身而确定它的意义，要看上下文来决定，要看字典里所举的许多意义之中究竟哪一个意义符合上下文再作出选择。如果单凭自己所记的一个词的最常用意义，那就不免要犯错误。
（朱光潜 1980）
著名翻译理论家尤金·奈达曾明确指出：“翻译中绝对的对等是永远不可能的。”林语堂先生更以自己丰富的翻译实践总结说：“凡文字有声音之美，有意义之美，有传神之美，有文气文体形式之美，译者或顾其义而忘其神，或得其神而忘其体，决不能把文义 、文神、文体及声音之美完全同时译出，……因此，百分之百忠实，只是一种梦想。”许多事实已经表明，文学翻译，单凭字典的义项进行文字的转换是绝对不够的，必须重视作品的文化解读。翻译中一定要联系作者的创作思想及故事的环境等等文化背景来理解。手边就有一例。《尤利西斯》中有一句：“ Wonder is he pimping after me？”金隄译为：“不知道他会不会是想拉我的皮条？”萧乾夫妇则译为：“不晓得他会不会在盯梢？”查字典，pimping的义项确为“拉皮条”，但这里是写布卢姆背着妻子，正从邮局取来一封情人寄来的信，突然遇见妻子的相好麦科伊走来，心虚的布卢姆于是在心里产生这句疑问。试想，大白天在邮局门口，竟想到妻子的相好要给他“拉皮条”？这于理于情都说不通。从“文化解读”来判断，此处译为“盯梢”倒更合情理；何况 pimp 一词在澳洲就有“密探”之意，爱作文字游戏的乔伊斯把它引伸过来暗喻“盯梢”，是完全可能的。可见，对于文学翻译来讲，字典并非万能。
（摘自 李景端《 一句成语翻译引发的争论》 2003）
汉英翻译中，译文受原文字面影响的问题 很多。现在举三个方面常见的现象说明一下。
1）搭配（collocations）
受到汉语字面影响而搭配不当的例子经常碰到，例如：
抓紧施肥 grasp manure（pay c1ose attention to or attend to the question of manure）（这个译法曾在许多人中传为笑谈。）
取得成就 make achievements（have or record）
学习知识 learn knowledge （acquire or attain）
把中国建设成为 build China into（turn or transform ）
犯个人主义的错误 make mistakes of indiv1dua1ism（ mistakes of succumbing to individualism）
我们有过这样的经验 We had the experience that（1t was our experience that）
热烈祝贺亚运会 Warmly congratulate the Asian Games （Hail or Greet）附带提一下，亚运会有这样一句口号：“争取运动成绩与精神文明双丰收”译成“For a good harvest both in sports and mora1s”。“丰收”译成“good harvest”，太拘泥于字面了。“精神文明”不好译，译成“morals”也费了一番苦心。但是morals另有含义，Long11zan Dictionary的解释是：“standards of behaviour， esp．in matters of sex”。口号的译文可能给人印象是东道主十分担心男女运动员之间会发生越轨行为。这句口号译成“For better（athletic） records and sportsmanship”是否稍好些？
汉英翻译中搭配是个大问题。有的学者指出：用外国语写作或翻译最容易出毛病的地方就是搭配。
2）拟人法（personificati
-on）
拟人法的现象在汉语中常见，在英语中，多数情况下，是视为修辞上的一种毛病。因此在汉英翻译中要注意这个区别，避免受汉语影响而出问题。例如：
我们的事业从胜利走向新的胜利。
Our cause has won victories one after another.
cause是没有生命的，而win victories的主语一般是人，二者用在一起，就把 cause 拟人化了。英译文虽然在语法上站得住脚，但不符合英语习惯用法，不是地道的英语。译文需要改写，或者加主语，如：
We have won one victory after another for our cause.
或者改用被动语态，如：
A series of victories have been won for our cause.
以下两个例子也属同一性质：
汉字在历史上有过不可磨灭的功绩。
The system of Chinese characters has played an invaluable ro1e in our history. （不是：Chinese characters have made indelible contributions in history。）
宗教不得干预政治。
It is impermissible to interfere with politics in the name of religion 。
（不是：Religion must not interfere with politics．）
3）修饰词（modifiers）
汉语里似乎修饰词用得较多，例如：顺利进行，胜利完成，热烈拥护，积极支持，努力做到，认真贯彻，彻底粉碎，深入批判，广泛开展，严肃处理。甚至有些人的文章里还出现“不切实际的幻想”、“毫无根据的诽谤”等等。
一般说来，英语里的修饰词不像汉语里那么多，不少指导写作的书都告诫不要乱用修饰词。因此，汉语里的修饰词不一定非统统照译不可，而应加以推敲，决定如何处理。英译文里修饰词过多会显得装腔作势，效果适得其反、原来想加以强调的反而削弱了。试看下面的例子：
进一步简化手续，及时地积极地从国外引进，并且认真 组织科学技术人员和广大职工做好消化和推广工作。
We should simplify procedures and take prompt action to import urgently needed technology … organize scientists ， technicians and workers to assimilate and popularize imported technology。
如果照原文字面在simplify前加上further，在prompt后加上and vigorous，在organize前加上earnestly或actively，在workers前加上the mass of，文字会显得重复和累赘，反而没有很好传达原文的意思。
此外，有的修饰词要不要译、需要根据情况，仔细斟酌，有时译了反而有损原意，例如“胜利召开”如译为successfully convened， 会使人感到召开前遇到不少困难和阻碍，最后才得以开成，而原文可能根本没有这种含义。
(摘自 程镇球 《汉英翻译问题》《中国翻译》 1991年第3期)
概念意义和关联意义（conceptual meaning and associative meaning）词汇意义由概念意义和关联意义两个方面组成。概念意义是词义的核心，它直接地、明确地表示所指对象；关联意义是词的附带意义，包括词的感情色彩和文体意义等等。例如，father，dad， daddy，papa，the old man和male parent这几个词表示的概念是相同的，即具有共同的概念意义，这一点是清楚的；而同样很清楚的是，它们的感情色彩和文体意义之类的关联意义很不相同。词的概念意义事实上也就是词典对词下的定义。了解一个词的意义首先要掌握词的概念意义。typewriter不是打字员，而是打字机；cooker不是炊事员，而是炊具；Bern不是德国的波恩，而是瑞士的伯尔尼。词的关联意义主要包括内涵意义（connotative meaning）、文体意义（stylistic meaning）、感情意义（affective meaning）和搭配意义（collocative meaning）。
（见《译学大词典》 P.46）
三、搭配与翻译
搭配是指限制词语如何同时使用的一些规则，例如，哪些介词与特定的动词同时出现或哪些动词与名词同时出现。
首先，词和词之间的搭配和词本身的意义有一定关系。如“支票”（cheque）就其意义而言，可能经常和“银行”（bank）、“付款”（pay）、“钱”（money）、“写”（write）等同时使用，而不大可能和“月亮”（moon）、“奶油”（butter）、“修理”（repair）等同时使用。再比如汉语“发扬”这个动词就只能同积极方面的词语搭配，组成“发扬革命精神”等动宾短语，而不能与消极方面的词语搭配；“克服”则只能同消极方面的词语搭配，组成“克服困难”、“克服缺点”等动宾短语，而不能同积极方面的词语搭配。就搭配范围而言，上义词比下义词搭配范围广。如：plant-flower-rose/peony/jasmine/tulip/
orchid，其中，plant就是上义词，flower是plant的下义词， 但又是rose/peony/jasmine/tulip/orchid的上义词，词义越靠上的，搭配范围越广。还有就是词义多的词，英汉语中都有一些很活跃的词，它们都具有很强的搭配能力，如英语的put，make，get，take，run等；汉语的“打”、“做”、“发”、“搞”等的搭配范围都很广。
但词义并不能解释所有的搭配模式，如果可以从意义来判断搭配，那么汉语的“进行访问”，也许可以用carryout，perform，undertake和visit搭配。 但是，在英语中，人们会说payavisit，一般不会说makeavisit，更不会说performavisit。 虽然，英国人会把面包放在烤架（grill）下烤，但他们不会说grillbread。汉语可以说“吃饭”，也可以说“吃药”，但在英语里可以说eatameal，却不可以说eatmedicine，而应该说takemedicine。同样，英语可以说maleteacher，也可以说maledog， 但译成汉语只能说“男教师”和“公狗”，不能说“公教师”、“男狗”。一些词尽管有共同的基本义，但搭配不同。例如英语的“pretty”“handsome”都有“好看”“漂亮”的意思， 但和“girl”、“woman”、“flower”搭配时常常用前者；而和“man”、“car”“overcoat”搭配时常常用后者。同样都是讲食品变质，说“奶油”（butter）变质，用rancid，讲“蛋”（egg）变质用addled。尽管这两个英文单词是同义词，都有“变质”的意思，但rancideggs和addledbutter在英语里是不可接受的搭配。在英语里，人们会说breakrules（违规）；但不会说breakregulations，会说wastingtime（浪费时间），但不会说squanderingtime。虽然，deliveraverdict和pronounceaverdict(宣判)在英语里都是正确的搭配，但是pronounceasentence是英语里可以接受的搭配，而deliverasentence就不可以。这些例子说明搭配多是约定俗成的习惯搭配，词典释义无法给出任何理由。比如汉语的量词搭配：一位教授、一架飞机、一张桌子、一节电池、一台车床等，这些量词的搭配也都没有任何理由可讲。
除了词义搭配和习惯搭配外，搭配还和词的语法功能，如词性和词的类别意义有关。如果不了解词性，不了解搭配的意义关系就会产生搭配不当的错误。比如“我印象了这件事”(“印象”不是动词，不能带宾语)这句话的错误原因是不了解“印象”的词性。同样，在英语里，不能说“height speed”，因为这里应该用形容词high和speed搭配，而不能用名词height。又比如“教室里光线很嘹亮”，这种错误的主谓搭配是由于不了解“嘹亮”的词义类别（“嘹亮”能形容声音，不能形容光线）所造成的。在不同用途的文本中词汇也有不同的搭配。 在法律、科技、公文等文本中， 都有特定专业术语和习惯搭配，译者要有相关的专业知识并熟知不同用途文本中的习惯搭配，才能正确理解和翻译。
例：第二条 中国政府依法保护外国合营者按照中国政府批准的协议、合同、章程在合营企业的投资、应分得的利润和其它合法权益。
Article 2 The Chinese Government protects, according to the law, the investment of foreign joint ventures, the profit due them and their other lawful rights and interests in an equity joint venture, pursuant to the agreement, contract and articles of association approved by the Chinese Government. (《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》（中英对照）)
to bore a hole 镗孔 （ 机械工程）
to improve the surface finishes
提高表面光洁度（机械工程）
不同风格的词一般也有不同的搭配。例如汉语里“压根儿”与“根本”，在与“分歧”搭配时，只能说：“根本的分歧”而不能说“压根儿的分歧”。而且，词的色彩不同，搭配也不一样，如英语a great fool，译成汉语不能说“伟大的傻瓜”，除非是讽刺，因为“伟大”是褒义词，一般应该译成“十足的傻瓜”。特别是一些词义中立的词，在不同上下文中可能有褒有贬，应根据实际情况，以相应的褒贬词来表达。They are ambitious although they are poor. 他们虽穷却很有志气。They have seen through his ambitious designs. 他们已识破他的野心。汉语的“搞”字是中立的词，但“搞活”（invigorate/ rejuvenate）是褒义的，而“搞鬼”（play trick/scheme in secret）就是贬义的。
搭配模式还和逻辑有关。虽然不同民族存在共同的思维，但作为思维形式的语言是民族内部约定俗成的产物，因此，不同语言的语言逻辑也不尽相同。英语讲back and forth，汉语却只能译成“来来回回”，汉语说“水火”，英语也只能译成 fire and water 。汉语讲时间、地点是按由大到小的逻辑顺序排列，英语则按由小到大的顺序排列。
有一种搭配叫标记性搭配。标记性搭配是通过“玩文字”来创造一种新的表达方式以达到特定的修辞效果。小说、诗歌、幽默以及广告经常使用标记性搭配以创造不同凡响的表达方式来吸引读者的注意力。
例：Airlines fight it out on the world wild web.(Time March 22, 1999)
上例中用wild来代替wide暗指航空公司网上商务竞争激烈。
还有一种情况是搭配范围的自然扩展。
例如：
1) heavy smoker/drinker→heavy gambler 。
2）先是“待业”，现在呢，是“待婚”，不，是“待恋”（姜天民《第九个售货亭》）
虽然搭配模式反映了特定语言群体对某种表达方式和语言结构的偏好，和外部世界没有什么关系。但这并不是说，搭配不反映语言的文化背景。实际上，有些搭配就是物质、社会和道德环境的直接反映。如英国人把“面包”（bread）和“奶油”（butter）搭配在一起，就是他们物质生活的直接反映。中国人把“福”、“禄”、“寿”、“喜”搭配在一起，也是中国人价值观的直接反映。
总之，搭配是约定俗成的，有很大的随意性。因此，给翻译造成了无数的陷阱。在翻译时，我们一定要注意词的搭配意义，所谓搭配意义是指适合用在某一个上下文中的意义。掌握词语的搭配意义对正确理解原文有重要意义。英汉互译时，不能简单地用词典释义来替换。译者应该熟知两种语言的习惯搭配，同时也可以借助词典，来判断词的搭配意义。 例如：
dry cow 不产奶的母牛
dry fire 空弹射击
dry canteen 不卖酒的小卖部
dry facts 不加渲染的事实
dry book 枯燥无味的书
dry shampoo 干洗的洗发剂
dry party 无酒的聚会
dry wine 无甜味的葡萄酒
dry farming 旱作农业
dry law 禁酒令
dry nurse 保姆
以上这些例子中dry的意义， 因搭配不同而不同，不能完全根据词典的释义来翻译。 又如Alternative一词从词典释义来看不难明了，但是在使用和翻译时，必须注意与它搭配使用的限定词和介词以及上下文，否则就有可能导致误用或误译。例如在表达“另一种可采用的方法”时，如用alternative，前面不能加限定词another，因为alternative一词原义就指“二者选一”、“二者之一”，已含有“另一个”的意思，引申后恰好可以表示“另一种（可供选用）方法”，所以只需说an alternative或the alternative就可以了。 再看He has no alternative. 一句，初学者往往根据alternative 的“可采用的方法”这一释义而译成“他没有可采用的方法”或“他一筹莫展”，殊不知alternative在这一句的含义是“另一种可采用的方法”，所以句子应译为“他没有选择的余地”或“他别无良策”。
汉语也是这样，例如“生”字，译成英文时，视其搭配不同，就应采用不同的翻译：
俗话说得好，“一龙生九种，种种有差别。”
As the proverb so aptly says “ A dragon begets nine offspring, each one different. ”
她长大后，生得形容袅娜，性格风流。
She grew up to be a graceful charming young woman.
亚伯拉罕生以撒。
Abraham begot Issac.
女人生子。
A woman bears a child.
母羊生子。
The ewe yeans .
母牛生子。
The cow calves .
母猪生子。
The sow farrows .
母鸡生蛋。
The hen lays an egg.
她生下来不多日子，她妈就死了。
Her mother died soon after she was born .
多布森太太生了两个好儿子。
Mrs. Dobson has produced two fine sons.
尽管搭配是约定俗成的，有很大随意性。但语言不是由词汇随意拼凑而成的，词与词之间的兼容性是有一定限度的，如某类动词只能跟某种主语或宾语一起出现，某些形容词只能修饰某类名词，某些副词也只能修饰某类形容词、动词或其他副词。我们在翻译中不仅会遇到理解原文中搭配词义的问题，而且还会经常遇到翻译表达时选择搭配词的难题。这就特别需要译者有扎实的语言功底，熟知两种语言的习惯搭配，同时，还要善于利用如《英汉搭配词典》、《现代汉语实词搭配词典》或其他词典来判断和选择合适的搭配词。例如，汉语里可以说“人老了”，但不能说“年纪老了”。因此，把“He was weak and old.”译成汉语，不能译为“他身体衰弱，年纪老了。”因为“年纪”和“老”搭配欠妥，应改为“他身体衰弱，年纪又大。”
这说明，在词语搭配上，特别要注意英汉两种语言的搭配习惯。英语中同一个词译成汉语，也要分别不同情况，采取不同译法，使它合乎汉语搭配习惯。如 shabby这个词，用在不同的地方，译成汉语，就要选择不同的词来表达：
He lives in a shabby house.
他住在一间陋屋里。
She is a shabby old woman.
她是个衣裳褴褛的老太婆。
The professor looks rather shabby .
这位教授样子很寒酸。
This is a shabby excuse.
这是不正当的藉口。
即使是在同一个句子里，同一个词，也要分别不同情况来译：
They were friendly to me and my opinion.
他们当时对我是友好的，对我的看法是支持的。
He wore dark glasses and a thick jersey.
他戴着黑眼镜，穿着厚毛衣。
Tremendous creativity and enthusiasm.
高度的创造性和冲天的干劲。
He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.
我们又一次领受了他们的渊博的学识、丰富的经验和无穷的智慧。
同样都是描述动物的叫声，在英汉语里也都有不同的搭配：
cocks crow 鸡啼
deer bellow 鹿鸣
dogs bark 犬吠
goats bleat 羊咩
lions roar 狮吼
tigers growl 虎啸
wolves howl 狼嚎
horses neigh 马嘶
elephants trumpet. 象吼
cranes whoop 鹤唳
bears/bulls bellow 熊/公牛吼
snakes hiss 蛇嘶嘶
frogs croak 青蛙“呱呱”叫
magpies chatter 喜鹊“嘁嘁喳喳”叫
gooses cackle/ gaggle 鹅“嘎嘎”叫
nightingales jug 夜莺 啭鸣
chicks cheep/ pip/ peep 小鸡“叽叽”叫
mice squeak 老鼠“吱吱”叫
asses/donkeys bray 驴叫
sparrows twitter /chirp/ chirrup 麻雀“唧唧喳喳”叫
cats miaow /mew/purr. 猫“喵喵”叫
搭配是翻译中的一个难点，在理解阶段需要正确判断词汇的搭配意义，在表达阶段需要选择合适的搭配词。这些都需要译者有扎实的语言功底，熟知英汉两种语言的习惯搭配，同时还要善于利用工具书和网络资源来解决搭配难题。
1．名词转换为动词
2．动词转换为名词
3．形容词转换为动词
5. 英语形容词转译成名词
7．副词转换为名词
相关链接
早期中国翻译理论
在中国，因为自古以来位居中原地带，与四方外族沟通时便需要用到翻译人员，而开启了中国的翻译。但当时因为仅中国有文字系统的使用，因此笔译并不如口译发展来的早。
从《周礼》这本书中，我们发现在《秋官》中有「象胥」这个官职，它的批注是：「译即易，谓易换语言使相解也。」也就是说中国远在春秋战国时代就有精通外国语言的官员来主持翻译工作了。在文字翻译方面，春秋战国时也有《越人歌》、《沧浪歌》等文学翻译出现了。
但是中国翻译理论的发展则是到了东汉佛教传入中国后为翻译经典而慢慢发展出来的。在三国时代﹝224 AD﹞，译经者支谦在《法句经序》中便引用老子道德经中的「美言不信，信言不美」表示出最初翻译经典时所凭借的理论。三国之后，魏晋南北朝时道安、鸠摩罗什、慧远等高僧再翻译经典时也发展出自有的一套翻译理论。其中以鸠摩罗什兼通天竺语和汉语，因此常常不拘泥于原文而对译文做更动、删减，但不失去原来所要传达的意义。慧远则主张「质文有体，义无所越」作为翻译的基本理论。
唐朝玄奘大师赴印度取经回国后主持译经工作，此时中国早期的翻译达到颠峰时期。
总括中国早期翻译理论，其原则﹝隋朝彦琮─八备﹞早已顾及翻译人员的素质、条件，包含个人品行、心态志向，以及为读者考虑等。实用文章的翻译也有明确的指示﹝如西藏译经法﹞。
但中国早期翻译大部分都是佛经，所以在应用翻译上的理论比较盛行，对文学翻译的讨论反而不及西方来的多。
早期西洋翻译理论
西方对于翻译最早的记载是在亚述帝国时萨尔贡王喜欢透过翻译方式用多种语言颂扬他。此后巴比伦帝国的汉摩拉比王统治的时期，官方的法令、公告都译为许多种语言。因此西方的翻译工作早在人类文明在两河流域发光时便产生了。
后来陆续有人将荷马的诗歌、《圣经》等用希腊文、希伯来文撰写的文章译为拉丁文。但最早的翻译理论却直到罗马共和时期末期才被西塞罗、霍拉斯提出自然语和谐的翻译美学观点。
可惜西方世界在基督教盛行后进入了由教会控制思想的黑暗时代，翻译者的注意力都摆在《圣经》身上。加上整个中古欧洲的通行语言为拉丁文，翻译并没有太大的需求，所以在翻译理论上的创见并不多。但为了宣教，圣经在十四世纪时还是出现了一本《威氏圣经》，这是圣经第一次出现的英文译本。
直到文艺复兴之后，宗教改革运动兴起，方言文学蓬勃发展。十六世纪宗教改革先锋之一的马丁·路得就把《圣经》由原来的拉丁文翻译成德文。他觉得「言语中的意义和内容不应唯语法是从」，另外他也赞成译文应该「具有读者能领悟的、在审美上令人满意的本土风格」。所以路得翻译的德文圣经在翻译史上具有非常重要的份量。
在路得之后，英国出现了一位以翻译荷马史诗著名的翻译家查卜曼藉由丰富的文学造诣体会出成功的译文应该要抓住原作的「神韵」，让译作有如原作「投胎转世」的论点。十八世纪德国文艺大师歌德也认为最高尚的翻译就是要对于原来的文本作「精心的模仿」，才能将外国文化完整地介绍进本国。
近代译论的发展
十九世纪以后，西方的翻译工作进入现代化的时期。尤其是十九世纪末到二十世纪初这一段时期，殖民帝国瓦解，两次世界大战造成国与国交流更加密切，翻译工作大大发展，原本的翻译理论的讨论也从虚无的美学渐渐演化成讲究实际的翻译工作。
也因为二十世纪初西洋翻译有一段摸索期，所以直到五零年代才有以语言学为基础的翻译理论出现，后来的四十年中以语言学为基础的理论如雨后春笋般呈现百家争鸣的状况。又为了改良语言学派所不及的语意传达问题，近年也有人提出社会符号学的方法。因此二十世纪可说是「翻译理论综合开发时期」。
中国则因为深厚的文化基础及大异于印欧语系的语言，故于新文化运动期间发展出一套独特的翻译理论。近代中国翻译宗师严复就在他最有名的翻译大作《天演论》〈译例言〉中提出一句脍炙人口的话：「译事三难；信、达、雅。」
信，最早是老子的论调，他反对虚伪、矫饰的美，而与这种「伪美」对立的便是「信」。其次在翻译上，自古代翻译佛经时，无论是鸠摩罗什或玄奘，翻译时都不会背离原文的基本态度。所以他推陈出新地提出「信」，又在这篇文章的后半提出「修辞立诚」，两者合而为一成为「诚信」，这也符合儒家的道德观念。
达，是为了对原文的诚信。在思维的表述当中，「达」和说理确实有着极为密切的关系﹝《吕氏春秋》﹞。孔子也有「辞，达而已矣」的名言，后世文人也非常忌讳文不达意。到了唐宋，苏轼明确地提出「辞达」的理论，「达」已经成为文艺美学的基本原则。严复提出「达」作为译事三难的第二点便是继承中国传统文艺美学的基础而来的。
雅，在严复的美学观中，「信达雅」是相连的共同体，「雅」就是文采，是通往「达」的途径。唐代杜牧主张「先意气而辞句」，提出文采是保证意气畅达的重要条件，而意畅造成词达，所以「雅」就成为一条重要的条件。而且严复认为他之所以翻译，就是为了向中国人介绍西方先进的学术思想的「精理」，宣扬「精理」就必须用典雅的文字。所以他在各种主客观环境下，提出「译事三难；信、达、雅」的原则。
（摘自 杨孟《翻译地图》1999/11）
四、词类的转换
英汉遣词造句的习惯不同，英汉互译时，原文的某些词在译文中要转换词类。比如名词转为动词或形容词，形容词转为名词或副词，动词转为名词等。词类转换是英汉互译时最常用的一种变通手法，通过词类的转换可以突破原文的句式，引起句法的转换，如“近来，研究人员发现感冒可以通过人的手传染”可译为Recent research discoveries indicate that flu can be spread by hand contacts. 原文中的“发现”是动词，而译文根据上下文的需要，灵活地把动词转换成名词 discoveries 。词类转换也 是避免“中式英语” (Chinese English) 或“英式汉语” (Anglicized Chinese ) 的重要手段。译者应根据上下文灵活处理，以求译文符合目的语的表达习惯。
1．名词转换为动词
The international food shortage had a direct impact on Kuwait and other barren desert countries.
由于世界普遍缺乏粮食，这就直接影响到科威特和其它荒凉的沙漠国家。
（原文里impact是名词，译成汉语转换为动词“影响”。）
The pianist gave a fine performance .
钢琴家演奏得很出色。（名词转换为动词）
Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its population to the points where the planet can provide a comfortable support for all, people will have to accept more " unnatural food".
除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度：使地球能为所有的人提供足够的饮食，否则将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。
（在原文中sense是名词，作has的宾语，但在have the sense（of sth./to do sth.）中sense是习语的主体，故译成汉语时常可转译为动词“意识到”。）
英语中许多具有动作意义的名词和由动词派生的名词，往往可根据需要转译成汉语中的动词。例如：
Rockets have found application for the exploration of the universe.
火箭已用来探索宇宙。
He feared the withdrawal of his parents'' permission.
他害怕他父母撤消已做出的许可
The settlement of Africa by white people started 500 years ago.
白人向非洲移民开始于500年前。
There was some acknowledgement that the parents had to be involved.
有人承认当事人的父母势必要牵连进去。
在汉译英时，也有把汉语名词转换成英语动词的情况：
他在剧中的精彩表演给我留下深刻的印象。
His excellent performance in the play impressed me deeply.
这种举止是罪犯的心理特征。
This kind of behavior characterizes the criminal mind.
在他们看来，他就是绝对权威的化身。
To them, he personified the absolute power.
2．动词转换为名词
汉语里是动词，译成英文转化为名词。
希望你们考虑一下我们的意见。
I would very much appreciate it if you could take our suggestion into consideration .
采用这种新装置可以大大地降低废品率。
The adoption of this new device will greatly cut down the percentage of defective products.
另外，英文的动词有时也转译为汉语的名词，这类动词往往是由名词派生或转化而来。
His wife has done everything possible to mother him.
妻子竭尽全力，像母亲一样照顾他。
The new contract would expire in 5 years.
新合同的有效期为五年。
3．形容词转换为动词
Please let us know if our terms are acceptable .
请告知是否接受我方条款。
We must be sure that the scale with which we are comparing our subjects provides a "valid" or "fair" comparison.
我们必须确保，在对我们的对象进行比较时，我们所使用的尺度要能提供“有效的”或“公平的”比较。
(sure 是形容词，译成汉语时转换为动词“确保”。)
英语中有些表示知觉、情绪、欲望等心理状态的形容词，作表语时，常可转成汉语动词。这类形容词有： able, afraid, angry, ashamed, aware, anxious, careful, cautious, certain, concerned, confident, doubtful, glad, grateful, ignorant (不知道)，sorry, thankful等。 如：
I am very concerned about her.
我非常挂念她。
I am grateful to you for helping me.
感谢你的帮助。
4．汉语动词转换为英语形容词
与英语的形容词转换为汉语的动词相反，汉语动词常转换为英语“be+ 形容词”的结构。如：
你熟悉晶体管放大器的性能吗？
Are you familiar with the performance of this type of transistor amplifier?
我为她的健康担忧。
I am anxious about her health.
我们切不可满足于仅仅有一点点书本知识 。
We should never be content with a little book knowledge only.
他会不会来值得怀疑。
It is doubtful that he will come.
5. 英语形容词转译成名词
英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示某一类的人，汉译时常译成名词。
We must respect the old and love the young .
我们应该敬老爱幼。
The two compounds are both acids, the former is strong, the latter weak.
这两种化合物都是酸，前者是强酸，后者是弱酸。
英语某些表示事物特征的形容词作表语时可转译成名词，其后往往加上“性”、“度”、“体”等。
This workpiece is not more elastic than that one.
这两个工件都没有弹性。
Glass is much more soluble than quartz.
玻璃的可溶性比石英大得多。
此外，根据实际情况，有些形容词也可以译成名词。
Stevenson was eloquent and elegant —— but soft.
史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱 。
The Smiths were religious.
史密斯一家都是虔诚的教徒。
6. 英语形容词转译为汉语副词
修饰名词的形容词，由于名词转成动词，因而相应地转译成副词。
All of this proves that we must have a profound study of properties of metals.
所有这一切证明我们必须深入地研究金属的特性。
Only when we study their properties can we make better use of the materials.
只有研究这些材料的特性才能更好地利用他们。
有时为了使译文符合汉语表达习惯，也要把英语形容词转译为汉语副词。
A helicopter is free to go almost anywhere.
直升飞机几乎可以自由地飞到任何地方。
The same principles of low internal resistance also apply to milliammeters.
低内阻原理也同样适用于毫安表。
7．副词转换为名词
He is physically weak but mentally sound.
他身体虽弱，但思维正常。
The device is shown schematically in Figure 5.
图5所示为这种装置的简图。
Electromagnetic waves travel as fast as light.
电磁波传播的速度和光一样。
8．副词转化为动词。
The sea thundered on, over and past , and as it roared by it revealed a hideous sight.
海浪狂啸着滚来，如泰山压顶一般，又怒吼着滚远，巨浪过处，一片狼藉。
Open the valve to let air in.
打开阀门，让空气进入。
In this case the temperature in the furnace is up.
在这种情况下，炉温就升高。
9. 英语介词转译成汉语动词
The government is behind this project.
政府支持这个项目。
Public opinion was against the proposal.
舆论都反对这个提议。
10．汉语动词转译成英语介词
我们全体赞成他的建议。
We are all in favor of his suggestion.
他们不顾一切困难，挫折，坚持战斗。
They kept on fighting in spite of all difficulties and setbacks.
英汉互译时词类转换的情况很多，几乎没有限制，译者必须通过大量实践，积累经验，方可灵活掌握。
1.为使语义明确而增减词语
2.出于结构的需要而增减词语
3.从行文的角度考虑而增减词
相关链接
增词法：增词法就是在翻译时按意义（或修辞）和句法的需要：增加一些词来更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容：这当然不是随意增加，而是增加原文中虽无其词而有其意的一些词）严复在汉译的《（〈 天演论 〉译例言）中说：“至原文词埋本深，难于共喻，则当前后引衬，以显其意。”意思是有些原文含义艰深，难以理解，便要在这些句子的前后，酌加“引衬”，以便使原文的意思明显。他不说“解释”或“说明”，而说“引衬”，是有道理的。“引”是“引伸”，“衬”是“帮衬”即帮助的意思，所以“引衬”是说多加几个字进去，以助了解。例如：1. When I came to l was in the water, swimming automatically, though I was about two thirds drowned. （Mark Twain）当我清醒过来时，发觉自己在水里，虽然浸得半死，却本能地浮着。（吴玉音译）译文增加了动词“发觉”原文虽无与之相应的动词，但其含义却可以从上下文得到。 2. I judge I would saw out and leave that night if pa got drunk enough, and I reckoned he would.(Mark Twain）我猜那天晚上爸要是醉得够厉害的，我就可以锯完那个洞钻出去，我算计着他是会醉得够呛。（张友松等泽）原文 would后面的动词 drunk根据英语修辞要求省略了，而汉语则重新补出。汉译英时也时常增朴一些词，以符合英语习惯。例如：1.在这样的问题上，越谨慎越好。One can''t be too careful in matters like this. 英译时，增补主语one。2.他把双手放进口袋里，然后耸了耸肩膀。He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders. 根据英语习惯，增加形容词性物主代词his。3.再试一次，你就会成功。Try again and you will succeed. 增加连词and。（王馥芳 见《中国翻译词典》）
增益 增益（contextua1 amplification）也叫“上下文增益”，是在译文中明示出原语读者视为当然而译语读者却不知道的意义。增益一般用于以下三种情况：一、为了语法上的需要。例如英语可数名词的复数形式：汉语名词没有数的形式变化。下例是加上一些字来表达原文的复数意义： A conference of developing countries has convened in Washington attempting to identify priorities for improving life among poor areas of the world.一些发展中国家和较富有的工业国家在华盛顿举行了会议，企图确定在改善世界贫穷地区人民生活中应当首先做哪些事情。二、为了表达的清晰和自然。Noontime came and went; Nixon, who rarely had lunch, and Kissinger, who rarely missed it, skipped the meal and went right on talking for almost four hours. 正午到了，又谈到偏午，尼克松是很少吃中饭的，基辛格是很少不吃中饭的，但这回两人都不曾想到这顿饭，接连谈了差不多四个钟头。三、为了沟通不同的文化。汉语中“下中农”和“上中农”两词过去一直译成 lower-middle- peasants 和 upper-middle- peasants， 外国人看了不知所云。如果译文稍加增益，说明“上”和“下”是指什么，译成 lower-middle-income-peasant 和 upper-middle-income-peasant 就好理解了。再如，西安旅游点“华清池龙吟榭”，译为 Long Yin Xie (a pavilion built specially for emperors to recite poetry ) in the Hua Qing Pool. 译文处理得就较好。
（柯文 见《中国翻译词典》）
减词法 减词法是指原文中某些词在译文中不译出来。减词不能减意，其目的是为了更忠实通顺地表达原文的意思。1.顾及词类使用习惯各种语言的词类使用习惯不同，比如英语代词、连词、介词等使用较多，汉语用得较少。因此：英语在译成汉语时，这类词往往省略不译。例如：① Conrad went outside and began to bounce a ball on the road.（R. E. Sherwood Extra ！ Extra ！）（康拉德到外面马路上拍起球来。）连词 and 未译出来。② Mrs. Wil1y sat in a chair and folded her hands.（R. Suchow Golden Wedding）（伟利太太手叠着手坐在椅子里。）代词her未译出来，此外，由于关系转移，连词and自然也译不出来。③ Our son, Carl, who is six, goes to a good private schoo1, and our daughter, who is four, won''t go to school until next year. （ J. Cheever The Season of Divorce）（儿子卡尔六岁，在一所很好的私立学校读书；女儿四岁，明年才上学。）（泓湖译）原文中代词our，连词who，and，介词until在译文中都给省略了。译文显得简洁。 2．避免累赘“原文有些词的意义，译文通过上下文能够表达出来；因此可省去不译。、④ Toward evening he saw it again 。 But this time there was fear in its face.（J．Kjelgaad The Black Horse）（接近傍晚时，他再度看到马，马的神情恐惧。）原文this time的意思已包含在“傍晚时”和“再度”中，故可不译出来。如果定要译出（“这一次”），只能使译文变得累赘。⑤“ I must look very funny next to Ralph who is so big.”（S.Benson Little Woman ）（“我站在大个子雷夫的身旁，看来一定很滑稽。”）译者将定语从句who is so big 缩减为一个词“大个子”，使译文显得简练。③ I handed him some money to pay for it. He wouldn''t take the money.（ M. K. Rawlings A Mother in Mannivil1e ） （我给他一点钱付修理费，他不收）。给他的是钱，不收的自然也是钱。 the money省去不译，读者不会产生误解。译了，反而显得多余。3．顾及译入语习惯 原文中有些词译出来会违反译文语言的表达习惯，有时甚至会歪曲原意，因此必须省略不译。① He decided he had better go home ， not to the rooming house in New Orleans ， but home to grandpa''s house. ( A. W. Bontemps Lonesome Boy ) （他决定最好还是回家 , 不是回新奥尔良的公寓，而是回祖父的家。） but house to grandpa''s house 若译为“祖父住宅的家”，显然不符合汉语表达习惯。③ He felt sure now he would be able to stay. （L. Hearn The Boy Who Painted Cats ）（他确信现在他能够停留下来了。） felt sure 如译成“感到确信”，就不大符合汉语搭配习惯，略去“感到”二字，无损原意。（傅仲选：1993 ，第224－228页）
五、增词与减词
英汉两种语言由于表达方式不同，翻译时要在词量上进行增减。所谓增词，就是要根据上下文的意思、逻辑关系以及目的语的表达习惯，增加词量，以表达原文字面没有出现但实际已经包含的意思，而减词就是减去原文有，但目的语表达用不着，且减去也不影响原文意思表达的词。不过，词量的增减必须防止任意发挥，添油加醋，或避难就易，随意删减。
词量增减的情况主要有以下几种：
1.为使语义明确而增减词语。
（1）增词：
I saw the dull, drilled, docile, brutish masses of the Hun soldiers plodding on like a swarm of crawling locusts,…
我曾看到大批头脑愚蠢，训练有素，唯命是从而又凶暴残忍的德国士兵，像一群螺虫在蠕蠕行进。
Both brothers are not here.
兄弟俩人，一个在这里，另一个不在这里。
（原文both…not是部分否定，不是全部否定。意思是：两个中，一个是，另一个不是。因此，翻译时要增词，而不能简单地译为：两个兄弟都不在这里。要是两个都不在，英文应该是：Neither of the brothers is here.）
When I arrived I found her sitting on the stoep. She looked lonely and pathetic.
我一到那里，就看到她坐在屋前的门廊上，显出一副抑郁而孤寂的神情。
（为了使表达的意思完整，加上“神情”。）
Air pressure decreases with altitude.
气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。
(按原文的逻辑关系，顺理成章，使译文明确通顺。)
The frequency, wave length, and speed of sound are closely related.
频率、波长和声速三方面是密切相关的。
（有时为了使译文通顺，需要加上概括性的词语。）
Air is a mixture of gas es .
空气是多种气体的混合物。
（英文原文gases是复数，汉语名词没有相应的词形变化，翻译时为了明确原文的含义，要增词把意思表达出来。）
I am and will always be your friend.
我现在是而且将来永远是你的朋友。
（英语通过词形变化和加助动词表示动词的时态，汉语的动词没有表示时态的词形变化和相应的助动词， 翻译时需要增词，表示不同的时态。）
在汉译英时，也要将原文暗含而无需明言的词语，在译文中增补适当的词以使意思明确。如：
要顾全大局。
We should advocate the spirit of taking the whole situation into consideration.
（汉语中“顾全大局”是一种精神，要提倡这种精神，在译成英语时，这种暗含的意思要译出来，否则英语读者就理解不清了。）
结婚大办酒席，实在可以免去了。
The practice of giving lavish feasts at weddings can well be dispensed with.
（汉语里有时不用标明事物范畴的概括性词语，译成英语时却往往需要增补进去。这里补了practice，使意思更明确。）
（2）减词：
The mechanical energy can be changed back into electrical energy by means of a generator or dynamo.
利用发电机可以把机械能转变成电能。
（英语中有些近义词或同义词连用，表示强调或是意思更明确，在英译汉时，往往可以省略其中一个词。）
“Remember: you are not any old Tom, Dick or Harry giving his opinion. You''re a man who was sent as a representative of the British Government.”
“你要记住，你不是一个 普普通通的老百姓，可以随便发表意见。你是英国政府派出的代表。 ”
（原文Tom, Dick and Harry 是三个词，译文缩减为“普通老百姓”，如果照原文直译，读者一定难以理解。）
在党的领导下，中国人民已经完成了解放 事业 。
Under the leadership of the Party, the Chinese people have succeeded in their liberation .
（英文liberation已经包含了“事业”的范畴意义，因此汉语表示范畴的词“事业”就不用译出。The cause of liberation使人觉得是中式英语。)
2.出于结构的需要而增减词语。
（1）增词：
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.
读书足以怡情、足以博采、足以长才。
（为了使汉语译文结构平衡，增加了三个“足以”。）
Heated, water will change to vapour.
如水受热，就会汽化。
（由于汉语表达习惯需要加关联词：如┅┅就┅┅）
Since air has weight, it exerts force on any object immersed in it.
因为空气有重量，所以处在空气中的任一物体都会受到空气的作用力。
（根据汉语结构，加“所以”表达才通顺。）
The plan is considered practical.
大家认为这一计划切实可行。
（英文原文是被动句，汉语习惯用主动句，常常在翻译时加上“大家”、“人们”、“有人”等词语。）
他很高。
He is very tall.
（汉语中形容词、名词都可以直接作谓语，而英语则必须加上联系动词be。）
她是学生。
She is a student.
（英文中student是可数名词，单数可数名词前面，一般要加不定冠词a/an，而汉语没有这种语法形式。）
她们在唱歌跳舞。
They are singing and dancing.
（汉语“唱歌跳舞”中间不用连接词，英文singing和dancing之间一定要加连接词and。反之，英译汉时，则可以省略连词。）
（2）减词：
生也好，死也好，我们要忠于党，忠于人民，忠于祖国。
Live or die, we should be loyal to our Party, to our people and to our motherland.
（原文重复使用“忠于”，是为了加强语气和平衡句子，译成英语就不必重复。）
He''s a sick man and he can''t come for his dough.
他有病在身，不能来取钱。
（译文中省去了连接词and和代词he。）
The earth moves round the sun.
地球环绕太阳旋转。
（一般情况下，英文里的定冠词或不定冠词，译成汉语时应该省略。）
You buy stamps at a post office.
邮票在邮局买。
（英文里泛指的人称代词，根据汉语表达习惯，可以省略。）
Different metals differ in their conductivity.
不同的金属具有不同的导电性。
（英文中作定语的物主代词，根据汉语表达习惯，也可以省略。）
A square has four equal sides.
正方形四边相等。
（英语谓语必须用动词，汉语除了动词，还可以直接用名词、形容词、数词、偏正词组、主谓词组等作谓语。英译汉时可以省略原文的谓语动词，以求译文简洁流畅。）
There is no cloud in the sky.
晴空万里无云。
（介词在英文里使用率很高，汉语则不然，主要通过语序和逻辑关系来表示，英译汉时常可以省略不译。另外，像 there 这样的引导词，也可省略不译。）
我要买一本书。
I want to buy a book.
（汉语里在数词和名词之间，一般要有一个量词，英文不一定都要，汉译英时可根据英文习惯省略汉语的量词。）
她昨天工作 了 一天。
She was working all day yesterday.
你是学生吗？
Are you a student?
（汉语中的虚词，如时态助词着、了、过；语气助词呢、吗、吧等，在汉译英时，可以省略，因为英语是通过词形变化或特殊的语法形式来表达的。）
3.从行文的角度考虑而增减词（即修辞性增减词）
（1）增词：
We think we have freed our slaves, but we have not. We just call them a different name.
我们自以为奴隶已经解放了，实际上并没有。我们只不过用一种不同的名字来称呼他们罢了。
（为了使译文语气连贯，前后呼应而加上“实际上”。）
Heat from the sun stirs up the atmosphere, generating winds.
太阳发出的热量搅动大气，于是产生了风。
（译文加上“于是 ” 也是为了使前后语气连贯。）
（2）减词：
The numbers of known hydrocarbons run into tens of thousands.
已知的碳氢化合物有几万种。
（根据汉语的表达习惯， the number of 可以省去不译，意思照样十分清楚。）
男女老少咸宜。
Suitable for men, women and children.
（“男女老少”是汉语的习惯表达，英语没有对应的表达，man，women已经包含了老年人，可以省略。）
花园里面是人间的乐园。有的是吃不了的大米白面，穿不完的绫罗绸缎，花不完的金银财宝。
The garden was a paradise on earth, with more food and clothes than could be consumed and more money than could be spent.
（原文中的“大米白面”、“绫罗绸缎”、“金银财宝”等四字词组分别指“吃的”、“穿的”、“花的”，可直截了当译成 food, clothes, money 。若直译反而啰嗦，而且不符合英语表达习惯。）
英汉互译时，需要增词或减词的情况很多，译者必须根据目的语表达习惯和方式，考虑增加或减少词量，以使译文的表达更通顺流畅，言简意赅。
１．为了使行文更明确
２．为了语气强调
３．为了表达生动
相关链接
重复（repetition） 重复是最明显的修辞手段，大都能强调、增加整体感和连接语句的作用，特别可以用来标示语句过渡。但在有的语言中，重复可以引起误解。在英语里 Lord, Lord （上主，上主）无疑表示强调，但在某些菲律宾土语中这么重复，则会大大有损于强调。同样，在有的语言中，人们认为《旧约·诗篇》中的排比用法令人不快，因为这种排比就像把同一件事说两遍，低估了读者的理解力。重复可有两种基本类型：一种是同一话语中的重复，一种是多篇话语如引语中的重复。同一话语中的重复有语音重复、单词重复、词组重复、句法结构重复、命题重复甚至整个段落重复，有时较大单位的重复以归纳形式加以表现。
重复修辞手段常常给翻译工作者造成某种困难。如果重复的成分是严格排比的主题成分，如《诗篇》中常用的同义排比成分，便可能引起读者的强烈反感。因为把同一件事说两遍，即使是替换了词汇，也会被有的读者看作是对自己的阅读理解力的轻视。另一方面，有时原文并非排比语句，但译者必须译成排比形式才算译得“正确”，因为在有的语言中，诗的实质就是使用排比句式。有时，接受语言中存在排比用法，但每个排比句必须包含新信息。在这种情况下，如果译者处理的是没有新信息的同义排比结构，那么翻译起来就会有困难。在有的语言中，同一语境中重复某些单词，会被认为是不好的风格。这时，读者要求的是用不同的单词来指同一事物。翻译工作者的任务，不是一定要再现原文中的重复修辞手段，而是首先判定这些重复用法具有何种功能，是主要起强调作用，还是仅仅说明某个特征？是作为并列语句或段落的连接成分，还是仅仅作为段落主题的统一标记？只有首先弄清了重复用法的功能，才能谈得上对这一修辞过程作出功能对等的翻译。
（谭载喜1993，第85-90页）
翻译工作六大新趋势 由八十年代开始，世界各地的翻译工作逐渐在几方面产生变化，其中最明显的趋势包括以下几个——
（１）专业化：从业员接受过为社会及本行认可的正规培训，获颁授合格资历，按照本行所规定的守则与精神办事。翻译不再是任何人懂一些外文，就可以随便抓起字典动手做的工作。
（２）学术化：翻译理论与翻译教学逐渐成为学术性的研究对象，采用理性的、实证的方法进行。翻译工作和译员培训工作不再是靠天才、直觉、个人经验、传统来进行的事情，译者和翻译教育者都掌握了学术研究的方法，据此来解决专业上碰到的问题。
（３）服务化：翻译工作再次回复为以客户为中心服务使用者（政府、私营公司、不懂外文的读者）解决语言障碍的不便，达到汲取资讯（及其他）的目的。这样，翻译活动逐步离开了象牙塔，进入了商业市场。
（４）用途多样化：以前使用文学与宗教的译本的读者，目的比较划一，背景比较单纯，态度相当一致（他们主要都是欣赏、崇拜、追求启示开悟等）。今天和未来的译文使用者和客户的动机复杂多了——广告、国际公约、法例、科技小品、电讯、演讲词的“用途”与本质大不相同，翻译时处理的方法因而要作很多调整。
（５）实务化：翻译工作不再是“为翻译而翻译”，即是说目标不一定是制造一个与原文对等的另一种语篇，而是在于达到预定的效果（通常是客户要求的效果，或是译者判断译文使用者收到的最佳的效果）。译者要弄清楚每次工作的目标，选择最合适的方法完成任务。
（６）科技化：随着通讯科技和人工智能的发展，翻译工作越来越跟先进科技产品结合，例如语篇处理、资料库资讯检索、电子词典、桌面出版等等设备，在欧美社会早已普遍用在各种翻译工作之中，大大提高了生产力、可靠性、一致性、印刷质量。译者自己翻字典、摇笔杆的时代快要成为历史，电脑盲的译者再难有立足之地。
像许多别的行业一样，翻译工作正在步入自动化，种种比较简单的，重复性的翻译工作（这些占了全球待译文献相当大部分）已经可以交由机器去做，由译员监督修改。不久之将来，不少译者的日常工作会变成程序设计、词汇整理，预编文件（pre-editing）、修改译文（post-editing）、翻译管理等等，人与机器合作作愈益紧密。
（周兆祥：1998，第134-135页）
翻译和创作 译者的天才要与作者的天才相等时，才能译出上好的作品。这无异是说，翻译也是一种创作，不过是在某种范围之内的创作吧了。意大利的美学家克罗齐（Croce）在他著的《美学原理》一书中，也谈到翻译这回事，虽着墨不多，然颇为精要。归结其大意约有四点如下： 1. 翻译是把原作放到熔炉包中，与译者所获得的印象融合为一之后，由译者创造出来的新作品。 2. 翻译并不是原作的翻版，因译文并不跟原文完全相同，只是与原文有几分类似的一种创作作品。 3. 译文有几分欠缺也是难免的。4. 上好的译文除与原文有几分相似外，必须有它独创的艺术价值，本身即可成为独立的一部艺术作品。
我们翻译文学作品时，更需要有创作的能力。 Copeland 谈文学翻译时曾说： Literature in translation is almost always sure to be literature at least once removed. ． And in the case of poetry the removes are always likely to be as those of Scotch cousins. （翻译的文学差不多总是至少要隔着一代的。至于在翻译诗歌的时候，那就隔得更厉害了，简直好像是极为生疏的远亲一样。）他这里所谓王Scotch cousins （苏格兰的表亲），有时也说成 a cousin forty times removed（隔了四十代的表亲），意指疏远得不得了的瓜葛亲，好像和我们的俗语“五百年前共一家”的意味相近。这无非是说；诗歌经过翻译之后，简直面目全非了。印度的泰戈尔自己将其用本国文学写的诗译成英文时，有许多地方也变得完全不同了，等于新的创作。德文谚语说的 Mit Woelfen Muss man heulen, 英译作 Among wolves one must howl.中文“在狼群中你就得嗥”，但就字面的说法，我们是不容易了解这句话的真意的。如果意译为英文的 When in Rome do as the Romans do. 或意译为中文的“入乡随俗”，含义就显明了。从内容上看：这是释义，而不是翻译。从文字上看这也不是翻译，而是创作了。
（钱歌川1980，第8一11页 见《译学大词典》）
六、词的重复
不论是英文还是汉语，行文都力求言简意赅，但是在翻译时，有时为了使行文更明确，表达更生动，或者为了强调，我们往往要将一些关键性的词加以重复。
１．为了使行文更明确
They may win the war but not the peace.
他们可能赢得战争，但不会赢得和平。（英文里用一个动词连接两个宾语，翻译时常重复动词。）
We should learn how to analyze and solve problems.
我们应学会如何分析问题和解决问题。（英文原文是两个动词带一个宾语，翻译时，重复宾语使行文明确。）
I had experienced oxygen and/or engine trouble.
我曾碰到过，不是氧气设备出故障，就是引擎出故障或两者都出故障。（原文中宾语trouble有两个修饰语，为了使意思明确，翻译时将宾语重复。）
He became an oil baron---all by himself.
他成了石油大王，一个白手起家的石油大王。
（为了使行文更通顺明确，而重复了表语oil baron。）
John is a friend of mine and hers.
约翰既是我的朋友，又是她的朋友。
（译文重复了系动词和表语。）
The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of one hundred ordinary patients.
医生从我身上得到的实践会比从一百个普通病人身上得到的实践还多。
（英语中常重复使用前置词，而将第二个，第三个前置词前的名词省略，翻译时则往往要把此名词重复。）
The little apprentice in particular lived in terror of the boss, who had borne down on him so often and so hard that there was little left.
小学徒对老板尤其怕得要死，老板经常整他而且整得很惨，简直把他整瘪了。（英语定语从句常用关系词引导，它一方面代表定语从句所修饰的那个先行词（名词或代词），一方面在从句中担任一个成分。汉语中没有关系词，往往需要重复这个作先行词的名词。原文中关系代词who修饰boss，因此，翻译时要将“老板”重复意思才明确。同时根据逻辑关系，将定语从句中的动词重复，意思才可以明确。）
The President announced, with obvious relish, that the planes took off from "Shangri-la", the fictional, remote retreat in the Himalayas.
这位总统洋洋得意地宣称，这批飞机是从 “香格里拉”起飞的，而“香格里拉”是一个虚构的喜马拉雅山中的世外桃源。（英语中的同位语，在译文中有时也可以重复先行词。）
Chairman Mao is an activist, a prime mover, an originator and master of strategy achieved by alternating surprise, tension and easement.
毛主席是一位活动家，是原动力，是创造者，是交替运用出其不意、紧张和松弛而取得成就的战略大师。（英语句子常用一个动词连接几个宾语或表语，在译文中往往要重复这个动词，使表达更加明确。）
We talked of ourselves, of our studies, of our prospects, of each other--of everything.
我们谈到了自己，谈到了学习，谈到了前途，谈到了彼此的情况，谈到了一切。（英语句子中动词后有前置词时，在第二次第三次往往只用前置词而省略动词，在译文中则要重复动词以代替英语中重复的前置词。）
But his wife kept dinning in his ears about his idleness, his carelessness, and the ruin he was bringing on his family.
可是他老婆不断地在他耳边唠叨个没完，说他懒惰，说他粗心，并且说他的一家人都要毁在他的身上。（英语原文中除了动词连前置词也省略了，但译文中仍可以重复动词。）
In China, they “made mistakes”, suffered by them, acknowledged and studied them, thus planned victory.
在中国，他们犯过错误，吃过错误的亏，承认错误，研究错误，从而制定了胜利的方针。（英语中用代词的地方，翻译时往往可按汉语的习惯重复其所替代的名词。）
Each country has its own customs.
各国有各国的风情。
Happy families also had their own troubles.
幸福的家庭也有幸福家庭的苦恼。（英语中用物主代词its，his，their， 等等以代替句中作主语的名词（有时附有修饰语）时，翻译时往往可以不用代词而重复其作主语的名词（有时附有修饰语），以达到明确具体的目的。）
I''ll take whoever wants to go.
谁想去我就带谁。
Whoever works hard will be respected.
谁工作努力，谁就会受到尊重。
(英语中强势关系代词或强势关系副词如whoever, whenever, wherever等等，翻译时往往使用重复法处理。)
Some have entered college and others have gone to the countryside.
上大学的，上大学了，下乡的，下乡了。（=有的上大学了，有的下乡了。）
（英语用some…andothers…（some…,others…）连用的句子，译成汉语时主语往往是谓语重复形式的“的”字结构，有时也可以用“有的……，有的……”句式。）
He wanted to send them more aid, more weapons and a few more men.
他想给他们增加些援助，增添些武器，增派些人员。
（英语原文没有重复，汉译时采用一种在内容上而不是在形式上的重复的手段。）
汉译英时，为了表达准确，避免歧义，尤其是翻译一些政策性很强的文本，或法律文本，对于一些关键词，该重复的还是要重复：
国家根据对外贸易发展的需要，建立和完善对外贸易服务的金融机构，设立对外贸易发展基金、风险基金。
The State shall , in light of the needs for the development of foreign trade, set up and improve financial institutions in service of foreign trade and establish development fund and risk fund for foreign trade.
（汉语原文“对外贸易”是重复的，翻译是照样重复，以免发生歧义。）
他用手蒙住脸，好像是为了保护眼睛。
He covered his face with his hands, as if to protect his eyes. （英文里物主代词用得比汉语多，汉译英时，常要在英文里重复物主代词。）
２．为了语气强调
Dead is the monarch, dead the servant who cringed before him, dead the city in which they dwelt.
君主死了，在他面前卑躬屈膝、阿谀奉承的侍臣死了，他们居住的这个都城也死了。
Eye for eye, tooth for tooth.
以眼还眼，以牙还牙。
（英语原文中有词的重复，译成汉语有时可以保持同样的词的重复。英语对仗句的前后两部分中往往有词的重复，译成汉语时对仗句一般可以保持同样的词的重复。）
During their stay in Peking, they visited some old friends of theirs, visited Peking University and visited the Great Wall.
他们在北京逗留期间，拜访了几个老朋友，参观了北京大学，游览了长城。（英语原文中有词的重复，译成汉语有时可以用同义词重复之。）
我们需要的是迅速进步，不是慢慢进步。
We need rapid progress, not slow progress.
（汉语原文有重复，译文随原文重复，保留了原文的强调语气。）
他们偷，他们抢，他们欺诈，谁也不敢惹他们。
They steal, they rob, they swindle; no one dares to cross their path.
（为了保留汉语原文的强调语气，英译也同样重复了原文的“他们”。）
这是革命的春天，这是人民的春天，这是科学的春天！
This is the springtime for the revolution, this is the springtime for the people, this is the springtime for science!
（这里英译重复this is the springtime，同样也是为了保留原文的强调语气。）
３．为了表达生动
The questions were evidently unexpected to the slow-witted spokesman, who instantly found himself tongue-tied.
这些问题显然使得这位头脑迟钝的发言人感到意外，他立刻显得张口结舌，哑口无言。
（为了表达生动， 将原文的tongue-tied用两个四字语来表达。虽然语义重复，但中文表达生动。）
They drove in a black limousine, past groves of birch trees and endless rows of identical new buildings.
他们乘坐一辆黑色大轿车，经过一片片白桦林，穿过一排排新楼房。这些楼房，千篇一律，望不到头。（英语原文groves和rows都是复数形式，汉译运用词的重叠较生动地表达了原意。 ）
Once he took up his pen, writings began pouring down.
他一动笔，就洋洋洒洒，一发难收。
（汉译用“洋洋洒洒”的重叠词语，生动再现了原文的pouring down。）
事情就是这样，他来进攻，我们把他消灭了，他就舒服了，消灭一点，舒服一点，消灭得多，舒服得多，彻底消灭，彻底舒服。
This is the way things are: if they attack and we wipe them out, they will have that much satisfaction; wipe out some, some satisfaction; wipe out more, more satisfaction; wipe out the whole lot, then complete satisfaction.
（英译保留了汉语原文的重复，由于多次重复，使译文显得生动，别具一格。）
青年就是青年，不然，何必要搞青年团呢？
After all, youth is youth , or else why should we bother to have a Youth League?
（英汉有相同的主谓语重复的句式，汉语重复的，英语也可照样重复，以保留原文的修辞效果。）
沉默啊！沉默啊！不在沉默中爆发，就在沉默中灭亡。
Silence!Silence! Unless we burst out, we shall perish in this silence.
（英译也重复了silence，保留了原文铿锵有力的修辞效果。）
重复和增词有相类似之处，只不过重复增加的是同一个词。我们应该尽量避免不必要的重复，但是，该重复的地方还是要重复。译者必须根据不同的文体、不同的上下文灵活掌握。
习语辨认
习语翻译常用的策略
相关链接
习语译法 广义的习语（或称“熟语”）包括成语、俗语、谚语、歇后语、惯用语，以及部分粗俗语及俚语等。习语是语言中最生动形象、凝练多姿的部分，集中体现了民族文化积淀，因此，为了再现原文的民族特色、语言风采，能直译移植的，当尽量直译；同时，习语又是语言中最富变化而又约定俗成的部分，因此切忌一般对待，而须调动一切手段，务使意求其准，译尽其妙。这两方面既矛盾又统一的辩证结合，形成了习语译法上的灵活多变、纷繁有致。主要方法不外乎直译、套择、意译三种，但详分细剖，却至少有以下14种情况：一、 直译法： 在不违背译语规范、易于理解且使译文生色时，即可直译，保留原语比喻、形象和民族、人文色彩，以利再现原文风格。如英译汉的：“Blood is thicker than water”一“血浓于水”；汉译英的：“跑了和尚跑不了庙”——“ The monk may run away ， but the temple can''t run with him ”。二、套译法： （参见相应词目）。三、 意译法 。舍弃原语形象、比喻，抓住内容、喻义，结合上下文灵话传达原意。如汉语中的歇后语，就多用此法处理。（参见“典故译法”、“形象词语译法”两条目中意译部分）四、直译意译结合法。（参见相应词目）。五、应用习语临时变体法。利用习语的临时变体（原习语字面经增、减、改、仿等处理的变化形式）移作译语，亦可取得习语套译的效果。如以变体对正格的汉英译例，以英语谚语“ no gains without pain” 的减字变体，译“守株待兔”，而成“ to wait for gains without pains ”；再如以变体对变体的英汉译例：“ I only know what we see from our worm''s-eye view（‘bird''s eye view'' 的变体）”——“我所知道的只是我们，毛（虫）观天''（‘坐井观天''的变体）所得的一点情况”。 六、“删词一扩词”法 。对含义重复部分删去不译，以使行文干净利落，此法常用于汉外翻译中；而当外汉翻译时（则出于对仗（排比等修辞考虑，常取扩词法。前者如：“铜墙铁壁”—“ wall of bronze ”，后者如：‘‘ catch at shadows”——“捕风捉影”。七、添词显意法。根据原语内涵，增补必需的词语以便于读者理解。如：“修桥补路，你尽派人家官工，这叫借香献佛！”——“··· That was borrowing joss-sticks from a neighbour and burning them before Buddha for your own sake .”。八、博喻、混喻取舍法。 （参见相应词目）。 九、还原法。 将原由译入语引入译出语的习语仍还原为原语形式。如汉译英的：“王牌”——“ trump card ”，“玩火自焚”——“ Whoever plays with fire perishes ”；英译汉的：“ running dog ”——“走狗”， “ 1ose face ”——“丢脸”。 十、注释法。 （参见“典故译法”词目之五）。十一、修辞法。 采用节奏、音韵、对比等修辞手法，重现原语修辞特点，使译语琅琅上口、易懂易记。如英译汉，‘“ An apple a day keeps the doctor away ”——“一天一苹果，医生远离我”；汉译英：“嘴上没毛，说话不牢”—“ Downy lips make，thoughtless slips ”。 十二、仿古法。 无碍理解时，不妨再现原语的古语气息。如英译汉：“ Man propose ， god disposes ”——“谋事在人，成事在神”；汉译英：“已所不欲，勿施于人”—— “ Do not unto others what you would not be done by ”。 十三、粗俗语处理法 （参见相应词目）。 十四、追溯原语，引申处理。 追溯所据原习语整体喻意，结合上下文，引申得出确解。如英谚有“ Cut your coat according to your cloth ”（量为出），故“You can cut your coat a lit longer in the future —— I''rn setting ten thousand pounds a year on you at once ”，即应引申译为：“你将来的生活可以稍为宽打宽用一些了 …… ”
（彭嵋森 见《中国翻译词典 . 》）
套译法 套译法，亦称“套用”、“借用”或“借译”。译习语时，如译入语的同义习语在内容、形式、修辞色彩上和译出语习语大体符合，有些且形象、比喻相同或相似，则可以考虑直接套用，以收发挥译文优势之效。如：“ walls have ears ”——“隔墙有耳”，“to burn one''s boats ”——“破釜沉舟”，“ castle in the air ”——“空中楼阁”，“ at sixes and sevens ”——“乱七八糟”，“ Nothing comes wrong to a hungry man ”——“饥不择食”，等等。 但是， 套译时必须力戒一味“归化”，避免将译语中特有的地理、历史、人文、生活习俗等文化民族色彩强加于原文信息组成中，以至与原作的上下文及总体氛围格格不入。如，不宜于将英语作品中的习语“ Beauty lies in lover''s eyes ”（或： Love is blind. 等）译为“汉化”的“情人眼里出西施”，也不宜于将汉语作品中的“多此一举”译为“英国化”的“ carry coals to Newcastle ”。当然在不便恪守或不必拘泥于原文具体形象时，则借用译入语中色彩淡化或非形象性直译习语也是可取的，如上二例中，前一英语习语和后一汉语习语，就都可以相应“套译”习语，而与原作上下文及总体文化、民族氛围取得协调。
（彭嵋森 见《中国翻译词典 . 》）
粗俗语处理法 粗俗语（vulgarism）中有相当一部分是极端尖刻、粗鲁、带有侮辱性的词语，尤其是一些骂人话，通常极为粗俗。对于此类粗俗语，一般应借用同义习语，获取意译法。常用骂人话的特点是在使用中早已失去其字面原有的含义，因此在翻译时完全没有必要去按字面直译以恢复其原始意义。如中国人最普通的骂人语“他妈的”，译成英语时可借用同义骂人语“ Go to hell ”、“ What the hell ”、“ What on earth ”、“ Damn it ”，或“ Blast it ”等，都表现了一种愤激、生气、不快的情绪，逐词直译法反而不伦不类，不知所云。汉英语的许多一般俗语习语中也常有“屁”、“屎”、“尿”、“屌”、“屄”、“肏”——“ fart ”、“ *** ”、“ piss ”、“ cock ”、“ cunt ”、“ *** ”等粗俗语出现。外汉互译时一般亦应设法回避，理由也是因为现在那些俗语习语的整个意义已远非每个单词意义的相加，而事实上许多粗俗语也根本无法逐字直译，只能意译，舍貌取神。如《红楼梦》第九回中宝玉的得力小厮茗烟一把揪住金荣所说的那段话：“我们肏屁股不肏屁股，管你既把相干，横竖没肏你爹去罢了！你是好小子，出来动一动你茗大老爷！”我国老翻译家杨宪益就译为：“ what we do is no business of yours,… ”语言干净，而语气的咄咄逼人，并不下于原文。但有时为了充分表达原作用语的泼辣、粗野及性格化，也不得不从译语中选取相对应的粗话来表达。如汉语中的骂人语“放屁”，决不可形式主义地译为“ pass your wind”，而应视人物的身份、性格，说话时的内容、对象、场合、情景，灵活处理译语，可译为听来不怎么刺耳的“ Don''t talk rubbish ”、“ Don''t talk such rot ”、“ What nonsense ”、“ what rot ”、“ bosh ”等，也可译为气势汹汹、粗野逼人的“ Curse you ”及“ your farting fool ”等。毛泽东 1975 年曾怒斥过江青在大寨的一次别有用心的讲话是“放屁，文不对题”， 被译作“ Shit! Wide of the mark ”，以粗话对粗话，泼辣鄙夷，神态活现。而毛泽东词中的“不须放屁，试看天地翻覆”，则译作：“ Stop your windy nonsense!…”正颜厉色，而又意态轩昂，文贵适体，堪称佳译。
（彭嵋森 见《中国翻译词典 . 》）
七、习语和固定表达的翻译
习语（idiom）是作为一个单位使用， 意义不能从其独立的组成部分得出的一种表达法。习语和固定表达（fixed expression）是不能随意改动的，其语序和语法结构不能随意改变，更不能增减或替换其中的词汇。除非说话人或作者开玩笑或故意玩文字游戏，如： There was too much buck passing.（正常的习语是pass the buck=推诿责任），否则在使用时习语通常不能进行如下几种情况的改动：
改变词序: fight tooth and nail（拼命厮打）→
fight nail and tooth
删词: spill the beans（有意或无意泄露机密）→
spill beans
增词: face the music（勇敢面对困难）→
face the classical music
替换: rain cats and dogs （倾盘大雨）→
rain cats and pigs
改变语法结构: follow the crowd （随大流）→
the crowd was followed
但固定表达和谚语不同于习语，它们的意思通常比较容易推断。如 Ladies and Gentlemen （女士们，先生们）， Generally speaking （一般而言）， Time and tide wait for no one. ( 时不我待 ) 等等。 同时固定表达的使用又都与特定的情境和语域有关。如 Merry Christmas，年年有余等。 当然，固定表达和谚语的意思不是各个单词意思的简单叠加，我们必须把它当作一个整体来推断其含义。
在英汉习语翻译中，译者遇到的第一个难题是认出习语。有些习语比较容易辨认，比如：
１．违背常理的句子
It''s raining cats and dogs .
天下倾盘大雨。
My neighbours are continually quarrelling, but it is usually a storm in a tea-cup .
我的邻居们老是争吵不休，常常是为了点小事儿大吵大闹。
There is no need to jump down his throat, it wasn''t his fault.
没有必要对他发火，那不是他的过错。
２．违背语法规则的表达
He was blown to kingdom come.
他被炸死了。
A lot of the fellows that went to the Saturday night discos spent more time leaning on the wall or drinking in the bar than tripping the light fantastic and so the girls danced with each other, or got fed up and stopped going.
许多去参加周末迪斯科夜总会的人大多数时间不是跳舞，而是靠着墙边站着或者在酒吧间里喝酒，姑娘们只好自己搭档跳舞，有的厌倦了干脆不来了。
I''m afraid this sudden wet weather has put paid to （ =finish, destroy ） our picnic.
恐怕这突如其来的雨天已使我们的野炊泡汤了 。
３．以like, as等简单的词开头的习语
Broiled chicken disappeared from before us like magic.
烧鸡像变戏法似地从我们眼前消失了。
He accepted his defeat like a lamb （ =meekly ） .
他毫无反抗地接受了自己的失败。
They''re the same height, or as near as (=nearly; almost) makes no difference.
他们全是一般高，分不出谁高谁矮。
总之，字面意思越是不容易看懂的句子，译者越容易认出其中的习语。但是，一些从字面上看似乎意思很明确的表达，就很容易误导译者。如：
This was manly, as the world goes (=according to customary standard) .
按一般的标准，这还算是有男子气概。
I can''t turn up as I have other fish to fry.
我另有它事不能到。
有的习语字面意义和习惯意义兼有，就更难辨认了。如：
Mary went out with (= on dates with) Jim for two years before they were married.
玛丽和吉姆谈恋爱两年了才结婚。
（ go out with 既有“跟某人出去”字面意义也有“跟某人谈恋爱”的习惯意义。）
Helen felt the vanity of human affairs and it was in those securities that she would have liked to cast anchor.
海伦感到人世渺茫，只望手里有些产业，安心度日 。
（cast/drop anchor既有“抛锚”的字面意思，也有“定居；过安定生活”的习惯意义。）
有些习语从字面上看在目的语有十分接近的对应表达，也容易误译。 如：
He said that no one could beat him at tennis, but had to eat his words (= admit that sth one has said was wrong) after losing several games.
他说过打网球谁都赢不了他，可是输了几场之后， 他不得不收回前言。
（这里 eat one''s words 很容易被误译为“食言”。）
If you''re going to regard every suggestion I make as criticism, then I must wash my hands of the whole matter (= refuse to accept any responsibility for (sth or sb).
如果你把我的每一项建议都看作是批评，那我就不再过问这件事了。
（wash one''s hands of 在这里很容易被误译为“洗手不干了”，实际上是“拒绝负任何责任”。）
总之，译者必须根据上下文的逻辑关系，语法结构，词汇搭配等因素，并通过认真查阅有关参考书，来辨认习语，不仅要准确理解习语，还要把握意义和感情上的细微差别。而习语翻译中的难点则不同于习语辨认中所碰到的问题，归纳起来主要有以下几点：
A ．在目的语中没有对等的习语或固定表达。这种情况经常是文化差异造成的。如 carry coals to Newcastle (“多此一举”，因为 Newcastle 是英国的一个煤炭输出地。 ) 、yours respectfully/
faithfully/sincerely、年年有余、岁寒三友、恭颂秋安/秋祺等等。
B ．在目标语中有相似表达，但适用语境不同，因此内涵也不同。如 to sing a different tune 和“唱对台戏”，前者指“改变对某人或某事的观点、态度”而后者则是指“采取与对方相反地的行动，来反对或搞垮对方”。
C ．原语中使用的习语兼用其字面和习语意义。双关语经常属于此种情况。
I am reminded of the saying “ Let George do it ”， George ， I''ll have a few things for you to do. （ Time Dec .27, 1982 ）
我想起了这句俗语：“让乔治来干吧！” 乔治，我有几件事要你来干。
（ “ Let George(s) do it ”是一句美国习语，源自法国路易十二的口头禅，每当有什么苦差使没人愿意干时，他总是说：“ Let Georges do it ” （ Georges 是他的大臣Cardinal Georges ）。本例背景是美国前国务卿黑格辞职，而由 George Schultz 接任。当时的里根总统在 George Schultz 宣誓就职时说了这句俏皮话。“ Let Georges do it ” .
（ Georges 是他的大臣Cardinal Georges ）。本例背景是美国前国务卿黑格辞职，而由 George Schultz 接任。当时的里根总统在 George Schultz 宣誓就职时说了这句俏皮话。“ Let Georges do it ” . 一方面指“让 George Schultz 来接任吧！”的意思，另一方面又意含“（既然黑格不干，）就让别人来干的吧！（ Let someone else do it ）”。）
习语翻译常用的策略主要有：
１．用意义相近的习语来翻译：
More haste, less speed. 欲速则不达。
To fish in troubled waters. 混水摸鱼。
To kill two birds with one stone. 一箭双雕。
castles in the air 空中楼阁
坐失良机 miss the boat
充耳不闻 turn a deaf ear to
破釜沉舟 burn your boat
千钧一发 hang by a hair
２．用直译法： break silence 打破沉默
The policeman found a clue to the burglary.
警察找到了盗窃案的线索。
跑得了和尚跑不了庙。
The monk can run away, but not the monastery.
竹篮打水一场空。
To draw water in a bamboo basket.
３．用意译法：
Don''t get wise with me , young man.
别对我无礼，小伙子！
But the die was cast , he could not go back.
但事已决定，他不能翻悔。
他把你的话，一五一十，都告诉我了。
He has recounted everything you said in detail to me.
万一你有个三长两短，
If anything should happen to you,
４．兼用直译和意译：
The captain scratched the beginnings of five o''clock shadow and look away.
上校一边用手抓着下午五点钟长出来的络腮胡子茬，一边向远处望去。（这句里的 ”five o''clock shadow”, 如果直译为“五点钟的阴影”，中国读者一定难以理解，只好一部分直译，一部分意译。）
她单身一人，无亲无故。
She is all by herself and far from home, without a single relative or friend to help her. （这里把“无亲无故”直译为 ”without a single relative or friend”，然后加上意译 ”to help her”，使意思更明确。）
５．直译加注：
Don''t know, Captain, but it sounds like Grace is in there talking to her boss at NIS. She mentioned killing off the investigation. Sounds to me like some serious circling of wagons has been going on.
不知道，上校，不过听起来葛瑞丝好像正和她的调查局老板谈话，她提及撤消调查。听起来像是真的要把大篷车围起来了。（ circling of wagons 涉及美国的文化背景，因此可以先直译，再加注：美国人从东部向西部移民时，路上常遇印第安人袭击，于是他们就把大篷车围起来自卫。此处指当权者怕调查深入，火烧到自己身上，于是撤销调查自保。）
司马昭之心，故已路人皆知。
This Sima Zhao trick is obvious to every man in the street. （ Sima Zhao trick 如果不加注是无法理解的，所以加注： Sima Zhao was a prime minister of Wei (220-265 A.D.) who nursed a secret ambition to usurp the throne. The emperor once remarked, “Sima Zhao''s intention is obvious to every man in the street.” ）
６．略去不译
当源语中有些习语或固定表达本身有语义重复，或是在目标语中既找不到对应表达，也难以使用意译，或者是两种语言表达风格不同不宜译成习语时，可以将原习语部分或全部略去不译。如：
忽闻有人在牡丹亭畔长吁短叹。
Suddenly he heard a rustle in the peony pavilion and someone sighing deeply.
冷淡的阳光照着他们的愁眉苦脸和长发白眼 。
Cold pale sunlight illuminated their gloomy faces, long hair and lusterless eyes.
Could you help me in any way ?
你能帮忙一下吗？
As it happens , we did not meet there.
我们在那里并没有碰头。
７．增添法
根据英汉语习语的内涵和有关上下文的需要，在译文中增补一些原语习语中所没有的内容，把缺失的信息补上以帮助目标语读者正确理解译文。
milk and water → 牛奶掺水，淡而无味
to shed crocodile tears → 鳄鱼掉泪——假慈悲
树倒猢狲散 → Once the tree falls, the
monkeys on it will flee helter-skelter
８. 还原法
一些习语源于外语，翻译时可使之还原。例如“ 夹着尾巴”应写成“with the tail between the legs”; “战争贩子 ”是英文“war-monger”的中译;”蓝图” 则是“blue-print”等 .
１．为了使行文更明确
２．为了语气强调
３．为了表达生动
相关链接
“四字格”在译文中的运用 “四字格”词组，系指广义的概念，包括成语与非成语。一般说来，它涵意深刻，物型短小，‘生命力’旺盛、表现力强。“四字格”的成语，因袭定型，词序固定，不能随意拆散或组合：有些“四字格”并非成语，结构松散，可以根据一定的语境灵活组合。“四字格”在译文中运用十分广泛，只要运用得当，不但使译文大为增色、而且能起到“锦上添花”的作用。 一、使译文笔墨经济，以少胜多。 寥寥四字，言简意赅，在忠实于原文的内容和风格的前提下，恰当采用，译文就显得凝炼、贴切，具有高度的概括力。至于科技翻译，实践证明，不但可用，而且有时非用不可，关键在于要忠实于原文。如： Scientific exploration ， the search for knowledge has given man the practical results of being able to shield himself from the calamities of nature and the calamities imposed by other man. 科学的探索，知识的追求，使人类获得了避免天灾人祸的实力。 二、有助于译文通顺流畅，雅俗交融。三、有助于译文生动活泼，形象鲜明。 “四字格”成语，许多是凭借一定的积极修辞手段而构成的，以实指虚，具体生动，形象鲜明。运用恰当，有助于再现原文的语感、情志和形象，增加译文的感染力。四、提高译文语言的整齐匀称和韵律感。绝大部“四字格”词组中，四个字音节清晰，富于变化，连续运用，形成对仗，琅琅上口，抑扬顿挫，起落跌宕，十分和谐、具有语音上的美感，从而提高译文语言的节奏感，如：Empty vessels make the greatest sound。满瓶不响 ,半瓶叮当。 五、使用“四字格”切忌盲目追求词藻华丽而超出“信”的范围。 任何事物一旦超出适当的“限度”，就会走向自己的反面。“四字格”在译文中的运用也是如此。所谓“限度”系指“信”，不仅内容忠实，连同形式、风格也要尽可能忠实，切忌妄加更动。其次，浩如烟海的“四字格”在语体色彩上大有差异，有的属于陈腐冷僻、艰深古奥的书卷语，应该扬弃，有的属于程度高深的书卷语，有的具有深厚的汉语民族色彩，有的属于一般性的书卷语，还有的属于通俗的语体，运用时，均需根据上下文选择得当。此外，还要辨别其褒贬色彩，切忌混淆。“胸藏万汇凭吞吐，笔有千钧任歙张。”在译文中运用“四字格”，一个重要的关键，就在于忠实原文。吃透原文，并琢磨“四字格”正确含义，注意其感情色彩，运用恰当，貌神俱合，才能提高译文的质量，增加译文语言的美感和艺术感染力。
（树鉴文 见《中国翻译词典》）
英汉语言混用问题
新技术使电脑大幅度降价，电脑已经进入千家万户，信息高速公路缩短了人与人之间的距离，随着新型电子通讯的发展，地球将变成一个真正的小村庄。如果我们把这个“小村庄”看作一个并合地区（convergence area），那么对于产生语言的混用现象就不会觉得奇怪。根据《语言和语言学词典》，“并合地区” 是指“一个语言集团（ Speech community）和另一种相邻语言接触的地区。在这个地区中，经常性的语言接触会产生混合语言、双语现象，并发生语言演变。”造成双语现象的原因是复杂的，有政治、军事、宗教、文化、教育等方面的原因。但就目前的英汉语言混用现象而言，主要还是由于英语在全世界普及造成的。在国际交往中唯有英语超过其他任何语言，成为最常用的工作和交际语言。据语言专家估计，到本世纪末，会使用英语的人口将超过15亿，除了美国、英国、加拿大、等以英语为母语的国家外全球将有10多亿人会熟练使用英语。据统计，全球四分之三的信件是用英文写成的，因特网上80%的电子信函是用英文写成的。由于英语在信息交流中的强大优势，近年出现了不经翻译直接吸收英文术语的现象。现在随便翻开《光明日报》的电脑周刊，常常可以看到internet，window，homepage，Web，Dos，KV300，UCDOS,等电脑术语混用在汉语当中。除了在电脑技术方面的文本中有英汉混用现象外，在其他方面也出现了英汉混用现象。吴仪部长在电视采访中就直接用英语讲APEC，而不是讲“亚太经合组织”，中央台广播员直接用英语讲CCTV，NBA，MTV似乎已经司空见惯。就连《现代汉语词典》修订版也已经收入“卡拉OK”这样英汉混用的词条。美国畅销书FIT FOR LIFE 在香港译成中文时，题目也译成英汉混用的《FIT一世》。尽管《光明日报》后来也公布了internet的标准译名为“因特网”，但该报文章中仍然经常直接用internet。混用语言有的是自身选择，有的是被迫的，目前这种状况应该是自身选择的结果吧。
应该承认这种直接借用英文原文的方法，有它的可取之处。第一，在信息爆炸时代，人们没有时间去逐一考虑每个术语既对等又巧妙的译名。直接用原文比较省时。第二，用原文可以避免误解。在社会科学和自然科学方面，有时不同的译者对同一个术语有不同的译法，如果不看原文就会被那些术语搞糊涂了。葛传规先生编的《英语惯用法词典》中所有的语法术语都是用英文，吕叔湘先生译的《文明与野蛮》一书中连“社会群体”（ social groups），“文化”（culture）这样的术语都注上英文，足见两位先生治学之严谨。现在港、台及海外其他地区的华人所采取的译名往往与大陆有很大的差别，比如AIDS，大陆译为“艾滋病”，而港、台译为“爱死病”，有了原文就可避免误会。第三，用原文可以将在汉语中一时找不到对等译名的概念直接引进来。包容吸收其他民族的语言是对本民族语言的丰富和发展，英语本身就是各民族语言的大熔炉，它广泛地向其他语言直接借用了大量的词汇。象pai-hua（白话）、wok（锅）、wonton （馄饨）等汉语词汇都已直接进入英语。正是英语词汇的这种世界性，才使它有如此强大的影响力。而且英语离开英国本土后就再也不是英国人的专利了，它和新技术一样可以被其他民族所利用，成为信息交流的载体。实际上用直接借用的方法不但丰富了本民族的语言，而且使本民族的语言更容易与其他民族的语言接轨，从而更方便各民族文化的交流。时下流行的词“酷”源自英语 cool，如果用意译是很难找出与之对等的词的。美国人经常举行各种各样的party， 把party译成“晚会”、“聚会”都很难与原文对等。倒不如直接借用party更好。 直接借用的词可能一开始会比较陌生，甚至难以接受，但随着时间的推移，人们会接受的。用惯汉语数目字的人刚接触阿拉伯数字时一定很不习惯，可是现在汉语已经完全接受了阿拉伯数字。十几年前，有人说“的士”、“巴士”、“打的”等港、台词汇不中不洋，不伦不类，可是现在这些词都已收入新修订的《现代汉语词典》了。
我们过去翻译外来词汇时一般用音译，意译或音译，意译合用的方法。而且我们比较喜欢采用“归化”的手段，使译过来的词具有中国特色，人们一看就懂，比如“院士”、“可口可乐”、“代沟”等。前不久关于“克隆”（clone）译名的争论正是体现了这种心态。有人认为“克隆”没有中国特色，不能一看就懂，应改为“单生”，可是至今报刊、广播还是用“克隆”。现在又多了一种直接借用的方法，我们应该以开放的心态对待英汉混用问题，使汉语逐步走向国际化。不过，我以为在使用英文词汇时应该用括号在后面注明中文意思，至少在文中第一次出现时应该注明意思。特别是一些缩略语，就连懂英文的人有时也莫名其妙。作为翻译工作者对这个问题应谨慎处之，不能为了省事都用直接借用的方法。过去我们把science译作“赛先生”，democracy译作“德先生”，可以说是一时找不到确切的译名所采用的应急办法，最终还是被后来想到合适译名所代替。我们直接引进的英文词汇能否为汉语所接受，是需要时间考验的，更何况译出一个既确切又巧妙的译名，始终是译者努力的目标。
（林本椿 《谈信息时代的翻译》上海科技翻译 1998 第2期）
八、四字词组和翻译
四字词组是汉语中一种常见的语言现象，是汉语的一大词汇特点。它由四个语素构成，通常分为自由词组和固定词组。自由词组是临时组成的，可随意拆散，重新组合；例如“广泛开展”，“紧密联系”。固定词组则是一个整体，不能拆散使用，其中的任何词语都不能随意更换，含特殊意义，也称为成语，例如“ 雪中送炭 ”，“路不拾遗”。 四字词组从内容上看，言简意赅；从形式上看，整齐匀称；从语音上看，顺口悦耳；从表达效果上看，形象生动。此外，四字词组迎合了我国人民自古以来的平衡美心理。受中庸哲学思想的影响，中国人的美学观念中特别强调平衡美，所以四字词组就自然特别受宠爱，在行文，说话中人们都常运用到它们。由于四字词组具有如此优点，在英译汉时若使用恰当，既能保存原作的丰姿，又使译文大为生色。最突出的一个例子就是王佐良先生所译的 《论读书》。
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.
读书足以怡情，足以博彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其博彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际。
这样一段话读来琅琅上口，实为一篇难得之佳作。现代翻译学认为，译文与原文在意义上应动态对应，不要形式对等。因此，从原文的深层意义出发，英语句中的单词、短语、习语，甚至整句，都有可能译成相应的汉语四字词组。例如 ：
If this was a time of triumph for the many, it was a painful period for the few.
多数人人兴高采烈之日，却是少数人伤心失意之时。
The truth comes out．
真相大白。
He sat there and watched them, so changelessly changing, so bright and dark, so grave and gay.
他坐在那儿注视着，觉得眼前的景象，既是始终如一，又是变化多端，既是光彩夺目，又是朦胧黑暗，既是庄严肃穆，又是轻松愉快。
The two theories vary ， but they are compossible.
这两种理论虽然各有千秋，但它们是并行不悖的。
Misery loves company 。同病相怜。
I congratulate myself on my narrow escape。
我庆幸自己死里逃生。
On every hand was a charming view of rocky buttresses and wooded heights.
到处是山石嶙峋，密林峰巅，景色迷人。
All things conspired to make him happy 。
事事巧合使他心满意足。
The warmth of the summer months, the amount of rainfall and the gentle slopes of the land have made settlement and cultivation possible over large parts of the continent.
由于夏季温暖，雨量适宜，山坡平缓，人们已经有可能在这个大陆的大部分地区定居和耕作。
She exulted to find that she had succeeded 。
她为自己大功告成而狂喜 。
He contrived to make a mess of the whole thing 。
他挖空心思反而把事情全盘弄糟了。
You can''t come round with such yarns ．
你别想用这套花言巧语来哄骗我。
It has no counterpart in the world ．
举世无双。
The storm clouds gathered darkly，乌云密布。
He was daunted by the amount of work still to be done。
还有那么多工作要做，弄得他灰心丧气。
He was silent in default by any excuse 。
他无可推诿，哑口无言。
His speech was dreary。他的演讲枯燥乏味。
The state was in disruption 。
这个国家处于分崩离析之中。
Harcourt had just bought the book, and had reached into his pocket for the money with a free ready gesture to make it appear that he has been accustomed to buying books for young ladies.
哈科特刚选好书，用潇洒自如的姿态，把手伸进口袋去掏钱。显得是一位为妙龄女郎买书的老手呢。
由此可见，熟练掌握汉语的四字词组，充分理解、挖掘英语原文的深刻含义，就能在翻译中得心应手、运用自如。
既然汉语四字词组有这么大的优点，我们是不是该反过来考虑考虑如何将我们这一语言精华翻译成英语呢。四字词组翻译成英语有各种不同的方法，如一些人提到的直译法，意译法和直译意译结合法。在这里我们探讨四种翻译四字词组的常用方法。
（一）将原文的四字词组译成英语的一个词。
这些词主要是名词，形容词，副词，动词。一部分汉语四字词组译为英语时只需用一个英语单词替换就足以表达它的意思。看似简单，孰不知英语所要求的就是简洁明了。汉语喜欢多用修饰词，一大部分四字词组正是起着修饰作用的。有一些四字词组前后两部分意思重复，就只需译出其中一个意思。凡是英语里的动词或名词，已经把汉语里修饰名词或动词的含义包括进去了，就可以在英语里把这些形容词，副词删去不译。
这一切均在铁的事实前面彻底破产了。
But their slanders have all been exploded in the face of hard facts.
（ Explode 已经包含了彻底的意思，所以翻译时无需再用 completely. 彻底破产这一四字词组就译成了一个单词 explode. ）
这是走向繁荣昌盛的唯一道路。
This is the only road leading to prosperity
（如果译成 this is the only road leading to affluence and prosperity 就显得多余了。因为affluence和prosperity 表达的是一样的意思。）
虽然我们前面的道路崎岖不平┅┅
Although the road before us is rough ┄
（按字面翻译崎岖不平应该是 rough and bumpy, 之所以只用 rough ，道理和上面一个例子是一样的，两个词表达相同的意思择其一即可。）
使我国五亿多农民实行社会主义改造这样一种惊天动地的事业，不可能是在一种风平浪静的情况下出现的，┅┅
It''s impossible to carry in an atmosphere of tranquility such an earth-shaking task as getting some 500 million peasants to undertaking socialist transformation ┄
但是这种所谓两党制不过是维护资产阶级专政的一种方法，它绝不能保障劳动人民的自由权利。
But this so-called two-party system is nothing but a device for maintaining the dictatorship of the bourgeoisie; it can never guarantee freedoms to the working people.
（“自由权利”中的自由即是权利，两者二而一，译成 freedoms 意即保障自由的各项权利。）
他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了。
He carelessly glanced through the note and got away.
过去几周，她越来越六神无主。
Over the past several weeks, she had grown increasingly restless .
（二）将四字词组译成短语，如介词短语，副词短语，不定式短语。
这也是一种常用的方法。这种方法往往是套用英语中最简单的词组或句型。如广告中常用的典雅大方 elegant and graceful, 轻柔松软 soft and light. 再如，某位领导的讲话要求外交人员“立场坚定、目光远大、头脑敏捷、业务熟练、才华出众、风格高尚”，黄金祺将原文译为“ A Chinese diplomat should be firm in stand, broad in vision, swift in wit, qualified in profession, outstanding in talent, noble in character ”。原文的六个四字词组在译文里换作六个 “adj.+ in +n.” 结构的短语，同样对称整齐、简明扼要，与原文相比，形式不同，功能却相似。因此用这个结构来翻译四字词组达到了异曲同工的效果，既保留了原文的风格，又使译文自然贴切，具有可读性。
这种地区的农会和农村政权的领导工作，应当由贫农和中农中思想正确、办事公道的积极分子去做。
In these areas the leading posts in the peasant associations and the organ of political power should be assumed by those activists among the poor and middle peasants who are correct in their thinking and fair and just in running affairs .
（这个例子同样也是采用 “adj.+ in +n.” 的结构来译四字词组。）
社会主义国家内部的反动派同帝国主义者互相勾结，利用人民内部的矛盾，挑拨离间，兴风作浪，企图实现他们的阴谋。
It was a case of the reactionaries inside a socialist country, in league with the imperialists, attempting to achieve their conspiratorial aims by taking advantage of contradictions among the people to foment dissension and stir up disorder .
（两个简单的动词词组恰当地译出了挑拨离间与兴风作浪。）
纵目眺望，我饱览了一片无限娇艳的风光：万紫千红，郁郁葱葱。鸟语悦耳，花香袭人，涟漪荡漾，瀑布飞流，层峦起伏，阡陌纵横。真可谓生机勃勃，气象万千。
As far as sight could reach, I feasted my eyes on a vastness of infinite charm, which presents itself in a profusion of color, in verdant luxuriance, in dulcet warbling, in pervading perfume, in rippling undulation, in cataract sprays, in hilly waves, in field crisscross and verily in vitality and variety .
（一小段话连用了八个四字词组，译者将它们处理为 in +adj. + n. 的结构，使得译文同样结构整齐，意思明确，可以说是达到了内容与形式的统一。）
（三）套用英语中意思相同及功能对等的习语。
四字词组中有很大一部分是固定词组，即成语。成语往往带有浓厚的民族色彩和地方色彩。翻译时除了要忠实地表达原文意义之外，还要尽可能保持原文成语的形象比喻，丰富联想，修辞效果以及其民族、地方特点等。有的成语和英语中的习语在内容和形式上都相符合，双方不但有相同的意义和修辞色彩，并且有相同或大体相同的形象比喻。汉译英时，如果遇到这种情况，不妨直截了当地套用英语同义习语。这样的译文可能会增色不少，基本能实现四字词组的美学价值转移。
（１）双方有完全相同的形象比喻
趁热打铁 strike while the iron is hot
隔墙有耳 wall has ears
捧上天去 praise to the skies
火上加油 pour oil on the flame
（２）双方有大体相同的形象比喻
沧海一粟 a drop in the ocean
挥金如土 spend money like water
笑掉牙齿 laugh off one''s head
害群之马 a black sheep
得知本国发生了强烈地震，总统一直心乱如麻。
The president, being told of the strong earthquake in his country, was on tenterhooks every minute.
（根据英语权威词典 Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 英语习语 to be on tenterhooks 其中有一个意思是 to be in a worried, anxious state of mind （心情烦乱，焦急，紧张）。翻译心乱如麻时，我们正是采用这个意思，借助这个习语来替换四字词组。）
借用英语习语既保留了原文的风格和喻体，又能使读者欣然接受，达到了译文与原文之间意义相符、功能相似的翻译要求。但是应该注意的是如果这一成语具有太浓厚的民族色彩，地方色彩就不可硬套英语习语，以至与原作的上下文形成矛盾，破坏原作的意蕴和形象，使译文读者产生误解。有一大部分成语无法套用习语，只能采取直译，意译或加注等其它方法，在此不作详细讨论。
（四）综合法
如果将两个或两个以上的四字词组连用，则更能体现汉语语言的音乐美，含蕴美及稳重美。当一个长句或自然段落内连续出现几个四字词组时，宜采用综合法。综合法就是打破四字词组的形式，兼容各种技巧于一体的翻译方法。它往往既能忠实地传达原文的意思，又能较好地再现原有的丰姿。
香港新时代的巨轮，此刻在祖国尊重香港人、相信香港人、爱护香港人的旭日辉映下，满怀信心，升锚启航，向着振兴中华，祖国统一的宏伟目标乘风奋进。
We are embarking on a new era. With the respect and trust from the entire nation, we will be much more equipped to sail forward with confidence and with conviction. We will play a part in facilitating the reunification of the entire nation, and bringing a better life to all in the nation.
（借助英语的平行结构，用 be equipped with confidence and with conviction 译出“满怀信心”，既传神达意，又上口顺耳；用 embark on 译出登上时代巨轮的形象和升锚启航的呼应，不仅相得益彰，而且加大了“乘风奋进”的力度。“振兴中华”则阐释其义，根据演讲时的语境，根据香港回归在中国统一大业和繁荣昌盛的作用，译作 play a part in facilitating the reunification of the entire nation, and bringing a better life to all in the nation ，与“祖国统一的宏伟目标”融为一体了。）
二百公里航道上，遍布着无数险滩。险滩上，江流汹涌，回旋激荡，水击礁石，浪花飞溅，声如雷鸣。
Numerous shoals scattered over the 200kms course give rise to many eddies. Pounding on the midstream rocks, the river roars thunderously.
综上所述，翻译四字词组可以有多种方法，或译成单词，或词组，或套用习语，又或打破形式用综合法。应根据不同情况选择合适的译法。翻译是灵活的东西，汉语四字词组的翻译也应该是灵活多样的。总的原则是既要照顾形式，但又不拘泥于形式，尽可能使译文自然、贴切，可读性强。
１．定语位置的调整
２．同位语的位置调整
３．状语位置的调整
４．英汉语复合句中的逻辑顺序的调整
５．被动句的语序调整
７．搭配调整
第三章 句子翻译
相关链接
动态对等（Dynamic Equivalence）“动态对等”是奈达（E. Nida）从交际学方面探索翻译中的对等问题所提出来的一个概念。他给“动态对等”所下的定义是：“最切近原语信息的自然对等。并进一步解释说在上述定义中有三个关键术语：1. 对等——对原语信息而言；2. 自然——对目的语而言； 3 ．最切近一上述两者的结合，以达到最高度的近似。“动态对等”的理论基础是“效果对等”的原则，即译文读者对译文所做出的反应与原文读者对原文所做出的反应基本一致。后来，为避免“动态”（ Dynamic ）一词引起概念上的混淆，奈达将“动态对等”改为“功能对等”（ Functional Equivalence ）。
（见《译学大词典》P.18）
对等概念 对等是一个科学描述性的概念，比文艺派喜欢用的“忠实”、“信”客观一些。“忠实”指的是态度，当然是译者的态度了，但是“忠实的译文”又转而指译文质量。“对等”不涉及译者的态度，概念比较明确一些。从语言角度研究对等，重点放在音、词素、词、词组、句、句群、语段等各层次上的等值关系。深入细微而又符合两种语言实际使用情况的调查研究，对于翻译工作中掌握语言规律有很大的帮助。层次越高、这些成分的语义内容越清楚。但是言语的实际效果，靠语义分析还不一定能确定究竟是什么。如纽马克分“通达型”和“语义型”翻译时，发现有时信息正好和语义相反，如法语 objets trouv é s 译为英语 1ost property （ Peter Newark ： 1981 ， P. 2 ）。为什么语义相反的东西会形成对等？这里需要利用符号学、语用学的观点。据德国学者诺伊贝特（A. Neubert）分析，语言成分对等和语义对等都必须受语用对等的制约。（郭建中：86，5《中国翻译》）从这个角度观察纽马克的例子，可以发现法语 trouv é s （找到的）和英语 1ost（失去的）两个词虽然语义相反，可是各自和objets 与 property 结合后；两个词组指义相同，都是两个词组出现在招牌上，对两国人民都有“失物招领”的语用意义，因此语用关系是对等的。这才是翻译对等的基础。
但是语用学中的对等还不完全等于翻译中的对等；诺伊贝特从语用学角度指出，莎士比亚十四行诗中的 Shall I compare thee to a summer''s day ，如果译人语国家的夏天并不柔和可爱，那么夏天不应该按词义译出。对此，纽马克却又从语义加文学的角度提出了异议，他说读者是有想象力的，读这首诗可以获得鲜明的印象，认识到英格兰的夏天是美好的，所以不会误会，反而可以加深他对英国文化的理解。（P. Newmark：82，2 BABEL）由此可见，翻译中需要的对等是一种综合性的关系。不是机械地综合语言学、语义学、语用学等等方面的对等，而是依靠艺术的眼光和文化语言素养，全面细微地考虑各方面因素。效果上的对等，就是这样一种综合性的对等关系。
为了达到效果上的对等，译文必须通达。奈达用“自然”（ natural ）这个概念，比“通顺”要求高一些。“通顺”主要指语言，“自然”除了指语言外，同时还指文化上、思想习惯上可以通得过。奈达主持翻译的《今日英语版圣经》中将《新约·罗马人书》中保罗对罗马信徒们说的一句话译为 Greet one another with a brotherly kiss ，而没有沿用“钦定本”的译法—— Greet one another with a holy kiss（请你们以圣吻互相致意），“钦定本”中的“圣吻”从语言上讲并不是不通顺，但是现代英语读者无法想象什么样的吻才是“圣”，所以不自然。
在一切语言现象中，形式和内容都是统一的，这个统一体对使用这一语言的人可以产生一定的效果；翻译过程是一个变化过程，形式完全变了，内容为什么能不变或基本不变？更怎么能产生同样的效果？关键就在于“自然”：对译文接受者的接收渠道和原文接受者的渠道之间的差别，译者有一个全面而细微深入的了解，他根据新的接收渠道的特点改变信息的形式，甚至调整部分内容，使译文中的形式与内容的统一体适应新的接收渠道，和原文的统一体适应原文接受者的渠道一样，才有可能产生相同或基本相同的效果。翻译中这一个形式与内容的变与不变的矛盾，只有在效果上取得统一。不同类型的翻译，只要属于上文所说狭义翻译范围之内，基本上都适用这一原则，因为它们对形式与内容的不同要求，本来就是体现在效果上，译者也只能在译文效果上面下功夫以求对等。
对等从来就是一个相对的概念。语言学家雅各布森（ R. Jakobson ）论翻译时有一句名言：“差异之中的对等，这是语言的根本问题，也是语言学的关键课题”。 （ Roman Jakobson in ON TRANSLATION ， Harvard University Press ， 1959 ， P. 232 ）因此，如果证明某些实例中的两种效果有所差异，这并不能否定等效概念，而只能说明需要进一步努力减少差异，争取能用可能范围内最自然的语言，达到可能范围内最接近原文的效果。在这样努力之后还有差异，仍不能证明等效概念无效。就是在非常严格的自然科学中，称为“绝对零度”的温度一 273 ． 15 ℃，也是从理论上算出来的，实际上从未达到过，但是当然不能说它因此就没有意义。对等是一切严肃的翻译工作者必然追求的目标，不是这样的对等，便是那样的对等。只有一个办法可以否定等效原则，那就是在证明实际上并不等效的同时，能指出另一种更有意义而又更切实可行的对等。如果能确实证明有那么一种对等，那么等效原则就应该退让；除此以外，一切指出不等效的批评和质疑，都可以看作是对等效论的积极帮助，可以促使它在理论上进一步发展，从而在实践中起到更有效地提高翻译水平的作用。（金隄： 1989 ，第 21 一 24 页）
翻译中异国情调的保留与原著风格的再现
翻译中历来争论不休的问题之一，就是译者在译本中该如何保留异国的情调、再现原著风格。以外译中为例，译本读起来该像中文的创作？还是像翻译的文字？前者可以傅雷为典范。他的译文纯净优美，抑扬有致，读者打开《高老头》或《约翰．克利斯朵夫》，一口气读下去，但觉畅顺无阻，如行云流水，比起一般以中文发表的原创作品，其流利程度，实在有过之而无不及。傅雷的译品，一向受到论者重视、读者欢迎，可是近年来忽然有不少译界人士提出不同的观点，认为过份流畅的译文，失之于「滑溜」，翻译不妨带点「翻译腔」，唯有如此，方能保持原著中的「原汁原味」，方能将源语中的特有文化带入目的语的土壤中，使之植根萌芽，茁壮生长。而翻译的功能之一，就是要使耕植过多而渐趋贫瘠的土壤，因承受外来文化的冲击灌溉，而变得滋润丰腴，生机勃勃。
但是翻译本身是一种跨文化交流的复杂活动。一国或一地的人民要了解他国他地的文化，除了学习外语、沉浸其中之外，当然惟有依赖翻译一途。翻译是一种通过多元化、多层次、多范畴的途径来沟通的方式，并非仅靠某一独立绝缘的语篇或文本交流的单轨行为。因此，单一语篇的译者所负的责任，只是文化交流的滚滚洪流之中的一小涓滴，译者翻译时，不可能也不必要把每一字、每一词、每一句都当作传递异国文化的载体，而刻意异化，以致堕入了「死译」、「直译」的陷阱而难以自拔。
几年前，有一次众友驱车由中文大学前往沙田市区午膳，途中因天热无风，有人提议关车窗、开冷气，车主说：「雪种不够，要去加了。」此时，同车的洋教授不禁好奇地问：「雪种是什么？」洋教授是一名汉学家，中文造诣相当不错，但没听过港式粤语「雪种」的说法。告之以「雪种」即 refrigerant（致冷剂），教授听罢不由得喟然兴叹：「啊！Seed of Snow！真是太美，太有诗意了！」同车之人，闻之皆无动于衷。
另外有一次，利国伟博士来函提到苏东坡〈和子由渑池怀旧〉一诗的前四句：「人生到处知何似，应似飞鸿踏雪泥，泥上偶然留指爪，鸿飞那复计东西」。他说深喜此诗，但英译本读之「总觉得称心者甚少」。其实，在这首诗中，「雪泥」的意象颇费踌躇。「雪泥」两字，到底是什么意思？「雪泥」在中国诗词中，是常见的词汇，《现代汉语词典》却解释为「融化着雪水的泥土」。《辞源》中只有「雪泥鸿爪」词条：「喻行踪无定，偶然相值也」。「雪泥」两字，按字面直译，当然就是 “snow-mud”，而“snow-mud”是否诗意盎然？我就此请教过一位加拿大名诗人，他曾经从意大利文转译过王维《辋川集》的四十首诗，其后再加上其它中国诗人作品的英译，结集成书，出版了《寂寥集》。这位诗人本身的诗作，也以吟诵自然景观为主题，深受东方文化的影响。这样的一位诗人，我问他“snow-mud”令他引起的联想是什么？他的答案是“Terrible thing!”诗人长年居住于温哥华，该处冬日寒寂、阴雨连绵，这「融化着雪水的泥土」，无论如何，都唤不起美感的经验，也是理所当然的。
因此，翻译之中，直译与意译之纷争，异国情调与本土色彩之较量，意义并不很大。意象可以保留，可以不借思索，直接移植，美其名为保留「原汁原味」，及丰富目的语的文化，但译者一厢情愿的意图，万一付诸实行，是否可以达到预期的效果？以「雪泥」与「雪种」为例，恐怕就未必如此。
在中文里，「雪泥」是典雅优美的意象，盛载着千百年文学的遗产，携带着世世代代文化的信息，这样一个充满诗情画意、内涵极深的词汇，一旦直译照搬为 “snow-mud”， 丝毫唤不起外文读者对「人生无常、往事留痕」的丰富联想，反而引起了「泥泞不适、举步维艰」的感觉；「雪种」是只流行于粤语地区、甚或香港一地的俗语，一般香港的中国人一听「雪种」两字，就会想起汽车、冷气机等实际的事物，而决不会因此而浮想连翩，诗情洋溢。
（摘自 金圣华 《认识翻译真面目》 2000，12）
一、语序的转换
英汉语的基本语法结构，尤其是基本语序有许多相通之处，如主、谓、宾的位置基本相同。但由于英语属印欧语系，汉语属汉藏语系，两种语言的语序还是有差异。汉语没有形态变化，语序是汉语的重要语法形式。语序不同，意思不同。如：
人看牛 A man is looking at the cow.
牛看人 A cow is looking at the man.
看牛人 A cowherd
英语的语序相对比较灵活，主要是定语和状语的位置比汉语灵活。如：
He went to Shanghai yesterday.
Yesterday he went to Shanghai.
他昨天去上海。
这个例子里yesterday的位置可以在went之前或之后，并没有影响句子的基本意思，而汉语里则不能把“昨天”放在“去”之后。
由于这些差异，我们在英汉互译时就常常要调整语序，尤其是定语和状语的语序。所谓调整语序，就是根据目的语习惯的表达方式，调整原语的语序。
１．定语位置的调整
英语中，单词作定语时，通常放在它所修饰的名词前，汉语中也大体如此。有时英语中有后置的，但译成汉语时一般都前置。
He has something important to tell you.
他有重要事情告诉你。（英语中修饰any, some , every, no构成的不定代词的形容词要后置，而汉语里定语一般放在所修饰的词前面。反之，在汉译英，就要注意将定语后置。）
这个句子没有什么 不对的 地方 。
There is nothing wrong with this sentence.
出席会议的来宾是上海来的。
The guests present at the meeting are from Shanghai. （汉语原文的定语是放在“来宾”之前，译成英文， present 要放在 guest 之后。
这是我们这儿能找到的唯一参考书。
This is the only reference book available here.（英语中某些以 -ible 或 -able 结尾的形容词用作定语，与 every, the only, 或形容词最高级连用来修饰一个名词时，通常放在所修饰的名词之后。）
他是当今最伟大的诗人。
He is the greatest poet alive . ( 英语中作表语的形容词，用作定语时，通常要后置。 )
有多个定语修饰一个中心词时，英语定语的排列顺语序和汉语不尽相同，因此，翻译时必须根据整句意思做出调整。
It was partly as a result of those economics that many of our most important new projects in other fields become possible.
我们在其他方面许多最主要的新工程得以实施，部分地是由于采取了这些节约措施。
国际经济新秩序
a new international economic order
一位美国现代优秀作家
an outstanding contemporary American writer
（汉语中，几个定语连用时，习惯上是把最能表明事物本质的放在最前面，而把表示规模大小、力量强弱的放在后面。英语则往往与此相反，越是能表示事物本质的定语越是要靠近中心词。）
如果英语中名词前的定语过多，译文中则不宜完全前置，因为汉语不习惯在名词前用过多的定语。
a little， yellow，ragged beggar （前置）
一个要饭的，身材矮小，面黄肌瘦，衣衫褴褛 （后置）
英语中，修饰名词的短语一般放在名词之后，而汉语则反之，但间或也有放在后面的，视汉语习惯而定。
their attempt to cross the river （后置）
他们渡江的企图 （前置）
the decimal system of counting （后置）
十进制计算法（后置，中心词转移）
汉语的定语，无论是单用或几个连用，通常放在中心词之前，译成英语时，是前置或后置，要依照英语习惯来处理。
英国是第一个承认中华人民共和国的西方大国。
Britain was the first Western power to recognize the People''s Republic of China.
某些固定词组，单个形容词作定语，在汉语是前置，在英语则应该后置。
军事法庭 Court Martial
（联合国）秘书长 Secretary General (of the U.N.)
当选总统 the president elect
２．同位语的位置调整
英语同位语一般放在中心词之后，汉语则比较复杂，有的在中心词之前，有的在后。同位语在翻译中可当作一种定语来处理，汉译英时，如果中心词是代词，同位语在后，就保持原语序。如：
我们热烈欢迎你们，各条战线上的先进工作者们，来参加这次大会。
We warmly welcome you, advanced workers from various fronts, to the conference.
如果中心词是名词，同位语在前，汉译英时，一般要后置，英译汉则可前可后。如：
这是我们医院的院长周先生。
This is Mr. Zhou, director of our hospital .
The college interviewed only two applicants for the job, Professor Brown and me.
学院只面试了布朗教授和我两位申请这份工作的人。
His book, Walden Pond, has been translated into Chinese.
他的书《瓦尔登湖》已被译成中文。
３．状语位置的调整
英语中单词作状语修饰形容词或其他状语时，通常放在它所修饰的形容词或状语的前面，这一点与汉语相同。
He was very active in class．（前置）
他在班上很活跃。 （前置）
英语中单词作状语修饰动词时，一般放在动词之后，而在汉语里则放在动词之前。
Modern science and technology are developing rapidly．（后置）
现代科学技术正在迅速发展。（前置）
英语中表示程度的状语在修饰状语时可前置也可后置，而在汉语中一般都前置。
He is running fast enough （后置）
他跑得够快的了。 （前置）
英语中短语状语可放在被修饰的动词之前或之后，译成汉语时则大多数放在被修饰的动词之前，但也有放在后面的。
Seeing this ， some of us became very worried．（前置）
看到这种情况，我们有些人心里很着急 。（前置）
A jeep full sped fast ， drenching me in spray ．
一辆坐满人的吉普车急驶而过，溅了我一身水。 （后置）
英语中地点状语一般在时间状语之前，而汉语中时间状语则往往放在地点状语之前。
He was born in Beijing on May 20 ， 1970． （地点在前）
他是1970年5月20日在北京出生的。（时间在前）
英语中时间、空间、地点状语的排列一般是从小到大，而汉语中则是从大到小。
在游廊的最左端，靠近一道门，却坐有一位将近三十岁的男子。
Close by a door at the extreme left of the veranda sat a man of about thirty.
她是1949年12月8日出生 。
She was born on December 8, 1949.
他住在福州市仓山区公园路 120号。
He lives at 120 Park Road, Cangshan District, Fuzhou City.
英语复合句中，表示时间的从句可以放在主句之前，也可以放在主句之后，汉语中则通常先叙述先发生的事，后叙述后发生的事。
Please turn off the light when you leave.
你离开时，请关灯。
I went out for a walk after I had my dinner．
（从句在主句之后）
After I had my dinner ， I went out for a walk ．
（从句在主句之前）
我吃了晚饭后出去散步。
英语复合句中有时包含两个以上的时间从句，各个时间从句的次序比较灵活，汉语则一般按事情发生的先后安排其位置。
He had flown yesterday from Beijing where he spent his vacation after finishing the meeting he had taken part in Tianjin ．
他本来在天津开会，会议一结束，他就上北京去度假了，昨天才坐飞机回来。
汉语的状语语序是时间——地点——方式——动词，英语的习惯语序是动词——方式——地点——时间。
他每天晚上都在家里刻苦学习英语。
He studies English hard at home every night.
Professor Zhang is working with his two new assistants in the physical laboratory at the moment.
张教授此刻正在物理实验室和他的两个新助手一道工作 。
汉语里，一个句子如果有两个状语，通常连在一起放在句子之中。英语则不然，往往把两个状语分别放在句首，句中或句后，以免句子出现头重脚轻的不平衡现象。
中国人民正在中国***的领导下，团结一致地进行着伟大的社会主义建设。
Led by the Chinese Communist Party, the Chinese people, united as one , are engaged in the great task of building socialism.
４．英汉语复合句中的逻辑顺序的调整
（１）表示因果关系的英语复合句中，因果顺序灵活，在汉语中多数情况是原因在前，结果在后。
He had to stay in bed because he was ill ．
因为他病了，他只好呆在床上。 （前置）
生活中既有悲剧，文学作品就可以写悲剧。
Tragedies can be written in literature since there is tragedy in life. （汉语原文显然是个因果句，前面为因，后面为果，译成英文，要用符合英语习惯的复合句，语序由前移后。）
（２）表示条件（假设）与结果关系的英语复合句中，条件（假设）与结果的顺序也不固定，在汉语中则是条件在前，结果在后。
I still hope you will come back if arrangements could be made． （后置）
如果安排得好，我还是希望你来。（前置）
（３）表示目的与行动关系的英语复合句中，目的与行动的顺序比较固定，多数是行动在前，目的在后，汉语也如此，但有时为了强调，也可把目的放在行动之前。
Better take your umbrella in case it rains．
最好带上伞以防下雨。
５．被动句的语序调整。汉语习惯用主动语态，因此，英语被动句译成汉语时语序要调整为主动式。
That laser is a new light source is known to us .
我们知道，激光是一种新光源 。
６．英汉句子重心不同，英语的句子重心在前，汉语的句子重心在后。英语的句子主语突出，汉语的句子主题突出。因此， 英汉互译时必须注意调整句子的结构。
It is good you are so considerate.
你想得这样周到太好了 。（英语句子可以用形式主语 it 开头，汉语没有这样的结构，而是以话题开头的句子较常见。）
发生这样的事不是你的错 。
It is not your fault that this has happened. ( 与上例相反，从汉语译成英语，要用符合英语习惯的句子结构。 )
On and on Byron talked.
拜伦滔滔不绝地讲述着。（英语把重心放在前，突出拜伦是在滔滔不绝地讲，但汉语不能说：滔滔不绝地拜伦讲着。）
Never have nuclear reactions stopped inside the sun.
在太阳内部，核反应从来没有停止过。（英文倒装句，翻译时往往要复位。）
７．搭配调整。有的搭配在原文是自然贴切的，但在译文中未必能搭配得拢，因此，在翻译时必须作搭配调整。
The computer can give Mary the right lesson for her: not fast, not slow.
计算机能给玛丽上课，上得恰到好处，不快不慢 。（如把 right 和 lesson 的搭配关系硬译出来，未必圆满。现将right分离出来，译为“恰到好处”，更符合译文的搭配习惯。）
汉英两种语言中，都有一些并列结构的词语，已经形成各自固定的搭配语序，翻译时要做必要调整。
钢铁工业 the iron and steel industry
敌我矛盾 the contradictions between ourselves and the enemy
衣食住行 food, clothing, shelter and transportation
东南西北 north , south , east and west
西南 south-west 东南 south-east
８．修辞性调整。有时为了使语言明确生动，就必须合理安排语序。在原文语序是生动明确的，直译出来未必生动，必须调整语序才可以达到相同的效果。
When the correspondent again opened his eyes, the sea and the sky were each of the grey colour of the dawning.
当记者再次睁开眼时，天刚破晓，海天一片灰色。（把 of the dawning 提前译出，语句就生动活泼，更具层次感。试比较“ 大海和天空都呈现黎明时的灰色”，就逊色多了。）
１．介词的宾语译成主语
６．主语译成谓语
11．状语译成定语
相关链接
联合国同声翻译笑话多
联合国如今已有会员国一百八十五个，虽然官方规定使用的语言只有阿拉伯语、汉语、英语、法语、西班牙语和俄语共六种，但实际上在有些场合，与会人员使用的语言多达一百多种。自从第二届联合国大会开始规定“同步口译”以来，由于发言人讲话越来越快，同步口译有时便难免牛头不对马嘴。
今年一月初，联合国大会展开对“未婚妈妈”这一问题的辩论。阿拉伯语译员顿时遇到麻烦，因为阿拉伯语中根本没有这个字眼，只好请教翻译部，结果译成“即将结婚的妈妈”。这种译法，把美国人搞得摸不着头脑。苏联解体后，俄罗斯发生了巨大的变化，其中一个变化就是出现了大量新词汇，“父权停止”即是一例。结果以前从来没有接触过这个词的联合国译员译成了“父亲暂时不照顾孩子”——又出了个笑话。
同步口译通常是两人一组，轮流担任半个小时，以保持头脑清醒。翻译人员最怕的是汉语和阿拉伯语，往往几经转译才能表达出意思来。由于文化不同，俚语也是一道障碍。法国一句俚语要译成俄语，可能要经过西班牙语和英语的双重转译，俄罗斯代表才听得明白。
因此，翻译时便难免南辕北辙。有一次，英国的“阉割”几经转译，到最后竟成了“公变母”，炮弹上的“砂眼（小细孔）”被译成了眼疾的“沙眼”。译员的另一个困难是，有时还不能太忠实。前不久，俄罗斯代表引用了莎士比亚的话：“丹麦有些事情处于腐败之中。”译者照原样译出后，竟遭到丹麦代表的抗议，俄罗斯代表却否认说了这样的话，译者被夹在中间左右为难。
（京兵／文摘自《工人日报》）
口译二三事
齐锡玉
五十年代后期，英国***前总书记波立特同志来我国访问，应邀在北京的一次群众大会上发表讲话。开会的地点在天桥剧场，主持人是彭真同志。那天，我刚动了一个小手术，临时得到通知，匆匆从医院赶去当翻译。
彭真同志讲话声音洪亮，条理清楚，而且每讲一小段就停下来，很好翻译。但是，波立特同志在掌声中走向麦克风的时候，却突然停下来对我说：我讲话有个习惯，必须一口气讲完，不能中途停下来。所以，在我讲话过程中，请你不要打断我。”说完，他不等我回答，已经走到台前，口若悬河地讲开了。我无可奈何，只好掏出纸笔站着记，等他讲了将近一个小时回到座位以后，才对着字迹零乱的一叠笔记开始翻译。
那次会议以后，不止一次有人说我的“记忆力强”。其实，我在刚开始担任口译工作的时候，也同很多同志一样，每当讲话的人一次讲过三分钟，就会心慌意乱，翻译时不是丢三落四，就是一再请求讲话的人重复。因此，我那次之所以能勉强完成任务，决不是因为我的记忆力强，而是因为唐笙同志（在联合国干过同声传译工作）和我的其他几位口译老师指引我找到了加强记忆力的途径和方法。
手指串珍珠
周恩来总理有一次宴请外宾时，即席发表讲话，由冀朝鼎同志（当时任中国国际贸易促进委员会秘书长，现已去世）翻译。总理那次讲话比较长，而且没有像平素那样每讲一段就停下来。在场的同志不免为冀朝鼎同志担心，以为他即使尽力作笔记，也难免会有遗漏。不料他根本没有用纸和笔，而只是聚精会神地听总理讲话，注视总理的表情和手势。总理讲一会儿，他屈起一手指；再讲一会儿，他再屈起一根。等总理讲完，他的左手恰好捏成拳头。然后，他不慌不忙地开始翻译，译完一段，伸一根指头；再翻译一段，再伸一根，等整个译完，左手又恢复了原状。在热烈的掌声中，一位同志脱口而出地评论说：“今天的讲话和翻译都是世界第一流的！
事后，我向冀朝鼎同志求教，他回答说：“谁也无法用双手抓起成百颗散在盘中的珍珠。但是，如果用细丝绳把珍珠串起来，那么一根手指就能拎起。”这时，我才恍然大悟：原来冀朝鼎同志的手指就是串珍珠的细丝绳！
语言“画面化”
一位老同志曾经教我另一种加强记忆力的方法——把听到的话“形象化”或“画面化”。
我第一次试用这种方法，是解放初期听一位来自殖民地国家的外宾讲他们国内人民的苦难和斗争时。他讲得声泪俱下，最后又朗诵起自己写的长诗，完全忘记我正焦急地站在旁边待他停下来让我翻译。幸运的是，这位外宾不仅感情丰富，而且语言生动。因此，等到他讲完，尽管我对他讲的许多具体词句已经记不清楚，但是他描绘的种种情景却像一幅幅栩栩如生的画面留在我的眼前，使我有可能运用那位老同志教的方法，不是逐字翻译，而是试图用中文来再现他描绘的画面。事后，我核对了速记记录，发现在当时的具体情况下这样做，反而可以比硬译更准确地表现讲话人的意思。
切忌慌乱
1963年，刘少奇同志同一位兄弟党的领导人谈话时，用了“雄心壮成”四个字。当时，我一连想了几种翻译方法，但有的不够确切，有的缺少气魄，都觉得不舒适，迫使我只好向在场的唐明照同志求援。他先以为我没有听清原话，用中文重复了一遍。当时在场的除刘少奇同志外，还有周恩来总理和好几位政治局委员。
我看到自己的翻译“卡壳”耽误这么多领导人的宝贵时间，心里又难受、又焦急，一时张口结舌，说不出话来。幸亏周总理看出我的困窘，大声对唐明照同志说：”他译不出这四个字，你给译成英文。“这才使我得到解脱。由于少奇同志讲话逻辑性强，速度又比较慢，我以前几次为他翻译都没有请他复述过。但是这次出了“事故”之后，他每开口讲话，我都担心再讲出什么我翻译不出的词句，因而精神紧张，记忆力立即减退，接连两次听了上句忘了下句，不得不请少奇同志复述。
事后，我分析这次“事故”的教训，认识到问题并不出在记忆力本身，而在于遇到译不出的词句时头脑不冷静，因而不能正确地对待和处理。在这次事故以后不久，毛主席会同一位外宾时，谈到了苏格拉底的伦理学，我先听成论理学，问了一遍，主席摇摇头，重说了一遍“伦理学”。这时，我突然忘了“伦理学”这个词的英文，而其他在场的同志也爱莫能助，幸运的是，我记住了上次的教训，没有重蹈复辙，而是正面向主席和外宾说明我译不出这个词，回去后一查了字典再补译。然后，继续翻译，记忆力并没有受到影响。
二、句子成分的转换
英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不同，句子结构不同，英汉互译时不同的句子成分无法译成对应的成分，常常要转换成不同的成分，才能使译文通顺易懂下面谈一下常见的句子成分转换。
１．介词的宾语译成主语
There are four seasons in a year.
一年有四季。
Now, heat is being added to the substance.
现在这种物质正在加热。
At least two quarts of water are required daily by a normal individual.
一个正常的人每天至少需要两夸脱的水。
High-quality machines of various types are produced in our country.
我国生产各种类型的优质机器。
２．动词宾语译成主语
这种宾语在意义上跟主语有比较密切的联系，通常是主语的某一部分或某一属性。
An automobile must have a brake with high efficiency.
汽车的刹车必须高度有效。
Water has a density of 62.4 pounds per cubic foot.
水的密度是每立方英尺62.4磅。
This sort of stone has a relative density of 2.7.
这种石头的相对密度是2.7。
３．表语译成主语
A crystal receiver is a less complicated structure than a valve receiver.
晶体收音机的结构不像电子管收音机那么复杂。
Ice is not so dense as water and therefore it floats.
冰的密度小于水，因此能浮在水面上。
Two widely used alloys of copper are brass and bronze.
黄铜和青铜是两种广泛使用的铜合金。
４．谓语转换成主语
某些动词如act, behave, feature, characterize, relate, load, conduct 等在汉语中往往要译成名词作主语才符合汉语的表达习惯。
Neutrons act differently from protons.
中子的作用不同于质子。
Water with salt conducts electricity very well.
盐水的导电性能良好。
５．定语译成谓语
动词“have”的宾语移作主语时，一般需要把该宾语的定语译成谓语，原来的谓语have省略不译。
Manganese has the same effect on the strength of steel as silicon.
锰对钢的强度的影响和硅相同。
The wings have controllable sections known as ailerons.
机翼上可操纵的部分叫做副翼。
Solids have a shape independent of the container.
固体的形状与容器无关。
There are many people who want to see the film.
许多人要看这部电影。
“We are a nation that must beg to stay alive, ”said a foreign economist.
一位外国经济学家说道，“我们这个国家不讨饭就活不下去。 ”
６．主语译成谓语
A glance through his office window offers a panoramic view of the Washington Monument and the Lincoln Memorial.
从他的办公室窗口可以一眼看到华盛顿纪念碑和林肯纪念碑的全景。
A view of Mt. Fuji can be obtained from here.
从这里可以看到富士山。
His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph.
任何场合，只要他一露面，就算成功了。
以上作为句子主语的名词往往是含有动作意味的名词，或动词派生的名词。以 care, need, attention, emphasis, improvement等名词及名词化结构作主语时，也常这样处理。
Care should be taken at all times to protect the instrument from dust and dump.
应当注意保护仪器，不使沾染灰尘和受潮。
There is a need for improvement in our experimental work.
我们实验室工作需要改进。
７．表语译成谓语
英语中的某些形容词、副词、介词、名词接介词短语等在句中做表语时，通常可译成动词谓语。
The fact that she was able to send a message was a hint. But I had to be cautious.
她暗示我能够给我带个信，但是我必须小心谨慎。
This explanation is against the natural laws.
这种解释违反自然规律。
We were on the supposition that they could improve the complex machine.
我们 认为 他们能改进这台复杂的机器。
８．状语转换为谓语
He shouted as he ran.
他边跑，边喊。
９．主语译成宾语
As the match burns, heat and light are given off.
火柴燃烧时发出光和热。
When power is spoken of, time is taken into account.
说到功率时，总是把时间计算在内。
Considerable use has been made of these data.
这些材料得到了充分利用。
Mr Billings cannot be deterred from his plan.
（人们）不能阻止比凌斯先生实行他的计划。
10．主语译成定语
为了强调英语句中某一个成分，把它译成主语，再将英语的主语译作汉语中的定语。
How many electrons has a magnesium atom in its outer layer
镁原子的最外层有多少个电子？
Various substances differ widely in their magnetic characteristics.
各种材料的磁特性有很大不同。
Without air, the earth would undergo extreme changes in temperature.
没有空气，地球的温度会发生极大的变化。
11．状语译成定语
英语中位于句首的某些状语（多为地点状语），有时可译成汉语的定语。
For nearly all substances the density gets smaller as the temperature is raised.
温度升高时，几乎所有物质的密度都会变小。
In this world, things are complicated and are decided by many factors.
世界上的事情是复杂的，是由各方面的因素决定的。
Throughout the world, oil consumption is growing rapidly.
全世界的石油消耗量正在迅速增长。
12．定语译成状语
Men become desperate for work, any work, which will help them to keep alive their families.
人们极其迫切地工作，不管什么工作，只要它能维持一家人的生活就行。（定语从句转换成条件状语从句）
He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for.
他坚持要再造一栋房子，尽管他并无此需要。（定语从句转换为让步状语从句）
We should have a firm grasp of the fundamentals of mechanics.
我们应牢固掌握力学的基本知识。
The modern world is experiencing rapid development of science and technology.
当今世界科学技术正在迅速发展。
13．谓语转换成状语
他打开抽屉拿出词典来。
Opening the drawer he took out a dictionary. （汉语原文中“打开抽屉拿出词典”是连动式谓语，汉译英时，其中一个动词可以用非限制性动词短语来译，将谓语转换成状语。）
清明节我们回乡去扫墓。
We went back to our hometown to pay respects to the deceased on the Pure Brightness Day. （谓语转成目的状语）
他们热烈鼓掌欢迎爱尔兰客人。
They welcomed the Irish guests with warm applause.
他迫使对方处于守势。（兼语式谓语）
He drove his opponent into a defensive position.
地震使所有的房子都成了废墟。
The earthquake reduced all the houses to ruins.
14．兼语式谓语译成英文“动词+宾语+宾语补语”
他请我教他法语。
He asked me to teach him French.
我们必须使房子保持整洁。
We must keep the room clean and tidy.
什么事使你这么激动？
What made you so excited?
15．状语从句转换为并列分句
You took me because I am useful .
我有用，你才收留我。
Say what you may, I won''t change my mind.
你怎么说都行，我不会改变主意。
He returned home after the sun had set.
太阳下山了，他才回家。
1．理解
2．表达
3．校核
相关链接
分句，合句法 分句法，又叫拆译法。合句法又叫溶合法，是改变原文句子结构的两种重要方法。所谓分句法就是把原文句子中的个别词，短语或从句分离出来后单独译出、自成一句；合句法就是把原文两个或两个以上的简单句或一个复合句在译文中用一个单句来表达。一、分句法：分句法的采用，是因为英语中的一些词的词义搭配能力很强，或者在句中的位置灵活多变：再者，英文的词和句各部分要用连词连接，如果照英文结构翻译，一来易使词义不清，二来使译文句子显得滞重，带有明显的“翻译腔”，因此宜把它切断，译成两个或两个以上的句子。例如：“ But this naval competition strained the liberal Government''s principles as well as their budgets”，“但是这种海军竞赛使自由党政府的原则无法自圆其说、也使其预算捉襟见肘。”（这儿 strain 词义搭配馅力很强，汉译时，拆译为“无法自四其说和捉襟见肘”。） 2. “ Law enforcement cannot responsibly stand aloof ”，“ 司法部门如果对此不闻不问，那就是没有尽到责任。”（拆译的目的是补足语义。）“ A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who insisted that women have outgrown the jumping-on-the-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era, and a colonel who says they haven''t. ”“一位年轻的女子和一位上校展开了一场热烈讨论。女士坚持己见，即妇女已有进步，看见老鼠就吓得跳上椅子的时代已经过去了，上校则认为没有。”（汉译时，将英文从句译成独立单句，另外根据汉语习惯，调整了语。序。）二、合句法：实际上，合句法与省译法有许多相似之处。原语中部分语言形式和词类（如英文冠词）在译语中是空缺的，还有一部分在译语中有时是多余的（如英文某些代词）。这两种情况往往无需再现。例如： 1. “ The mo1ecules give up some of their energy of motion to push the piston that does the work. ”“ 这些分子释放出一部分动能推动活塞做功 。” 2.“She was quite a child, perhaps seven or eight years old slightly built ， with a pale ， small-featured face ， and a redundancy of hair falling in curls to her waist ．”（ Charlotte Bronte:Jane Eyre, CH. XI ） “ 她完全是个小孩，七八岁光景、身材纤细、脸色苍白、五官小巧，过长的头发卷成发卷垂到腰际。”汉译英时，由于中英句法不同，中文有时用几个句子描写事物或事件发生情况，英文只需用一个句子表达。反之，中文用一个句子时，英文却可拆译成几个分句。例如： 1. “ 他身材高大，青白脸色，皱纹间常夹些伤痕，一部乱蓬蓬的花白胡子。 ”（《孔乙已》）“ He was a big man with pale face and scars that often showed among the wrinkles and a large ， unkempt beard streaked with white 。” 2． “况且这通身的气派竟不像老祖宗的外孙女儿 . ” （《红楼梦》）“ Her whole air is so distinguished ; she doesn''t take after her father，son-in-1aw of our Old Ancestress, but looks more like Chia. ”
（王馥芳）
一个长句子的翻译
The specification of Patent No. 1,012,052 describes and claims a body of polycrystalline dielectric ceramic material having a lead zirconate--lead titanate--lead stannate composition falling within the area A B C E F of the triaxial diagram 1d of the drawings accompanying this specification and containing at least one substitutional additive ingredient selected from the group consisting of elements having respective ionic radii sufficiently close to the ionic radius of one of the elements lead, tin, titanium, zirconium and oxygen to permit of substitution, and a valence state differing from that of said one element by less than three units, the aggregate quantity of additive ingredient amounting to from 0.1 to 5 percent of the replaced ion on an atom basis, each additive ingredient present in said material being in ionic form and substituting for a finite percentage of the ions of a particular one of the elements lead, tin, titanium, zirconium and oxygen with respect to which it conforms with regard to ionic radius and valence state, said additive ingredient replacing a quantity of said elements having in the aggregate an equal number of valence units.
参考译文：
第1012052号专利说明书介绍一种含有锆酸铅、钛酸铅、锡酸铅的多晶陶瓷介质材料，其组成在说明书附图 ld三元相图中处于A B C E F区域内，该组成至少还含有一种置换添加物，这种添加物从一组离子半径分别接近于铅、锡、钛、锆、氧的元素中选出，以利于互相置换，而与上述一种元素化合价之差应小于三价。该添加物的总量为被置换离子的0.1%~5%克原子。上述材料中的每种添加物是以离子形式存在的，它以一定的百分数置换铅、锡、钛、锆、氧中的某一元素的离子。添加物在离子半径和价数上必须类似于上述任一元素，并且置换添加物的量与被置换的元素在总体上具有相等的化合价数。
本句由两个简单句构成，一个主句，另一个是定语从句。定语从句由 with respect to开始至全句结束。句中有介词33个，现在分词12个， 过去分词6个，动词不定式1个， 形容词短语2个， 连接词and 7个。
主句中的 describes and claims用减词法译为一个词“介绍”即可概括其意义。a body of polycrystalline dielectric ceramic material可通过减词和变换法译为“多晶陶瓷介质材料”。英语长句一般拆译为汉语断句，如下面的两个分词短语falling within the area...和containing at least one substitutional...原来都是作定语修饰composition的，经过拆句处理可将其译成汉语的谓语，与composition构成主谓结构的句子，而分别译成“其组成在说明书上附图ld三元相图中处于A B C E F区域”和“该组成至少还含有一种置换添加物”。
http://education .163.com/editor
四、句子的分译与合译
在英汉互译时，有时我们可以保留原文的句子结构，但有时也可以对原句的结构作较大调整，将其分开或合并。所谓分译，就是将原文一个句子，分译成两个或两个以上的句子，所谓合译就是将原文两个或两个以上的句子，合译成一个句子。
一、分译
1．把原文中的一个单词译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。
The mother might have spoken with understandable pride of her child ．
母亲在谈到她的孩子时，也许有自豪感， 这是可以理解的。（形容词）
The night was chilly—it was early November． A light drizzle added to my discomfort ．
夜里冷风飕飕，那是 十一月初，天下起了毛毛细雨，令我倍加难受。（名词）
They, not surprisingly, did not respond at all.
他们根本没有答复，这是不足为奇的。 （分词）
2．把原文中一个短语译成句子，使原文的一个句子分译成两个或两个以上的句子。
She sat with her hands cupping her chin，staring at a corner of the little kitchen．
她坐在那儿双手托着下巴，眼睛凝视着小厨房的一角。（分词短语）
I wrote four books in the first three years，a record never touched before ．
我头三年写了四本书，打破了以往的记录。 （名词短语）
The rain having ruined my hat , I had to buy a new one.
雨水把我的帽子淋坏了，我得买个新的。（独立结构）
His failure to observe the safety regulations resulted in an accident to the machinery ．
因为他没有遵守安全规则，机器出了故障。 （名词短语）
She had made several attempts to help them find other rental quarters without success．
她已试了好几次，要帮他们另找一所出租的房子，结果并未成功。 （不定式短语）
介词短语作定语时，往往是定语从句的一种简略形式。介词短语作状语时，有时是状语从句的简略形式。有些介词短语还是并列句的简略形式。因此汉译时，有的可以拆句分译。
The porous wall acts as a kind of seine for separating molecules．
多孔壁的作用就像一把筛子，它把不同质量的分子分开。（ 译成并列分句）
With all its disadvantages this design is considered to be one of the best．
这个设计尽管有种种缺点，仍被认为最佳设计之一。（译成让步分句）
Man''s warm blood makes it difficult for him to live long in the sea without some kind of warmth．
人的血液是热的，如果得不到一定的热量，人就难以长期在海水中生活。（译成条件分句）
We cannot see it clearly for the fog．
由于有雾，我们看不清它。（译成原因分句）
The machine is working none the worse for its long service.
这部机器并不因使用的时间长而性能变差了。（原因）
This body of knowledge is customarily divided for convenience of study into the classifications:
mechanics, heat, light, electricity and sound.
为了便于研究起见，通常将这门学科分为力学、热学、光学、电学和声学。 （译成目的分句）
I can hardly work with that noise going on.
那个声音响个不停，我几乎没法工作。 （译成并列分句）
Their power increased with their number.
他们人数增加了，力量也随之增强。（并列分句）
Despite their differences , their love will conquer.
尽管他们之间存在着分歧，他们的恋爱一定会成功。（让步分句）
I found the house suddenly, and stood there with my heart beating fast and tears coming to my eyes.
我突然找到那所房子。 我站在那里，心剧烈地跳着，泪水也涌上眼睛。 （并列分句）
Then a cloud came over the moon, like a dark hand before a face.
忽然一片浮云飘过明月，就像一只黑手拂过面庞。
3．把原文的一个句子拆开，译成两个或两个以上的句子。
It is much more convenient and, incidentally, cheaper to shave oneself at home.
在家自己刮胡子要方便得多。顺便说一下，也便宜得多。
Striking through the thought of his dear ones was a sound he could neither ignore nor understand….
有一个声音响了起来，刺穿了他对亲人的思念。这声音，他既不能充耳不闻，又不能领会···
It is certain that man will eventually solve the riddle of UFO.
人类最后必将解开不明飞行物之谜。这一点是可以肯定的。（主语从句和主句分译为两个单句。）
Because the young man frequently came to the lady''s house, he was regarded as the mistress''s lover.
这个小伙子经常来到夫人的家。因此，别人都以为他是这女主人的情人。（状语从句和主句分译为两个单句。）
这首歌不曾持续多久，就和笛声共同消失在黑暗里了。
The singing did not last very long. Soon, together with the sound of the flute, it faded away in the darkness. ( 汉语原文一句分译为两句。)
二、 合译
1．把原文中两个或两个以上的简单句译成一个单句。
He was very clean．His mind was open．
他为人单纯而坦率。
There are men here from all over the country．Many of them are from the South．
这里有从全国各地来的人，其中有许多是南方人。
I know a doctor. He is expert in curing stroke.
我认识一个医生，专治中风。
It is New Year''s Day. Go and see your father.
过年了，去看看你爸爸吧。
Darkness fell. An explosion shook the earth. It did not shake his will to go to the front.
夜幕降落时，一声爆炸震动了大地，可并没动摇他上前线的决心。（原文三句，合译成一句）
She went back home to take care of her husband. He was seriously ill.
她回家去照料病重的丈夫。（原文两句，合译为一句。）
最后两个字是特别用力的。大家都不懂“这个”是什么。
He laid special stress on the word “this,” but nobody appeared to understand what he means. (原文两句，合译成一句.)
他在去年夏天把十九岁的女儿小福子卖给了一个军人。卖了二百块银元。
The summer before, he had sold his nineteen-year-old daughter Joy to an army officer for two hundred silver dollars.（把原文第二句，译为介词短语。）
2．把原文中的主从复合句译成一个单句。
When I negotiate，I get nervous．When I get nervous，I eat．
我在谈判时总是有些紧张。紧张时我就吃东西。
When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people，we are not merely being polite．
我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌。
As he stood there, he saw two men enter the bank.
他站在那里，看见两个人进了银行。
I am blest if I know.
我一点儿也不知道。
3．把原文中的并列复合句译成一个单句。
It was in mid-August， and the repair section operated under the blazing sun．
八月中旬，修理组人员在骄阳下工作。
The time was 10：30， and traffic on the street was light．
十点三十分的时候街上来往的车辆稀少了。
Stir and you are a dead man.
你动一下就别想活命。
太阳当顶了。田野，树丛，屋舍，都显现在光明静穆的大平面上。
With the sun right overhead now, the fields, the clumps of trees and the huts were all picked out clearly on a vast, flat surface, brilliantly lit and still. ( 原文第一句，译成介词短语。 )
他们到了杨集。这是老洪带着队伍从枣庄过来和申茂队员们会合的庄子。
They arrived at Yangji, the village where Liu Hong and his men had first met Shen Mao''s group when they came from Zaozhuang. ( 原文第二句译为同位语。 )
总之，分译还是合译，都要在 分析句子的语法结构，搞清楚各层意思之间的逻辑关系后， 根据目的语的表达习惯，灵活掌握，以避免出现生硬的译文。
1．理解
2．表达
3．校核
相关链接
正反、反正表达法 英语和汉语均有从正面或反面来表达一种概念的现象。如果原文的反面表达直译出来不合乎译语习惯，就可考虑从正面表达，反之亦然。何时使用哪种方法，主要视译语表达习惯、修辞效果而定。一、英文从正面表达，译文从反面表达。英语中，有些句子形式或结构上是肯定的，但意义却是否定的。汉译时，如找不到对应的，内含否定意义的词语，则往往转译成否定说法。例如1． Herb may be dying somewhere ， calling out for his mum and dad ， and only strangers around him. 赫伯也许正在什么地方快死了，嘴里喊着爹妈，而周围连一个亲人也没有。 （ Strangers 转译成“连一个亲人也没有。”） 2 ． I dared him to jump. 我量他不敢跳。 （dared 转译为“量……不敢”。） 3．You''re telling me ！ 不用你说！ （ are telling 转译为“不用……说。”） 4 ．， A true friend would have acted differently. （如果是）个真正的朋友，就不会这样做了 。（acted differently转译成“不会这样做了”） 二、语从反面表达，译文从正面表达。英语中、有些句子形式或结构上是否定的，但意义上却是肯定的，例如： 1．When the country calls you for help ， you can''t but go. ） 当祖国需要你奉献的时候，你应该不顾一切。 2. None but Jane could do this crossword puzzle. 只有简才做得出这个填字游戏。 3 ． You can''t make an omelet without breaking eggs. 要有所得就必须有所失。（直译：不打破鸡蛋就做不成蛋卷。）一般来说，反说比正说来得委婉，当然在一定的场合，这种委婉可以是含蓄的强调语气（understatement
），因而汉译英时，中文用正面表达，英文有时用反面表达， l. 论相貌，她也很正常。 As far as 1ooks are concerned ， she isn''t anything special．2.小马也就是十二三岁，脸上很瘦。 （《骆驼样子》）
Little Horse was not more than twelve or thirteen years old ， with a very lean face.
（王馥芳）
反译法 反译法，亦称“词义反译法”、“反面着笔法”、“语意反述法”、“正反、反正表达法”、“正说反译，反说正译”等。由于不同民族在思维方式及语言表达角度上的差异，一种语言从正面来表达的内容，另一种语言有时为了取得修辞效果，或出于习惯，却从反面来表达，由此就产生了反译法。“反译法”包括“肯定一否定”的反向处理，包括以与原文相矛盾的表达方式来表达原文的容。此法还往往和词类转换法同时使用，反向处理所及，可以是个别词语，也可以是整个句子。一、“肯定一否定”的反面着笔：肯定译为否定，或取双重否定，或换反义词加否定语气。如：“ Al1 music is alike to him ”——“他一点不懂音乐”，“The significance of these incidents wasn''t lost on us ”——“ 这些事件引起了我们的重视。 ”二、“动态一静态”的反面着笔：静态动词（static verb）和动态动词 （dynamic verb）的互换，“整个城市披上了（is in）节日盛装”以及“今年元旦是（ falls on ）星期天”。三、“单数一复数”的反面着笔：如英译汉的“大家（ One ）很快就会知道这件事”，“看待同一个问题（the same subjects），往往因人而异”等。此外，对英文中一些表示质量：程度、范围、距离；方向、次序等范畴的词语，为求贴切达意及符合译语规范，有时也采取反面着笔法。如“好一坏”这对矛盾方面的处理；“get a good scolding ”——“挨了一顿臭骂”，“take a bad beating 一一“挨了一顿好揍”。”
（彭嵋森 见《中国翻译词典》）
语义冗余与翻译 同一言语片段中，各词项中可能反复出现同一些义素。除了第一次出现的义素之外，以后出现的重复性义素就构成语义冗余。重复的义素可能是构成概念的内涵的“所指义素”，也可能是构成话语的风格意义的风格义素，也可能是表达使用者的感情色彩的色彩义素。在翻译中可利用语义冗余选择词义：抽出多义词各义项之间的共同的语义核心，加上言语链中有关词语要求这个词所具有的共同义素，看看二者之和等于这个多义词的哪一个义项。还可利用语义冗余发现“新义”：发现新义的方式与选择词义的方式本质上没有什么不同，即抽出一个词在词典中的各义项的共同语义核心，加上有关词语与这个词应该共有的重复性义素，再用恰当的汉语词来加以表达。利用语义冗余不仅能为单个的词选择意义或发现“新义”，而且可以准确译出一段中的许多词语。利用语义冗余还有助于表达：一般说来，词义理解正确了，其表达也就迎刃而解了。但也不尽然。至少有下列情况值得注意： a）原文总的说来具有某一风格，这种风格在某种程度上表现在某些词语的风格义素的重复上，但并非表现在所有的词语上。风格义素的重复缺乏普遍性，并不会影响原文总的风格、不会产生风格上的不协调；但是，如果照此译出，在汉语中却可能产生风格的不协调现象。 b）原文某些词语具有或褒或贬的感情色彩，其余的词是中性词，但并不影响总的感情色彩。但如果译者把原来的中心词也都译成中性词，可能不足以再现原来的总的效果。因此，译者在表达时不仅应该再现这些风格义素、色彩义素，而且可以在不具有或不明显具有这些义素的词语中添加这种义素，以达到风格的统一、色彩的统一。
（长江文 见《中国翻译词典》）
感情意义 （affective meaning）英、汉语中含有感情色彩的词是少数，大多数词在感情色彩方面是中性的。有的词主要是表示感情的，感叹词都属于这一类，如英语感叹词 oh, ah, wel1 ， dear me ， goodness 等，汉语感叹词嗯、嘻、咦、哦等。有的词本身就有爱憎喜怒哀乐的感情意义。例如，表示热爱、喜欢的词 love 一爱，admire 一羡慕， worship 一崇拜等；表示憎恶、不喜欢的词 hate 一憎恨， disfavour 一嫌弃 , abominate 一厌恶等。英语中有的词缀可构成具有感情意义的词，如后缀 -y 和 -ie 表示“亲呢”的感情： daddy （← dad ）， auntie （ ← a unt ） ， girlie （ ← girl ）， dearie ( ← de ar) ；后缀 -1ing 带有“鄙夷”的感情： weakling （体力弱或意志薄弱的人）， underling （下属，走卒）， hireling （为金钱而受雇佣者）；后缀 -ster ， -eer ， -ard ， -art 都可能使词带有贬义： gangster （匪徒）， profiteer （牟取暴利者）， drunkard （酒鬼）， braggart （吹牛者）等。有些词的概念意义并没有表示明显的爱憎和褒贬，但是由于其内涵意义而出现了感情意义。例如， anarchism ——无政府主义， fascism ——法西斯主义， hegemony ——霸权主义等是明显的贬义词； human rights ——人权， patriotic ——爱国主义的， mother 1and ——祖国等是明显的褒义词。英汉语中都有一些成组的概念意义相同的词，一个是褒义的，一个是中性的，一个是贬义的。例如， slim ——苗条、 thin ——瘦、 skinny——皮包骨； bachelor girl ——姑娘、 single woman ——单身女子、 old maid ， spinster ——老闺女等。词的感情色彩是因时因地因人而有所不同的，对于中国人来说， China ——中国是个带有感情意义的词，因为它指我们的祖国，而对其他国家的人来说，则不带感情意义或带有不同的感情意义。即使是 sea ——大海这种属于基本词汇的词，也可能因时、因地、因人而带有不同的感情意义。
（见《译学大词典》 P.46 ）
五、句子的正译与反译
英汉两种语言习惯不同，有时英语里正说的句子，译成汉语时不得不处理成反说，反之亦然。所谓正译，是指把句子按照与原语相同的语序或表达方式译入目的语。所谓反译则是指把句子按照与原语相反的语序或表达方式译入目的语。正译和反译都是一种翻译方法，其目的是为了解决翻译过程中所遇到的表达方面的困难，使译文更通顺达意。
实际上英汉两种语言均可以从正面或反面来表达同一概念。如：
在美国，人人都能买到枪。
正译：In the United States, everyone can buy a gun.
反译： In the United States, guns are available to everyone.
你可以从因特网上获得这一信息。
正译：You can obtain this information on the Internet.
反译：This information is accessible/available on the Internet.
他突然想到了一个新主意。
正译： Suddenly he had a new idea.
He suddenly thought out a new idea.
反译： A new idea suddenly occurred to/struck him.
他仍然没有弄懂我的意思。
正译： He still could not understand me.
反译： Still he failed to understand me.
无论如何，她算不上一位思维敏捷的学生。
正译： She can hardly be rated as a bright student.
反译： She is anything but a bright student.
Please withhold the document for the time being.
正译： 请暂时扣下这份文件。
反译： 请暂时不要发这份文件。
正说反译或反说正译的相互转换，其目的主要有三个： 1. 明确语义。 2. 加强修辞。 3. 符合目的语习惯。例如：
一、正说反译
Please tender exact fare. 自备零钞、不找零钱。（明确）
That''s a thing that might happen to anyone.
这种事谁也难免。（加强修辞）
He''s still in bed. 他还没起床。（ 符合汉语习惯）
But we must bear in mind that the great proportion of books, plays and films which come before the censor are very far from being "works of art".
可是我们要牢记送到审读员面前的大量书刊、戏剧和电影远非“杰作”。
To criticize it (intelligence test) for such failure is roughly comparable to criticizing a thermometer for not measuring wind velocity.
批评智力测验不反映上述情况，犹如批评温度计不能测出风速一样。（such failure是正面表达，但从上下文看，是指 "An intelligence test does not measure character, social adjustments ...", 故译为“不反映上述情况”。）
He was absent from his own country last year.
他去年不在自己的国家里。（原文正说，译文反说。）
We may safely say so.
我们这样说万无一失。
Both sides thought that the peace proposal was one they could accept with dignity.
双方认为，那和平建议是一个他们可以接受而不失体面的建议。
The decision has to come.
决定还没做出。
If it worked once, it can work twice.
一次得手，再次不愁。
这小孩现在完全能自己走了。
The child can walk without any help now. （汉语原文正说，英文译文反说。）
法律面前，人人平等。
Law is no respecter of persons .
我和老王说句话，马上就回来。
Just to have a word with Old Wang. I won''t be long .
在不少情况下，有的介词短语如不从反面着笔，译文就不通，这时必须反译。像 beyond, past ， against 等表示超过某限度的能力或反对 .... 时，其短语有时用反译法。如：
It is past repair． 这东西无法修补了。
There are some arguments against the possibility of life on this planet ．
有人不同意这行星上可能有生物的说法。
Radio telescopes have been able to probe space beyond the range of ordinary optical telescopes ．
射电望远镜已能探测普通光学望远镜达不到的宇宙空间。
off, from 等表示地点，距离时，有时用反译法。如：
The boat sank off the coast.
这只船在离海岸不远处沉没了。
but， except， besides等表示除去、除外时，也用反译法：
Copper is the best conductor but silver．
铜是仅次于银的最优导体。
The molecular formula, C6H14, does not show anything except the total number of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
分子式C6H14只用来表示碳原子和氢原子的总数。
from，in等介词短语作补足语时，有时用反译法。如：
An iron case will keep the Earth''s magnetic field away from the compass ．
铁箱能使地球磁场影响不了指南针。
The signal was shown about the machine being order.
信号表明机器没有毛病。
请注意所谓英语正面表达是指在原文中没有用no、not或带否定意义前缀的词，如： dishonest, impossible, indirect 。
英语中有些词或短语常常正说反译，如： miss the bus( 没有赶上公共汽车 ) ， live up to the Party''s expectations( 不辜负党的期望 ) ， be absent from the meeting( 没有出席会议 ) ， a final decision( 不可改变的决定 ) ， (be) at a loss ( 不知所措 ) 等。
英语中有时原词所表达的并不是其字面意义，而是其字面意义的反义，或者说是对其字面意义的否定。例如： gas mask( 防毒面具 ) ， riot police( 防暴警察 ) ， crisis law( 反危机法案 ) 。
有些句子则需通过上下文，根据逻辑推理，仔细推敲关键词的实际含义，再采取适当的反译法进行翻译。例如：
In fact, the willingness to experiment is one of the most striking features of China today, and it seems to be rooted in confidence rather than security.
实际上，这种敢于试验的愿望是当今中国最显著的特点之一。它源于信心，而非出于担忧。
（此句中security其实指的是insecurity。作者是说中国对未来充满信心而大胆进行改革实验，并不是因为国内混乱和不稳定才被迫改革。）
总之，所谓正说反译的目的就是使译文和原文所表达的真正含义相一致。
二、反说正译
I won''t keep you waiting long. 我一会儿就回来。（明确语义）
Isn''t it funny! 真逗！（加强修辞）
“You will try to tide me over, won''t you?” “Won''t I!”
“你会帮我渡过难关的，是吗？” “当然！” （符合汉语习惯）
反说正译是重要的翻译方法之一。常见的反义正译的例子还有：
In the long run, there is no doubt that everybody would be much better off if smoking were banned altogether, but people are not ready for such drastic action.
从长远的观点来看，十分清楚，如果完全禁止吸烟，那么每个人的境况将得到很大改善。但对于采取这种极端措施，人们尚无准备。
The method of scientific investigation is nothing but the expression of the necessary mode of working of the human mind.
科学研究的方法只是人类思维活动的必要表达方式。
It is no less than blackmail to ask such a high price.
开这么高的价， 简直是 敲竹杠。
I am not so sick but I can come to sit for the exam.
我尽管有病，但是还能来参加考试。（或：我还没有病到不能来参加考试。）
The beaten enemy had no other choice than to surrender.
被击败的敌人只得投降。
You cannot attach too much importance to the matter.
你应该非常重视这件事情。
He is no less clever than his brother.
他和他兄弟一样聪明。
The man over there is none other than our principal.
站在那儿的人正是我们的校长。
No spitting !
严禁吐痰！（英文反说，汉语正说。）
The train coming from Moscow will arrive in no time.
从莫斯科来的火车很快就到。
Don''t lose time in posting this letter.
赶快把这封信寄出去。
Such flights couldn''t long escape notice .
这类飞行迟早会被人发觉的。
请勿大声喧哗。
Keep quiet. （汉语原文反说，英语译文正说。）
他提前三天到达是我们没有想到的。
His arrival three days in advance is beyond our expectation .
油漆未干。
Wet paint.
在收据未签字以前不得付款。
Before the receipt has been signed, the money must not be paid.
如果没有她的帮助，我早就失败了。
But for her help, I should have failed.
他开车时心不在焉，几乎闯祸。
His absence of mind during the driving nearly caused an accident.
他显然有不同的想法。
He evidently thinks otherwise.
我要铅笔，不要钢笔 。
I want a pencil instead of a pen.
他太自私了，几乎没人喜欢他。
Hardly anybody likes him, because he is too selfish.
他决不会说这样的话。
He was the last man to say such things.
非洲人民不怕压、不上当。
The African people refuse to be intimidated and taken in.
如果不计摩擦，输出将和输入相等。
Friction neglected , the output will be equal to the input.
1．理解
2．表达
3．校核
相关链接
数字式略语的汉英互译
汉语和英语数字式略语相似的结构在作字面互译时不难处理，尤其是因为现代汉语比较容易接受数字式略语，英语的许多数字式略语译成汉语，已经作为译借词成为汉语词汇的一部分，例如 three unities （三一律）， trinity （三位一体，三一）， decathlon （十项全能）， Group of 77（七十七国集团），Seven Wonders of the World（世界七大奇迹）。汉语的某些数字式略语“三民主义”，（ Three Principles of the People ），“三国”（ Three Kingdoms ），“五行”（ five agents ），“五谛”（ Five Noble Truths ），“五福”（Five Blessings），“四书”（ the Four Books ），“五经”（ the Five Classics ），“八仙”（ the Eight Immortals ），连“三反运动”（ Three-Anti Campaign ）和“四人帮” （ Gang of Four ）等也已进入英语辞书。
但是，数字式略语作为一种略语（ compact expression ）其所指对象涉及多方面的社会一文化知识，具有百科性词语的性质，内容比一般词语丰富得多，翻译成另一种语言的时候不是简单的字面对等就能使人理解的。以本文引言中乔伊斯的一段文章为例，文中的 the seven gifts of the Holy Ghost 和 the seven dead1y sins仅译成“圣灵的七件礼物”和“七大罪恶”显然并没有给读者传递足够的信息。 Brewer''s Dictionary Phrase and Fable 提供了这方面的信息：前者指的是 wisdom，understanding ， counsel,fortune ， knowledge， righteousness 和 fear of the Lord ；后者指的是 pride ， wrath ， envy ， lust ， gluttony ， avarice 和 sloth 。顺便翻一下词典，还可以看到 the seven virtues（或称 the seven principal virtues ，七大美德），指的是 faith ， hope. Charity, justice, fortitude ， prudence 和 temperance ，前三项可称作 supernatural virtues 或 the theological virtues 或 Christian virtues ，后四项可称作 Plato''s Cardinal virtues 或natural virtues 。由于文化背景知识缺乏，中国人要读懂这么短短一个句子就必须付出相当的努力，难怪 Peter Newmark 认为：“ As a last resort ， the explanation is the translation ，” （作为最后一招，解释就是翻译。）
数字式略语的地域性强、时间性强、专业性强，这个特点不容忽视。当然，有些不言自明的略语容易处理，例如“一国两制”出现在外国报纸上也不必解释：
He offered, in effect，a variant of the “ one country ， two systems ” solution which China is offering the people of Hong Kong. （ The Times, P ． 3 ， Oct ． 6 ， 1989 ）
《北京周报》（英文版）在一篇翻译文章中对“和平共处五项原则”也未加诠释：
“他一贯坚持独立自主的和平外交政策，主张以和平共处五项原则为准则建立世界的政治经济新秩序。”
（ He has consistently advancing the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence as the norms of establishing a new world political and economic order. 一Beijing Review P．20，Nov.20一26，1989）
《北京周报》在翻译同一篇文章时对“四项基本原则”却加了译者注，因为国外读者比较熟悉“和平共处五项原则”，却不那么熟悉中国的“四项基本原则”
“为了在现代化建设中坚持正确的方向，他旗帜鲜明地提出坚持四项基本原则的问题。”
To ensure a correct direction for the modernization drive，he raised the question of adhering to the four cardinal principles in clear-cut terms （ adherence to the socialist road, the people''s democratic dictatorship ， the Communist Party leadership and Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought 一 Tr.)
在另一期《北京周报》中，作者对“东三省”也加了说明：
The output of autumn grains is expected to be lower in some areas of three Northeast China provinces (Jilin，Liaoning and Heilunjiang provinces and north China. (Beijing Review， p.16， Nov. 27-Dec.3， 1989)
报纸的标题经常采用数字式略语，本国读者也往往要看了正文以后才能明白其所以然。随手翻开一份报纸，看到下列标题：
带头过“五关” 廉政促勤政
看了正文以后才知道这“五关”指的是房子关、职称关、车子关、票子关、孩子关（《光明日报》， 1989 年 12 月 3 日）。如果把“五关”按字面译成英语“ five passes ”，英美人根本不知所云。
有些数字式略语在翻译时甚至可以不进行字面翻译，仅译出其原来的全部内容。例如，把“三光政策”译成 the policy of “ burn all ， kill al1 ， 1oot all ”倒也干净利索（《汉英词典》，商务印书馆， 1979 年 10 月第一版）。
数字式略语的汉英对比和汉英互译研究还是一片刚开垦的处女地，愿有志者共同切磋，这是具有理论意义和实用意义的。
（摘自 汪培榕《数字式略语的汉英对比研究》《外国语》 1990 年第 3 期）
易序而译 单从译文的行文上考虑，有时需要对原文的词序作一番调整，以适应英文的修辞习惯，或者为了避免因结构而产生的歧义。例如：
（1） 到西安你可以买兵马俑；唐三彩。
Unique local creations are available in their own cities ， such as … and Xi''an''s three colored glazed pottery of the Tang Dynasty and terra-cotta figures. （“初到中国旅游可到哪些地方”，何志范译注）
原文中的“兵马俑”（与“唐三彩”到译文中交换了位置，是为了避免修饰语“ of the Tang Dynasty ”在结构上产生歧义。
（2） 在四千多年前，这里已有人类繁衍生息。
Our ancestors lived and multiplied in this area as long as 4,000 years ago，（郭建中译）
“繁衍”和“生息”在英汉两种语言的行文习惯是不同的。
（3） 我撬开小木箱一看，是四条鲜鱼。 Carcassonne 教授一定是怕鱼在路上耽搁坏了，在鱼的上下两旁放了冰，冰有点融化，水从木箱的空隙中流出来了。（陈学昭《永久的怀念》）
I opened the little box to find four fresh fish in it ． There was ice a11 round them. Since the ice was melting ， water ran through the cracks on the box ． It was clear that Prof ． Careassonne had placed ice in it for fear that the fish would go bad during the delivery. ( 郭建中译 )
原文的句序是按照汉语典型的时间顺序排列的，即按照事情发生的客观时间“（主人公）怕——放冰——冰化——水流”排列。英文则按照故事叙述的行文逻辑“（讲述人）发现冰——冰化——水流——推断（怕一放冰）”排列，原文的时间关系改由译文的时态表示。这是由于行文习惯引起的词序调整。
（王治奎主编： 1997，第73一75页 见《译学大词典》） 六、汉语无主句和外位语结构的处理
1 ．无主句的处理
在英文里，句子一般都要有主语，而在汉语里没有主语的句子比比皆是。所谓无主句就是只有谓语部分而没有主语部分的句子。 这种句子本身意思是完整明确的，可是在译成英文时往往需要补出主语，或改变句型，使句子结构符合英文习惯。
1 ．根据上下文补上适当的名词或代词作主语：
在新西兰也讲英语吗？
Do you speak English in New Zealand?
活到老，学到老。
One is never too old to learn.
如蒙宽大，一定洗心革面。
If you can pardon me, I''ll turn over a new leaf.
弄不好，就会前功尽弃。
If things are not properly handled, our labor will be totally lost.
武松乘着酒兴，只管走上岗来，走不到半里多路，只见一个败落的山神庙。
Still primed by all the wine, Wu Song continued climbing the ridge. Before he had gone another half li he came upon a Mountain Spirit Temple.
报告的其他部分没有提到这一点。
The speaker made no mention of this point elsewhere in his report.
2 ．采用 there be… 或 it is… 结构翻译：
总之，是两点而不是一点。
In short, there are two aspects, not just one.
少说空话，多办实事。
There must be less empty talk and more hard work.
除了枪声，再没有其他声响。
There was no sound but that of gunfire.
桌子上放着吕宋烟盒和扇子。
There are a cigar-box and a fan on the table.
下雪了。
It is snowing.
从这里到颐和园有五英里。
It is five miles from here to the Summer Palace.
现在12点半了。
It is half past twelve now.
和你见面很高兴。
It is a pleasure to meet you.
3 ．不加主语，套用英语祈使句型翻译：
请打开窗户。
Please open the window.
到什么山上唱什么歌。
Sing different songs on different mountains.
做事要稳，改错要狠。
Be steady in doing your work; be resolute in correcting your mistakes.
4 ．不加主语，套用英文倒装句型翻译：
河边屹立着一片橡树林子
By the river stands a forest of oaks.
描金的福建漆盘子里还放着当天的报。
On the gilded Fujian lacquer tray also lay the morning newspaper.
道路两旁站着欢迎来宾的学生。
On both sides of the avenue were students to welcome the guests.
5 ． 用英文被动句型翻译：
必须保证产品质量。
The quality of the products must be guaranteed.
这儿将建一家医院。
A hospital will be built here.
对这一问题实际上还没有进行过科学实验。
Practically no scientific experiments have yet been made on this question.
隐约望得见一艘登陆艇停在附近。
A landing –craft could be seen tied up nearby.
上个月抢救了两只挨饿的大熊猫。
Two starving pandas were rescued last month.
某些表示要求、规定的无主句，也往往可以译成被动句。
本剧场内禁止吸烟。
Smoking is not allowed in this theatre.
必须保证八小时睡眠。
Eight hours'' sleep must be guaranteed.
不过英语也有无主句，如祈使句， 翻译时要译成“让……”。另外，要注意译出同位关系。如：
Let his exterior conflict be the mirror of
the protagonist''s own interior conflict，the clash of his desires，his own strength against his own weakness.
让主人公的外部冲突反映出自己的内心冲突，即他的各种欲望之间的冲突，自身优点与弱点之间的冲突。
2 ．外位语结构的处理
在现代汉语中，如果有两个词或词组指同一事物，一个用在句中充当句子成分，另一个放在句外。居于结构之外的成分叫外位语，处在结构之内的成分叫本位语，后者常常是一个代词。如：青春，这是多么美好的时光啊！这里“青春”是外位语，“这”是本位语。从形式上看，外位语（extra- position ）很像同位语（apposition），但又不同于同位语，外位语指的是独立于句子之外，同时又和句中的某个成分指同一事物的成分。外位语的使用往往是说话人为了突出某事物，在句前说出或在句后补充说出该事物，同时又在全句中用代词指称这一事物。
英语也有外位语结构，如：Jane Austen, she was a novelist. 这里 “ Jane Austen ”也是外位语结构。不过，汉语中外位语的使用远比在英语中普遍。汉语外位语结构英译时，可套用英语的外位语结构。汉语外位语英译的方法是多种多样的，究竟用哪一种方法，要看外位语结构的繁简和上下文来决定。
以下介绍几种汉语外位语英译的处理方法：
（ 1 ）译成相应的英语外位语结构
把这件事看得很严重，这我决不会。
To take such things seriously , that is what I should never do.
国家的统一，人民的团结，国内各民族的团结，这是我们的事业必定要胜利的基本保证。
The unification of our country, the unity of our people and the unity of our various nationalities —— these are the basic guarantees for the sure triumph of our cause.
“横眉冷对千夫指，俯首甘为孺子牛”， ——这是鲁迅先生的方向，也是鲁迅先生的立场。
“Fierce-browed, I coldly defy a thousand pointing fingers; head bowed, like a willing ox, I serve the children.” — that was Lu Xun''s attitude and that was the position he took.
（ 2 ）译成一个独立句或并列分句
遇事想争个第一，而且能挣到第一，这就不简单。
He not only wants to excel —— he does excel. That''s not easy.
帝国主义的许多侵略机构，如学校、医院及教堂等，这些都应由中国人来办。
The imperialists have many institutions of aggression like schools and colleges, hospitals and churches. These must all be taken over by the Chinese.
要解决问题，还须作系统的周密的调查工作和研究工作，这就是分析的过程。
In order to solve the problem it is necessary to make a systematic and thorough investigation and study. This is the process of analysis.
（ 3 ）用 it 作形式主语或宾语，将外位结构转化为名词从句或不定式，放在句尾作逻辑主语或宾语。
不调查、不研究、提起笔来“硬写”，这就是不负责任的态度。
It is sheer irresponsibility to pick up the pen and “force ourselves to write” without investigation or study.
一个人坐在房子里孤陋寡闻，这样不行。
It''s no good for us to shut ourselves up in a room, remaining ignorant and uninformed.
敌人的武力是不能征服我们的，这点已经得到证明了。
It has been proved that the enemy cannot conquer us by force of arms.
我们认为适当地照顾原文语言的特性，同时又尽可能译成纯洁的中文，这不仅是可能的，而且是必要的。
We consider it not only possible but necessary to pay due regard to the language peculiarities of the original work and at the same time make the version in the purest possible Chinese.
（ 4 ）把外位结构译成由介词 of ,as for , as to, as regards 等引导的介词短语，放在句首。
我们可能停留一两天。耽搁一星期之久，那是不可能的。
I could stay for one or two days, but as for staying for a week, it would be out of the question.
曾经留恋过别的东西的人们，有些人倒下去了，有些人觉悟过来了，有些人正在换脑筋。
Of the people who hankered after those ways , some have fallen, some have awakened and some are changing their ideas.
剩下的帝国主义的经济事业和文化事业，可以让他们暂时存在，由我们加以监督和管制，以待我们全国胜利以后再去解决。
As for the remaining imperialist economic and cultural establishments, they can be allowed to exist for the time being, subject to our supervision and control, to be dealt with by us after country-wide victory.
（ 5 ）指称外位结构的代词（“这”或“这些”等）略去不译，直接把外位语结构译成句中的一个成分。
能不能尽快把科学技术搞上去， 这是一个关系到社会主义建设的全局，关系到我们国家命运与前途的大问题。
Whether science and technology can be pushed forward as quickly as possible is a question of vital importance for socialist construction as a whole and for the destiny and future of our country.
冰箱、电视机、录音机，这些她都买了。
He has bought a refrigerator, a television and a tape-recorder.
大势所趋，人心所向，这已无可阻止。
The general trend of events and the will of the people had become irresistible.
（ 6 ）将原文中主语指代的外位语译成表语。
实现四个现代化，这是我们今后相当长时间的中心工作。
For a relatively long period ahead, the focus of our work is to realize the four modernizations.
工厂、铁道、枪炮等，这些是物质条件。
The material conditions are factories, railways, fire-arms, artillery, and the like.
除了上述外位语结构的基本译法之外，还可以根据上下文采取其他变通的译法。如：
中国产生了***，这是开天辟地的大事变。
In China, the Communist Party was born, an epoch-making event.
（外位语转化为一个句子，原来的句子转化为一个同位语。）
对于反动营垒中可能分化出来的人物，要争取他们，教育他们，帮助他们。
Those who can be split off from the enemy camp should be won over, educated and helped.
（外位结构转化为主语。）
1．指代关系
2．替代和省略
3．连接
4．词汇衔接
第四章 篇章翻译
篇章是指口头或书面语的一个单位。如一篇散文、一首诗歌、一次演讲、一份协议、或其中意思比较完整的段落。以往翻译方法研究常停留在词和句的层面上，忽视篇章的整体性。篇章翻译是把词、句、段落放在语篇的大环境中来考虑，把握通篇的信息，根据语境的范围，来解决语篇对等和得体的问题。
相关链接
衔接
就照应来说，汉语也可通过“人称”（例123）、“指示”（例124）和“比较”（例125）手段与上下文中的某一个参照点相呼应。
（123） “雷鸣也要上前线去了！这就证明了前线确是吃紧；不然，就不会调到他。”
（124） “······任何牺牲都得去干！这是命令！”
（125） 天空挤满了灰色的云块，呆滞滞地不动。他脸上的气色和窗外的天空差不多。
省略衔接在汉语中是常见的，如例126。
（126） 在一顶很大的布伞下，四小姐又遇到认识的人了。是三个。
这里的“三个”，显然指“三个（认识的人）”。
象“添加”（例127），“转折”（例128），“因果”（例129）和“时间”（例130）等连接关系在汉语中均存在。
（127） “…我从没见过他办一件事要花半天工夫！何况是那么一点小事，他只要眉头一皱，办法就有了！……”
（128） 朱桂英立即也站了起来。可是屠维兵拦住了他。
（129） “我——我就看不起资产阶级的黄金！”“因为资产阶级的黄金也看不起你的新诗！”
（130） 可是床里的小孩子却哭得更厉害。同时，房外楼梯上脚步声响了，连哭带嚷的青年妇人奔进房来。
在词汇衔接方面，汉语也可采用“泛指词”（例131）、“重复（例132）、“同／近义”（例133）、“类属”（例134）和搭配（例135）等。
（131）大门外十个工人代表中间却又多了一个人。是武装巡捕，正在那里弹压。
（132）“佩珊！佩珊！我心里难过极了！想到一个人会死而且会突然的就死，我真是难过极了！我不肯死！我一定不能死！”
“可是我们总有一天要死。”
（133）“也有他很配的，例如在铜钱银子上的打算。”
“哦——又是和金钱有关系。”
（134）她的脸色现在又飞红了，她的眼光迷乱，她的胸部很剧烈一起一伏。突然她伸开了两臂。雷参谋抢上一步，吴少奶奶便像醉迷似的扑在雷参谋胸前，她的脸恰靠在雷参谋肩头。雷参谋俯下头去，两个嘴唇接在一起。
（135）“投机的狂热哟！投机的狂热哟！你，黄金的洪水！泛滥吧！泛滥吧！冲毁了一切堤防！······”
例131中的“人”是个泛指词，在语义上包括“巡捕”，在本话语中则预指下文的“武装巡捕”。例132中的对话以“死亡”为主题，因而在词汇上出现了“死”字的多次重复。例133中的“铜钱银子”和“金钱”存在同义关系。例134对人物和动作的描写必然涉及人体的各个部分，而这是经由“脸”、“眼”、“胸”、“肩”、“头”、“嘴唇”等同属身体部位的局部词街接的。最后一例“洪水”导致“泛滥”，“泛滥”则又导致“堤防”的被“冲毁”，表明这些词汇存在着搭配关系，常在语篇中同现。
在汉语中争议铰大的是替代，问题的实质是汉语中是否具有象英语那样的可以替代名词、动词和小句的形式词项。从现有的语言材料看，汉语“的”有时起到英one的功能，如redone就是“红的”。不论是one或是“的”，离开了一定的语言环境和上下文，就无从知道具体指的是什么东西。（朱德熙，1980）。
就汉语是否具有象英语do那样的动词替代词而言，赵元任（1968）曾提出“来”、“弄”、“搞”、“怎么”等形式，笔者窃以为“干”的形式更为常见，如
（136）甲：小王，你帮我搬下桌子好吗？
乙：我不干（我不搬）
甲：小王，咱们一起复习功课好吗？
乙：我不干（我不复习）甲：小珍，今天你洗碗。
乙：我不干（我不洗）
下例中的“是”似乎也具有代动词的意义。
（137）“……她们又要求米贴，前次米价涨到二十元一石时曾要求过，这次又是。”
例137中的“是”在语义上反指“要求米贴”和“要求过（米贴）”。
与英语小句替代词so相当的汉语替代词有“这样”。
（138）——黄宏这个同学真用功。
——我也这样看。
以上仅仅是极为初步的探讨。随着研究的深入，我们相信人们会总结出汉语中更为丰富的衔接手段。有一点是可以肯定的， 汉语也要表现语篇功能。
（胡壮麟 等编著 《系统功能语法概论》 P.165-167 ）
语段层的翻译 语段，亦称句群，是大于句子的语言片段。它是由两个以上句子构成的语义整体。以语段为翻译单位，要求译者在翻译运思过程中以语段作为一个逻辑单元，确立原文语段与译文的等值关系。其中词、词组、句子的转换应服从于整个语段的等值转换。以语段为翻译单位，在理解与表达时要注意段内的逻辑联系、段意的向心性，段内上下词语的匹配性以及段落处理中可能的转序和分合。 一、逻辑的关联性 语段中，句与句的集结包含着不同的逻辑关系，有着不同的承接手段。
As the manager of the performance sits before the curtain on the boards ， and 1ooks into the Fair， a feeling of profound melancholy comes over him in his survey of the bustling place. There is a great quantity of eating and drinking …“领班的坐在戏台上幔子前面，对着底下闹哄哄的市场，瞧了半响，心里不觉悲惨起来，市场上的人有的在吃喝······”（杨必译，后句加上“市场上的”字样与前句贯通。） 二、意义的向心性 语段是一组意义相关的句子的集合，每一句话都围绕一个中心意思。 The four men huddled there and said nothing. They dared not smoke. They would not move ，“四个人聚在那儿不说话，不敢抽烟、也不愿走开”。原文三句话都围绕主语述说状况。汉语一气呵成，省译两个代词，译语精炼，内容集中。 三、词语的匹配性 整段的中心意义对词、句意义的确定或引申具有一定的支配作用： A man trying to see a single atom would be some what like a man trying to see a single drop of water in the ocean while flying many miles above it ． He would see the results of a great many drops of water having coming together. But he certainly would not be able to see a single drop of water. “一个人想要看到半个原子，就有点像想在海洋上空许多英里外看到大海中单独的一滴水一样：他只能看到无数水滴汇成的一片汪洋，而单独的一滴水肯定不可能看到”。例中 results 之引申为“一片汪洋”完全取决于语段的特定情境。从句子本身很难作出这种选择。四、 语段的重组 在英汉互译中，相应语段的信息安排不一定完全一致。汉译时，要根据汉语语段组合的要求，理顺语义关系，合理安排信息。具体地说，原语句子（或分句）有的可能要超前译出，有的可能要滞后表达。语段的重新组织或局部调整，以信息重心安置得当、语段文气贯通为主要目的。此外，在翻译过程中，原文语段也可能合并或分拆。
（方梦之 见《中国翻译词典》）
翻译语言学 翻译语言学是站在语言学高度对经验层次上的翻译技巧进行的理论概括，可分为五个分支：翻译句法学，翻译语义学，翻译语用学和翻译文体学。
（张今 见《中国翻译词典》）
一、语篇中的衔接
衔接是语段中不同部分之间的语法和/或词汇关系，这种关系可能存在于句子之间，也可能存在于一个句子中不同部分之间。英国语言学家韩礼德把英语句子的衔接手段分成五大类：指代（reference），替代（substitution），省略(ellipsis)，连接(conjunction)和词义衔接（lexicalcohesion）。
1．指代关系
指代关系指词与所代表的事物、行为、事件及特性之间的关系。这里所讲的指称仅限于两个语言表达语之间的一致关系。代词是语篇中的重要衔接手段。理清代词的指称关系，在翻译中是至关重要的。
Mrs Thatcher has resigned. She announced her decision this morning. （ she 和 her 都是指 Mrs Thatcher 。）
撒切尔夫人已经辞职。她是今天早上宣布她的决定的。
Mrs. Thatcher has resigned. This delighted her opponents.(This 指 Mrs. Thatcher has resigned. 这句话。 )
撒切尔夫人已经辞职。这使她的对手们很高兴。
It had been damaged; when he lifted it , he heard something clink feebly inside. He set it back on the ground.
那东西摔坏了。他拿起来，听见里面叮当直响，就又放回地上。
（原文中的三个 it 指的是同一个东西，其中一个转换为名词“那东西”，其余两个未译出。中文用代词的频率比英文低。一般在英译汉时，英文代词可以不译出，或转换成名词。）
To parliamentarians trained in British terminology, “the government” means the cabinet: a group of the legislature''s own members, chosen by it to devise public policies, to manage the legislature''s major activities, and to exercise executive powers.
对于那些受英国术语熏陶的议员们，“政府”指的是内阁，是立法机构本身的一批成员，由内阁任命来制定公共政策，应付议会的重大活动并行使行政权力。
（译者对原文中 it 的指代关系没有弄清， 以为 it 是指 cabinet, 按这样翻译，英国内阁是由内阁任命的，不合逻辑。实际上， it 是指 legislature ， 因此，应改译为“由立法机构任命”。可见有的指代关系，光从语篇中的语言关系来判断还不够，还要有相关的背景知识。就这一句翻译来说，如果译者对英国政体有所了解，就不至于闹出这种笑话。）
八达岭这一段是1957年修复的，是长城的典型建筑，平均高7.8米，底部宽6.6米，顶部宽5.8米。
The section at Badaling was restored in 1957, and it is typical in its structure,. It is 7.8 metres high on an average, 6.6 metres wide at the bottom, and 5.8 metres wide on the top.
（根据汉语习惯，一个主题第一次出现后，如果下文又是同一主题，那么主语可以省略。而在译成英文时则必须补上主语，按英语习惯，如果主语相同，第二次出现时，就用代词指代。原文中“这一段”是主语，但在后面叙述中主语省略了，英文中补上代词 it 两个。因此，翻译汉语省略主语的句子时，必须根据上下文，弄清省略的主语是什么，才不至于在译文中把指代关系搞错。）
柯灵，生于1909年，浙江省绍兴人。中国现代作家。1926年发表第一篇作品叙事诗《织布的妇人》。1930年任《儿童时代》编辑。1949年以前一直在上海从事报纸编辑工作，并积极投入电影、话剧运动。解放后，曾任《文汇报》副总编辑。 现任上海电影局顾问。
Ke Ling was born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province in 1909. He is a modern Chinese writer. His first writing, a narrative poem, The Woman Weaver appeared in 1926. He was one of the editors of Children Times from 1930 onwards. Before 1949 he was all along engaged in editorial work in newspaper offices and took an active part in activities of film and modern drama in Shanghai. After liberation he filled the post of deputy editor-in-chief of Wenhuibao for a period. He is at present adviser of Shanghai Film Bureau.
（汉语原文里第一句点出“柯灵”后，以后每句话中的主语都省略了，按汉语习惯这样行文较紧凑简练，也不会引起误解。但是，按英文表达习惯必须补上主语，根据原文的指代关系，补上人称代词 he 是最佳选择，使英文语篇上下文指代明确，行文流畅。）
2．替代和省略
替代是用一个语言项目去替换另一个语言项目。省略是因前面已经提过，没有必要再出现而省去句中的词或短语。 翻译时应理清语篇中的替代关系和省略的项目，才能根据英汉不同的语法结构，灵活转换，准确表达原文的意思。
My axe is too blunt. I must get a sharper one.
我的斧子太钝了。我要一把更锋利的（斧子）。
（原文第二句one替代第一句的axe，翻译时one可以不译，也可以重复 axe 的意思。）
A: I''ll have two poached eggs.
B: I''ll have the same.
A: 我要两个荷包蛋。
B: 我也要两个荷包蛋。/我也一样。
（原文 the same 替代 two poached eggs. 译文可以重复替代的项目，也可以不重复。）
A: Do you think he''ll come tomorrow?
B: Yes, I think so ./ No, I think not.
你看他明天会来吗？
是的，我看会（来）。 / 不，我看不会（来）。
（英语原文 so 替代 he''ll come, not 替代 he''ll not come, 由于汉语没有对应的替代词，翻译时必须重复被替代的部分。）
Mary ate an apple and Jane (ate) a pear.
玛丽吃了一个苹果，简吃了一个梨。（原文省略动词 ate ，但根据汉语习惯, 译文须重复动词，才能表达清楚。）
Here are thirteen cards. Take any (card). Now give me any three (cards) .
这儿有十三张牌。随便拿一张（牌）。现在给我三张（牌）。
A: Is Jenny coming to the party ? 珍妮来参加聚会吗？
B: Yes, she is. 是的，她来的。
原文第二句省略了coming. 。翻译时还得根据汉语习惯，重复动词。）
他找着了就送过来。
If he finds it , she will send it to you.
（汉语句中的宾语，如果上文已经提到或在听者心目中已明确，就往往省去，但译成英文时则必须补出，英语的及物动词必须有宾语。）
“那么（我）叫（人）给（你）打几个鸡蛋？”
“（我）吃不下去。”
“How about a couple of eggs?”
“ (I) Can''t eat a thing.”
（在汉语对话中，主语常被省略，汉译英时，也可以按英语习惯予以省略。）
“头昏吗？”
“有点。”
“ (Are you) Dizzy?”
“(I am) Just a bit (dizzy).”
( 在以上对话中，原文和译文都省去主语谓语。 )
“要一点吗？”
“Do you want some?”
（有些汉语句子省去的成分虽然较多，但仍能完整表达意思，可是在汉译英时，还是要根据英语习惯把省略的部分补上。 )
3．连接
英文句子中词组、句子之间大多使用连接词表示相互的逻辑关系，因此，其句子的构成方式是形合。汉语句子关系往往是平行的，在句子的各个成分之间往往没有连词，句子成分是通过其内在的逻辑、意义关系结合在一起，因而是意合。但必须注意的是，尽管东西方文化和思维方面的差异使英汉两种语言在语篇衔接手段上不同，英文以形合为主，汉语以意合为主，但这些差异也是相对的，英语中有意合，汉语中也有形合，随着英汉两种语言的频繁接触，两种语言也在互相影响。英汉互译时，应根据连词在语篇中上下文的意思，灵活翻译。
If you confer a benefit, never remember it, if you receive one , remember it always. 施恩勿记，受恩勿忘。
（英文原文中的两个连词 if, 在汉语里没有译出。英译汉时，可以按中文习惯，省略连词，使译文更简练。）
Even if you go there, there won''t be any result.
去了也白去。 （连词省略。）
When you have tanks of air on you, you can stay in deep water for a long time.
如果背着空气袋，人们就可以长久呆在水中。
（ when 转译为“如果”。英译汉时可根据连词在语篇中前后关系，判断其意思，灵活翻译，不要对号入座， if 未必是“如果”， when 未必是“当 …… 什么时候”，可以用转译的方法。）
I couldn''t think much of John after he had done a thing like that.
由于约翰做了这样一件事，我无法再尊敬他了。
（ after 转译为“由于”。）
听人家背地里议论，孔乙己原来也读过书，但终于没有进士，又不会营生；于是越过越穷，弄到要讨饭了。
From the gossip that I heard, it seemed that Kong Yiji had studied the classics but never passed the official examinations and , not knowing any way to make a living, he had grown steadily poorer until he was almost reduced to beggary.
（汉语也存在形合的句子，汉译英时可以保留汉语的连词， 译成对应的英语连词。）
既然你知道这样会伤害她，怎么还要这样做呢？
How could you, when you knew that this might hurt her?
（汉语原文的连词，英文照译。）
跑得了和尚，跑不了庙。
The monk may run away, but the temple can''t run with him.
（汉语句子多为意合，不用连接词，汉译英时常要根据英语习惯添加连接词。）
早早献关，饶你性命！倘若迟误，粉身碎骨！
If you give up the pass, I may spare your life; if you delay, I will grind your bones to powder and make mincemeat of it.
（译文中添加两个连接词 if 。）
4．词汇衔接
词汇衔接指语篇中出现的一部分词汇相互之间存在语义上的联系，或重复，或由其他词语替代，或共同出现。在一文中重现与原文一致的词汇衔接是不可能的，这就要求寻找一组巧妙的词汇衔接来替代原文中的词汇衔接。
What characterizes almost all Hollywood pictures is their inner emptiness . This is compensated for by an outer impressiveness. Such impressiveness usually takes the form of a truly grandiose realism.
几乎所有好莱坞电影的特征都是内容空虚。这种空虚被具有感染力的外表所掩盖。这种感染力通常以非常宏伟的写实手法表现出来。
（英语原文 inner emptiness —— this 是用替代把语义联系在一起，译成汉语“内容空虚——这种空虚”，是通过重复将语义联系在一起。原文 impressiveness —— such impressiveness 是用重复把语义联系起来，译文也是用重复。）
Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament , is in discourse; and for ability , is in the judgment and disposition of business
读书足以怡情，足以博采，足以长才。其怡情也,最见于独处幽居之时；其博采也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其才干也，最见于处世判事之际。
（译文保留了原文的形式和风格，同样用重复把语义联系起来。）
一条石板道伸进河里，河的旁边就泊着阿李的船。船停在水莲丛中，被密集丛生的水莲包围着。许多紫色的花朵在那里开放，莲叶就紧紧贴在船头。
Extending into the river was stone jetty, and beside it Li''s boat was moored. The boat was surrounded by thickly growing water lilies . Many purple flowers were in blossom. The leaves pressed against the prow.
（汉语原文“伸进河里——河的旁边”，“阿李的船——船”是通过重复将语义联系在一起。“船——船头”，“水莲——许多紫色的花朵——莲叶”是通过上义词或下义词等其他词替代将语义联系在一起。翻译时在结构上作了适当调整，词汇衔接基本不变。）
在我自己的交友中，最值得系念的是一些少年时代的朋友。这些朋友本来数目就不多，有些住在远地，连相会的机会也不可多得。他们有的年龄大过了我，有的小我几岁，（我们）都是中年以上的人了……
Of all my friends , those I have known since childhood are most worthy of remembrance. They are few in number. Some of them live far away and we seldom have opportunity to see each other. Some of them are older than I am, and some a few years younger. But all of us are in late mid-life.
（原文和译文基本上都用替代把语义联系起来，汉语最后一句是无主句，译文添上主语。）
1．运用语境
2．运用非语言知识
3．运用想象
相关链接
语义和翻译 译者的任务是准确、恰当地传达原文的意思；语义是翻译活动的起始点，也是其终点。语义问题是翻译研究的中心问题。语义是语言符号的属性，它是语言符号（包括音素、字素、词素；词、短语、句子、话语等）与其自身之外的某个东西之间的关系。美国哲学家和逻辑学家莫里斯（ C. W. Morris l901 一）把符号与其所指称或描写的实体或事件之间的关系定义为语义关系，把符号与符号之间的关系定义为符号句法关系，把符号与其使用者之间的关系定义为语用关系：根据这种划分，可以把语言符号的各种意义相应地分成三大类，即指称意义、（语）言内（部）意义和语用意义。语言交际情境至少包括５种要素，即发讯人、收讯人、发讯人和收讯人之间的沟通渠道、发讯代码（即语言本身）和交际主题。三大类语义当中的每一类都同这５种要素中的某一种或某几种特别相关。指称意义是语言符号和它所描绘或叙述的主观世界与客观世界的实体或事件之间的关系。它主要同交际主题相关。这里的交际主题是指最广泛意义上的话题，例如，它也包括语言符号本身（所谓语言的“元语言功能”，因为语言可以用来讨论任何事物。在大部分情况下，指称意义是语言符号所传递的主要信息。它也被称为“概念意义”或“认知意义”。言内意义是语言符号之间的关系，它主要同语言本身的结构有关；言内意义可以在语言描写的各个层面上实现：（１）音素层面（音系意义），如头韵、半韵、和音、尾韵、格律等；（２）字位层面，如汉语中的拆字修辞格；（３）词素层面，如表示性、数、格的词形变化；（４）词汇层面，如前后呼应的字词、双关语、一语双叙的修辞格等；（５）句子层面，如句子成分的语序；（词素层面和句子层面的言内意义即平常所说的语法意义，由于语法形式大多是强制性的，因此在大多数情况下，语法意义是言内意义中最不突出的一种。）（６）话语层面（语篇意义），如词汇接应、句子的形合连接与意合连结、对句等等。言内意义同话语的效果有关系；把谚语译成散文，就可以看出由于音系意义的缺失，谚语的整体效果减弱了多少。语用意义是语言符号与其使用者之间的关系，它包括：（１）表征意义，即话语中揭示发讯人身份及其所属地理、历史和阶级背景、性别、年龄、在交际情境中的态度等等的成分，如地理、历史与社会方言等；（２）表达意义，即语言符号所传达的情感内容及其表达发讯人个性或个人创造性的成分，如抒情、讽刺、咒骂等等；（表征意义和表达意义主要同发讯人相关。）（３）社交意义，又称“情境意义”或“人际意义”，是语言符号同建立或保持某种社会关系有关的方面，它由称谓、交际内容的性质（实质性的还是寒暄性的）和语域三个因素确定，主要与沟通发讯人和收讯人的渠道相关：（４）祈使意义，主要与收讯人相关，指发讯人改变收讯人行为或心态的意向，具体表现为命令、敦促、说服、乞求等：（５）联想意义，指语言符号析唤起的联想，亦即它所暗示的、或者作为它一部分的概念或印象，它同时与发讯人和收讯人相关，是各种形式的比喻说法的基础。以上三大类社会符号学语义概括了语言与翻译研究中涉及到的各种意义，例如“元语言意义（或功能）”就是以语言自身为指称对象的指称意义；“美学意义（或诗学意义）”只不过是多种言内意义与表达、祈使等语用意义的复合体而已。广义的风格（地理、历史、社会方言以及语言使用结构上的特异性成分，如韵律、文字游戏等）可以归结为表征意义、社交意义及诸种言内意义；而狭义的风格（语言交际中参与者之间的关系；主要指语域）就是社交意义的一部分。翻译过程中的问题因而大体都可以还原为语义问题。
（柯平 见《中国翻译词典》）
语义连贯 词语连结是通过词汇或语法手段使文脉贯通，是篇章的有形网络，而语义连贯是以信息发出者和接受者双方共同了解的情景为基础，通过逻辑推理来达到语义的连贯，这是篇章的无形网络。语义连贯是构成话语的重要标志。译者只有理解看似独立、实有照应的句内或句间关系并加以充分表达，才能传达原作的题旨。例如： All is silent ． The coffin is closed and ： carried s1ow1y down the stairway ， through the corridors ， and out into the windswept streets. Outside ， a sea of faces ． Fluttering red banners against a background of snow ， It is the coldest day ， they say since 1812 ， but the people have stood in the streets all night．“万籁俱寂。灵柩合上了，被缓慢地抬下楼梯，通过走廊。抬到那寒风凛冽的大街上。外面人山人海，白雪皑皑，红旗飘展。据说这是自 1812 年以来最冷的一天，但人们已在街上站了整整一夜”。这是 Lenin''s Death 一文中描写到列宁灵柩从工会大厦运送到红场的一段。气氛庄严肃穆。描写顺序由先至后，从内到外。尽管这一段文字中少用连接词，段中还有两个单部句，但语义连结十分紧密。译文较多地采用小句，读来深沉激昂，犹如身临其境。由于整个话语是靠细微而精妙的内在联系而达到语义连贯的，翻译这类语段时一般顺次翻译，以维系其原有的逻辑顺序，使译文读者产生与原文读者相同的联想。
（方梦之 见《中国翻译词典》）
二、语篇中的连贯
如果说衔接所实现的是语言表层形式和陈述之间的关系，那么连贯则是指交际行为之间的统一关系。连贯是主观的，有赖于接受者对语篇的理解。如果语篇中包含的概念关系与读者原有的对事物的体验相符，那对该读者来说，该语篇是连贯的。由于不同的读者对世界的体验是不同的，所以在一个读者看来是连贯的语篇对另一个读者来说却可能是不连贯的。
翻译的难点在于接受者的文化和知识背景不同，对语篇会有不同的理解。因此，在理解的过程中，要注意结合交际情景和文化背景来理解原文意义，在翻译的过程中，要结合目的语的语言结构和文化背景知识来重构原作者的意图，形成新的连贯。
连贯的语篇一定是衔接良好的，而表面衔接良好的语篇却未必是连贯的。
例： I bought a Ford. The car in which President Wilson rode down the Champs Elysees was black. Black English has been widely discussed. The discussions between the presidents ended last week. A week has seven days.
（这段话表面上衔接很好，但意思并不连贯。这说明不是所有包含衔接标记的语篇都是连贯的。只有当衔接标记反映语篇包含的概念关系时，才能说该语篇连贯。）
实现语篇连贯的手段，一般有以下三种。
1．运用语境
这种手段主要用于语篇上找不到明显的衔接标记，但从意义上来讲是连贯统一的。接受者可以根据语境提供的信息推理来实现语篇的连贯性。
A: Could you give me a lift home?
B: Sorry, I''m visiting my sister.
A :能让我搭你的车回家吗？
B: 不好意思，我要去看我姐姐 。
（ A 的提问和 B 的回答之间没有任何语法和词汇联系，但 A 和 B 都知道 B 的姐姐的住处与 A 家的方向相反，因此，对话有连贯性。译文读者一般不难判断其间的语义联系。）
A: There''s the doorbell.
B: I''m in the bath.
A: Ok
A: 门铃响了。
B: 我在洗澡。
A: 好的。
（对话中虽然没有显性衔接标记，但语篇的语义是连贯的. 从对话所提供的信息、情景语境、对话者的关系等因素中，可了解到彼此要想传达的信息，使读者很容易在潜意识中，根据语境推断出语篇隐含的部分。）
A: I''m rather short of cash at the moment!
B: Oh, I''m sure they accept credit cards here.
A: 我此刻身上没有现金。
B: 噢，他们这里肯定收信用卡。
（日常交际中，大量的信息是由说话者暗示而不是道明的。一般听话者能理解说话者在话语中的暗示。如以上对话中， A 的意思可能是要 B 替他付午餐钱， B 能理解 A 话中的蕴涵，但叫 A 自己用信用卡去付款。由于两人能互相理解，因此，两句对话的语义是连贯的。）
2．运用非语言知识
语篇的连贯性还取决于运用非语言知识 , 如对话双方的共有知识 , 事先存在的常识 , 世界知识 , 跨文化知识等 , 因此对语篇的理解有时还要调用相关的知识来掌握说话人或作者的交际意图，在某种意义上来说 , 读者或听者对语篇的理解得越透彻 , 越能掌握语篇的连贯性。连贯性取决于读者对篇章的理解和判断。
A: Are you going to work tomorrow?
B: I''m on jury duty.
A: 你明天去上班吗？
B: 我在当陪审员。
（尽管对话表面并不衔接 , 但实际上是连贯的片断 . 关键是听者或读者若了解陪审团成员在法律上有不上班工作而参加陪审的权力，就不难理解B的回答是肯定的还是否定的。）
可我从头到脚成落汤鸡了。
I was drenched from head to foot like a drowned rat.
（对于中国文化背景的读者很容易理解“落汤鸡”的意思，但对于讲英文的读者就不容易，因此直译不行，应该在把握原文意图的基础上，根据目的语的文化背景，用目的语读者能够理解的表达来翻译。）
A: Shall we go for a walk?
B: Could I take a rain check on that?
A: 我们去散步好吗？
B: 改天可以吗？
（英文原文中的“雨票”(rain check)，源自美国棒球比赛因雨天改期，可看另一场比赛的票根。语篇中蕴含意思的理解，不能只靠语言知识，应该具备相关的背景知识才行。而翻译时，很难照字面直译，应该准确把握原文的意思，把真正意思翻译出来。）
A: Shall we go for a walk?
B: It''s raining.
A: 我们去散步好吗？
B: 下雨了。
（在这个对话中， B的回答就不仅仅是对天气的评论，还产生了它的隐含意义：或者是“因为天下雨了，我们最好还是不去。”；或者是“好啊，既然我们都喜欢在雨中散步。”这就给翻译造成困难，译者必须根据上下文提供的其他更多的信息来判断其真正的意思。）
A: Can you drive ?
B: Is Pope Catholic ?
A: 你会开车吗？
B: 教皇是天主教徒吗？
（如果没有相关背景知识，就很难理解B 答语中的蕴涵意思。教皇当然是天主教徒了，这还用问吗？对于中国读者来说，也许不太容易理解其中的蕴涵意思，不能理解，就无法达到语义连贯。因此，改译成“这还用问吗？”或“当然了。”就使中国读者比较容易理解。）
The river had been dry for a long time. Everyone attended the funeral.
河已经干涸很久了。大家都去参加葬礼。
（这句话反映了非洲加纳人的一个习俗。如果读者不了解有关非洲加纳河神习俗的情况，就会觉得该句不连贯，但了解背景的读者是会这样理解： If a river has been dry for a long time, then a river spirit has died. When a spirit dies there is a funeral. The river had been dry for a long time. 对于这样的句子，翻译时最好要加注。）
3．运用想象
有些语篇表面上看缺乏连贯，无任何衔接纽带，似乎作者思想杂乱无章，不合逻辑，但实际上是经作者精心挑选，潜心琢磨创作出来的。因此，语篇连贯性有时要读者运用联想和想象去理解、体会。例如 :
The apparition of these faces in the crowd;
Petals on a wet, black bough.
（《地铁车站》这首诗从语言的衔接角度来看，这两行诗的衔接关系是松散的，不连贯的。但作者为了唤起读者去联想、去感受这一张张美丽的脸庞的美感，刻意用一片片花瓣的美丽形式来暗示、来描绘。这种诗篇行与行之间的语义连贯主要是依赖读者的联想和想象能力。）
语篇中的语义连贯手段，除了以上所述之处，还有其它连贯手段有待探讨。若能正确地运用这些手段，对提高翻译水平将产生明显的效果。为最有效地达到连贯目的，译者得缩小两种语言各方面的差距。译者干涉的范围取决于以下两个方面：
（1）译者对其目标读者的期望和所掌握相关背景知识多少的判断能力；
（2）译者是要忠实于原文，还是要忠实于读者。
译者要呈现给读者的信息与读者原有的知识总会有差距，这时译者应该怎么办？
（1）对文本进行补充说明）expand a text（：对于译者认为的读者不熟悉或根本不了解的相关背景知识，译者应该给译文加注或者直接在译文中阐明。
（2）省略（delete information）： 对于译者认为读者已经了解的相关背景知识则可省略，不必再加以注释。
有时，译者对读者应有的背景知识的判断与读者实际掌握的背景知识有出入时，应该怎么办？
其实译文并不总要与读者期望相一致：正如文学，不同读者对同一文本必然有不同理解而仍不失其连贯性；只要能激发读者质疑他们已有的现实、期望和喜好并让他们对此有所准备，那么就不会影响文本的连贯性。
1．数与翻译
2．格与翻译
第五章 语法与翻译
语法包括两个主要的方面：词法和句法。词法是研究词素、词素的不同形式及其在构词时的组合方式。句法是研究单词如何组成句子的方法及支配句子结构的规则。在翻译中语法结构的选择是强制性的，而词汇的选择则是可以灵活的。在语言发展过程中，语法结构的变化是缓慢的，困难的，而词汇的变化则既容易又快。由于原语和目的语语法结构不同，常使信息内容在翻译过程中发生变化。如果目的语缺乏原语的语法范畴，那么原语的信息就可能被忽视。如英语名词复数所表达的信息内容，在译成汉语时，就常被忽视。
相关链接
名词数的翻译
英语名词的数由词尾变化表示，汉语名词的数则通过词汇手段表示。一般处理原文名词的数是在译文名词前加数词、量词等。但应注意，数词或量词必须用得恰当，而且并非处处都要加上。滥加数词或量词会使译文变得累赘。高明的译者往往不受原文的束缚，能随机应变，灵活处理。试以《老人和海》第二段为例，请看译者是怎样处理其中的名词复数的。
The old man was thin and gaunt with deep wrinkles in the back of his neck. The brown blotches of the benevolent skin cancer the sun brings from its reflection on the tropic sea were on his cheeks . The blotches ran well down the sides of his face and his hands had the deep-creased scars from handling heavy fish on the cords . But none of these scars were fresh. They were as old as erosions in a fishless desert.
老人消瘦而憔悴，脖颈上有些很深的皱纹。腮帮上有些褐斑，那是太阳在热带海面上反射的光线所引起的良性皮肤癌变。褐斑从他脸的两侧一直蔓延下去，他的双手常用绳索拉大鱼，留下刻得很深的伤疤。但是这些伤疤中没有一块是新的。他们像无鱼可打的沙漠中被侵蚀的地方一般古老。
这段文字中有10个复数名词，译文中有5个名词前加数词或量词，5个未加。这一处理恰到好处，加数词或量词的地方都是必须加的，不加的地方复数的概念仍然明确。这里应特别指出blotches和scars两组词的处理。这两个词的复数形式在文中各出现两次，而译文也都是各有一个词前加量词，一个词前未加。Blotches在前一句中译成“有些褐班”，这是刻划人物的外貌特征的词，点明“有些”是必要的。而在后一句中，“有些”不加上去十分高明，因为从上文中已知其为“有些”，从该句“两侧”也可推断出褐班不是“一点”，若再加上“有些”就显得画蛇添足了。Scars的处理也很有特色，量词“这些”起着一石两鸟的作用，使译文显得简洁、紧凑。最后一个名词erosions复数只是一种泛指，并未指出，也没有必要指出具体数量，译成“被侵蚀的地方”而不加任何数量词是十分恰当的。
原文名词的单数还可译为复数，复数译为单数。这当然得根据具体的上下文来确定。例如：
From where he swung lightly against his oars he looked down into the water and saw the tiny fish that were coloured like the trailing filaments… (E. Hemingway The Old Man and the Sea )
他从坐着轻轻荡桨的地方低头朝水中望去，看见一些颜色跟那些拖在水中的触须一样的小鱼 ...
英语fish 为物质名词，不用复数形式。这里虽为单数形式，实表复数义，故译文在“鱼”前加量词“一些”。
（傅仲选，1993，第65-67页 见《译学大辞典》）
语境 语境是语言环境的简称。语境有微观语境（狭义上下文）和宏观语境（广义上下文）之分。微观语境指词、短语、句子、语段或篇章的前后关系，是语言内部诸要素相互结合、相互制约而形成的语境。宏观语境是指使用某个语言项目时的广阔的社会背景，即与语言交际有关的语言外部诸要素相互结合、相互制约而形成的语境。微观语境常常可以帮助理解词或短语等语言成分的特定意义。例如 Wait a moment中的 moment 表示“瞬间”， be of little moment中的 moment 表示“紧要”，而moment of inertia 中的 moment 则为“（力）矩”了。宏观语境除了有助于确定词或短语的意义，常用以确定言语行为的类型。在翻译过程中、必须弄清言语的施为目的，例如请求、命令、抱怨、许诺等，这就是言语行为的类型。例如 It''s getting hot in here，这句话可以代表不同的言语施为目的或产生不同的施为作用： 1. 作为直接话语，告诉某人“这里热起来了”； 2. 作为间接言语行为，请求某人打开窗户； 3 ．作为反话，抱怨说话的地方太冷； 4 ．作为暗喻，指某种争论在不断升级，大有大吵大嚷之势。从以上四种言语行为的类型来看，后三种与表面词义相差甚远。这只有通过宏观语境才能确切了解。所以，译者的语境意识及语境的综合分析能力对译品的高下有直接的影响，译者应该努力提高掌握并运用语境的能力。
（方梦之 见《中国翻译词典》）
语法与翻译 语法是描写一种语言的结构，说明词的变化和用词造句的规则。它研究句子的结构功能和意义。“每种语言都有它自己的语法和词汇的使用习惯。我们不能想象把原作逐字逐句，按照其原来的结构顺序机械地翻译过来的翻译方法，能够恰当地传达原作的面貌；我们也不能想象这样的译文会是纯粹的本国文字。”（茅盾语）所以，要搞好翻译，必须具有较高的语言文字修养，而其中熟悉外汉语知识、学会语法分析又是基本条件。语法分析的目的在于揭示各种语法单位用什么形式表达什么意义。
（方梦之 见《中国翻译词典》）
第六章 数、格、时态与翻译
一、数、格与翻译
1．数与翻译
并不是所有的语言都有数的语法范畴，英语的数是属于语法范畴，汉语的数则属于词汇范畴。汉语除表示人的名词后可加“们”表示复数外，其他均无复数。因此，在英译汉时就可能忽视原文数的信息。如 my book 和 my books ，译成汉语一般都译成“我的书”，原文数的信息就被忽视了。当然，译者也可以采用词汇手段，将原文复数概念表达出来。如： There are books on the table. 桌子上有许多（几本） 书。可见，译者可以选择省略关于数的信息，也可用词汇手段表达关于数的信息。
China''s Panda Reserves
中国熊猫保护区（译者省略了数的信息，读者不知道是一个还是多个保护区。）
Ladies and gentlemen
女士们，先生们（汉语可以在表示人的名词后加“们”表示复数。）
Flowers bloom all over the yard.
朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。
The lion is the king of animal s.
狮子是百兽之王 。
Newsmen went flying off to Mexico.
记者纷纷飞到墨西哥去了。
（以上三例都是用词汇手段表示复数的概念。）
有些英语名词只有复数形式，但译成汉语时无法再现其复数信息。如：
woods 森林 trousers 裤子 clothes 衣服 goods 货物
有些名词在英语中单复数形式是一样，可以说与汉语是对等的，只不过汉语必须在数词与名词之间加量词。如：
a sheep 一只羊 two sheep 两只羊
a deer 一只鹿 two deer 两只鹿
a fish 一条鱼 two fish 两条鱼
有些名词在英语中单复数形式所表示的意思是不同的，英译汉时必须用词汇手段把复数的意思表达清楚。如：
fruits 各种水果 fishes 各种鱼 peoples 各国人民
有些名词在汉语是可数的，但在英语是不可数的，汉译英时，如要表示数量，就必须加数量词。如：
一条消息 a piece of news ( 不能用 a news)
一套家具 a set of furniture ( 不能用 a furniture)
一支粉笔 a piece of chalk ( 不能用 a chalk)
汉语的名词一般没有复数形式，但在汉译英时，译者必须根据实际情况用单数或复数的词。如：
长征是历史记录上的第一次。
The Long March is the first of its kind in the annals of history.（原文“记录”没有复数形式，英文用复数annals。）
争取运动成绩和精神文明双丰收。
For better (athletic) records and sportsmanship.
汉语的谓语无人称和数的变化，不管主语是单数还是复数，不管主语是第几人称，谓语的形态都不变。如：
我是福州人。 I am from Fuzhou.
你是福州人。 You are from Fuzhou.
她是福州人。 She is from Fuzhou.
他们是福州人。 They are from Fuzhou.
英语的谓语有人称和数的变化，因此，汉译英时，要注意主谓语之间人称和数的统一，反之，英译汉时则难免要失去英语中主谓之间关于数的信息。如：
乡镇企业的繁荣是我国农村改革的必然产物。
The prosperity of township enterprises is the inevitable outcome of the economic reform in the rural area.( 主语单数，谓语也用单数。 )
当前，我国的职业教育和成人教育正在加快发展。
Vocational education and adult education are being pushed on energetically in our country. （主语复数， 谓语也用复数。）
各种方法都试过，可没有多大效果。
Every means has been tried but without much result. （ means 虽然形式是复数的，但这里做单数用，要用单数动词。 ）
这数据中有许多都是决定性的。
Much of this data is conclusive.
Many of these data are conclusive. （有些名词，其单复数形式是固定不变的，但其动词的单复数取决于其限定词和上下文内容。）
这位日本人已来过中国20次了。
That Japanese has been to China for twenty times.
那些日本人是到我们大学来参观的客人。
Those Japanese are visitors to our university.
（ Japanese 既可单数也可复数，视其限定词而定。）
《古代中国神话》是由那位老教授编写的 。
The Tales of Ancient China was written by that old professor. （专有名词作主语用单数动词。）
精彩的演出使全体观众情绪激昂。
The audience was excited by the excellent show.
（audience是集合名词，大部分集合名词都可使用单数或复数动词，这主要取决于作者的强调点：强调整体时，用单数谓语；强调这个集体里的成员时，用复数谓语。）
从以上例子中可以看出，英语的主谓一致是比较复杂问题。在汉译英时，要特别注意。
2．格与翻译
英语中名词和代词有格的变化，汉语没有格的变化。
英语的代词有主格、宾格和所有格的变化，汉语没有。汉译英时，要注意使用正确的格。如：
他是老师。
He is a teacher. ( 主格 )
我是他老师。
I am his teacher.( 所有格 )
老师喜欢他。
The teacher likes him. ( 宾格 )
你是谁？
Who are you?
你跟谁说话？
Whom are you speaking to?
这是谁的伞？
Whose umbrella is this?
英语代词作宾语的定语比较普遍，而译成汉语时，那个修饰宾语的代词往往可以省略。但反过来，汉译英时，则要加上所有格代词。如：
We love our motherland.
我们热爱（我们的）祖国。
He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.
他耸耸（他的）肩，摇摇（他的）头，（他的）两眼看天，一句话不说。
John is in his fifties.
约翰五十几岁了。
英语名词作主格和宾格使用时没有词形变化，这一点与汉语是一致的。但英语的名词有所有格的变化，汉语则没有。英语名词的所有格一般是在名词后面加“ ''s ”构成，以“s”结尾的名词所有格，只需在名词后面加“ '' ”，或者用 of 短语来表示所有关系。如：
yesterday''s lesson 昨天的课
my father''s room 我父亲的房间
the fox''s tail 狐狸的尾巴
Hemingway''s novels 海明威的小说
Engels'' works 恩格斯的著作
somebody''s friend 某人的朋友
the man in the corner''s hat 那个角落里的男子的帽子
the colour of the book 那本书的颜色
a question of theory 理论问题
the capital of our country 我国首都
从上述例子，可以看出汉语名词修饰名词，有些需要在修饰词与中心词之间用结构助词“的”加以连接，有些则不必用“的”。译者可以灵活掌握。
英语名词所有格又可用来表示店名、人家等，汉语没有这种表达形式。如：
at Mary''s 在玛丽家
the butcher''s 肉店
St. Paul''s 圣保罗教堂
英译汉时要注意加词，如“家”、“店”、“教堂”。反之，在汉译英时，则可将这些词省去。
1．运用语境
2．运用非语言知识
3．运用想象
相关链接
译者的版权保护 根据我国的现行版权法律（主要指1991年6月1日起施行的《中华人民共和国著作权法》及其《实施条例》，1994年7月5日起施行的 《全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于惩治侵犯著作权的犯罪的决定》）和我国参加的国际版权公约（即1992年10月在我国生效的《保护文学艺术作品怕尔尼公约》和《世界版权公约》），译作属于文字作品，是版权保护的客体之一，译者对其译作享有版权。译者对译作享有的权利与原作者对原作享有的权利相同，即既有人身方面的权利（国外亦称精神权利），也有财产方面的权利（亦称经济权利），人身方面的权利包括：发表译作的权利；在译作上署名、表明译者身份的权利；修改或授权他人修改译作的权利；保护译作的完整性，使其不受歪曲、篡改的权利。这几项权利为译者终身享有，译者去世后，除发表权可由译者法定继承人行使外，其他三项权利只能由译者的法定继承人或法律规定的法人团体（在译者无法定继承的人情况下）保护其不受侵犯，不得继承、转让和行使。财产方面的权利包括使用权和获得报酬权，即以复制、表演、播放、展览、发行、摄制电影、电视、录像或者改编、翻译、注释、编辑等方式使用作品的权利；以及许可他人以上述方式使用作品，并由此获得报酬的权利。财产方面的权利，译者可以自己行使，也可以授权别人行使；译者去世后，译者的法定继承人或法律规定的法人团体（在译者无法定继承人的情况下）继承和行使50年。50年期满，译作成为公共财产，任何人都可以使用。译者对其译作享有的版权，是一种专有权利，除法律另有规定外，未经译者同意，其他人不得行使。译者作为演绎作品的版权所有者，同其被译之原作者享有的版权是有区别的，那就是如果原作仍有版权，则译者翻译该作品，必须事先取得原作者或其他版权所有者的授权，译者对译作行使版权时不得损害原作版权所有者的权利。译者仅对其译作享有权利，而对其被译的原作不享有权利。例如我国某个剧作家仅将其某一剧本的英语上演权授权给英国某家剧团，英国剧团可以将我国剧作家的剧本译成英文并在合同约定的地区与时间内上演该剧，未经我国剧作家授权，英国剧团不得将该剧本（英文版）出版、不得将该剧在电台、电视台播放，亦不得将该剧的演出制成音像制品或电影、电视片，总之，如果被译的原作仍有版权，译作作者行使版权就受原作版权所有者的制约。如果被译的原作已经进入公有领域，则译者对其译作享有版权，就像原作者对原作享有版权一样。译者对其译作行使版权，如果被译原作仍有版权，必须处理好两层关系。一是提醒译作的使用者（不论是出版者、表演者、音像制作者还是广播电视组织）首先取得原作版权所有者的授权，并与其签订授权使用作品的合同，避免侵犯原作版权所有者的版权。二是与使用者签订授权使用译作的合同，明确授权的种类、时间、范围、付酬数量与方式等，明确双方的权利与义务。译者授予译作使用者的版权，可以是独占权，也可以是非独占权；收取报酬的办法可以是一笔一次付情的报酬，也可以是提取一定百分比的版权使用费（版税）。除法律另有规定外（主要指无需授权也不必支付报酬的“合理使用”已发表的译作，和无需授权但应按规定支付报酬的“法定许可”使用已发表的译作，——见我国著作权法第22条、32条、35条、37条、40条和43条），不经译者授权，擅自使用译者的译作，则侵犯译者的版权。译者版权受到侵犯，译者或其他版权所有者可以采取三种方式寻求版权保护。首先，受害者本人或委托律师与侵权者直接交涉，要求侵权者承认错误，停止侵害，赔偿损失。第二，受害者或者委托的律师，带上版权受侵害的证据和有关材料，到侵权行为发生地的政府版权管理机关，请求当地版权行政管理机关制止侵权行为，对侵权者予以行政处罚，并责令侵权者赔偿其所受损失。第三，受害者或其委托的律师可以直接到侵权行为发生地或侵权人居住地的人民法院提起诉讼。如果当地法院设有知识产权审判庭，可向知识产权审判庭投诉；如果未设知识产权审判庭，则可向民事审判庭投诉。当然，除上述三种方式外，如果侵权方同意仲裁，也可以到仲裁机关或双方认可的机构（政府机关或协会团体）进行仲裁。
（沈仁干：97，2《中国翻译》 见《译学大词典》）
二、时态与翻译
时态指动词的形式与它所描述的动作或状态发生的时间之间的关系。“时”表示动作发生的时间，“态”指动作的方式状态。英语动词的时间有“现在时”、“过去时”、“将来时”和“过去将来时”四类；从动作方式又可分为“一般式”、“进行式”、“完成式”和“完成进行式”四种。这就构成英语动词的十六种时态。汉语动词的时态不是用词形变化来表示，而是用一些特定的词语来表示。表示汉语动作的时间，最常见的是用时间名词“现在”、“如今”、“将来”、“以后”或用时间副词“曾经”、“已经”、“正在”、“刚刚”，以及时态助词“着”、“了”、“过”等来表示，也有的通过句法手段，即从全句的叙述、论说、判断中来表示时间。汉语时态助词“着”表示动作正在进行；“了”表示动作的完成；“过”表示曾有此动作，且已成为过去。但汉语的时态助词主要用于表示动作的方式状态，并不能表示动作的时间，因为它们都可以用于“现在”、“过去”和“将来”，所以不能把它们与英语的现在时、过去时等同起来。
英译汉时主要采用加进表示时间的词来表达英语中的时态概念。如：
I had known two great social systems.
那时以前，我就经历过两大社会制度。
（这里除了用“过”字外，还增加了“那时以前”，强调过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。）
I had never thought I''d be happy to find myself considered unimportant. But this time I was.
以往我从未想过，当我发觉人家认为我是无足轻重时，我会感到高兴。但这次情况确是如此。
（译文除了用“过”，还加上“以往”以强调过去已经发生的动作。）
The high-altitude plane was and still is a remarkable bird.
该高空飞机过去是现在仍然是一种了不起的飞机。
（这里为了强调时间的对比，要加上“过去”和“现在”。）
He has been working for two years.
两年来，他一直在工作着。
（英语是现在完成进行时，汉语用时态助词“着”和时间助词“一直”、“在”表示。）
This attractive black and white mammal has widespread human appeal and has become a symbol for conservation efforts both within China and internationally as the symbol of The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF).
这一吸引人的黑白哺乳动物为人们所广泛地喜爱。作为世界自然基金会（ WWF）的标记，熊猫已经成为中国和国际性自然保护努力的象征。（译文加“已经”。）
但有时如果从上下文可以明确判断时间，也可不加表示时间的词。如：
Species like this mountain rhododendron were collected by 19 th century botanists and then transported back to Europe for horticultural collections.
像这一山杜鹃花等种类为 19世纪的植物学家所采集，然后运回欧洲作为园艺收藏品。
（因为有19世纪这一时间词，读者可以从上下文判断时间，翻译时可以不加时间助词。）
The sun rises in the east.
太阳从东边升起。
（有时英语的一般现在时也用于表示无时间性的动作或状态，翻译时就不用加时间助词。）
从汉语译成英语，一般可以省略表示时间的词，而用英语相应的时态来表达。如：
他现在在北京工作。
He is working in Beijing now.
林先生过去是，现在还是我的老师。
Mr. Lin was and still is my teacher.
明年今日，我將已經和黃先生結婚了。
I shall have got married to Mr. Huang this day next year
但英语的时态比较复杂，汉译英时切不可把汉语表示时间的词和英语时态简单等同。要注意英语的表达习惯。如：
今天早上我写了两封信。
I wrote two letters this morning.
（汉语时态助词“了”的用处比英语完成式广，不一定都要译成英语的完成式。而且这里有明确表示过去时间的状语 this morning , 也不能用完成式。）
你留着自己吃吧！
Keep it for yourself.
（汉语用“着”，英语不一定要用进行时。）
我现在很爱她。
误：I am loving her very much.
正：I love her very much.
（love是表示情感的词，已经有表示现在的状态的概念，因此，不必再用现在进行时。这说明汉语的“现在”未必都要译成英语的现在进行时。同样的理由，在英语里不能说： I am hating him. I am liking apples. 遇到表示情感的动词一般不用进行时态。）
她现在有房子 。
误：She is possessing a house.
正：She possesses a house.
她现在有两只狗。
误：She is having tow dogs.
正：She has two dogs.
（以上两例中 possess 和 have 都是表示占有的词，已经表达了目前的状况，所以不用现在进行时。）
我在看花。
误：I am seeing flowers.
正：I am looking at flowers.
（动词的进行时态表示的动作或状态是暂时性的和可以立刻停止的。如果动作或状态是长期性的或不能立刻停止的，则不可用进行时态。"see" 是外界的形象传入我的眼中，使我看见；"look"是我用心去看外界的形象，使我看见。 "see" 不能立刻停止， "look" 可以立刻停止的。）
我在听收音机。
误：I am hearing the radio.
正：I am listening to the radio.
（同样的理由， "hear" 是外界的声音传入我的耳中，使我听到； "listen" 是我用心去听外界的声音，使我听到。 "hear" 不能立刻停止， "listen" 可以立刻停止。）
在你来之前，我们将完成工作。
We will have completed the work before you come.
（“你来”在将来发生，应用 "You will come" ， 但习惯上却用 "You come" 来代替。根据英语习惯，在时间和条件状语从句中，一般用现在时代替将来时。）
当他到达时，我已吃完我的晚餐。
I had taken my supper when he arrived.
（从汉语原文看，只能判断是发生在过去的事情，但这里涉及两个动作，一是“他到达”，二是“我吃晚餐”。“我吃晚餐”在前，要用过去完成时态；“他到达”在后，要用一般过去时态。）
在“态”的变化上，汉语可以运用动词的重叠方式或动词的重复出现来表示，这种变化形式在英语中是没有的。汉译英时只能舍其形而取其义。
请闻一闻牛奶的气味。
Please take a smell at the milk.
敌人尝尝我们炮弹的味道。
Give the enemy a taste of our shells.
这东西需要检查检查。
It''s necessary to have a check-up.
你们俩交换交换意见。
You two have an exchange of views.
让他试试那件上衣。
Let him have a try on the coat.
１．直译
２．意译
３．转换
４．注释法
第七章 修辞与翻译
相关链接
严复在翻译 Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays （天演论）一书时，书名当道，有如雄关，晨夕推敲，寝食俱废，呕心沥血，面色憔悴。其妻力劝：“勿为一词而轻生。”严复答道：“蜉蝣此生何足惜，一词足以垂千秋！” 最后将 Evolution一词置于案上晨夕推敲，落成“天演”二字。“天演”即“自然演化”之意，比“进化”更为醒豁，而且言简意赅，堪称“造化之笔”！但“一词当关，万夫莫开”，个中辛苦，有谁能识？译成之后，严复不禁谓然长叹：“一名之立，旬月踟蹰！”总之，“修辞美”是翻译艺术的不可缺少的要素，正如翻译家帕里什 (Parrish) 所云：“修辞美是维系翻译艺术生命的高级蛋白，没有修辞美，译品就会失去生命力。”此语堪作翻译工作者的座右铭。
（黄龙 1988）
修饰关系的理解和翻译 对于英语句子重复杂的修饰关系如果理解错误必然造成错译；这主要表现在修饰语与被修饰语的关系上，（1） 修饰语概括不全She read the letter again and again ， now fully aware of the significance of the message his unusual request and a real condescension. （ A ）她一次又一次读他的信，现在已经充分意识到信的内容的意义，意识到他那不同寻常的请求，以及明确无误的屈尊。（ B ）她一次次读信，现在对信的主旨，他那不寻常的请求以及确实放下了架子的谦卑口气所具有的含义已经充分理解了。关键在于对句子最后部分的理解，request 和condescension 是和significance平行还是和message 平行？ （ A ）认为是前者（ B ）认为是后者。联系第一部分考虑，最后两部分并不需要一次次读信才能理解，除非是要体会其言外之意。所以（ B ）的理解是正确的，不把这两部分包括进去共同修辞significance就是“概括不全”（ 2 ）扩大了概括范围主 I had been delayed by someone who had come to see me and was a trifle late ．（ A ）我被耽搁了，有人来看我晚了一会儿。（ B ）有人来看我，耽搁了一下，我晚到了一会儿。定语分句不应包括 was a trifle late ，（ A ）认为应包括便是扩大了修怖语的概括范围。（ 3 ）搞错了修饰对象 In the British system of collective cabinet responsibility ， a minister is accountable to his colleagues in the government and in the Parliament for the function he directs. （ A ）在英国的集体内阁负责制中，一名主管大臣在政府中对其同僚负责，在议会中对自己的职务负责。（ B ）按英国的内阁集体负责制，大臣应就其掌管的本职工作对政府和议会的同事负责。（ A ）在 and 处断开，把最后部分（ in Parliament …）连在accountable上，这是没有搞清accountable的搭配关系 ( 应连 to ··· for ···两部分 ) 因而搞错了修饰对象；其实它应修怖 collleagues ，译成（ B ）那样。
（陈文 见《中国翻译词典》）
翻译的美学观 翻译家拉姆斯登（ Ramsden ）指出：“翻译之美集中表现于修辞美、意境美、采风美、形象美、典型美与宏观美。要思维抽象化、想象升华化与语言形象化，才能译得表里俱秀，形神兼似，味如甘醇，吮之欲醉。具有上述美感的译品能起潜移默化、陶冶感染的作用，可使读者获得感情上的享受与精神上的满足。”由此可见，翻译之美是客观存在的反映，而不是“先验论”的产物。审美能力是翻译家的主要条件之一。很难想象，一个不辨美丑的翻译工作者能够忠实于作者与原文，……诸“美”之间具有内在联系，相互渗透，相互依赖，相辅相成，相得益彰。“修辞美”犹如人之谈吐美，“意境美”犹如人之心灵美，“采风美”犹如人之举止美，“形象美”犹如人之神采美，“典型美”犹如人之个性美。诸美璨然俱备，浑然自成一体，既不容分割，又不可偏废。关于翻译美学观的问题，近年来外国翻译家对此极为重视。杰文斯（ Jevons ）甚至认为“美是翻译的灵魂。美之所在，即灵魂之所在。”事实上，如果修辞工巧，意境深邃，采风淳朴，形象生动，便可谓译笔优美，得其神髓。
有人不禁要问原来是美的，理应以美译美；但若原来是丑的，怎能以美译丑？果真如此，岂不是涂脂抹粉，将丑予以美化？非也。提出上述问题，是由于对“美”的误解或曲解。为了澄清模糊认识，不妨举例加以阐明。君不见戏剧、绘画与小说中的反面人物？莎士比亚擅演小丑，“身穿斑衣，供人赏玩”（十四行诗），但却演得有声有色，赢得天下演艺之美，夺得艺苑大师之称。意大利画家古亚蒂（ Guiatti ）精于画鬼，但却画得惟妙惟肖，掠尽灵派风格之美，荣获“幽灵画家”之名。《聊斋志异》作者蒲松龄善于《画皮》，但却写得栩栩如生，显出世态素描之美，博得讽刺作家之誉。莎士比亚、古亚蒂及蒲松龄等人并不因演“丑”、画“丑”、写“丑”而有损其“美”。与此相反，只要“丑”得精采，“丑”得逼真，“丑”出水平，便是一“美”对翻译而言，亦是如此。翻译亦不因译“丑”而失其“美”，只要把“丑”译得淋漓尽致，神态毕露，便是一“美”。
仅就演丑角戏而言，“丑角丑角，越丑越俏”，此是古语。嬉笑怒骂，全在一俏，无丑不出俏，无俏不成戏，故丑角乃不可或缺之角色。翻译亦然，不限于正面人物或事物，有时要涉及反面人物或事物。译者必须“美”“丑”兼容，将“丑”译得“美”，而不是将“丑”译成“美”。由是观之，无论是戏剧、绘画、小说，翻译均不应嫌“丑”弃“丑”，而应亲“丑”爱“丑”，以“丑”致“美”；只要“丑”得可观，便会各有其美，各领风骚！翻译学家格伦瑟（ Gruenther ）强调指出：“翻译美学是翻译学的不可分割的组成部分，美学观点应该贯串翻译教材的始终。”翻译学是新兴的边缘科学，现已风靡世界，翻译审美学（trans1ation aesthetics ）亦随之应运而生。不言而喻，开设翻译美学课，进行翻译美感教育，以提高译文水准，实属刻不容缓之举。
（黄龙 1988 ，第 84 、 109 一 111 页 见《译学大辞典》）
修辞是提高语言表达能力的一种方法。翻译质量高低和修辞形式的正确运用有重要关系。英汉两种语言常用的修辞格有许多相似之处，翻译时应该采取恰当的、最接近原文的处理方法，使原文中音、形、意的修辞效果尽可能完美地传达到译文中去。例如培根 (F.Bacon) 的散文以结构严谨，对仗工整，尤以三项式排比著称。他的 Of Studies 第二段的开首句是：
To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules is the humour of a scholar.
读书费时过多易惰，文采藻饰太盛则矫，全凭条文断事乃学究故态。
著名翻译家王佐良教授的译文，不但忠实地传达了原文的信息，而且运用对应的修辞手段，再现了原文修辞美，做到既传神，又表形。又如：
It was a day as fresh as grass growing up and clouds going over and butterflies coming down can make it. It was a day compounded from silences of bee and flower and ocean and land, which were not silence at all, but motions, stirs, flutters, risings, fallings, each in its own time and matchless rhythm.
绿草萋萋，白云冉冉，彩蝶翩翩，这日子是如此清新可爱；蜜蜂无言，春花不语，海波声歇，大地音寂，这日子是如此安静。然而并非安静，因为万物以其特有的节奏，或动、或摇、或震、或起、或伏。
译者从篇章入手，充分把握原文的修辞美，如原文所用排比、比喻等手段，然后对句子结构和词序安排作适当调整，充分发挥汉语优势，运用各种翻译技巧和修辞手段，既正确传达了原文的意思，又保留原文的排比句式，把原文的结构美、音韵美和节奏美表现的淋漓尽致，读来赏心悦目。
可见，修辞与译文表达好坏有密切关系，对于辞格的处理，基本上可以采取直译，意译、转换或直译加注释等方法。但真正要表达好，是要花很大功夫的。
１．直译
直译可以保留原文的修辞美，但也要把握分寸，使译文不至于误导读者。
Jane''s uncle is an old fox , up to all kinds of evils.
珍妮的叔叔是个老狐狸，什么坏事都干得出来。
（英语原文用了暗喻，译者直译成汉语。因为，“老狐狸”这个暗语的隐含意义，在汉语也是众所周知的。）
She is t he prettiest girl in the world.
她是世界上最漂亮的姑娘。
（英语原文采用了夸张的手法，译者采用直译，保留了原文的辞格。）
His wife spent all her life on the stage.
他的妻子在舞台上度过了一生。
（英文原文用“ the stage ”转喻他妻子从事表演艺术，译者用直译法，在中文里保留了原文的转喻。而且，“在舞台上”，其隐含意义在汉语也是明确的。）
April, April,
Laugh thy girlish laughter.
四月呀四月，
笑吧，姑娘般地笑吧。
（重复是英汉都有的修辞格，可用于突出思想感情，加强节奏感。这里采用直译法，再现了原文的辞格。）
. Having shoveled *** for some of the great men of Washington for almost twenty years, he was still little better than an enlisted man , the eternal snuffy, paid to take out the garbage, thrown a couple of bills by the fat cats in their thousand-dollar suits.
为华盛顿的某些要人铲屎铲了近二十年后，他仍比当兵的强不了多少，永远是个醉鬼，受雇去清除垃圾，然后再由那些穿着千元西装的肥猫给他丢下几张钞票。
（英文原文采用暗喻“ Having shoveled *** ”，隐含“ he ” 是专为华盛顿的要人所干的坏事擦屁股，又用借代“ fat cats ” 代表“有钱有势的人物”，译文保留了原文的修辞手段，再现了原文的生动表达。）
He gave his life; life was all he could give.
他奉献了自己的生命；生命是他能奉献的一切。
（原文和译文都用了顶真格，既翻译了内容，又移植了形式。所谓顶真格就是第一句结尾的字或词语与第二句开头的字或词相同。）
正如乌云不能遮蔽太阳，谎言是掩盖不了事实的。
Just as dark clouds can''t hide the sun so no lies can cover up the fact.
（汉语原文用明喻，英文也有同样的辞格，可以用直译法，保留原文的修辞美。）
“你在这里 ┅┅ 呆了好久？”成岗不愿对孩子说出那个可怕的“关”字，改口说“呆了好久”。
“我从小就在这里 ┅┅ ”
“How long have you been staying here?” Cheng Gang avoided using that terrible phrase “locked up.”
“Ever since I was a baby…”
（汉语原文用了委婉的修辞手法，译者采用直译法，同样保留了原文的委婉辞格。）
根据报纸上官方介绍，他是天底下头等大好人，浑身上下毫无缺点，连肚脐眼都没有。
According to the official write-ups in the papers, he''s the best man in the world. He doesn''t have a single defect in his whole body. Why, he doesn''t even have a belly-button.
（汉语原文采用反语，译者采用直译法，在译文中保留了原文的反语。）
一天一天、一年一年，他们顽强地生活和战斗在荒山野林里。
Day after day and year after year ， they fought and lived stubbornly in the wild mountains and forests
（汉语用重叠，英语也有同词连续反复的手法，即将同一个词用介词（ after ，， in ， to ， upon ， with 等）连续起来使用，用 and 连接起来连续使用，用连字符（ hyphen ）连接起来使用，或者用逗号（，）隔开重叠使用。 这就为直译创造了有了条件。）
要么就一点也不相信我，要么就完完全全相信我。
Trust me not at all or all in all. ( 同上 )
２．意译
在无法直译并保留原文辞格时，可用意译。
When the cat''s away , the mice will play.
猫儿不在，鼠儿作怪。
（英语原文是谚语，无法直译成汉语，只能用意译，但译文再现原文的脚韵，这在翻译时要下很大功夫。）
The ship plows the sea.
船在乘风破浪前进。
Early Reagan was a mirror image of early Carter.
里根刚上台时的做法跟执政初期的卡特毫无二致 。
（以上两例都无法直译，用描述性手法也各保留原文的生动性。）
脱掉棉衣换上春装的人们，好像卸下了千斤重载，真是蹦跳觉得轻松，爬起卧倒感到利落。
With their heavy winter clothing changed for lighter spring wear they could leap or crouch down much more freely and nimbly.
（这里汉语原文同样用了明喻，但译者采用意译法，将明喻的意思融入英文译文，这在难以保留原文辞格形式时，也不失为一种好方法。）
我那里管得上这些事来！见识又浅，嘴又笨，心又直，‘ 人家给个棒槌，我就拿着认作针 ''了。脸又软，搁不住人家两句好话儿。
I''m incapable of running things. I''m too ignorant, blunt and tactless, always getting hold of the wrong end of the stick. And I''m so soft-hearted, anyone can get round me.
（汉语原文用了谐音双关的歇后语，译者用意译法，采用英语同义的习语 get hold of the wrong end of the stick 可以生动地传达原文的意思。）
３．转换
转换是将原文中的辞格在译文中转换成另一种辞格。
大家心里都乐得开了花，像办 喜事 那样忙忙碌碌地做着准备工作。
Everyone was as pleased as though a festival was approaching, and set about getting ready for it.
（汉语原文仍然是用了明喻，译者在英译时保留了辞格的形式，但将比喻的对象转换为“节日” (festival) ，采用转换法，也是辞格翻译的一种重要方法。）
He made money fly.
他挥金如土。
（英文原文是暗喻，翻译成中文转换为明喻。）
Up shot the rocket into the sky.
轰的一声火箭就上了天。
（英文原文是倒装句，汉语译文采用拟声法，并将倒装转换为直陈。）
He came home safe and sound.
他安然无恙回家。
（原文用头韵，译文转为对偶。）
４．注释法
有时为了使读者能明白原文的意思，需要加注释。这种方法不失为解决文化差异的好方法。
We have enrolled every local Cicero.
我们把各地西塞罗式的雄辩家都招来了。
（原文用借代手法，以西塞罗替代雄辩家，译文用直译加注释，既保留了原文的修辞，又使意思明确。）
这对年轻夫妇并不匹配，一个是西施，一个是张飞。
This young couple is not well matched, one is a Xi Shi —— a famous Chinese beauty, while the other is a Zhang Fei —— a well-known ill-tempered brute.
（汉语原文用了借代的修辞手法，以西施代替“温柔、美丽”，以张飞代替“粗鲁、暴躁”，译者采用直译加注释的办法，既保留原文风格，又使读者容易理解。）
全会建议全国人民代表大会修改宪法第四十五条，取消其中关于“四大”即大鸣、大放、大字报、大辩论的规定。
This session has also decided to propose to the National People''s Congress the deletion of the provision in Article 45 of the Constitution concerning the si da , that is , speaking out freely, airing one''s views fully, writing big-character posters and holding great debates.
（汉语采用统括的修辞手法，把“大鸣、大放、大字报、大辩论”简称为“四大”，外国人难以理解。外文出版社的一本根据“四大”音译，又加了脚注—— Si da: This is a shorthand way of referring to the provision in Article 45 of the Constitution of 1978 concerning “speaking out freely, airing one''s views fully, writing big-character posters and holding great debates.” Since in Chinese each of these expressions contains the character da or “big”, they have come to be known as the si da , or “four bigs”.）
一、机器翻译发展概况
二、机器翻译技术的原理和方法
三、机器翻译存在的问题
四、机器翻译的软件
五、机器翻译的几种翻译需求
第八章 机器翻译
相关链接
机器翻译的历史和展望
机器翻译大致可分为四个阶段。 1、设想和初探阶段（1933-1954年）。其中最早的代表人物当推法国工程师阿尔茨努尼（Artsruni, George）和前苏联的特罗绛斯基（Trojanski，P.P. ）。 1933 年阿尔茨努尼设计出一种他称为“机脑”的翻译机，并获得专利证书。同年特罗绛斯基提出借助机器进行翻译的详细步骤，并于同年设计出样机。 1946 年，美国的韦弗 (Weaver, Warren) 和美国人布思（Booth，A.D.）首次提出将电脑用于机译系统。 1947 年，布思与布里顿提出用数字计算机查阅储存在电脑记忆里的词典。同年，他们编制出自动查阅字典程序。1950年，美国人E 凯弗拉提出在机译中由人工进行译前编辑和译后审校的方案。 1954 年，美国乔治敦大学与 IBM 公司联合试验使用电脑的机译系统。这标志着机器翻译进入新的发展阶段。 2、迅速发展阶段（ 1954-1966 年）。美国先后出现许多研究小组；英、法、德、意等政府积极为研究项目提供资助；苏联和东欧一些国家的研究工作也很活跃。 3 、低潮阶段（ 1966-1976 年）。互相竞争和封锁导致研究内容重复，耗费大量可以节省的时间和金钱。一些研究人员又遭到困难和挫折。在美国，最初人们认为机器可以完全代替人译的幻想普遍破灭，研究经费随之大幅度收缩，西欧也是如此。美国语言处理自动化咨询委员会于1966年发表了一份调查报告，她的出笼标志着机译研究低潮阶段的开始。4、复苏阶段（1976-现在）。直到1976年3月， 在弗吉尼亚的拉什陵举行了一次机译研讨会，美国的机译研究才开始复苏。展望：翻译是十分复杂的脑力劳动。让电脑做这种工作也会困难重重。目前比较一致的看法是，机译首先要解决精细的电脑程序编制和计算方法问题。这又要解决两个问题：一是电脑如何分析和综合语法现象；二是如何选择词义的问题。此外，因为语言是丰富多彩的，因此，机译系统绝对达不到尽善尽美的程度。 （靳文 《中国翻译词典》）
如今机器翻译对于许多人来说应该已经不是很陌生的的词儿了。今天我们可以在软件商店买到形形色色的 PC机译软件，各种语言对的，如英文到中文的，中文到英文的，或者日文到中文的，甚至也有英文到日文的等等，还有什么家庭版的，专业版的，配带各种不同专业词典可供选择的等等。据估计，世界上目前市场上有1000多种不同的机器翻译软件在销售，我国具有一定规模的PC机器翻译软件也有近20种。在世界范围内PC机译软件的价格都不贵，而且价格还在不断地下降。现在我们甚至可以在网上免费享用翻译系统的服务。因此现在用户已有较大的选择余地。当然一个用户在选择机译系统时，应该首先很好地弄清自己的需求。具体来说，我们有如下的建议。
第一，如果你的翻译任务是较稳定的或长期的，专业单一的，翻译结果要达到出版水平的，你可能是一个翻译公司、或一个专业情报所，那么你可以选择配有大规模相应领域的专业词典的，并且又经得起大批量、长时间翻译运行的（有的系统会死机的）系统。同时更理想的是你还可以再配备一个“翻译记忆”系统，它可以帮助你处理文本格式问题(如字体、图表、脚注等），而且可以把你经过修改的正确译文保存起来供以后翻译时再利用。
第二，如果你的翻译任务是临时性的，专业不单一，翻译质量要求无须达到出版水平的，那么你可以选择配有多个领域的专业词典的，但还是应经得起大批量、长时间翻译运行的系统。
第三，如果你是为了浏览网上信息要用到翻译，那么你一定要选择可以在网上运行的系统。如果你的外语水平还可以但词汇量有限，那么还可以选择一种只有大规模词典但可随点随译的系统。今天机器翻译比起10年前，可以说相当繁荣。但是我们愿意提醒，在这繁荣的后面，却存在着危机。前面说到那个ALPAC报告曾给机器翻译带来的创伤如今似乎已被抚平了。但实际上它的阴影始终会时不时地再出现在机译研究者的头上。如今随着有越来越多的机译系统走向市场，政府的投资者感到在这种情况下如果还要投资攻关似乎有点名不正言不顺了。而商家则只是想现在该是把现成的技术包装包装就可以赚钱的时候了。经常会听到老板们会这样问研究者，“你估计开发出产品要多长时间？你的系统正确率如何？”，大概没有一个研究者会回答说，将来“正确率大约在百分之 五十左右”的。如果果真那样回答，那么他的项目还不当场就被“枪毙”了。可是现有的机译系统（不仅是英汉或汉英，国外的其他语言对的系统）在面对真实文本时，其正确率实际上有多少呢？机译的译文质量确实还远不能令人满意。近来国外有些人挖苦地说“MT，不是 machine translation 的缩写，而是 mad translation（疯子的翻译）的缩写。他们是近乎要跟机译来番决战似的。他们劝说人们不要购买机译系统，要翻译的话应该雇翻译人员。国内也有人讽刺地说，有了机器翻译，“满篇英文难不住，满篇中文看不懂”。这些固然是比较极端的评价，但机译译文质量确实一直是个老大难问题。著名的机译评论家 Hutchins在最近的机器翻译峰会上的发言中说，机译译文质量至今并没有取得实质性的进展，很多 50 年前未解决的问题如今依然存在。还有一种更加深层的危机，那是来自研究人员自身的。他们说“在现有的技术条件下，机译译文质量也只能这样了。”说这话时似乎他们不是“现有的技术条件”的创造者。这样一来，可能出现的情况将是投资者和研制者都在以较低水平的系统忙于行销赚钱，而不再有足够的经费和技术投入。机器翻译无论在理论上或是技术上都还未成熟。现在只是由于人们对于克服语言交流的障碍有着很强烈的需求，尤其是因特网的出现这种需求更显突出，机器翻译才获得了以较低的译文质量满足这种需求的机会，并利用这一机会来求得进一步的发展。我们对这一现实要有清醒的认识。在行销上，应切忌不切实际的宣传。现在在报纸杂志上常能见到关于机器翻译系统的过度夸张的宣传。从长远看，这是“自砸牌子”的不智作为。正确的做法是把产品拿到用户那里去，老老实实地告诉他们机译系统能做什么和不能做什么，如何来利用它，利用它之所长，避它之所短。同时根据用户的需求来调试和改进系统。换句话说，多做培养用户，培养系统，培养市场的工作。近20年左右，机器翻译研究的方法真可谓花样翻新，令人目不暇接，有基于规则的、基于知识的、基于语料库的、基于统计和语料库的、基于例子的、基于对话的等等，从另一种角度，还有直接法、转换法、中间语言法等等。但其中哪一种也未能在翻译质量上取得实质性的突破。如何才能取得实质性的改进呢？我们不妨先对现有的机译和人译做一番比较。
机译：
1.一句一句处理，处理第一句时不知道第二句的内容是什么，处理第二句时，也不再去参考第一句的内容了；
2.对源语言的分析只是求解句法关系，完全不是意义上的理解；
3.它的开发者要求它几乎是万能的，它似乎什么领域都能应付，从计算机到医学，从化工到法律，似乎只要换一部专业词典就可以了；
4.它的译文转换是基于源语言的句法结构的，受源语言的句法结构的束缚；
5.它的翻译只是句法结构的和词汇的机械对应。
人译：
1.一般会先通读全文，他会前后照应；
2.对源语言是求得意义上的理解；
3.只有专业翻译人员，没有一个是可以包打天下的万能翻译人员的；
4.他的译文是基于他对源语言的理解，不受源语言的句法结构的束缚；
5.他的翻译是一个再创造的过程。
机器翻译研究归根结底是一个知识处理问题。它涉及到有关语言内的知识、语言间的知识、以及语言外的世界知识，其中包括常识和相关领域的专门知识。我认为从实用的角度看，全自动高质量的机器翻译不应该是个目标，至少不应该是近期的目标，但是从研究的角度说，全自动高质量却应该是个目标。因为这样我们不仅能够建立机译系统，而且能够探索人译的机制。近年来我在许多场合都强调机器翻译应该到了有所突破、有所创新的时候了。下个世纪的机器翻译研究应在如下三个方面有所突破：
第一，大语境，而不再是一个句子一个句子孤立地处理；
第二，基于理解，而不再是停留在句法分析的层次上；
第三，高度专业化、专门化，而不再是个“万事通，样样松”了。
在九月的峰会上几位机译权威教授都一致提出要进行深层次的基础研究，使对于源语言的分析基于理解。呼吁投资者加大对于基础研究，如大规模知识词典建设的投入。笔者经过十多年的努力建立的大型知识系统《知网》，今年已上网供研究免费使用。它引起了海内外学者的广泛注意，并已有人在它基础上开始进行新的探索，如上面介绍的基于理解的分析以及新的排除歧义的方法。请读者浏览www.how-net.com 网页。
随着因特网的普及，随着信息时代的到来，机器翻译的应用前景是广阔的。作为人类探索自己智能和操作知识的机制的窗口，机器翻译研究将更加诱人。愿 50 年来尚未解决的问题会在新世纪里得到解决。
摘自《机器翻译漫谈》
董振东（中国中文信息学会常务理事）
http://tech.sina .com.cn 2000/07/06 新浪科技
一、机器翻译发展概况
机器翻译（machine translation）， 又称机译(MT)，是利用计算机把一种自然语言转变成另一种自然语言的过程。用以完成这一过程的软件叫做机器翻译系统。
从30年代起，人们便产生了利用机器翻译自然语言的想法。但是直到第二次世界大战以后的数年才有适宜的发展气候。但是信息理论的兴起，先进的密码破译技术的成功以及电子计算机的发明预示着机器翻译可能成为现实。50年代有几个小组开始研究机器翻译项目，人们对这一课题的发展前景期望很大。然而，最初的结果并不令人鼓舞。翻译系统能够处理的资料种类十分有限，译文拙劣，错误百出，而且需要人工后期校订，以致证明比用人工完成整个翻译工作的成本还要高。主要原因是缺乏充分精细的语言理论来为机器翻译需要承担的任务提供一个参照系。最早的机器翻译系统所做的不过是在各语言的单词之间寻找对等的成分——实际上是在充当一部自动化的词典。到了70年代语言学和电子计算机知识和技术的重大发展，又为机器翻译的发展创造了新的机遇。 特别是进入90年代，CPU的处理速度越来越快，储存器的储存量越来越大，这在物质上为机器翻译提供良好的发展条件。机器翻译繁荣期的最重要的特点是机器翻译研究造像了实用化，出现了一大批实用化的机器翻译系统，机器翻译产品开始进入市场，变成商品，机器翻译系统的实用化引起了机器翻译系统商品化。机器翻译的繁荣期是以1976年加拿大蒙特利尔大学与加拿大联邦政府翻译局联合开发的实用机器翻译系统TAUM-METEO正式提供天气预报服务为标志的。这个翻译系统投入使用后， 每小时可翻译6万到30万个词，每天可以翻译1500到2000篇天气预报资料，并能够通过电视、报纸立即公布。TAUM-METEO系统是机器翻译发展史上的一个里程碑，它标志着机器翻译由复苏走向了繁荣。机器翻译已经不再是学者们的梦想，他已经变成了活生生的现实。
中国是世界上第五个进行机器翻译实验的国家，从一开始就得到了国家的高度重视。早在1956年它便以“机器翻译”/“自然语言的数学理论”列入了当时的《科学发展纲要》。以后则列为“六五”、“七五”，以及“863”等重大科研项目。 中国的机器翻译研究虽然也有过10年的停滞，但与国外不同，并不是由于对机器翻译研究本身的中断投资引起的。70年代中期，我国机器翻译研究从停滞走向了复苏，是协同攻关的特点体现最充分的时期。80年代中90年代初期是我国的机器翻译研究自复苏以来第二个重要时期。在这一时期里，产生过两个在中国机译史上具有重要意义的实用系统。它们分别是军事科学院研制的“KY-1”英汉机译系统，它获得了国家科技进步二等奖，后来被开发为“译星”，成为中国第一个商品化系统，另一个是中科院计算所研制的“863-IMT”英汉机译系统，它获得了国家科技进步一等奖，它的技术带来了十分可观的效益。这两个系统也是多单位、多方面人材通力合作的结果。在这一时期里还有一个机译系统是不应被遗忘的。它就是由邮电科研院研制的“MT-IR-EC”，这是一个非常实用的通讯题录系统，人们利用它翻译出版通讯题录刊物，从而使刊物的发行效率得到很大的提高，它因此成为了第一个荣获国家科技进步奖的机译系统。在这一时期里，中国参加了由日本发起的亚洲五国机器翻译研发的合作项目。国内近10个单位参加了这一长达7年的国际项目。这次的大协作对于培养人才、传播技术、积累资源(如词典等)，以及使中国的机译研究走向世界，都有着深远的影响。另外，这个时期又正值“七五”，它给了更多的单位和研究人员参与机译研究的机会。在此期间，清华大学和南京大学研制了实用的日汉机译系统。中国科大在机译通用工具方面进行了富有成果的研究。北京大学研制成功了机译系统自动评估系统，这在国内外尚属首例。90年代初期至今，中国的机器翻译走入了快速发展的时期，出现了许多商品化系统。近期的机译系统大体上有这样一些特点：多数配有大规模的多种领域的专业词典，多数能在网上运行，有相当不错的方便用户的界面。新的应用领域的机器翻译研究，如对话翻译系统的研发等也已开始。中国的机译研究的水平在总体上从一开始就不低，如今在PC产品、网上系统的开发方面与世界上机译研究发达的国家相比并不逊色。
展望未来，机器翻译将随着人工智能处理技术的进步而有长足的进展，机器翻译势将打破国界和语言壁垒，使人类间的沟通更为方便更为迅速。
二、机器翻译技术的原理和方法
机器翻译从工作原理上分为两个派系：传统派和现代派。传统机器翻译从总体模式上可以分为三类：直接翻译法(Direct Translation)、中间语言法(Interlingual approach)以及转换法(Transfer approach)。
直接翻译从源语言的表层句子出发，将单词或固定词组直接置换成目标语言的对应成分。这种方法对翻译过程的认识过于简单化，基本上属于一种过时的方法。
中间语言法把源语言经过分析转换成一种对所有语言都适合的一种句法―语义表示，从这种表示可以生成任何一种目标语言。在设计多种语言互译的机器翻译系统时，这种方法在理论上是非常经济的。
转换方法采用两种内部表达并按三个阶段进行翻译，第一个阶段把源语言转换成源语言的内部表达，第二阶段把源语言的内部表达转换成目标语言的内部表达，第三阶段再根据目标语言的内部表达生成目标语言。当今许多实用的系统都采用了这样的总体结构。
从本质上讲，机器翻译系统的不同之处主要是各个系统对翻译所需要的分析(或理解)深度有不同的意见。直接翻译法认为不需要深层次的源语言分析，在源语言句法结构未知的前提下就可以翻译，转换法认为，要进行翻译，源语言的句法结构就应该提前得到，而中间语言法则认为需要更为彻底的源语言分析。实际上，即使采用同一种总体模式的不同实际系统，对分析深度的处理也是有所不同的。
现代派机器翻译是基于语料库，其工作原理是基于设置一个含有各种句型的原语言和目标语言双语对照的语料库。在翻译时，从语料库中抽取与输入句子相类似的句子，然后模仿例句来实现原语言的转换。这种研究方法的难点在于庞大语料库的构筑。“基于语料库”的方法将会使翻译质量有所提高，但建立一个完善的语料库需要投入巨大人力和物力。不过在一个受限制的领域里，这个方法是非常有效的。
不论是传统派系还是现代派系，机器翻译目前所应用的范围只限于求达意不求传情的科技文献，特别是个分门别类的专业、学科、各种说明书、使用手册等。如果让机器来进行诗歌翻译，就有些勉为其难了。
三、机器翻译存在的问题
目前多数的机器翻译系统都是先用人工建立的语法分析规则，逐句分析句子的词间关系，并通过字典来确定词意，然后才能将一个句子转换成另一文种。因此，系统必须知道句子中每个单词的精确含义，才能产生出准确的译文。一旦遇到一词多意的单词，系统便无法自行做出正确选择，译文也就会出错。比如基于语法分析的机器翻译技术无法自行判断bank一词应译为“银行”还是“河岸”，cool一词应译为“冷”还是“很棒”。 此外，机器翻译系统只能通过人工建立的语法规则来分析语句，但人类的语言十分丰富灵活，语法规则不可能覆盖所有的语言现象，同时，规则越多也会使系统越复杂，最终有可能导致系统难以管理。目前典型的商用机器翻译系统仅就两种比较复杂语种之间的翻译，就要有25万到50万个词的词典，以及500到1000条的语法规则。即使规模如此，一旦遇上规则中没有定义的语言现象，系统依旧无计可施。
一个合格的翻译遇到一词多意的情况时，可以通过对上下文的理解，以及长期的知识文化积累，正确的选择词意。人工翻译时，翻译人员通常只是参考词汇译文的意义，句子的表达方式则根据具体情况十分灵活地处理。而且翻译人员还可以在译文中修正原文的拼写错误和语法错误，机器翻译系统则不具备如此的智能。这就是目前机器翻译的水平赶不人工翻译水平的主要原因。
以下是一道英文菜谱用机器翻译成中文，结果就十分好笑，如果你完全按译文执行，做出来的恐怕不是美味而是毒药：
Toss fish slices with marinade ingredients. Place fish in center of a platter. Arrange daikon and carrot shreds around fish. Scatter fresh and pickled ginger, the pickled scallions, lime leaves, chiles, green onions and cilantro over fish. Sprinkle with peanuts and sesame seeds.
Just before serving, squeeze the lime or lemon juice over all. It is customary for everyone to join in and toss the salad. Using chopsticks, each diner digs from the bottom of the salad and lifts the ingredients to mix together.
机译：用腌泡汁原料摇摆鱼片段。在一个大盘中心中的地方鱼安排在鱼周围的DAIKON和胡萝卜碎片。驱散新鲜和腌渍的姜，腌渍的青葱，石灰叶子，CHILES，绿色的洋葱和超过鱼的CILANTRO。洒花生和芝麻种子。
就在服务之前，挤榨石灰或者柠檬汁超过所有。它由每个人加入是习俗的和摇摆色拉。当使用筷子时，每一个用餐者都从色拉的底挖掘并且举起共同混合的原料。
关键的错误出在石灰一词，将石灰水加入菜中岂不是要害人。这是因为机器无法在 lime一词的多个含义“石灰”、“粘鸟胶”、“酸橙”中做出正确选择才闹出的笑话。
Prepare a saturated solution of sugar.
机译：准备一种饱和的解决办法的糖。
（多义词与不同的辞搭配具有不同的词义，原文中的 solution 有“解决办法”、“解决”、“解答”、“溶解”、“溶液”等意思，人工翻译可以根据语境来选择词义，机译尚无法达到通过对语境的分析判断来翻译的水平，计算机往往是根据该词的第一个词典词义来翻译，因此，就出现这样的错误。正确的翻译应该是：准备一份饱和糖溶液。）
Telescopes are housed in large buildings called observatories.
机译：望远镜坐落在大建筑物调用天文台。
（英语中的一词多类也常常造成机器翻译困难。如 do, have 等既可作实义动词，又可作助动词，但计算机往往都把它们当作实义动词来译。那些形式上与谓语动词相同，实际上却是作定语或状语的分词，机器翻译时也统统作为与动词处理。“调用天文台”的错误就是这样产生的。正确的翻译应该是：望远镜都是安置在高大建筑物即天文台上。）
Welcome to the world of computer telecommunications.
机译：欢迎您到该计算机的世界远程通信来。
（汉语中没有冠词，英语中的冠词常译成汉语的“这”、“那”、“该”等。但并非所有冠词都要译出来，因而，如何把握成了机器翻译的难题。译文中的错误“该计算机的世界”就是这样产生的。 正确的翻译是：欢迎到计算机电信世界来。）
Water quality has improved in many ways .
机译: 水品质有改良的在许多方面。 （“有改良的在许多方面”是不符合汉语习惯的表达，主要是状语的位置不对。计算机尚无法根据状语、定语等在句子中的修饰关系，灵活准确地处理状语、定语等在汉语中的恰当位置。正确的翻译是：水质已在许多方面得到改善。）
What''s the temperature at the sun ''s center ?
机译：该温度在太阳是中心是什么？
（译文表达不符合汉语习惯，计算机错把 sun''s 当作sun和is的缩写。英语中名词所有格“ ''s ”形式和系动词“is”的缩写“''s”相同，所以计算机在翻译时经常把两者混淆。正确的翻译是：太阳中心的温度是多少？）
张文定在福建南平工作。
机译：Zh Zh is fixed on Nan Ping of Fujian and works.
（某几个汉字的组合是人名、地名或其他词，计算机尚无法作准确判断，这是汉英机器翻译的一个难点。译文错误主要出在对“张文定”这个名字的判断上，正确的翻译应该是： Zhang Wending works in Nanping of Fujian. ）
要是没有阳光照射，地球上就没有树木。
机译：If there is no sunshine to shine, there are no trees on the earth.
（根据汉语习惯可以说“阳光照射”，但英语应该说“太阳照射”，另外原文是假设，英文应该用虚拟语气表达。这些在人工翻译时，都可以根据语境来判断，而机器翻译就难以做到。正确的翻译应该是：If the sun didn''t shine on the earth, there would be no trees. )
以福州菜为代表的闽菜，是全国八大名菜之一。
机译：Fujian cuisine represented by Foochow cuisine , It is one of eight major famous dish in the whole country. （每一个英语句子都有唯一的一个限定形式的谓语中心成分，汉语句子则随意得多，句子之间也没有明确的界限。汉英机器翻译时很难准确断句。另外汉语名词没有复数形式，英语有单复数之分，机器翻译时也很难判断何时该用单数，何时该用复数。正确的翻译应该是： Fujian cuisine represented by Fuzhou cuisine is one of eight famous cuisines in China. ）
总之，在机器翻译中，英汉两种语言的转换和生成，还有许多难题没有解决，如单复数、时态、语态等各种形态信息的处理，尤其是在篇章中，如何处理按时间顺序、方位关系、因果关系等逻辑概念的过渡词语，如何处理通过省略、替代、照应等句法手段所表示的承接关系或通过词汇的重复、同义词、近义词、反义词的使用所表示的承接关系，都有待进一步完善。
四、机器翻译的软件
由于计算机不断升级换代，计算机翻译的能力也随之增强。目前西方各种语言之间通过机器翻译的准确率有的已经达到 95% 。在欧、美、日本等发达地区，机器翻译已经分担了很大一部分过去由人工翻译的日常工作，而且正朝着智能声控翻译通讯技术的方向发展。近十几年来，我国也先后开发出东方快车，金山快译通、译星、通译、金桥译港世界通（www.netat.net） 翻译网站等，但由于英汉两种语言之间的差异大大超过西方各种语言之间的差异，英汉机器互译的难度仍然很大，结果也不尽人意。不过我们还是应该承认机器翻译毕竟有了很大的进步，从七、八十年代只能处理简单的句子，到现在能处理大块的文章，从一小时能翻译几千字，到现在的几十万字。而且机器翻译在处理专业性强、数量大的技术资料和论文方面，具有相当大的优势，最起码省去了大量查字典和文字输入的时间。
五、机器翻译的几种翻译需求
当我们讨论机器翻译系统和翻译工具的发展时，首先需要区分四种基本的翻译需求：第一是传统型，它要求翻译结果和人（翻译家）翻得一样好，即翻译结果达到出版水平；第二种需求对翻译质量的要求稍低一些，尤其是对文体的要求较低，用户这时最感兴趣的是了解某篇文章的基本内容，因此希望翻译速度越快越好；第三种需求是对话双方一对一的交谈（打电话或者在 Internet 聊天室里聊天）或无需写在纸上的演讲 （如外交场合的谈话）；第四种需求是在信息检索、信息抽取、数据库访问等多语言系统里所需进行的翻译。
第一种机器翻译需求是为了传播思想。自机器翻译系统出现之日起，这种需求可以说在某种程度上得到了满足。然而，要想达到用户需要的质量，机器翻译输出结果常常还需要由翻译家修改或进行后续编辑。在很多情况下，这些修改都是必需的，因此机器翻译系统实际上只是产生了一个“草稿型”译文。如果要减少后续的修改，就必须在翻译前对输入文件进行规整，对所用词语和句子结构进行“限制”，使机器翻译系统不至于产生太多必须修改的错误。
第二种需求是为了了解信息而使用机器翻译系统，这一需求实际上已经作为第一种需求的副产品得到了实现。既然机器翻译系统尚不能直接产生高质量的译文，因此用户能从未经编辑的译文中找出或猜出他们需要的东西也是很有帮助的，毕竟翻译出一部分总比一点没有翻译要好。在这种情况下，尽管机器翻译的译文结果很糟糕，但随着 PC 价格越来越低廉，这类机器翻译系统的需求量也大大增加了。
第三种需求是以交流信息为目的的机器翻译。由于信息更新速度很快，不可能由人来翻译，用户需要马上得出翻译结果以便传达信息的基本内容。例如基于 Internet的在线翻译系统，它能实时进行翻译，但翻译质量难尽人意。有些机器翻译系统目前正在探索如何“自然”地扮演自己的角色。另一种用于人际交流的机器翻译系统是口语翻译系统，它可以用在电话交谈、商务会谈等场合。目前有很多专家正在研发这类系统，其难点在于语音合成和自动翻译。这一领域的研究尽管进展缓慢，但我们仍然可以希望将来在非常受限的领域里应用在线口语机器翻译系统。
1．法律文本的用词特点
2．法律文本的句法特点
3．法律文本的理解和翻译
第九章 文体与翻译
文体与翻译的关系十分密切。英、汉都有不同类别的文体，不同的文体有不同的特征。译者在翻译时，应该注意不同文体的功能，熟悉其特征，才能在英汉互译时，使译文的文体与原文文体相应，并再现原文的语言风格。
相关链接
翻译家应具有独特风格 无论从理论上讲，还是从实践的角度看，译家都应具有自己的风格。从理论角度上看，翻译是译者用一种语言表达原作者用另一种语言所表达的思想。由于所要表达的是同一思想，而使用的却是两种不同的语言，因而翻译的过程显得复杂和迷离，并受多种因素的干扰。其中最重要的两个因素是：一是译者对原作所表达的“思想”的理解的程度、精确性和方式；二是译者把理解所得，转换成自己熟悉的语言时，往往会不自觉地体现译者自己的个性特色。对原文理解上流露出来的个性，加上具体转换时语言表达上所显示出的个性，就构成了译者的风格，从翻译实践上看，我国现代和当代翻译史上的大家无不具有自成一家的风格。鲁迅的译文凝重洗炼；朱生豪的译笔浑厚畅达，气势磅礴；傅雷的译品则圆熟流畅，干净利落，巴金的译文则明白晓畅、文气自然。就翻译而言，没有风格便不成家。译者要有自己的风格，绝不意味着可以忘掉原作风格，我行我素，让自己的风格恣意流露，用自己的风格代替原作的风格。恰恰相反，译者应当尽最大努力，调动自己的文化素养和中文功力，准确地传达出原作的风格。作者风格与译者风格之间的关系可粗略概括为：一是两者的风格比较接近；二是两者之间有相当距离；三是两者之间距离很大：在第一种情况下，比较容易达到预期的目的；在第二种情况下，译者会遇到相当大的困难，虽经努力，仍未必会获得满意的效果；在第三种情况下，要谋求作者、译者之间风格的统一，几乎是不可能的，译者的努力往往导致两败俱伤的结果，既难以传达原作的风格，又会消融译者个人的整体风格。一个在使用本国语言方面已经形成独特风格翻译家，其风格总是要在他的译文中顽强地表现出来。译者要求得作者风格与自己风格的统一，首先必须尽可能地选择与自己风格接近的原作来译；其次是在这一前提下适当地抑制自己的个人风格，并努力传达原作的风格。译者只有求得自己风格与原作风格的最佳结合，才有可能产生翻译的佳品。总之，造就独具风格的翻译家是我们时代的需要，也应当是我们努力奋斗的目标。
（黄文 见《中国翻译词典》）
法律翻译 法律文件的文体正式程度很高。翻译法律文件时要采取各种相应的语言手段来防止可能产生的误解或歧义。文件的全部内容必须字面化、外部化，含蓄的表达、深层的蕴涵在法律文件的翻译中没有施展的余地。了解法律文体的特点将有助于正确翻译。 一、词汇方面，除了法律专用术语外，常用一部分古词、旧词：其中、，特别是here, there，where加上一二个介词构成的复合副词，如 hereto, herein，hereunder， hereinabove，thereon，therein thereat, therethrough， whereby， wherein, whereof wherefor， whereupon等。古体副词的大量使用构成了法律文体特有的稳定性和保守性。二、句法结结构方面 结构严密，长句多。为了把意思尽可能说得周全，各种附加语、修饰语前后编插、碰床架屋、句中套句、不厌其烦，以致节外生枝，语法关系显得复杂。三、篇章结构方面 法律文件在篇章安排上并不首先考虑读者阅读的方便，有的通篇不用句号或逗号表示停顿，有时相同的内容在不同的部分也可作适当重复。另一方面，为了突出内容要点和逻辑程序，法律文件也采用一定的版面手段，如大小写、字体、序列和文字布局等。诚然，不同类型的法律文件各有其特定的结构程式。翻译法律文件首要的是严谨与精确，力求把每个词的含义都显现出来。过译或欠译都意味着对法律文件中涉及的权利义务的增减，或对法律条文的歪曲 。
（方梦之 见《译学大辞典》）
法律文献的汉译英 一、法律词语的理解 对专业词语的正确理解，是翻译法律文书的前提和基础。1 ．注意伺义在上下文中的一致性一个法律词在不同的场合，译成英文有不同的含义，要正确理解法律原文的词义，必须使词义在上下文中保持一致。例如，“如在解释上遇有分歧，应以英文本为准。”“解释”一词，可译成
"construction"、
"exp1anation "、"exposition"、
"interpretation"。
但本句的“解释”是指对法律条文的正式解释，选择
"interpretation"
较恰当，故译成“In case of any divergence of interpretations，the English text shal1 prevai1. 2，注意同义词在译文中的不同含义在进行法律文书汉译英过程中，碰到汉语同义词时，一定要注意语言的逻辑性，勤渣专业工具书，例如，“草签文本”、和“草签合同”。前者的“草签”指“缩写签字”（如： John Smith 草签为“J.S”）， 所以“草签文本”应译成 initialed text 。后者的“草签”指构成对合同条款的认证，但尚不具法律效力，因此，“草签合同”应译成 referendum contract。3．从法律概念上理解词义除了熟悉法律专业术语外；还要对法律词语的内容和给构进行分析，从而把深层的含义译为英语。例如：“诉讼参加人”不译成 litigant，而译成 litigant participant, 因它指参与诉讼活动的人，包括“当事人、第三人、共同诉讼人”等；“法律权限”不译成 authority of 1egal body ，应译为“ corporate power ”，“power 是指“权力范围”。 4. 正确选择结构词 英文中的结构词属于“小词”，却比实义词更难掌握，在汉英翻译中，决不能与汉语句子套用。例如：“合营各方”应译成 parties to the venture 。这里的介词 to 不能用 of 代替，因为 to 是指“作为一方参加某个机构”。“外国企业的所得税以人民币为计算单位”此句中的“以……”就不能简单的套用 by means of 或according to ；应选择 in terms of 表示“以……换算”，前选择其它词是不能达意的。 二、译文的表达 翻译法律文书应以“严谨”为宗旨，如果流畅和准确发生矛盾时，应选择后者。举一个不当例子：“李明在中国居住期间没有受过刑事制裁”。 Li Ming has not been punished according to the criminal law during his living in China. 此句中的 not to be punished 与表示一段时间的 during 短语连用不恰当；“触犯刑律”应译成“ commit an offence against the criminal law ，故改译为“ Li Ming has no record of committing offence against the criminal law. ”意义更具体明确，“在中国居往期间”，应译为 during his residence in China， residence 强调一个住所的永久、合法性。总之，译者须深入理解原文，选择最确切的表达方式。同时，也要不厌其烦地查专业工具书。使译文准确、严谨、规范。
（王春文 见《译学大辞典》）
美国律师名片上的“法学博士”
短期来华访问特别是常驻我国工作的美国律师，大多为初出茅庐之辈，但见初会时递过来的名片上，“法学博士”四个大字赫然在焉。乍一看来，好不气派！定眼一看，所谓“法学博士”者， J．D. 也。然则何谓“ J.D. ” ?
曰： J.D. 者， Juris Doctor 也。但是 Juris Dector 是指什么呢？请看：
1． Juris Doctor， the first， or lowest， professional degree in legal education 一 Cochran''s Law Lexicon
按职业训练（即培养律师）乃美国法律教育的三大特色之一。所以“ Juris Doctor ”即“法学博士”仅是一个职业学位（ professional degree ）而不是什么学术学位（ academic degree ），所以大可不必给唬住，不仅如此，这低级“法学博士”即“ J ． D. ”只是最初的（ the first ）、最低级的（ the 1owest ）学位——如此而已！所以美国律师再蹩脚，也没有一个不是 J ． D 。（即低级“法学博士”）。这是基本常识。
与此同时，也必须注意到：别小看美国少数律师名片上的“法学硕士”即 LL.M. （Master 0f Laws ）。说也奇怪、在美国，美国人只有得了J．D.即低级法学博士之后，才能攻读法学硕士即LL.M.。从这一点上看，可说在美国，法学硕士高于称作J．D.的“法学博士”。
请注意这放在引号内的法学博士只是指J．D.而言的， 如果得了法学硕士的学位还要深造，那就得攻读真正的法学博士即J.S.D.亦称S．J．D.——这当然也是缩写：2．J．S．D.，Doctor of Juristic Science （ Latin ， Juris Scientiae Doctor ） 一 The World Book Dictionary 3．S．J．D. ， Doctor of Juridica1 Science （ Latin ， Scientae Juridicae Doctor ） 一 ibid 。
据说近年来，职能部门越来越懂行了，所以已通报各有关高校：J.D. 不享受博士待遇云。
（摘自 陈忠诚 吴幼娟 《辞语翻译丛谈续编》）
一、法律文本
法律文本翻译涉及政府公文、法律状书和契约合同等。法律翻译的目的是产生一个能保证一致解释和应用的文本，从而维护某个法律文件的统一和协调。法律翻译不仅是语际转换工作，它同时还涉及不同法律制度之下的法律概念所产生的结构性差异，故而同时也是一种法律转换的工作。因此，法律翻译所要求的标准是双重功能对等，包括语言传达功能之对等以及法律效果之对等。基于这种功能，法律文本翻译也有其自身的特点。在词汇方面，法律翻译用词精确、庄重、规范，常用书面语。在语法方面，多用长句、复杂句和陈述句。这当然是由法律文本自身的特点所决定的。
1．法律文本的用词特点：
余XX，本院业已做出你和王XX的离婚判决，自本公告发出之日起60天内要求你到本院领取判决书。否则，视为送达。
Yu XX, this court has made a judgment of divorce between you and Wang XX. You are requested to receive the judgment at this court within sixty days starting from the publishing date of this announcement. Otherwise, the verdict would be deemed to have been served.
（译文采用书面语体，所用的词如 request, deem 等都比较正式。）
合同的变更、解除或终止，不影响当事人要求赔偿损失的权利。
Modification, dissolution or termination of a contract does not deprive a party of the right to claim for damage.
（ Modification, dissolution or termination 不但语义精确，而且正式、规范。）
中国政府决定于一九九七年七月一日对香港恢复行使主权。
The Government of the People''s Republic of China has decided to resume the exercise of sovereignty over Hong Kong with effect from 1 July 1997.
（“行使”两字十分重要，如果光讲恢复主权，就会犯政治错误，因为中国始终对香港拥有主权，现在只是恢复行使主权问题。对于具有法律性质的文本，用词一定要十分准确，以免发生歧义。）
中国 XXX公司与XXX国XXX公司遵照《中华人民共和国中外合资经营法》及有关法律规定，本着平等互利的原则，同意共同投资兴办合资经营企业，兹签订本合同。
In accordance with the stipulations of THE LAW OF THE PEOPLE''S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ON JOINT VENTURES USING CHINESE AND FOREIGN INVESTMENT and other related laws and rules, and on the basis of mutual benefit, XXX of the People''s Republic of China (PRC) and XXX of XXX, both agree to establish a joint venture enterprise with joint investment and hereby sign this contract.
（法律文本常出现古词，以体现精确性和正式性。汉语原文的“兹”是古文体，译文也用了相应的 hereby 。）
产品以低于正常价值的方式进口，并由此对国内已建立的相关产业造成实质损害或者产生实质损害的威胁，或者对国内建立相关产业造成实质阻碍时，国家可以采取必要措施，消除或者减轻这种损害或者损害的威胁或阻碍。
Where products are imported at prices lower than its normal value, thereby causing substantial damage or threat of substantial damage to the relevant domestic industries already established, or substantially hindering the establishment of relevant domestic industries, the State may take necessary measures to eliminate or reduce such damage or threat of damage or hindrance.
（在法律文本中使用古词，可以使表达准确，避免产生歧义。）
李明在中国居住期间没有受过刑事制裁。
Li Ming has no record of committing offences against the criminal law during his residence in China. ( 汉语文本用动词，但英文法律文本更喜欢用名词。所以汉译英常把汉语的动词转换为名词。 )
2．法律文本的句法特点：
法律文件的语法结构往往比较复杂，句子长，大句套小句，小句套分句，有时一句就占一页，甚至不止一页。起草法律文件的人似乎很怕有什么遗漏，被人钻空子，往往喜欢写得非常繁琐，面面俱到，包括一切的可能性。
Against all liabilities, claims, demands, proceedings, costs or expenses of whatsoever nature which may be made or brought against or incurred by the lesser by reason of any loss, injury, death or damage caused or claimed to be caused to any person or of any loss of or damage to property occasioned by or arising or claimed to be occasioned or to arise directly or indirectly out of the manufacture, delivery, presence, possession, provision, operation, use, installment, removal, transportation, replacement or repair of the goods and whether arising or claimed to arise out of defects in the goods or by reason of the goods infringing or being claimed to infringe any patent, copyright, confidential information of other intellectual property rights."
对出租人可能提出的或出租人可能招致的，由于以下原因的所有责任、索赔、要求、诉讼、费用或任何性质的开支，其原因或者是直接或间接因货物的制造、送交、存在、占有、供应、操作、使用、安装、移动、运输、替换或修理，不论是否由于或据称由于货物有缺陷，而对任何人造成或据称造成的任何损失、伤害、死亡或损害，或对财产造成或引起或据称造成或引起的任何灭失或损害，或者是因货物侵犯或据称侵犯任何专利、版权、机密情报或其他智力产权。
（这是一个租赁合同中关于保证对出租人给予补偿的条款中的一部分。这里保证补偿的是“…… 一切责任、索赔、要求、诉讼、费用或任何性质的开支”，其原因（by reason of）有两种情况，一是租赁货物对人或财产造成损害，二是租赁货物侵犯智力产权。关于第一种情况，合同不厌其烦地列举“直接或间接因货物的制造、送交、存在、占有、供应、操作、使用、安装、移动、运输、替换或修理，不论是否由于或据称由于货物有缺陷 ……”。这段话中多次提到“造成”、“引起”，但都要加上“或据称”，成为“造成或据称造成”、“引起或据称引起”。）
第三十三条 国家根据对外贸易发展的需要，建立和完善为对外贸易服务的金融机构，设立对外贸易发展基金、风险基金。
Article 33 The State shall , in light of the needs for the development of foreign trade , set up and improve financial institutions in service of foreign trade and establish development fund and risk fund for foreign trade .
（为了避免歧义，法律文本也常使用重复，“对外贸易”在原文中重复了三次，译文采用直译法，也重复了三次。）
Export Contract
This Contract is entered into this 5 th day of August, 1993 between ABC Trading Co. Ltd (hereinafter called “Seller”) who agrees to sell, and XYZ Trading Co. Ltd (hereinafter called “Buyer”) who agrees to buy the following goods on the following terms and conditions.
出口合同
本合同由ABC贸易有限公司（以下简称“卖方”）和XYZ贸易有限公司（以下简称“买方”）于1993年8月5日签订。买卖双方同意按下列条款购买、出售下述商品。
（涉外合同一般行文规范，条理清晰，为了传达某种“标准信息”，往往句式都相仿，尤其是各种涉外合同的前文几乎大同小异，同业见之，照此办理，译文不必，也不可标新立异。在词汇方面也和其他法律文本一样，用词精确，喜用古词和同义重复的词，如 hereinafter, terms and conditions 。）
3．法律文本的理解和翻译：
Mr.Foster died domiciled in England 。
误：福斯特先生死亡时居住在英国。
正：福斯特先生死亡时住所在英格兰。
（这句不能译成“死时住在英国”，更不能译成“福斯特先生死在英国”。因为 domicile 有其特定的含义，特定的译法，只能译“住所”，不能译“居所”、 “住处”、“居住地”、“所在地”、“住的地”等。另外在法律文件中 England 最好译“英格兰”而不译“英国”，因为“英国”包括英格兰、苏格兰等，而苏格兰与英格兰的法律制度不同，上一句的情况可能涉及遗产处理问题，涉及适用什么法律的问题，译成“英格兰” 或“英国”就很不相同了。）
Without prejudice to any rights which exist under the applicable laws or under the Subcontract, the Contractor shall be entitled to withhold or defer payment of all or part of any sums otherwise due by the Contractor to the Subcontractor.
在不损害适用法律或分包合同所规定的任何权利的情况下，总包商有权扣留或暂缓支付总包商应付给分包商的全部或部分到期金额。
（普通词在法律文本中常有特殊意义。原文中 prejudice 原是普通词，此处作为法律用语，意为 harm done to someone 。）
如在解释上遇有分歧，应以英文本为准。
In case of any divergence of interpretations, the English text shall prevail.
（“解释”，在汉英词典上可译成：“construe”、 “explanation”、 “exposition”、 “interpretation”，但这个句子的 “ 解释 ” 是指对法律条文的正式解释，选择 “interpretation” ，较为恰当。一个法律词在不同的场合，译成英文有不同的含义，要正确理解法律原文的词义，必须注意词义在上下文中的一致，切不能拘泥于字面上的一致，如果保持字面上的一致，译文往往不能准确达意。）
发生于缔约国一方而支付给缔约国另一方居民的特许权使用费，可以在该缔约国另一方征税。
Royalties arising in a Contraction State and paid to a resident of the other Contracting State may be taxed in that Contracting State.
（原文中的“特许权使用费”要译的准确是不大容易的，如果译成“fee of special permitted right”不能体现出原文的含义。根据规范文件的正式解释及其在句中的作用，本句中的“特许权使用费”是指使用或有权使用专利、商标以及文学、艺术、科学著作等所支付的作为报酬的各种款项，所以把“特许权使用费”译成“royalty”才能体现出与原文的一致性。）
合营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律、法令和有关条例规定。
All the activities of a joint venture shall comply with the provision of the laws, decrees and pertinent regulations of the People''s Republic of China.
（这一条文中的主语是“活动”，汉译英时谓语动词应选择 “comply with”，表示“to act in accordance with a provision, rule, demand”。 英文中observe, obey, abide by, comply with，在词典上都有“遵守”的含义，但在法律文书的翻译中并不都是同义词，在不同的条文中就有不同的处理方法。在进行法律文书汉译英翻译过程中，有时会碰到不少汉语意义相同的词，但这些词在不同的搭配中和特定的上下文中，是有明显区别的，译者一定要注意语言的逻辑性，勤查专业工具书。例如：“草签文本”和“草签合同”，这两个术语中的“草签”的含义是不同的，前者是指“缩写签字，草签时，当事人只签其姓名的第一个字母（如：John Smith 草签为 “J.S”），所以“ 草签文本”这条术语应译成：“initialed text”而后者的“ 草签 ”是指构成对合同条款的认证，但尚不具有法律效力，因此“草签合同”应译成：“referendum contract”。再如：“正式协议”和“正式声明”这两条术语中的“正式”就不能盲目地套用，必须弄清它们之间的不同含义。第一个“正式”是指“符合规定的”；第二个“正式”是表示“官方权威性的”，）
如不可抗力的事件影响了合同执行时间达180天以上，双方应重新讨论并对以后合同的执行达成协议。
In case the consequences of a force majeure event affect the contract execution for more than 180 days, the parties shall convene and reach an agreement upon the further execution of the contract”,
（此句中的“如果不可抗力的事件影响….”是指“如果由于不可抗力事件的缘故影响….”所以应选用“in case the consequences of”较好一些。）
This is no class war, but a war in which the whole British Empire and Commonwealth of Nations is engaged, without distinction of race, creed, or party.
这不是一场阶级之间的战争，而是一场不分种族、不分信仰、不分党派、整个大英帝国及英联邦全体成员无不参加的战争。
（英文法律文本常用长句和复杂句，翻译时可将后置的定语放在中心词之前，形成所谓“大肚子”的句子，有时这种句子反而使人觉得更紧凑。）
The proceedings of the General Assembly in respect of matters brought to its attention under this Article will be subject to the provisions of Articles 11 and 12.
大会关于按照本条所提请注意事项之进行步骤，应遵守第11条及第12条之规定。
（有时长句可以用分译法来处理，把长句分割开翻译，此例就是在主谓连接处分开来译的。）
本条约签字原件应为一份，其英文、阿拉伯文、 中文、法文、俄文和西班牙文各文本具有同等效力。
This Treaty shall be signed in a single original in the English, Arabic, Chinese, French, Russian and Spanish languages, all texts being equally authentic.
（法律文书中表示义务或规定时，第三人称后面要用“shall” 不用“will” 。）
兹证明张三（男，1960年10月3日出生）现在未婚。
This is to certify that Zhang San (male, born on October, 3, 1960) is now unmarried.
（在这份公证书中，所证明的事项是张目前的婚姻状况，所以应改译成：“ Zhang San (male, born on October, 3, 1960): present marital status is unmarried. ）
李明在中国居住期间没有受过刑事制裁。
Li Ming has not been punished according to the criminal law during his living in China.
（此句中的“not to be punished”与表示一段时间的during短语连用不恰当，况且，此句证明的是“没有受过刑罚的记载”，而“触犯刑律”也应译成：“commit an offence against the criminal law”, 所以改译成： “ Li Ming has no record of committing offences against the criminal law”意义更具体明确；另外，“在中国居住期间”应译为“during his residence in China”,“居住”这个词选用 “residence”而不用 “living”, 更强调一个住所的永久性和合法性。）
本细则的解释权，属于中华人民共和国财政部。
The right of interpretation for the Detailed Rules and Regulations belongs to the Ministry of Finance of the People''s Republic of China. （“the right of interpretation for the Detailed Rules and Regulations”不能准确地表达出 “解释细则的权利”，应改为 “the right of interpreting the Detailed Rules and Regulations”。句中谓语动词 “belong to”也用得欠妥： “belong to”的含义是“属于…的财产”，这里的“属于”是指“权利、权力等为….所有”，故应选用“reside in”，如：“决定权属于上级机构”，译为： “The power of decision resides in the higher authorities” 。）
一、学前儿童心理学的研究对象
二、学前心理学的任务
相关链接
新闻报道的英译 新闻标题（news headline ）起到“画龙点睛”的作用，但由于汉英两种语言在字形、语法、修辞等方面的不同，它们的“点睛”之术也存在较大差异。1．概括程度不同。新闻标题起到概括或浓缩消息要点的作用、在概括程度上，汉语新闻标题倾向于尽可能详尽完整地综述新闻要点，先给读者一个总的印象、而英文标题则相对简单，常以精炼的文字把新闻中最重要的一点概括出来，以点代面，吸引读者。例：在社会主义现代化建设和改革开放事业中做出贡献。
45位外国专家获友谊奖
朱镕基出席颁奖仪式并讲话
《人民日报》1996．9．28） Foreign Experts Awarded Medals （China Daily，Sept．28，1996）
2 ．措词手法各异。动词是中英文新闻标题中都发挥重要作用的一类词，但英文标题出于版面考虑，常选用简短动词，即所谓“小词”（ midget words ），如用ban 代替 interdict ， restrain，用 back 代替 support 等，而汉字大小相同，无此顾虑。此外，英文标题鲜见以动词开头，而中文标题以动词开头者却屡见不鲜。
例：严禁非法金融活动维护经济秩序稳定
（《光明日报》1996.11.25）
State Eliminates Illegal Banking
（China Daily，Nov，25，1996）
新闻英语讲求报道的客观性，很少在标题中掺用诸如形容词或副词等修饰语，而中文新闻报道标题中这两类词却频频出现。例：
第八十届广交会隆重开幕（《人民日报》1996，10，16）
Pivotal Commodity Fair Open（China Daily，Oct，16，1996）
3 ．时间表达有别。为了增加报道的生动性和真实感，英语新闻标题常使用一般现在时表示过去发生的事，而中文新闻标题则往往借助时间词，如“昨天”、“明日”、“将”等以衬托时间关系。例：
亚洲人民“团结、友谊、进步”的象征第十一届亚运会在京隆重开幕（《新民晚报》 1990，9，23）
China Sweeps First Day Golds Asiad Opening Ceremony Draws Millions of Viewers.（ China Dai1y ， Sept. 24，1990 ）
汉语新闻标题的英译：由于汉语新闻标题与英文新闻标题有着较大的差异，因此，在翻译时，应注意做到：1 ．抓住新闻要点，以点带面。如：
何梁何利基金向科学家颁奖
王应睐、朱光亚、侯祥麟获科学技术成就奖
（《人民日报》1996，10，18）
Foundation Honors 53 Scientists
(China Dai1y Oct．18，1996）
2 ．注意选用小词。如：
我外交部发言人表示中国支持加利竞选连任(《人民日报》1996．11．19）
China Backs Ghali UN Re-election （ China Daily ， Nov.19，1996）
3 ．时态宜多用现在时，用被动语态时注意系词的省略。如：
日美就美军基地问题达成协议
（《人民日报》1996，12，4）
US, Japan Conclude Okinawa Base Deal
(China Daily，Dec，4，1996）
4 ．删除多余的修饰语。英语新闻标题中冠词、连词等也常做省略。如：
世界女排超级挑战赛收兵
中国姑娘蟾宫折桂
（《大众日报》 1996 ， 11 ， 18 ） Women Spikers Win Super Title
(China Daily, Nov，18，1996）
新闻报道正文的编译：新闻报道的翻译，往往采用非逐字对译法。新闻报道之所以能引起读者的兴趣，是由于新闻价值在起作用。所谓新闻价值 (news value) ，即只衡量新闻事实的客观标准。“读者兴趣”是新闻价值特殊要素之一。对外新闻报道，应在邓小平建设有中国特色的社会主义理论指导下，一要考虑本国国情，二要考虑外国受众的要求和兴趣，对新闻内容进行选择，做到正确无误，“有的放矢”。因此，有时在国内报道中占相当篇幅的新闻，在对外报道中则被编译成简讯，图片新闻等：例：
从容上阵枪响世惊
李对红喜摘射击金
以687．9环创下新的奥运记录
我国女子运动员李对红今天在女子运动手枪决赛中，以687．9环战胜所有对手，并创造新的奥运记录。她为中国射击队在本届奥运会上夺得了第一块全牌，也使中国代表团夺得的金牌总数上升为6枚。
（《光明日报》1996，7．2）
Li Shoots Nation''s 6th Gold China''s Li Duihong won the women''s 25 — meter sport pistol O1ympic gold with a total of 687．9 points early this morning Beijing time. （ China Dai1y July，27．1996）
新闻报道正文的解释性翻译：新闻讲求清晰易懂。同英语新闻一样，汉语新闻报道词语求新、创新意识强，“行话”、“套话”、“历史典故”等丰富多样，变化多端。要想清晰易懂地把它们翻译出来，介绍给国外受众，常常使用解释性翻译的方法。解释性翻译能使报道更趋客观，清晰明了，有助于增强传播效果。在汉语新闻报道的翻译中，常常对有关历史事件、地理名称、我国独有的机构、节日、习俗、“行话”、“套话”、历史典故等采用解释性方法。譬如“巴金”、“老舍”译作“ Chinese writers Ba Jin and Lao She ”，“北京”、“上海”分别译作“ the capital city of Beijing ”和“the largest industrial city of Shanghai ”。
（王治奎：1995 ，第376一382页 见《译学大辞典》）
新闻翻译 新闻包括时事报导、社会新闻、社论、特写、书评、广告、气象预告等类目。就文体而论，常以新闻报导（ news story ， news report）为研究和论述重点。新闻报导文体简洁明晰，语意清新，用词生动，表达客观。翻译新闻报导文体要注意以下各点。 一、准确用译词语 。新闻报导内容包罗无遗，词汇庞杂臃肿，新词层出不穷，因此特别要注意准确翻译 In provincial towns like Shadrisk there is a real vacuum of other information. “在沙德林斯克这样的边远城市，其它消息完全付诸阙如”。句中， vacuum 借自科技词汇，但又不能译成本意“真空”。 二、用各行业习惯词语译出 。新闻报导涉及各行各业。各行业都有一些惯用词语、文体学的一个基本要求就是语言要适合社会场合，译文当然也讲究切合， A free kick by Uruguayan star forward Paz in the 20th minute forced Co1ombia to take the offensive and Sarmiento headed home an equaliser in the 40th minute 。“比赛进行到第 20 分钟，乌拉圭队明星前锋帕斯在罚任意球时破门人网，迫使哥伦比亚队采取攻势。第 40 分钟时，萨米恩托顶球人门，扳成平局”。译句中，用了报导足球比赛的一些常用词语。 三、要特别注意人名、地名的解释。 有些人名有习惯译法，按约定俗成处理，不要标新立异，例如法国科幻小说作家加 JulesVerne 译为“儒勒·凡尔纳”，不译“丘耳斯·魏恩”；美国军人 Claire Lee Chennau1t 的译名是“陈纳德”，而非“克莱尔·李·兴诺尔特”。
（方梦之 见《译学大辞典》）
二、新闻翻译
我们所说的新闻是指经过通讯社、报纸、广播、电视等新闻工具报道或评述的事情。新闻翻译就是此类文本的翻译。新闻文本一般都应当交待清楚有关的人 (who)、事（what）、时间（when）、地点（where）、事因（why）、怎样发生、发展（how）等。新闻文体讲究真实性和时效性，在语言风格上力求鲜明、准确、通俗、朴实、生动。由于新闻文体涉及的题材广泛，几乎无所不包，译者必然会遇到自己不熟悉的领域以及与该领域相关的词汇，再加上记者为了表达新鲜事物，或为了表达生动，经常创造出新词来，对于生疏或新造的词汇，切不可望文生义，应该加倍谨慎，认真推敲，力求准确地把它们译出来。新闻文本常有结构松散的句子，但意思还是明白的，因此翻译时可不必拘泥语言形式，抓住内容，准确传达原文的信息就可以。另外，新闻文本也不像法律文本，为了生动活泼，更多使用非正式语体，因此，不宜译得太“雅”，也不可太“俗”。
由于新生事物不断出现，有时也为了标新立异，新闻文本中常出现新词、新造的词，主要还是抓住其实意来翻译，有的用直译，有的意译，有的直译加注 : Whitewatergate 白水门事件 （由 watergate 和whitewater造成的新词，指与克林顿夫妇有关的白水开发公司偷漏税丑闻。） Wi-Fi 无线保真，pre-emptive 先发制人的， 再就业工程 re-employment project， 在线网上书店 online bookstore， 高分低能 high scores and low abilities，唐装 Tang suit，南水北调South-to-North water diversion，外向型经济 export-oriented economy。 新闻的政治词汇中还有不少以动物作比喻的词汇，一般采用直译，有时加注释:fat cat 肥猫（竞选运动的主要资助人）， eat crow 吃乌鸦（被迫认错或收回前言），dark horse 黑马，纸老虎 paper tiger,亚洲四小龙the four tigers of Asia （由于“龙”在西方文化中是凶残的动物，所以改用tiger。）新闻中还常用外来语： 英文中使用的外来语如glasnot 公开性，sputnik 卫星， 可以意译。从汉语进入英文的外来语如ying ,yang,wok等，英译汉时可直接还原为“阴、阳、镬”。现在汉语新闻中也常常直接使用英文如WTO,SARS,APEC等， 汉译英时只要照搬就行。英文新闻中好用委婉语，我们在汉译英时不妨注意使用这些词， 如“被解雇”不用fired而用selected out，“穷人”不用poor people而用underprivileged/disadvantaged。 总之在新闻文本的英汉互译中，应注意新闻的用词特点，灵活掌握。
从句子结构上来看，汉语重意合，语气连贯，但结构松散，英语则句式紧凑，语义逻辑关系清楚，英汉互译时，在句式上要做必要的调整。
中国的野生动物，种类繁多，堪称世界种群量最多的国家之一，拥有4，400种脊椎动物，占世界分布总量的百分之十强。
China is home to one of the world''s most diverse populations of wild animals with its 4,400 species of vertebrates, accounting for over 10 percent of the world-wide total.
（译者将“中国”由定语转换为主语，构成主谓结构主干句，再用介词和分词把后面两个分句连接起来，化零为整，统一了句式。）
At a recent conference, many in the audience pricked up their ears when Pat Gelsinger, Intel''s chief technology officer and head of research, began passionately complaining on stage about U.S. technology competitiveness.
在最近的一次会议上，当英特尔公司首席技术官和研究主管帕特·盖尔森格上台开始激动地诉说美国技术竞争力的下降时，很多听众都竖起了耳朵。
（英语新闻长句多，但结构严谨，英译汉时，应适当调整结构。）
Chancellor Gerhard Schroeder''s left-of-center coalition returned to power by a very narrow margin in parliamentary elections on September 23, following a campaign in which Schroeder''s repeated refusal to support a possible U.S. attack on Iraq became a central issue.
9月23日， 德国总理施罗德领导的中左翼联盟在德国议会大选中以微弱优势击败对手赢得胜利。大选中，伊拉克问题成为两派竞选的中心问题。施罗德多次宣布德国不支持美国可能对伊拉克进行的军事打击。
（原文是一个长句，翻译时，将其分解为三个句子。这样意思明确，符合中文表达习惯。）
中国科学院计算机所开发了中国第一款通用中央处理器，命名为“龙芯”。“龙腾”服务器采用了该款处理器，从而成为第一款采用“龙芯”的服务器。“龙芯”的问世被认为是我国科技产业发展的一个里程碑。
The Computer Institution of the Chinese Academy of Science has developed China''s first universally- applied CPU, which they''re calling the "Dragon Chip" . The chip is being used in the "Soaring Dragon" , China''s very first server using the Dragon Chip. The birth of " Dragon Chip" is considered a landmark on the road for the development of national sci-tech industry.
（原文是三个句子，译文也是三句。“龙芯”和“龙腾”均采用意译。）
United States authorities confirmed on October 12 that a latest deadly shooting was linked to nine other sniper attacks in the Washington D.C. area. Since October 2, eight people have been killed and two wounded by an obscure gunman in Washington D.C. and the neighboring areas in Maryland and Virginia.
美国警方10月12日证实最近的一起枪击杀人案与华盛顿地区接连发生的另外9起枪击案属同一人所为。自10月2日起，华盛顿及马里兰州、弗吉尼亚州靠近华盛顿的地区共有8人被一不明身份的持枪者打死，两人被打伤。
（原文是被动句，译文改为主动句。）
要着眼于搞好整个国有经济，抓好大的，放活小的，对企业实施战略性改组。
Aiming at improving the state sector of the economy as a whole, we shall effectuate a strategic reorganization of state-owned enterprises by well managing large enterprises while adopting a flexible policy towards small ones.
（译者以“改组”为核心，以“抓大放小”为手段，来构建句子，译文正确表达了原文的内涵，句子结构逻辑关系清晰。）
Most information we get through that channel.
大部分消息我们是通过那个渠道得到的。
（原文将宾语提前，汉语也有宾语提前的句式，都是要强调宾语，属于修辞性倒装，翻译时应该照顾原文的修辞目的。）
西湖如镜面，千峰凝翠，洞壑幽深，风光绮丽。
The West Lake is like a mirror, embellished all around with green hills and deep caves of enchanting beauty.
（汉语描述多用华丽的词汇，英语则直观明快。新闻记者也喜欢用华丽的词藻，翻译时不必拘泥原文，简单明了地把事情说清楚就好。）
各级政府都要切实加强对改革的领导，扎扎实实地做好工作，不断把改革推向前进。
The governments at all levels should strengthen their leadership in these reforms and do a solid job of propelling the reform forward.
（汉语新闻中常有过多的修饰语，如原文中的“切实”、“不断”，英译汉时要避虚就实，英文意思已经明确的，这些多余的修饰语可以略去不译。）
这里气候温和，四季分明，雨量充沛，日照充足，适合多种农作物生长栽培。
It enjoys a temperate climate with well-marked seasons and has plenty of rainfall and sunshine, favourable for growing crops.
（汉语四字语用得比较多，翻译时要摆脱汉语思维的干扰，用准确，贴切，符合英语习惯的表达译出。）
香港特别行政区将保持自由港和独立关税地区的地位。
The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region will retain the status of a free port and separate customs territory.
（新闻英译也是一项外事工作，必须掌握对外宣传的原则，了解外国读者接受心理，不可不假思索地直译。原文中的“独立关税地区”如果直译为 an independent customs territory ，就可能被误解为香港是独立于中国的政治实体，因此，译为 separate 比较妥当。）
有的地方和部门甚至出现了“上有政策、下有对策”，有令不行，有禁不止的现象。
Some localities and departments even went so far as to disobey orders and defy prohibitions.
（原文中“上有政策、下有对策”和“有令不行，有禁不止”的意思是重复的，可以将“上有政策、下有对策”删去不译，意思反而更清楚，更容易为外国读者接受。）
另外新闻标题也使新闻英语中的重要组成部分，是新闻的“眼睛”，对读者来说是“第一吸引力”。新闻标题常用的有主题、副题、插题、引题、提要题等几种形式，不过现在多采用主标题。一般来说，新闻标题以简约、醒目、概括、风趣为特点。如：
Taiwan Recognizes Mainland Currency
台湾承认大陆货币
（这样的主标题，提纲挈领，高度概括出主要内容。）
故事集《365夜》深得年亲父母心（引题）
幼儿遇良师 家庭添乐趣 （主题）
订购新有如雪片飞来，总印数已逾两百万册 （副题）
（上海少年儿童出版社的《365夜》出版后受到年轻父母的热烈欢迎，订数很快超过两百万。《文汇报》发表这一消息时所用的标题，概括准确，点出主题。）
Shotgun Death Riddle Drama
枪杀事件，扑朔迷离
（名词有很强的表意功能，可以以简约的结构形式表达完整的句法概念，很适用于做新闻标题。）
Dayton Accord Reached
代顿和平协议达成
（标题中常用小词 (midget words) 或单音节短词，这里用 accord 而不用 agreement ，就是新闻特色标题词汇。）
WHO Ranks France First in Providing Health Care
世卫组织把法国列为医疗保健最好的国家
（WHO= World Health Organization，用缩略语可以使标题简约。译文也用了缩略语。）
评论：抗萨斯要保持清醒头脑
Comment: Keep a cool head while fighting SARS
（标题在句法上的特点是省略，省略一切无实意的词可大大缩短标题的长度。这里用无主句，就是为此目的。）
日本汽车制造商败诉
Japanese carmaker loses suit
（广泛使用现在时是新闻标题一个重要特点。）
Jones Planned to Kill Carter?
琼斯曾计划杀害卡特吗？
（这是一个设问标题，用过去时主要是为了强调动作的时间性。因此，除了用现在时外，有时也用其他时态。）
17名中国学生在莫斯科大火中失踪
17 Chinese students missing in Moscow fire
（广泛使用非谓语动词也是新闻标题的一大特色。）
Winewomanship
妇女酗酒问题
（为了简约，英文也常用单词式标题。）
Ballot, Not Bullet
要选举，不要弹子
（新闻标题也常用押韵、比喻、反语、双关等修辞手段，以求生动、形象、幽默、讽刺等效果。这句原文押头韵，译文也尽量在形式和声韵上与原文靠近。）
Tokyo''s Own Gang of Four
东京的“四人帮”
（这里套用了中国“四人帮”的典故，使标题显得十分幽默。用各种典故，也是新闻标题常用的手法。）
１．理解
２．翻译
３．科技论文摘要的翻译
相关链接
英语科技词汇的翻译 英语科技词汇除以常用语汇的专业化和同一词语词义的多专业化构成科技词汇外，还以传统的英语构词法扩充新词，科技英语以下述方法构词：合成法、混成法、词缀法、缩咯法、专用名词借用法。所谓合成法，即将两个或两个以上旧词组合成一个新词。科技英语中的合成词有合写式（无连字符）与分写式（有连字符），大部分科技英语合成词均取直译法，即将两个合成词素的词义直译作偏正联缀。有些合成词汉译时需适当增词，才能准确通顺地表达原意：所谓混成法，即将两个词中在拼写上或读音上比较适合的部分以前一词去尾后一词去首，加以叠合（ Overlapping ）混成，混成后新词兼具两个旧词之形义。混成词是合成词的一种变体，翻译时应注重直译，一般取偏正式复合结构构词。如 escalift ＝ escalator lift 译为 自动 （偏一修饰语） 电梯 （正一中心词）。所谓词缀法，即指利用词缀作为词素构成新词。词缀具有极大的灵活性，同时又具有极强、极广泛的搭配表意能力，这是因为一方面词缀的基本词义都比较稳定、明确，另一方面它们的附着力都很强，附着在根词之前或之后，概念可以立即构成。许多长科技词汇都可以通过构词规律先解析（析出词素或词素意义）后合成（将词素意义进行调整联缀），从而得出一个完整的词义。由于英语中的前后缀及科技构词成分大都来自拉丁语，因此翻译工作者最好具有一些拉丁语知识，并备有拉丁语汉语（或英一拉）字典。 所谓缩略法，即将某一词语组合中主要的词的第一个字母组成新词的构词方法。常见的科技缩略词有 ADP （automatic data processing 自动数据处理）， IC （ integrated circuit 集成电路）等等。英译汉时遇到没有把握的缩略词，只能多查几本词典。另外．许多科技名词和术语是借用专有名词（包括人名、地名、商号、商标、机构等等）。遇到这种词也宜多查词典。除了以上几种主要的构词法外，科技英语还利用剪截法（ Clipping ，如从 laboratory 剪截出 lab ）、逆序法（如从 laser 逆生出to lase 发射激光）、造词法（ Coinage ，如物理学中的 quark 夸克）、词性转换法及借用外来语等构词法构成通用或专用词语。翻译这几类词语首先需要溯本求源，找出原词或根词（先从词形上加以判断，再悉心参照上下文），除了新造词以外，它们的新义不会与原词或根词的本义相距太远。科技词汇和术语用在某一专业范围内时词义一般比较稳定，但有许多常用词语在科技英语中的词义就可能非常灵活，变义可能很多，必须根据上下文细心判断。
（刘宓庆：1985，第311一316页 见《译学大辞典》）
英语科技译名统一问题 根据汉语习惯，我国的翻译传统以及我国翻译工作者译名的总趋势，统一译名的原则可大致确定如下： （ 1 ）原文命名凡有词义者，应取其义，译其义而得译名，即所谓意译。科技术语大量是名词，按词义译名时，宜选择最宜于用作译名的名词性词义，不应取动词性词义（或其他词性词义）。英语命名的规律是一般按事物或现象的本质属性或特征，如组织成分、作用结构、外形，部位等等。因此，以义定名时，译名最好考虑以上命名理据，做到名副其实，恰到好处：原名为多义词时，往往以基本词义为最合适，译名与实当然是越切越好。（ 2 ）原文命名无词义者，可取其音；译其音而得译名，即所谓音译。音译的发音依据应为国际音标（ IPA ），译名则应按汉语拼音，不应用方言音译名。此外，音译科技术语应遵从名从主人的原则，即原文如果是法语则应按法语发音，是德语则按德语发音。（ 3 ）汉语注重“因形见义”，音译不能表示事物的本质属性或类属时，可取音兼意译。音兼意译既能取原名之音，又能暗示读者事物的类属、类别、属性等等。如 Mig 一米格式飞机；Pumi一普米族。这种翻译又被称为“注释性音译”，其中“注释词”往往落在词尾，点出事物的类属类别，属性等等。（ 4 ）以还原法析开原词，再顺序递加词义，得出译名。这种译法有两种情况，其一是缩略词，其二是混成词。英语缩略词在科技文献中用得极多（其次在新闻英语中）；原因是缩略词用来很简便。缩略词用来简便，但也带来一些问题，一是难以拼读发音，二是难以辨出词义。因此．目前我国翻译这类词的主要方法是以还原法译全称。混成词在科技术语中也叫做“行囊词”（portmanteau words ），是一种非常时兴的构词现象。原先人们使用这种词是出于幽默或心血来潮的插科打诨）以剪缀词头、词尾加以粘合来取悦读者或听众。后来发现这样构词很有实用价值，特别是近 20 年来）在科技、新闻和广告英语中越来越流行。翻译混成词也采取还原法，析出全称，再按顺序递加词义，即得译名。（ 5 ）汉语对应词早已有之者，不再作新译名。（ 6 ）约定俗成的不规范译名，由于沿用已久，不应再按以上所述的原则重新译名。（刘宓庆： 1985 ；第 316 一 320 页 见 《译学大辞典》）
三、科技翻译
科技翻译包括一切论及或谈及科学和技术的文本，如科技情报资料、科技著作和学术论文、实验报告、科技实用手册等文本的翻译。科技翻译注重事实和逻辑，要求技术概念明确清楚，逻辑关系清晰突出，内容正确无误，数据准确精密，文字简洁明了，符合技术术语表达习惯，体现科技翻译的科学、准确、严谨的特征。
１．理解
科技翻译有专业性，首先要准确把握词的科技词义，不要把科技词语误以为不具备特殊专业涵义的常用词，也不要把常用词误以为是科技词汇。
Do you know that the bee navigates by polarized light and the fly controls its flight by its back wings?
你知道蜜蜂是借助偏振光飞行，而苍蝇用后翅控制飞行吗？
（原文中的 polarized light, 是指不同方向显示出不同特色的光线，叫“偏振光”。有人误译为“极光”（ polar light ），就是不懂专业，望文生义造成的。译者要勤查专业词典，切忌想当然。）
Plastics was at first based on coal and wood.
最初塑料是从煤和木材中提取的。
（原文中 base 是常用词，但在这里有特殊的专业涵义。因此在翻译时要特别注意常用词在科技文本中的引申意义。）
Iron and brass are base metals.
铁和黄铜为非贵重金属。
（词类不同意思也不同，例2的 base 是动词，而例3的 base 是形容词。）
Power can be transmitted over a long distance.
电力可以输送到很远的地方。
（ power 作普通词，是“力量、能力”，此处指“电力”。）
The fourth power of three is eighty-one.
3的4次方是81。
（在科技翻译中还要注意一词多义的现象，同一个词用在不同的专业，有不同的意思。以上两例的power，在不同专业里，意思就不同。）
Other things being equal, copper heats up faster than iron.
其他条件相同时，铜比铁热得快。
（有些字面意思笼统抽象的词，要根据特定语境，将其具体化，才能真正传达原文的意思。Things如果简单译作“事情”，就不准确。）
２．翻译
在准确理解的基础上，翻译时要注意科技文本崇尚严谨周密，概念准确，逻辑性强，行文简练，重点突出，少有变化的特点，译文要力求清晰、准确、简练、严密。
In 24 hours the heart in a human body receives and pumps out some 1000 quarts of blood.
24小时内，通过人的心脏循环的血液约为1000夸脱。
（有些词的字面意思很具体，若直译则令人费解，翻译时可用概括或抽象的词来引申原语的词义，因此 receives and pumps 不能译作“接受和泵出”。）
The energy of motion is called kinetic energy.
运动的能量称为动能。
（英文科技文本重叙事和推理，因为读者看重的是作者的观点和发明的内容，而不是作者本人，因此常用被动语态。英译汉时可参照英语被动句翻译的方法。）
人们曾认为同一种元素的所有原子都是完全相同的。
At one time it was thought that all atoms of the same element were exactly alike.
（由于英文科技文本多用被动句，以示客观，汉译英时可将主动句转为被动句。）
Mankind has always reverenced what Tennyson call “the useful trouble of the rain” .
人类一直很推崇坦尼森所说的这句话：“雨既有用，又带来麻烦”。
（科技翻译虽然要力求准确，但也不能照原文硬译，这里就不能译为“雨的有用的麻烦”，应该在把握原文意思的基础上按汉语习惯的表达译为“雨既有用，又带来麻烦。”）
地球绕轴自转，引起昼夜变化。
The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.
（英语科技文本大量使用名词化结构，以求行文简洁，表达准确。因此，汉译英时要注意使用名词化结构。）
张衡还创造了世界上第一台观测气象的仪器——候风仪。他还制作了已经失传的指南车。这种车不管怎么转弯，车上的木制小人总是把手臂指向南方。
Zhang Heng also created the world''s first meteorological instrument —— anemograph. He made a pointing-south cart with a wooden figure always pointing southward no matter what direction the cart was moving in. The cart has since been lost.
（这一段汉译英， 第一句基本直译， 2 、 3 两句则被拆解，重新调整了语序。先把指南车描述清楚，然后再讲他已失传。这样，英文表达反而条理清晰，重点突出。）
炉壁采用耐火砖可大大降低热耗。
The heat loss can be considerably reduced by the use of firebricks round the walls of the boiler.
（这句不宜译为 If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss can be considerably reduced. 科技文本应尽量避免使用第一、二人称，以示客观，且科技文本多用名词，用“by+ 名词短语”使译文更简练。）
直流电是一种总是沿同一方向流动的电流。
A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.
（为求行文简洁，英语科技文本常用非限定动词短语代替从句，以便缩短句子。试比较： A direct current is a current which flows always in the same direction.）
由于摩擦而产生的力称之为摩擦力
The forces due to friction are called frictional forces.
（英语科技文本常用后置定语，汉语的定语一般是前置，翻译时将汉语的前置定语转换为英语的后置定语。）
获得的成果必须加以校核。
The results obtained must be checked.
（译文同样把汉语的前置定语转译为后置定语。）
看来这两个科学分支是相互依存，相互作用的 。
It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting.
（It…that… 是英语科技文本中常用的句型，汉译英时可多使用这种句型。）
计算机可分为模拟计算机和数字计算机两种。
Computer may be classified as analog and digital.
（as 结构句型也是科技英语常用的句型。）
３．科技论文摘要的翻译
科技论文摘要一般不超过 150 words ，不少于 100 words ；少数情况下可以例外，视原文文献而定，但主题概念不得遗漏。 翻译可不受原文摘要的约束。译文尽量取消不必要的字句：如 "It is reported…","Extensive investigations show that …", "The author discusses…", "This paper concerned with…" 取消或减少背景情况 (Background Information) ； 作者在文摘中谈及的未来计划不纳入文摘； 尽量简化一些措辞和重复的单元，如：不用 at a temperature of 250℃ to 300℃ 而 用 at 250-300 ℃ ; 此外注意：摘要第一句话切不可与题名 (Title) 重复。用重要的事实开头，尽量避免用辅助从句开头。如：用 "Power consumption of telephone switching systems was determined from data obtained experimentally", 而不用 "From data obtained experimentally, power consumption of telephone switching systems was determined". 要用过去时态叙述作者工作，用现在时态叙述作者结论。如： "The structure of dislocation core in Gap was investigated by weak-beam electro microscope. The dislocations are dissociated into two Shokley partial with separations of (80+10) and (40+10) A in the pure edge and screw cases respectively. 不使用俚语、外来语表达概念，应用标准英语。
科技论文摘要常用的句型有：
This paper presents a thorough study of the input/output stability theory of relay pulse senders.
本文深入研究了中继脉冲发送器的输入 -输出稳定性的理论。
This paper discusses the relation between the sampling period and the stability of sampled-data.
本文讨论了抽样与抽样数据稳定性之间的相互关系。
This paper proposes (develops, extends) a new approach for the analysis of tolerance.
本文提出了一种分析容错的新方法。
This paper concludes that the new method for selecting the sampling period is desirable.
本文的结论是，这种选择采样周期的新方法是可取的。
The purpose of this article is to explore the measurement for weak magnetic fields present in the human body.
本文旨在研究测量人体内弱磁场的方法。
It is suggested that some basic steps be taken in order to convert from manual calculation to the use of programmed calculators.
作者建议，为了从人工计算转变为使用计算机需要采用一些基本措施。
The author describes the techniques of open-loop vibrational control.
作者介绍了开颅振动控制技术。
总之，做科技翻译，要努力学习科技知识，准确把握科技词义，熟练运用常用结构，不断提高中英文修养，才能做好科技翻译工作。
一、学前儿童心理学的研究对象
二、学前心理学的任务
第十章 英汉对比与翻译
相关链接
吕叔湘先生在《中国人学英语》一书中指出：“我相信，对于中国学生最有用的帮助是让他认识英语和汉语的差别，在每一个具体问题——词形、词义、语法范畴、句子结构，都尽可能用汉语的情况来跟英语作比较，让他通过这种比较得到更深刻地领会。”
Brown 指出三点：（ 1 ）英语不是统一的语言，它有许多类别，许多方言，这些东西各有其习惯，各有其格式，各自表现出当地文化的价值观。（ 2 ）英国文化也不是统一的，它包括许多不同的成分。这些成分各有其价值观和习俗，英国人对它应该同样尊重。（ 3 ）外国人也有他们的看法、价值观、传统、情感、文化，这些东西与英国人的不同，然而都应该是为同样地有理由，有价值。（ Brown, Gillian, 1990. “Cultural Values: The Interpretation of Discourse”, in ELT Journal , 44/1:17
（转自王宗炎 自我认识与跨文化交际《外国语》1993第1期）
法国语言学家葛兰言（Granet） 曾这样评价汉语：“中国人所用的语言，是特别为‘描绘''而造的，不是为分类而造的，那是一种可以抒发特别感情，为诗人或怀古家所设计的语言，而不是为了下定义或判断而设计的语言。”
（引自贾文波 《汉英时文翻译》
翻译的地区差异 由于汉语的覆盖面很大，讲汉语的人中，汉语的习惯也不尽相同，有时差异还十分明显，这就要求不同的地区努力将这种差异逐步缩小，以求汉语的大统一。如果不注意这个问题，外译中时就会译出五花八门的中文，不仅不能求得汉语的统一，反而会演变成种类不同的汉语。以 have 一词为例，这是英语中使用率极高的一个普通词汇。它既可以表示“有”，又可以表示“吃”饭，“上”课等等，还是构成完成式的主要字眼。 Have you seen my brother ？回答不外乎 Yes ， I have. 或者 No ， I haven''t. 这样一个非常普通的句子，问句好译，答句在不同的汉语地区就会译出不同的汉语句子来。大陆同胞会说：“对，我见过他了。”“没哩，我还没见着他。”谁知到了港台竟会说出另外一种似汉语非汉语的语言来；问某人有没有带入场券，答日：“有哇，有哇。”或“有带，有带。”将英语中常见的完成式句照译成汉语，是大陆人民所不习惯的。汉语的完成式是借助于“曾经”、“已经”、“了”、“过”等辅助词来表示的，所以“有没有”，这一句式的问句，汉语尚可接受，可是答句就照搬不得了。因为汉语说“看见过”，就是“看见过”而不会说“有……”。港台影视中经常出现这种欧式汉语，大陆多数观众心中不免纳闷。对此，我们译者不可能不注意。
（李全安 见《中国翻译词典》）
翻译工作者与文化交流 许渊冲在《翻译的艺术》论文集（中国对外翻译出版公司1984年）前言中说：“我国文学翻译家傅雷在谈到‘中国艺术家对世界文化应尽的责任’时说：‘惟有不同种族的艺术家，在不损害一种特殊艺术的完整性的条件之下，能灌输一部分新的血液进去，世界的文化才能愈来愈丰富，愈来愈完满，愈来愈光辉灿烂。’我想中国文学翻译工作者对世界文化应尽的责任，就是把一部分外国文化的血液，灌输到中国文化中来，同时把一部分中文化的血液，灌输到世界文化中去，使世界文化愈来愈丰富，愈来愈光辉灿烂。”
（许渊冲 见《中国翻译词典》）
翻译的文体层次 层次可以从文体分，有通俗口语式的，有文雅一点的，有古汉语体的，也有与原文文体接近的。一个句子或难或易，都可以在不同的译者笔下，或在同一个译者笔下，译出不同文体的译文。这就看译者是为哪一个层次的读者译，什么文体最适合；或译者译笔习惯以哪种文体来译；或原作的文体比较鲜明，译者想充分体现其原来的文体、风格占 Here ， I''ll give my viewpoint. 这么一个极其普通的句子，也能译出不同层次的文字来： a. 通俗口语式——好吧，我来说说我的看法。 b ．文雅一点的——关于这一点，我可略抒己见。 c. 古汉语式的——在此，某谨表一己之见。 d. 原文体式的——关于这一点，我来亮一亮个人的观点。这里面， I ， my ， give ， viewpoint 以及 here ，几乎句中的每一个字都译出层次来了。不能说哪一种文体（层次）好，这要一看读者对象，二看译者风格。尽管 give 一词不同层次的译法一个也没有出现在英汉词典上，它还是有必要从不同层次去着眼的。文体层次应当完整统一。作品中除了刻划人物的需要，不同人物的语言有意在层次上现出差异外，一般叙述文字应当一个作品头尾始终，层次风格一贯到底。通俗文学取稍低一点的层次，纯文学则可取较高的层次。层次不应该理解为译者本身文字能力的强弱、高低。文字能力太低的压根儿就不能从事翻译。
（李全安 见《中国翻译词典》）
一、英汉语言对比与翻译
汉语属汉藏语系（ Sino-Tibetan Language Family ），英语属印欧语系（ Indo-European Language Family ），虽然汉英两种语言属于不同的语系，但还是有许多共同点，通过比较两种语言的异同，可以加深对两种语言的认识，学会如何在两种语言之间进行转换。
从类型来说，汉语和英语都有分析型语言的特征，汉语的语序和虚词，英语的语序和助词在句子的构成和语义表达上都有重要的作用。但汉语又具有粘着型语言的特征，词的构成依靠词素的粘着，如国 + 富→ 国富 + 民强 → 国富民强。英语则具有综合性的特征，有丰富的变形，如名词的复数形式，动词通过形式变化来表示时态等。
从文字来说，汉语属表意（ ideopgraphic ）文字 , 英语属拼音 (alphalbetic) 文字。由于两种文字的不同，在汉译英时就无法再现汉字象形和指事会意带来的美感以及它们给读者带来的联想，尤其是汉字书法之美，更是丧失殆尽。不过，汉语拼音的发明，给汉字音译带来了极大方便。英语虽是拼音文字，但单词的读音和拼写常常不一致，有些词甚至拼写相同，读音却不同，意思也不一样，译者应该特别注意。
从语音来看，汉语属声调语言（tone language），英语属语调语言（intonation language）。 汉语的四声起着区别或改变字义的重要作用。如：吗mā、马mā、麻mǎ、骂mà。英语的单词则没有固定的声调，一个单词可以读成不同的声调而不会改变其词义。但英语的句子必须有语调，语调对于表达思想感情起着非常重要的作用。汉语的句子虽然也有语调，但由于汉语每个字都有固定的声调，语调就必然受到相当大的限制，实际上是在字调上加语调。在节奏和韵律方面，汉语和英语也有很大差别，汉语是以音节计时的（syllabletimed）， 而英语是以重音计时的（stresstimed）。 汉语古诗是按照音节的数目来决定它的韵律和节奏的，英语诗歌则是按重音和轻音交替出现的模式安排节奏的，但占主导地位的是重音。由于汉、英两种语言在声调、语调、韵律和节奏上的不同特征，在翻译音美特征明显的文本如诗歌、散文、戏剧等时，就很难再现原文的音美特征。
从词汇来看，汉英都有名词、代词、动词、形容词、数词、副词、介词、连词和叹词。这是汉英词汇的相似之处，但汉英词汇之间也有许多区别。如汉语有助词，英语没有；汉语有量词，英语没有量词；英语有冠词，汉语没有。由于词类划分标准不同，相同词类之间也有区别。汉英两种语言在词汇方面相应的词所包含的词义范围不同，词的搭配也不同。英汉互译时，英语冠词容易被译者忽略，而汉语的量词在英译时则常被省略，无法再现汉语量词的生动性。汉英词汇的构词法也有异同。汉语的复合式构词法与英语的合成构词法是相同的。汉语通过联合、偏正、后补、动宾、主谓等方式构成的复合词占词汇总量的绝对优势，而英语中合成词占词汇总量的比例要比汉语少得多。汉语的加缀式和英语的派生法相同。但汉语的词缀数量有限，而且一缀一义，十分严格。因此，汉语的加缀式合成词数量很少。除了名词、动词、形容词有少量词缀外，其他词类大都没有什么形态标志。而英语词汇中有大量的派生词，许多词根加上前缀或后缀就构成了新词。因此，派生词在英语词汇中占优势。汉语有重叠式构词法，英语中几乎没有叠音词。因此，重叠式是汉语构词的一个特色。汉语中的兼类法与英语中的转化法相当。但汉语中的兼类词不多，因此，并没有专列为一种构词法。而英语通过词性转换构成新词的现象极为普遍。由于构词法不同，在翻译时我们不能用英语的转化法来套汉语中某个相应词的词性。 如英语的“water”，可以转化为动词，而汉语中的“水”则不能转化为动词。汉语的单字词译成英语不一定是单字词。如“虹”、译成英语是合成词“rainbow”。 汉语词缀的意义也不一定非要用意义相符的英语词缀表示。如： 阿 姨 —— aunt, 阿 婆 —— granny, 长 度 —— length, 硬 度 —— hardness, 被 子 —— quilt, 院 子 —— courtyard 。同时，我们还应该注意汉英词汇的词义涵盖宽窄不同，汉英看似对应的词，其含义并不对等。如：“light”（光）包含“光线”、“光明”等意思， 但汉语的“光”还可以表示“光泽”，“赤裸”等含义。又如汉语的“白眼”译成英语也不是“white eye”。 这些都是学习英汉互译时必须格外小心之处。
从句子来看，汉英都有陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句四大类。汉英陈述句基本相同，句尾都用降调。汉英疑问句都是用升调，句尾加问号，这是相同之处。但汉语疑问句分特指问、反复问、是非问、选择问和反问五种，而英语只有一般疑问句、特殊疑问句、选择疑问句和反意问句四种。汉语的是非问句和英语的一般疑问句相当，但语序不同。汉语是非句是陈述句式，或在陈述句尾加“吗”、“吧”表示。英语一般疑问句的谓语动词“ to be”,“to have”和助动动词或情态动词都放在主语之前。 如：Are you a teacher? 你是老师吗？汉语的特指问句和英语的特殊疑问句相当，但词序却不尽相同。汉语特指问句的词序和陈述句相同，而英语的特殊疑问句则一定要把疑问词放在句首，其句式是“疑问词 + 一般疑问句”。如：What are you doing? 你在干什么？汉语的选择问句和英语的选择问句相同，只是词序不同。 汉语的选择问句仍然是陈述句的词序，英语则是一般疑问句的词序。如：你去看电影，还是去看戏？ Are you going to cinema or to theatre? 对于英语反意疑问句的翻译则要把握原文意思，用最恰当汉语形式来表达。如：
He is your teacher, isn''t he?
译文 1. 他是你老师吧？ （表示猜测）
2． 他是不是你老师？ （表示怀疑）
3． 他是你的老师，对吗？ （表示没把握）
4． 他是你的老师，不是吗？ （表示肯定）
汉语的反复问句是用肯定否定相叠表示疑问的，英语中没有与它相当的形式。译成英语用一般疑问句即可。如： 这本书是不是你的？ Is this book yours?
汉语的反诘问句可用否定形式表示肯定意思，也可用肯定形式表示否定意思。可以用英语的反意问句或一般问句来翻译。如： 她不是没进城吗？ She has not gone to town, has she? 你不能走快点吗？Can''t you walk a little faster?
汉语的祈使句和英语的祈使句通常都没有主语，句子都用降调，句末用句号，语气较强的用叹号。如：把它给我。 Give it to me. 不许动！ Don''t move!
汉英感叹句都是表示强烈感情的，句末用叹号，句子用降调。汉语感叹句在句末常用语气助词。如：
多可笑啊！ How funny it is!
真可惜！ What a pity!
从句法表现形式上来说，汉语和英语的表现方式也不同。汉语重意合（ parataxis ）， 而英语重形合（hypotaxis）。 汉语句子的主语和谓语只要求在语义上一致，不必在形式上呼应。英语的主谓语则严格要求在数、人称、动词的时态上一致。汉语一个句子可以有好几个短句组成，它们之间只有在意义上的联系，无需形式上的连接；英语的句子则往往要求用关系代词或关系副词将句子成分连成一个意义和形式完美结合的整体。就篇章组织而言，汉语是主题突出语言（ topic-prominent ）语言，英语是主语突出（ subject-prominent ）语言。汉语在表达思想时往往突出主题而不在意主语；英语的主语却是一句之主，对句子结构甚至词语选择起统帅作用。
至于标点符号，中国古代书籍一般没有标点符号。到了汉代才有“句读”符号。所谓“句读”，即文辞语意已尽处为“句”，语意未尽而须停顿处则为“读”。19世纪末，随着大量外国书籍被译成中文，在西文中使用的标点符号也被吸收过来。1897年王炳耀根据中国原有断句方法，吸收西文的标点，首次拟定了10种标点符号。 1990年3月国家语言文字工作委员会和新闻出版总署公布了重新修订的《标点符号用法》，共有标点符号16种。正是由于这个历史原因，汉语和英语的标点符号有许多共同之处。汉语和英语都有相同的逗号（comma）、问号（？）、叹号（！）、冒号（：）、分号（；）、引号（“”）、括号（（））、破折号（——）、连接号（ – ）。但是句号，英语是一点（ . ），汉语是一小圆（。）；省略号，汉语是六点（ …… ），英语是三点（ … ）。汉语有顿号（、）、间隔号（ · ）、书名号（《》）、着重号（ ﹒ ）、专名号（ __ ），英语没有这些符号。英语有撇号（ '' ）、斜线号（ / ），汉语则没有这些符号。港台及海外华人所用的汉语标点符号与中国大陆略有不同，不要混淆。
总之，在英汉互译中，要经常进行两种语言的对比，只有通过对比才能熟练掌握两种语言的转换，从而不断提高翻译的质量。
1．词汇方面
3．修辞方面
相关链接
翻译中的文化比较 翻译者必须是一个真正意义的大化人。他必须掌握两种语言。但是，不了解语言当中的社会文化；谁也无法真正掌握语言。不是说一个大概的了解，而是要了解使用这一语言的人民的过去与现在，这就包括了历史、动态、风俗习惯、经济基础、情感生活、哲学思想、科技成就：政治和社会组织等等；而且了解得越细致、越深入，越好。途径之一，就是利用各种现代传播工具，如电视、录像片、录音带、电影、报纸、杂志、书——各式各样的书，而其中文学作品又必然会占重要地位。因为文学无所不包，各种各样的社会生活和思想感情在文学作品里得到最具体、最生动、最厚实、最有来龙去脉的描绘；而从语言的使用上讲，文学作品里什么文体都有，各种表现手段齐现，正是语言的灵魂所在。译者的第一个困难是对原文的了解：不论怎样难的原文，总有了解的可能，因为人类有很多共同的东西，这才使翻译成为可能；同时，原文尽管很容易，也总含有若干外国人不易了解的东西，这又使深入了解外国文化成为十分必要。同样，译者还得深入了解自己民族的文化。不仅如此、他还要不断地把两种文化加以比较。他在寻找与原文相当的“对等词”的过程中，就要作一番比较，因为真正的对等应该是在各自文化里的含义、作用、范围、情感色彩、影响等等都相当。困难在此，希望也在此。因为有翻择，哪怕是难免出错的翻译，文化交流才成为可能。语言学家、文体学家、文化史家、社会思想家、比较文学家都不能忽视翻译。这不仅是因为用译者的辛勤劳动才使得一国的文化遗产能为全世界的人所用，还因为译者作的文化比较远比一般人细致、深人。他处理的是个别的词，他面对的则是两大片文化。不论比较或同或异，翻译界前辈中的有心人总是在寻找对国家民族有益的东西。但是翻译也带来问题。以文学翻译而论，常有这样一种情况：外国真正优秀的作品移植不过来，而二三流的作品却受到远超过其本身价值阶应得的欢迎。也有另一种情况，在本国受到不应该的冷遇的作品，译成另外一种文字，显示了独特的光辉。这里面因素是复杂的，不能仅仅归因于译者的眼光与能力。主要的仍是历史的、社会的、文化的原因。另外，同一著作或作品在不同国家的译本引起的反响常不一样，这也因为文化情况不同之故。一种思潮起自一国，通过翻译传播于世，有的国家接受很快，有的则抵抗强烈；在另外一些国家（往往是有古老文化传统的均区）则外来思潮还常被改造而濒于消失。翻译中也有今与古的问题。这里指的是同一作品有几种译本，在不同时期出版。每个时期的译本也透露了当时的语言、出版、文学风尚、读者要求和总的社会文化情况。通过这些方面的对比，也可看出一个地区或国家的文化的发展是快还是慢，而后者又反映了整个社会面貌。 20 世纪的下半叶，翻译实践规模更广，质量更高。由于新的传播工易大量利用，学习外语的人大量增加，各国之间的文化交流也空前频繁，翻译的势头更猛了。现代语言学、文体学、文艺理论等方面的进展，电子计算机的利用，又为翻译研究开辟了新途径。如果我们能进而探讨翻译的文化意义和历史作用，或者更进一步把它同比较文化这个新学科结合起来：那就会增加一个新的方面。
（王佐良 见《中国翻译词典》）
翻译与文化反差 由于文化上的反差，使我们在翻译相同的词句时必须作出不同的考虑。“雨后春笋”在中国尽人皆知，可是在别的语种里，同样的信息却由不同的载体表达出来。如俄国人熟悉雨后山林里到处冒出蘑菇来的情况，于是同样表示一事物蓬勃发展，他们就不会说“雨后春笋”，而说“雨后蘑菇”；美国女孩子跟人家借橡皮用一用，会说 eraser ，而英国女孩子却说 rubber ，如果在美国也说 rubber ，那就要弄得大家哄堂大笑了，因为那是向人家借一个避孕套哩。魏源早在 150 年前就说过：“翻夷书必先悉夷情”。因此，翻译一个国家的作品，必须熟悉该国的文化背景。
（李金安 见《中国翻译词典》）
翻译与语言背景 在翻译实践中，语言的背景知识对于准确地揭示原文语里、忠实地传达原文内容从而得出高质量的译文，是至关重要的。语言的背景知识，即语言的社会环境知识，当然地包括社会科学、自然科学以及技术科学等各种领域的专门知识。但是，我们这里主要是指除此以外的地理知识、历史知识、习俗知识，写作者、讲话人以及他们所谈到的人和事物所处的时代，人物的身分、立场、经历，以及事物所处的其他特定背景等各种语言资料。有些翻译工作者常常以为掌握了外语和所译专业的科学知识，就能在翻译事业的大道上畅行无阻。其实不然。由于译者缺乏语言的背景知识而使译文与原作意思不相吻合从而造成种种误译的情况，时有发现。所以，我们在翻译实践中必须纵横地、全面地分析语言现象所在的交际环境，瞻前顾后地考察研究事物的客观背景，以便根据合理的语言背景知识，采用适当的翻译手段理顺和协调这些语言现象。只有这样；所得出的译文才能准确地揭示原文的语里，忠实地传达原文的内容，原文的这些非语言单位所传递的超语言信息，才能为译文读者所理解，所接受。
（阎德胜 见《中国翻译词典》）
翻译的思维层次 层次系指客观事物的等级。有人将翻译分为三个层次：翻译的思维层次，翻译的语义层次及翻译的美学层次；井认为，具有全人类性的思维是翻译的基础，而译者的思维是辨证概念的确切含义，运用判断、推理等手段，理清概念之间的逻辑纽带。因此，思维活动便构成翻译活动的基础层次。
（董史良 见《中国翻译词典》）
二、英汉文化对比与翻译
英汉互译的方法和原则不仅建立在英汉语言对比的基础上，而且要建立在中西文化对比的基础上。 Susan Bassnett 把语言比作文化身体中的心脏。翻译在进行语言转换时，不能不顾及文化，就像外科大夫在进行心脏手术时，不能不顾及身体。
中西文化是两种不同类型的文化，中国文化以人本为主体，西方文化以物本为主体。从性质上分，中国文化属人文文化，西方文化属科学文化。中西文化在宇宙观、人生观上的差异表现为：中国文化讲天人合一，顺应自然，求循人以达天，体悟天道；西方文化讲天人对立，征服自然，主张先向外探究自然，在对外界自然有所认识了解之后，再回过头来衡量和决定人生意义和价值。由于宇宙观、世界观不同，中西方的思维方式、行为方式也不同。中国文化重群体意识，西方文化则以个体意识为核心。在学术方面，中国人重整体和合，一切学问皆会通合一，融为一体，以会通为极致，主张学问应先通后专。西方人则从具体求知，学术贵分门别类，宗教、科学、哲学、文学、艺术等皆各自独立发展。思维方式不同，语言特征也不同。通过对比两种不同的文化，在英汉互译过程中译者应该注意到以下几个方面的文化因素：
1．词汇方面。英汉词汇对等关系有三种情况。第一是汉语有，英语没有；汉语没有，英语有。这类词语所包含的文化因素最具特色。如汉语的“叩头”，英语没有，只好用音译 kowtow 。英语的 privacy ，也很难在汉语中找到完全对等的词。中国人见面打招呼说，“吃了吗？”，英语国家的人会说， How do you do? 或 Lovely day, isn''t it ？。中国人表示惊叹会说，“老天爷”，英语国家的人则说“ My god. ”。第二是词义大小不等。比如英语“ story ”的词义显然大于汉语的“故事”。它还有“消息”、“内情”、“传说”、“热门”、“遭遇”、“实情”等意思。而汉语的“打”的含义就远远大于英语的 beat 或 hit 。汉语的“打落水狗”、“打退堂鼓”就充分反映了汉语的文化特色。第三是词义表面相等实际不等，这种现象在社会科学和人文科学中很常见。比如 propaganda 和“宣传”， politics 和“政治”， individualism 和“个人主义”， liberalism 和“自由主义”。这些词既反映了文化上的不同，也反映了政治上的差别。词汇的文化色彩不同还反映在词汇的社会意义、情感意义、搭配意义、联想意义或引申意义的不同上。如一些动植物名词： dog, dragon, owl, rose pine, plum 和汉语的“狗”、“龙”、“猫头鹰”、“玫瑰”、“松”、“梅”的理性意义相同，但比喻意义和联想意义均不相同，甚至相反。英汉颜色词的理性意义没什么差别，但比喻意义和联想意义的差别就比较大， 有的搭配意义也不相同，如 bay 与汉语的“栗色”理性意义相同，但在英语 bay 一般只能与 horse 搭配，而汉语“栗色”则可修饰所有带有这种颜色的东西。中国人如果说“你吃饭了吗？”，“饭”可以指“早饭”、“中饭”或“晚
[在家庭社区阅读] [作者资料] [鲜花](0)
[第13楼] fuzhigang - 2004-04-16 12:53 - 回复：[分享]高校英语专业翻译课程，要下的赶紧下
中国人如果说“你吃饭了吗？”，“饭”可以指“早饭”、“中饭”或“晚饭”，人们往往无需细说，但若译成英语，就得把早饭（ breakfast ）、中饭（ lunch ）和晚饭（ supper ）分清楚。同样，英国人说，“ My cousin is older than I. ” , 这个 cousin 可以指“堂兄”、“堂弟”、“表兄”、“表弟”、“堂姐”、“堂妹”、“表姐”、“表妹”，若要译成汉语，最好要把它分清楚。
2 ．习惯用语、成语、俗语、谚语、典故具有丰富的文化内涵，反映了不同民族的人民在认识方法、心理状态和文化积淀方面的差异。 如英语中说 The fish always stinks from the head downwards. 汉语说“上梁不正下梁歪。”英语说 Look before you leap. 汉语说“三思而后行。” 不同的文化产生出不同的习语。请看下面这个句子：
Don''t know, Captain, but it sounds like Grace is in there talking to her boss at NIS. She mentioned killing off the investigation. Sounds to me like some serious circling of wagons has been going on.
不知道，上校，不过葛瑞丝好像正和她的海军调查局老板谈话，她提及撤消调查。听起来像是要把大篷车围起来进行认真自卫了。
这里 circling of wagons 典出美国西部开发时，向西部移民的大篷车队常遭到印第安人的袭击，于是他们就把大篷车围起来进行自卫反击。这里比喻葛瑞丝调查的谋杀案深入以后，牵涉到海军高层人物，于是调查局老板要撤销调查以保护大人物。翻译时为了使意思明确，译者加了“自卫”两字。如果译者不了解美国的文化背景，就很难正确翻译这个句子。有一位美国记者将中国俗语“嫁鸡随鸡，嫁狗随狗。”翻译成 If a woman marries a chicken, she should act like a chicken; if she marries a dog, she should act like a dog. (Fox Butterfield Alive in the Bitter Sea p.162) 还有一位中央领导的翻译把“和尚打伞 …… ”翻译成 I am a lone monk walking the world with a leaky umbrella. 这些都是对中国文化不了解造成的。习语翻译是英汉互译的难点之一，也是译者必须认真研究的问题。
3．修辞方面。汉语用词多华丽，英语用词求简洁。汉语行文讲究声律对仗，用字凝炼含蓄、追求工整匀称，音韵和美。从下面这段记载端午节龙舟赛的文字，就很容易看出汉语描写景物时那种潇洒自如，托物寄情的强烈主观情感色彩。
轻快的龙舟如银河流星、瑰丽的彩船似海市蜃楼，两岸那金碧辉煌的彩楼连成一片水晶宫，是仙境？是梦境？仰视彩鸽翩飞，低眸漂灯流霓，焰火怒放树银花，灯舞回旋千姿百态，气垫船腾起一江春湖，射击手点破满天彩球，跳伞健儿绽放空中花蕾，抢鸭勇士谱水上凯歌……啊，（某某）城是不夜城，龙舟会是群英会。
如果将这段话译成英语时，照搬汉语修辞手法，一定会让英语读者难以理解。请看下面的译文：
The light-some dragon-boats appear on the river as though the stars twinkle in the Milk Way. The richly decorated pleasure boats look like a scene of mirage. The splendent awnings in green and gold chain into a palace of crystal. Is this a fairyland or a mere dream? Looking above, you can see the beautiful doves flying about. Looking below, you can see the sailing lamps glittering. Cracking are the fireworks, which present you a picture of fiery trees and silver flowers. Circling are the lantern-dancers, who present you a variation of exquisite manner. Over there the motorboats are plowing the water, thus a tide stirs up. Over there, the marksmen are shooting to their targets, thus colorful beads whirl around. Therefore, we should say that this is a city of no light; and its Dragon Boat Festival a gathering of heroes.
这样照原文直译的译文，不符合英文的表达习惯，也很难在英语读者中产生共鸣。英文表达重形式、重写实、重理性，句子结构严整、表达思维缜密、行文注重逻辑性、用词强调简洁自然、描写突出直观可感。于是有 Brevity is the soul of wit.和A proper word in a proper place is good English. 之说。汉语中华丽的词藻往往无多大实际意义，大多出于讲究声韵对仗、渲染情感气氛或顺应汉语行文习惯方面的考虑。翻译时必须根据英语表达习惯，去掉那些不必要的“溢美之词”，保持译文简洁直观。不妨看看以下这个译例：
当你步入沟中，便可见林中碧海澹荡生辉，瀑布舒洒碧玉。一到金秋，满山枫叶绛红。盛夏，湖山幽翠。仲春，树绿花艳……，四时都呈献出它的天然原始，宁静幽深。
Mystic lakes and sparkling waterfalls captivate your eyes as you enter the ravine. The trees are in their greenest in spring when intensified by colourful flowers. In summer, warm tints spread over the hills and lakelands. As summer merges into autumn, the maples trees turn fiery red. Splashing color through the thick forest hills…Tranquility pervades primitive Jiuzhaigou throughout the year.
——《神话世界九寨沟》，中国翻译“汉译英练习”答案
在这里译者打破了原文的篇章结构模式，调整了语序，摆脱了原文修辞风格的束缚，去掉了不必要的溢美之词，大胆地用简洁练达的英语，直观具体地将原文所描写的景物表达出来。
汉英修辞差异的另一个特点是，汉语多用修饰语，英语则慎用修饰语。现代汉语好用双音节词和四字词语，在表现形式上追求形式整齐、字词对称。如英语说 He is good to me. 汉语是“他对我很好。”汉语习惯在“好”前加“很“，读起来较顺口。要说某物“完好”，就会用四字词语“完好无缺”、“完好无损”。汉语的这种表达习惯常造成词语堆砌，同义重复和修饰语滥用。而英语恰恰相反，十分忌讳同义重复和修饰语滥用。因此，汉语读起来很顺口的词语，直接转成英语就不顺了，汉译英时如果按汉语思维习惯处理，译文就会让人不忍卒读。例如，每个会议召开，我们总爱说“胜利召开”，直译成英语是 successfully convened, 可是英语读者一定会以为会议之前有不少阻碍，所以才这么说。“彻底粉碎”直译就是 thoroughly smash ，难道“粉碎”了，还不算彻底吗？“不切实际的幻想”直译就是 impractical illusion ，幻想本来就是不切实际的，难道还有切合实际的幻想吗？“不幸的悲剧” 直译是 an unfortunate tragedy ，悲剧本来就是不幸的。这些修饰语在汉语读起来都挺顺口的，而在英语这些修饰语都是讲不通的。请看以下几个译例：
进一步开展节约能源的宣传，努力提高社会节能意识。
The idea of saving energy should be promoted to the general public.
原文的“进一步”、“努力”并无多大实际意义，但在汉语，不加上这些修辞语就不太顺口，行文也不对称。译者在翻译时改变了原文的句式，将两句合译成一句，去掉原文的修饰语，译文反倒显得简练地道，更好地传达了原文的信息。
中国政府在制定这项政策时，已经考虑到一切可能发生的事情。
译文 1 ： The Chinese government took all possible eventualities into account when it made this policy decision.
译文 2 ： The Chinese government took all eventualities into account when it made this policy decision.
译文 1 受汉语思维习惯影响，加上不必要的修饰语possible, 而英语的 eventuality 就是 something that may occur, 已经包含“可能”的意思，因此，译文 2 才是正确的。
总之，在汉译英时要尽量摆脱汉语思维的影响，用地道简洁的英文将原文信息传达给读者。反之，在英译汉时，也应该摆脱英文句式的束缚，用地道通顺的汉语来表达，才能避免翻译腔。
一、英译汉
WASHINGTON(Reuters) - Know your way around a lock? Then the CIA wants you: "The Central Intelligence Agency is seeking locksmiths to work with the best minds in the country while performing a mission critical to our nation," the CIA said in a recent job posting on its website, www.cia.gov .
Locksmiths, who in spy agency lingo are called technical opera-tions officers, are needed for such tasks as to "familiarize non-technical people with technical capabilities; do hands-on work; and travel worldwide."
Skill in making lock parts is an asset for prospective CIA lock-smiths. "Knowledge of electronic and manual safe lock servicing, electricity, and alarms is ideal. Knowing how to operate machinery to fabricate lock parts and tools will be beneficial," the CIA job posting said.
一、英译汉 (参考答案)
华盛顿 (路透社)-你是否精通有关锁的技能？如果精通,美国中央情报局正想要你呢。“中央情报局正在物色锁匠,他们将与美国精英一道执行对国家至关重要的任务，”中央情报局最近在其网站www.cia.gov上贴的一则招聘通知上如是说道。
锁匠，用间谍机构的行话来说是技术性操作人员,需要他们做的是诸如“用他们的技能去教会外行人；做需要动手操作的工作；到世界各地去出差。”
拥有造锁技能是候选的中情局锁匠的资本。“熟悉电子及手动保险柜的维修、电路和警报系统的人是理想人选。熟悉如何操作机器来制造锁件和工具将有利于得到这份工作。 ”CIA 招聘通知写道。
二、汉译英
圣经在英语的发展过程中对英语的影响可谓深远。她不仅对英语的词汇的补充和习惯用语的形成功不可没，人们在日常交往中对其的引用更是无处不见。美国有位词汇学教授曾经说过，难以想象一个没有读过圣经的人能够学好英语。我们无意去讨论这位教授的话对错与否，但我们对圣经对于英语学习的作用却是肯定的。
二、汉译英 (参考答案)
The Bible has played a very important role during the development of English. It has signficant impact on the formation of the English vocabulary and English idioms. People quote the Bible almost everywhere during their daily work and life. An American lexicologist once said that it is hard to imagine one can learn English well without reading the Bible. We are not discussing whether what he said was true or not. However we are on the YES side about the Bible''s contribution to the language.
一、英译汉
If people mean anything at all by the expression "untimely death", they must believe that some deaths run on a better schedule than others. Death in old age is rarely called untimely---a long life is thought to be a full one. But with the passing of a young person, one assumes that the best years lay ahead and the measure of that life was still to be taken.
History denies this, of course. Among prominent summer deaths, one recalls those of Marilyn Monroe and James Deans, whose lives seemed equally brief and complete. Writers cannot bear the fact that poet John Keats died at 26, and only half playfully judge their own lives as failures when they pass that year. The idea that the life cut short is unfilled is illogical because lives are measured by the impressions they leave on the world and by their intensity and virtue.
一、英译汉 (参考答案)
如果人们藉“英年早逝”这一字眼真的意欲表达什么含义的话，他们必然相信某些人的辞世可以算是寿终正寝，而另一些人则“死不逢时”。死于年迈很少被冠以“死不逢时”之名，因为能度过漫长的一生被认为是甚为圆满的。反之，如果所碰到的是一位年轻人之死，人们会以为这位年轻人风华正茂，前途无可限量，生命的倒计时尚未真正开始。
当然，历史否定这一切。在诸多较为著名的“英年早逝”的情形中，我们会忆起玛丽莲·梦露与詹姆斯·迪恩斯之死，其生命的短暂丝毫无损于其生命的完整性。对于约翰·济慈年方26便溘然长逝这一事实，文人墨客们皆痛不欲生，但他们中仅有半数人诙谐地认为，设若他们也死于这一年龄，其一生可视为失败。视英年早逝为不圆满，这一观念有悖于逻辑，因为衡量生命的尺度乃是留给世界的印记，是生命的力度及其美德。
二、汉译英
吸收外商直接投资，是中国对外开放基本国策的重要组成部分。二十多年来，随着改革开放逐步深化，中国吸收外资的规模和质量不断提高。截至2001年7月底，中国累计批准设立的外商投资企业37.8万家，合同外资金额7170.1亿美元，实际使用外资金额3728.3亿美元。
今年以来，外商来华直接投资继续保持良好势头。1-7月，共批准设立外商投资企业1.4万家，比去年同期增长18.2%；合同外资金额402.9亿美元，增长45.8%；实际使用外资金额242.1亿美元，增长21.7%。
二、汉译英 (参考答案)
FDI absorption constitutes an important component of China''s basic state policy of reform and opening up. As the reform and opening up going into depth over the past two decades and more, China has been constantly improving its FDI utilization in terms of scale and quality. As of the end of July 2001, China had cumulatively approved 378,000 foreign funded enterprises with a contractual value of USD 717.01 billion, of which USD 372.83 billion had been actually paid in.
China has maintained a good momentum in its FDI attraction since this year. January through July, 14,000 foreign-invested enterprises were approved to establish, 18.2% higher than the corresponding period of last year, the contractual value of foreign investment grew by 45.8% to USD 40.29 billion and the actually utilized value climbed by 21.7% to USD 24.21 billion.
一、英译汉
A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it always was, and it will never change. It is the most patient and cheerful of companions. It does not turn its back upon us in times of adversity or distress. It always receives us with the same kindness: amusing and instructing us in youth, and comforting and consoling us in age.
Books possess an essence of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their authors'' minds ages ago. What was then said and thought still speaks to us as vividly as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time has been to sift out the bad products, for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good.
一、英译汉 (参考答案)
一本好书可以是一位最好的朋友。它往日如此，今日依旧如此，且永不改变。它是最具耐心、最令人愉快的友伴。当我们身处逆境或感到苦恼时，它不会背弃我们，总是以同样的和蔼态度接待我们：在我们年青时，它愉悦我们，教导我们；在我们年老时，它怡情我们，慰籍我们。
书籍具有一种不朽的特质。它们绝对是人类努力成果中最能持久的。神殿与雕像会腐朽，但书籍长存。时间无损于伟大的思想，直到今天，那些伟大的思想仍然与很久以前初次在作者脑海中闪现时一样新颖。作者当时所言所思，印刷成书，如今依然生动地向我们诉说。时间唯一的影响是淘汰不良的作品，只有真正好的作品，才能在文学领域里长存。
一、英译汉
Tombs and temples of ancient Egypt follow the Nile well into Sudan. Driving southward from Cairo into the valley, I entered a landscape that owed little to the present era. For the next 1,800 miles the thin blue ribbon of the Nile, flowing slowly north, unwound over brown soil and green fields, some only a few yards wide, others as broad as an Iowa cornfield. At the edge of the fields, rising in dramatic hills or stretching flat to the horizon, lay the brown barren deserts. The road followed the course of the Nile, now passing through the fields, now drawing a black line separating them from the desert.
一、英译汉 (参考答案)
尼罗河沿岸直到苏丹境内很远的地方，到处可以见到古埃及的坟墓和寺庙。我从开罗驱车南行，进入尼罗河河谷，这里的景色还没有受到多少现代的影响。从这里再往前一千八百英里，尼罗河像一条细细的蓝色丝带，缓缓流向北方，沿途穿过棕色的土地和绿色的田野，这田地窄的不过几码，宽的则赶得上美国伊阿华州的玉米地。田地外边是寸草不生的棕色沙漠，有的地方突然隆起像是小山，有的地方则平平地伸向地平线。公路是顺着尼罗河修筑的，有时穿过庄稼地，有时像是划的一条黑线，这边是庄稼，那边是沙漠。
二、汉译英
在中国，最重要的节日是农历新年。由于它是依据农历而来，所以大约比阳历新年晚了一个月。传统上，中国新年节庆约持续一个月，但为了不让工作期间中断太久，现在都已缩短为一个星期左右。中国农历年和西方阳历年有些相似之处，譬如像大扫除、全家团圆。所有的债务都要还清，这样新年才有个新开始。与家人、朋友共享盛宴，街上有栩栩如生的舞龙舞狮表演。到处都听得到爆竹声。小孩子们收受装了钱的红包。
二、汉译英 (参考答案)
The most important holiday in China is the Lunar New Year. Since it is based on the lunar calendar, it comes about a month later than the Western New Year. The Chinese New Year season traditionally lasts about a month . The period has now been reduced to a week or less. There are some parallels with the Western New Year: houses are cleaned thoroughly, for instance, and families all get together for the festivities. All debts must be paid off so that new year can be started with a fresh beginning. Feasts are enjoyed with family and friends, and there are lively dragon and lion dances in the streets. Everywhere there is the sound of fire cracker explosions. Children receive gifts of little red envelopes with money inside them.
本帖最后由 般若白莲 于 13-1-24 04:40 编辑
英语实战翻译实践
句子汉英、英汉互译笔记法练习
一、汉译英
I. 经济商贸专题
1.人民币的汇率问题一直是国际上很关心的一个问题，中国很多重要的贸易伙伴都敦促中国要采取更为灵活的人民币汇率机制。
The renminbi question has been the focus of world attention，with many foreign trading partners urging China to adopt a more flexible exchange rate.
2.中国民间贸易在对外贸易中起着重要的作用，与此同时，中国与世界各国政府间的贸易联系，也得到了巨大而持续的发展。
While China’s nongovernmental businesses are playing a more pivotal role in foreign trade, governmental business contacts between China and the rest of the world also saw remarkable and continuous growth.
3.中美两国在世界上具有很大的影响，两国人民都希望保持和发展健康、稳定的关系。这种关系有利于亚太地区，乃至世界其他地区的和平、稳定和繁荣。
Both China and the United States exert a considerable influence in the world，and the two peoples wish to maintain and develop healthy and stable ties. Such a relationship is also beneficial to peace, stability and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region and the rest of the world.
4.以改革为核心的农村改革，主要是解决农村上层建筑部适应经济基础的某环节。
Rural reforms centers on reform of the rural taxes and administrative fees, and the purpose is to change those elements in the superstructure in the rural area that areno longer consistentwith the economic phase.
5.我们必须坚持国际建设与经济建设协调发展。
We must maintain a balance the nation's defense construction and its economic development.
6.我们成功地避免了经济的大起大落，避免了物价的过度上涨。
We have been successful in avoiding major ups and downs in the economy and preventing excessive price hikes.
7.双方贸易与合作迅速发展的主要原因在于两国的经济有着很强的互补性。
A major reason for the rapid development rests with the fact that the economies of the two countries have a strong nature of mutual supplementation.
8.中国将逐步开放电信基础业务和增值业务市场，允许外资在中国直接投资并建立合资企业。
China will gradually lift its restrictions on the telecommunications infrastructure market and the value-adding market, allowing foreign companies to invest directly in China or to set up joint ventures.
9.要全方位地开拓国际市场，市场多元化是立于不败之地的关键。
It is important to tap the market potential around the world. And geographical market diversification is the key to surviving the unsteady world market.
II.外交政治专题
1.过去的一年里，中国在国际上赢得了更多的理解、信任、尊重和支持，国际地位和影响力进一步提高。
Over the past year，China has won more understanding ,trust ,respect and support in the international arena. China's international status and influence have been on the rise．
2.加强国防和军队建设，是国家安全和现代化建设的可靠保证。
The strengthening of national defense and the armed force is a strong backup for our national security and it bolsters up the nation's modernization drive。
3.中国政府是根据国内法、国际法和人道主义精神来处理有关问题的。
We must act in accordance with the law and put people first. That is our principle in domestic affairs as well as international affairs.
4.人权这个问题是一个非常复杂、而且越来越为国际社会和人们关注的一个重要问题。
Human rights issue is a very complicated issue drawing more and more attention from the international community.
5.世代友好，永不为敌，是我们两国正确的选择。
To be friends forever and never be enemies is what the two countries have correctly chosen to do．
6.我们讨论的问题包括经贸问题、恐怖问题、反恐怖主义、伊拉克问题和朝鲜核问题。
We discussed the questions such as the economy and Wade，the terror question，counter-terrorism，Iraq，and North Korean nuclear issue．
7.我们应该牢牢把握中美的大局，妥善解决分歧，不断朝着增进了解、扩大共识、发展合作、共创未来的目标前进。
We should take a firm hold of the overall interests of China-US relations and settle our differences properly so as to reach the goal of promoting mutual understanding ,broadening common ground, developing cooperation and building a future together.
8.我们要依法办事、以人为本，在国内如此，在处理国际事务中也是如此。
We must act in accordance with the law and put people first. That is our principle in domestic affairs as well as international affairs.
III．能源环境专题
1.能源产业成为拉动和保证中国经济增长的重要力量。
The energy industry has become an important driving force in the Chinese economy.
2.中国政府对林业高度重视，造林绿化稳步推进，林业经济持续增长。
The Chinese government attaches great importance to forestry .Tree planting and green creation projects have made steady progress.
3.能源是国民经济和社会发展的重要基础和保证。
Energy is an important basis as well as a safeguard for economic and social development.
4.随着中国对外开放的不断扩大，中国能源市场对外开放的步伐加快。
As China continues to open to the outside world．the energy market is opening up faster.
5.实现了千百年来围湖造田、与湖争地到大规模退田还湖的历史性转变。
The century-old trend of reclaiming or wresting farmland from lakes has been checked . And the lake-converted plots are being restored to their former status ,which constitutes a change of historical significance.
6.世界大多数的贫穷人，主要是以业为生计的。如果你懂得了业，那你就真正懂得了穷人的经济学。
Most of the world's poor people earn their living from agriculture. So if we knew the economics of agriculture, we would know much of the economics of the poor.
7.第二个是关于能源和环境问题。现在中国的快建发展给世界其他国家尤其是其邻国带来了很好的机会。我们对此感到很高兴。
My second question is about energy and the environment．The rapid development of China has brought about good opportunities．To other countries ,especially the neighbours. We are glad about it.
8.但是能源的可持续性和环境的问题，是中国的邻国比较关心的，您认为应该如何解决能源的可持续性和环境问题？
However ,there is also the question of sustainability of energy supplies and the environment. This is a particular concern for China's neighbors. What measures are you going to adopt to solve these problems?
9.大熊猫威胁不是来自于大熊的繁殖能力，而是来自于人类对大熊猫自然生态环境的破坏。
The main threat to the survival of the panda species come not from the poor propagation of the species ,but from mankind's destruction of pandas’ natural habitat.
10.中国幅员辽阔，自然资源丰富，劳动力成本低。税收低，消费者市场潜力大，社会环境稳定，投资政策诱人，经济回报率高。
China is known for her massive land，abundant natural resources，cheap labor ，low taxation，potential consumer market, stable environment ,attractive investment policies ,and high economic returns of investment.
IV.体育旅游专题
1.奥运百年神韵，华夏千载文明，奥运圣火将北京与雅典、中国与世界紧紧联系在一起。
With the centennial impressiveness of the Olympics and the millennial civilization of the Chinese history，the Olympic Flame tied Beijing and Athens ，the Chinese people and the people of the other countries together closely．
2.火炬所到之处，镜头所聚之焦，向世人展现一幅幅独具东方特色传统文化的美丽画卷。
Wherever the torch went，whatever was focused on by the lens of TV camera was like unfolding one by one the beautiful picture rolls of the unique eastern traditional culture ．
3.2004年6月8日至9日-历史将永远铭记这一刻。奥运圣火带着人类对和平、友谊、文明、进步的追求，带着希腊人民对中国人民的友谊，来到中华大地。
June 8th to 9th ,2004,the history shall forever remember the date. The Olympic Flame came down to China's divine land ,with mankind's yearning for peace ,friendship ,civilization and progress and with the Greek people's friendship for the Chinese people.
4.不仅在北京，在2008年北京奥运会的分会场和合作城市-青岛，人们也在用自己的方式，表达着对奥运圣火的欢迎。
Not only in Beijing ,but also in Qingdao ,the co-host city with a sub-site for competition for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games ,people, in their own way ,express their warm welcome to the Flame.
5.我国社区服务起步较晚，发展还很不平衡，还有很多不足之处和薄弱环节需要克服。
China's community service has a late start and its development is by no means balanced；therefore，much work need be done to offset the problems and strengthen the weak links.
6.它的疆域从太平洋沿岸一直延伸到大西洋沿岸。北部是冰封的北冰洋，南部与美国接壤。人口2 500万。
It spreads from the Pacific to the Atlantic, its northern boundary is the frozen Arctic and its southern ,the American border．Its population is 25 million．
7.我们这次旅游的目的地是举世闻名的大熊猫的故乡，列入世界自然遗产的九寨沟自然保护区。
The destination of our trip is the Jiu Zhaigou Nature Reserve ,the natural range of the world-famous giant pandas ,listed as one of the world natural heritage sites.
8.过去，中国被称为“东亚病夫”。l949年前，在竞技体育的世界级运动员或世界纪录保持者中找不到一位中国人的名字。
In the past ,China was called "the sick man of East Asia ".Not a single Chinese name could be found among the top world-class athletes or world-record holders in competitive sports before 1949.
9.新北京、新奥运“的战略构想一定能够实现，我们一定能够把一届完美体现奥林匹克理想和精神的奥运会奉献全世界。
we are sure to bring into effect the strategic blueprint of 'New Beijing, Great Olympics" and we are sure to dedicate to the world this Olympic Games that perfectly embodies the Olympic ideal and spirit.
10.联合国教科文组织授予苏格兰首府爱丁堡“世界文学城市”的称号，使爱丁堡成为世界上第一个享有此殊荣的城市。
Edinburgh is named the world's first City of Literature by the United Nations’cultural body UNESCO．
V.文化教育专题
1.中国教育界、科学界、文化界一直同哈佛大学保持着学术交流。
The Chinese educational ,scientific and cultural communities have all along maintained academic exchanges with the university.
2.但是世界各个国家由于历史、文化、发展水平的不同，选择的社会制度也不同，因此他们信奉的价值观和人权观也不同。
But because of the differences in history ,culture and stage of development ,countries have chosen different social systems and they believe in different values and different concepts of human rights.
3.现代录音行业的诞生旨在满足市场对各种音乐如民间乐、古典乐、管弦乐、流行乐等音乐的巨大需求。
The modern recording industry was born to satisfy an enormous market for all types of music :folk ,classical ,orchestral and popular．
4.中国历史上虽曾出现过暂时的分裂现象，但民族团结和国家统一始终是民族历史的主流，是中国发展进步的重要保障。
Despite occasional division in the Chinese history, ethnic harmony and national unity have remained the main stream in the history of the Chinese nation, and an important guarantee for China's development and progress.
5.在我的印象中，我们研究所和美国朋友在一起把人权作为两国学术交流的一项重要议题，这还是第一次，如果我没有记错的话。所以这是一个很好的开端。
As far as I know ,among all the academic exchanges conducted between our research institute and our American friends ,this is the first time that human rights issues are given an important place. This is a very good start. This is a very good start.
6.它是通过各种学科、各种学派的相互砥砺、相互渗透而发展的，也是通过同世界各国的相互交流、相互学习而进步的。
It has enriched itself through the contention and infiltration of various disciplines and schools fo thought ,and also through the mutual exchanges and learning between China and other countries in the world.
7.曾经一度．美国人只知道中国是历史悠久的、伟大的国家，以及她的文明。今天我们仍然看到中国奉行着重视家庭、学业和荣誉的良好传统。
Once，America knew China only by its history as a great and enduring civilization. Today, we see a China that is still defined by noble traditions of family，scholarship，and honor.
8.哈佛建校三百六十年来，培养出许多杰出的政治家、科学家、文学家和企业家，曾出过六位美国总统，三十多位诺贝尔奖获得者。
Since its founding some 360years age, Harvard has nurtured a great number of outstanding political leaders ,scientists, writers and businessmen ,including six of the American Presidents and over thirty Nobel Prize winners.
9.中华民族历来尊重人的尊严和价值。还在遥远的古代，我们的先人就已提出“民为贵”的思想，认为“天生万物，唯人为贵”。
The Chinese nation has always valued human dignity and value. Even in the ancient days, our ancestors came up with the idea of "people being the most important ,"believing that "man is the most valuable among all the things that heaven fosters. "
10.在过去10年中我们美国人的饮食习惯已发生了诸多变化。越来越多的美国人情于那种尽可能免于加工的天然食物。
Our American food styles have undergone many changes over the last decade. More and More Americans have shown particular interest in the natural food that requires the least possible amount of processing.
Ⅵ．笔记法汉译英练习
1.25年间．中国创造的巨大财富，不仅使13亿中国人基本解决了温饱，基本实现了小康，而且为世界发展做出了贡献。
The tremendous wealth created by、China in the past quarter of a century has not only enabled our 1．3 billion countrymen to meet their basic needs for food，clothing and shelter and basically realize a modestly comfortable standard of living but also contributed to world development.
2.中国信息产业既是信息化建设的基础，同时也是信息化的重要组成部分。
The information industry in China forms the basis for information .It is also part of the process.
3.13亿人口的中国保持稳定和加快发展，对促进亚太地区和世界的稳定与发展，具有极其重要的意义。
China is a country with 1.3billion people. It stability and rapid development are of vital importance to the stability and development in Asia-Pacific Region and the world at large.
4.只要双方有诚意，这类问题完全可以通过平等协商和扩大合作来加以妥善解决。
So long as the two sides act in good faith ,such problems can be properly resolved through consultations on equal terms and the expansion of bilateral cooperation .
5.所以有些地方官员确实不重视农业，确实是口号农业。口头讲得很响亮，实际并不那么干，实际上还是挖农业，损害农业。
Therefore, some local officials talk loudly about agriculture but their actions do not match their words. In fact ,they are harming agriculture.
6中国仍然是一个发展中国家 城市和农村。东部和西部存在着明显的发展差距。
China is still a developing country. There is an obvious gap between its urban and rural areas and between its eastern and western regions.
7.就业和增长又是连在一起的，增长率下来了，更多的企业将减员，这样分流出来的人员更多了，失业人员就更多了。
Employment is also connected with growth .With the growth slowing down ，enterprises will have to cut down its staff and more people will lose their job.
8.现在美国巨额的国际收支逆差产生的一个重要原因就是在结构变化当中还没有很好地调整自己。
One important reason for America's huge deficit t is that the United States has failed to adjust itself properly in this structural change．
9.中国拥有广大的市场和发展需求，美国拥有先进的科学技术和巨大的物质力量，两国之间有着很强的经济互补性。
China holds a huge market and great demand for development and the United States holds advanced science and technology as well as enormous material force. The economies of the two countries are therefore highly complementary with each other.
10.美国是最大的发达国家，经济总量大，资本充足，科技发达，但劳动力成本高。
The United States，as the world's largest developed country ,has a large economic size and abundant capital funds, as well as advanced science and technology.
11.过去长期以来我们就把农村问题只限于农业问题，从城市的远景和工业的发展，以及农业提供粮食、提供原料这个角度来考虑农业问题。
For a very long time in the past，we limited the rural issues to agricultural issues and we considered the agricultural issues from the perspective of cities and industrial development，with agriculture providing grains and raw materials.
12.中国自建国以来执行发展生产力，提高人民生活水平的社会主义建设路线，从而决定了我国必然采取防御性的军事战略。
Since 1949，China has followed a socialist development guideline of” developing theproductivity and improving the livelihood of the people”．This has determined that we adopt a defensive military strategy.
13.至于中美经贸合作的迅速发展，对于周边地区经济繁荣乃至世界经济增长所起的促进作用，更是有目共睹。
The rapid development of the economic partnership between China and the UShave also contributed to the economic well being 0f their surrounding areas and to the global economic growth，which is therefore the world to see．
14.这种做法实际上是美国更大限度地参与国际分工，更大限度地利用别的国家的廉价劳动力和资源，这对美国经济的发展来讲，对美国产业结构的进一步调整来讲，是有利而无害的。
By doing this，America is actually fully participating in the international division of labor ,and making full use of the cheap labor and resources of other countries.
15.今天，有机会参加博鳌亚洲论坛2004年年会，我感到十分高兴。首先，我代表中国政府，对各位朋友的到来，表示热烈的欢迎!
It gives me great pleasure to attend the Boao Forum for Asia 2004 Annual Conference today．Let me begin by extending，on behalf of the Chinese government，my warmest welcome to all of you present here．
16.中国是最大的发展中国家，市场广阔，发展迅速，劳动力成本低，但资金短缺、科技和管理相对落后。
Being the world's largest developing country ,China has a huge market offering plenty of business opportunities and low labor costs，but it is lacking capital funding ,sophisticated technology and advanced managerial expertise.
17.这种差异性和互补性，将在今后长期存在，在经济全球化的大背景下显得更加突出。
Such differences and complementarities will continue to exist for a long time ,and are likely to be standing out in the process of economic globalization.
20.我刚刚同布什总统进行了友好会谈。这是我们今年第二次会晤。我认为这本身就显示了我们两国双边关系发展的良好势头。
I just had a friendly meeting with President Bush. This is our second meeting in this year．I think that, in itself，shows the very sound momentum of the development of our bilateral relations．
21.有着全国各族人民的支持，包括港澳台同胞和海外侨胞的支持。外交工作才取得这么大的成就。
The great achievements in our diplomatic work cannot he made without the support from people from all ethnic groups in China，including compatriots from Hong Kong，Macao and Taiwan as well as the overseas Chinese
22.一个人出生在百万富翁的家庭和一个人出生在贫民窟里，他们后天所享受到的人权是绝对不会一样的。
A person born in the family of a millionaire and a person born in a slum will never enjoy the same rights after birth．
23.双方都认为，两国间的经济合作和贸易使两国人民受益巨大。我们明确表示愿意通过对话解决在我们的经济往来和贸易中可能出现的任何问题
We both agreed that theeconomic cooperation and trade between our two countries have benefited our two peoples tremendously，and we stated our readiness to resolve whatever questions that might emerge in our economic exchanges and trade through dialogue．
24.今后．我们将继续急人民之所急，想人民之所想．在国际上为维护我国法人和公民的合法权益多做实事。
In the future，we will continue to care for the interest of our people，address the people’s concerns and try our best to do concrete deeds to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese legal persons and citizens in the international arena．
25.我们主张在互相尊重主权和领土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政、平等互利、和平共处等五项原则的基础上，建立和平、稳定、公正、合理的国际新秩序。
We advocate the establishment of a peaceful，stable，just and rational new international order on the basis of the five principles of mutual respect for sovereignty and territorial integrity，mutual
non—aggression and non—interference in each other's internal affairs，equality and mutual benefit and peaceful coexistence．
26.中国政府致力于两个保护，一个是保护劳动者的基本权利，一个是保护财产权利。
利，一个是保护财产权利。
The Chinese government is committed to protecting the fundamental rights of all the working and the right to property，both public and private．
27.我愿意同总统共同努力，推动我们之间具有建设性和合作性的关系进一步向前发展。
I'm ready to work together with the President to promote further development of our constructive and cooperative relationship．
28.要尽快地恢复和解决大陆的渔民到台湾去实行劳务输出的问题。我们还准备出台一系列优惠的政策和方便的措施。
We should promptly solve problems so that fishermen from the mainland can continue their contract labour services in Taiwan. There are other favorable policies andconvenientmeasureswe will adopt for this purpose．
29.中国的军事费用相对来说还是少的，而且中国的武装力量从本质上说完全是防御性的。
Military spending is relatively small and that Chinese armed forces are entirely defensive in nature．
30.我还要说一下，其实关心两会的是全中国人民。
Let me also say，as a matter of fact．every person in China has great interest in the affairs of their own country．
31.大会顺利结束了，但是我们面前的路是不平坦的，要保持头脑的冷静，形势稍好，尤需谨慎。居安思危，思则有备，有备无患。
Now the session of the NPC is over，yet the road ahead could be rather bumpy. We must be mindful of potential problems and get fully prepared for the worst. We must be sober-minded，cautious，prudent especially when the situation is getting a little better．
32.中国与周边国家的友好合作迈上了一个新台阶，与大国及发达国家的关系得到了加强，与所有发展中国家的团结与合作也在不断扩大。
China’s friendly and cooperative ties with its neighboring countries have been brought to a new high，its relations with major countries and developed countries further strengthened and its solidarity and cooperation with other developing countries continuously expanded．
33.借此机会，我对记者们对中国改革和建设的关心和客观公正的报道，表示衷心的感谢。
I'd like to use this opportunity to express my thanks to the journalists for their interest in China’s reform and development as well as their objective and fair coverage of China．
34.综上所述，我想明确告诉大家，摆在政府面前第一位的任务，是通过加强和改善宏观调控，继续保持经济平稳、较快发展。
In a word，the top priority for the government is to further strengthen and improve macro regulative policy measures in order to sustain a steady and fairly rapid economic growth rate．
35.这部法律明确地规定了要推进两岸人员的交往，鼓励和推进经济的合作和直接“三通”，鼓励和推进教育、科技、文化等各项事业的交流。
The law has clearly provided for promoting personnel exchanges，encouraging and facilitating economic cooperation，including” three direct links” between the two sides．encouraging and facilitating exchanges between the two sides in educational，scientific，technological and cultural fields.
36.在这部法律里规定了要保护台商的利益。这部法律是遏制和反对 “台独”势力的。
The law has also provided for protection of the legitimate rights and interests of Taiwan business people．The law is matched to check and oppose Taiwan Independence forces．
37.只有遏制和反对“台独”势力，台海才有和平的局势，台海的和平和稳定有利于台商到大陆的投资。也有利于外国到大陆的投资。
Only by checking and opposing Taiwan independence forces, will peace emerge in the Taiwan Straits．Peace and stability in the Taiwan Straits will create favorable conditions for Taiwan business people to invest in the mainland and also for foreign investors to come to the mainland.
38.你问到我采取什么措施，胡锦涛总书记在前不久就台湾问题的重要谈话已经讲到了，我们要保护台商在大陆的合法权益。只要是对台湾人民有利的事情．我们都会去做。
You ask for specific measures，that is，according to the recent important remarks made by Party Secretary—General Hu Jintao Oil the question of Taiwan，we will protect the legitimate rights and interests of Taiwan busines8 people in the mainland：for anything that is conducive to the people of Taiwan, we will do it.
39.布什总统重申他的政府坚持一个中国政策．遵守美中三个联合公报和他反对台湾独立的立场。我们双方都阐明了进一步加强反恐怖主义合作的愿望。
President Bush restated his government’s position of adhering to the one China policy，the three China—U．S．joint communiqués，and his opposition to Taiwan independence．And we both stated our desire to further intensify our cooperation against the terrorism．
40.你的问题抓住了我们这个法的一个要害，就是说这个法是一个加强和推进两岸关系的法，是一部和平统一的法，而不是针对台湾人民的，也不是一部“战争法”。
Your question actually gets to the essence of this law．This law is meant to strengthen and promote cross—Straits relations．This is the law for the peaceful reunification，and it is not targeted against the people in Taiwan．nor is it a war bill．
41.“行百里者半九十”绝不能半途而废，当然我们将更加注重区别对待有保有压，注重采用经济机制的调节和经济手段的调节。
If a journey is 100 miles，traveling 90 is half of it．We must not stop and we must not waste Our previous efforts．In the meantime，we must also take special attention to differentiated treatment for different situations．We must take both administrative and economic means to achieve macro regulative objectives．
42.国际形势正处在深刻变化之中，和平与发展仍然是当今时代的主题。
The world is undergoing profound changes，but peace and development is still the theme of the era．
43.我们确立的目标是实行根据市场需求、有管理的、浮动的汇率制度。现在我们正在进一步研究改革的方案，使汇率对于市场更富有弹性。
Our objective for the reform is to create a market—based, managed and floating exchange rate．When we consider reform plans，Our purpose is to make the exchange rate more responsive to supply and demand in the market．
44.第一个阶段就是实行了家庭经营的基本经济制度，给农民以生产经营的自主权，极大地解放了农村的生产力。
In the first phase，we introduced the basic economic system of a family contract responsibility system，which in essence was to give greater autonomy to the farmers In production and management．As a result，it has liberalized productivity in the countryside．
45.两国同意根据双边关系互动小组的有关建议，通过经贸联委会加强在贸易和投资领域的广泛合作。
We agree to intensify cooperation in broad areas of trade and investment，which we will promote through the Joint Economic and Trade Commission，in line with the recommendations of the Task Forces which are set out in the Annex．
46.中国真诚希望同亚洲各国发展全面、紧密的合作伙伴关系，政治上平等互信，经济上互利共赢，文化上交流借鉴，安全上对话协作，共同实现亚洲的振兴。为加强同亚洲国家的合作，中国将在以下方面采取积极步骤。
It is China’s sincere wish to cultivate with the fellow Asian countries an overall and close partnership geared to Asian rejuvenation，a partnership that features equality and mutual trust politically，mutual benefit and win—win economically．exchange and emulation culturally，and dialogue and cooperation on the security front．To this end，China will take the following steps．
47.第二个阶段就是实行工业反哺农业，城市支持农村的方式，对农民多给、少取、放活。
In the second phase，we should make industry nurture agriculture and cities support the countryside．We should give more to，take less from and liberalize the countryside．
48.神州五号的成功发射使中国成为继前苏联、美国之后世界上第三个能独立自主进行载人航天飞行的国家。
With the successful launch of Shenzhou V，China has become the third nation in the world to put a human into space, entirely self-reliantly，only next to the former Soviet Union and the United States．
49.参加两会采访的中外记者有2 000多名。因为今天会场的限制，到会采访的只有700
多名。
There are more than 2,000 journalists from China and abroad covering the NPC and CPPCC sessions．However，due to the limited seating capacity of this hall，only about 700 of them are present here．
50.尽快将海峡两岸的客运包机，由节日化转向常态化。
We should promptly make cross—Straits charter passenger flights available not only on traditional festivals，but also on a more permanent basis．
51.中国由于农业政策的成功，已经连续三年丰收，中国粮食的库存达到历史的最高水平。
Owing to the success of China’s agricultural policy, we have had good harvests for the third consecutive year. So China’s grain stock has reached an all-time high．
52.我深信两国高层领导人之间的频繁互访，不仅有助于我们两国之间关系的改善，而且还有助于亚太地区，乃至整个世界的和平与稳定。
I'm deeply convinced that a frequent exchange of visits between the top government officials of the two countries is beneficial not only to the improvement of our relations，but also to peace and stability of the Asian—Pacific region and the world as a whole.
53.另外呢，我们要在农村搞基础设施，我们现在讲的山、水、林、田、路综合治理，这就是基础设施，这是第一个。
In addition，we will build infrastructure in the rural areas．We call it the comprehensive improvement of mountains．rivers，forests，fields and roads．This is the first measure．
54.我们注意到“中英论坛”在双边关系中发挥的重要作用。建议“论坛”参照双边关系互动小组的建议，就今后它在工业、金融服务、科学技术和环境领域应发挥的作用进行研究。
We note the important role that the China—UK Forum has played in bilateral relations and invite the Forum to consider its future role，in particular in the areas of industry，financial services，science technology and the environment，in light of the proposals made by the two Task Forces．
55.因为香港股市不振，国有企业到香港上市就比以前困难多了。
Because of weak stock market, it is now more difficult for the SOEs to get listed in Hong Kong.
56.主席先生，各位尊敬的来宾，女士们、先生们：今天，国际商会第32届世界大会在上海隆重开幕。
Mr. Chairman，distinguished guests，ladies and gentlemen, the 32nd World Congress of the International Chamber of Commerce(ICC)has its grand opening here in Shanghai today.
57.维护中华民族的团结统一是中华民族伟大复兴的根本基础，是全国各族人民的根本利益所在。
Safeguarding solidarity and unity of the Chinese nation is the very foundation for the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation and is where the fundamental interests of the people of all ethnic groups lie.
58.尼克松总统向世界显示了两个迥然不同的政府能够本着相互的利益、相互的尊重来到一起。
President Richard Nixon showed the world that two vastly different governments could meet on the grounds of common interest, and in a spirit of mutual respect.
59.我代表中国政府和人民向各位来宾表示热烈的欢迎，并预祝大会获得圆满成功！
Please allow me on behalf of the Chinese government and Chinese people to extend our warm welcome to all the participants. I offer my best wishes for a full success of the congress.
60.世界上只有一个中国，尽管大陆与台湾没有实现统一，但是丝毫没有改变一个中国的现实。这就是当前台海的现状。
There is only—one China m the world. Although the mainland and Taiwan have not been reunified，the fact that there is only—one China has never changed even in the slightest way．That is the status quo in the Taiwan Straits．
61.在我们的面前遇到一系列“两难”的问题。经济发展慢了不行，那样就业压力就会更大，财政收入会减少，许多应该办的各项事业就会缺乏资金。
We are facing a seines of dilemmas in our economy. For example, a slow economic growth rate won’t do, because it would make it more difficult for us to create jobs, increase revenue，and engage in necessary undertakings for society．
62.经济发展快了也不行，经济生活长期处于紧张阶段，难以为继。
Yet too fast economic growth rate won’t do either, because it may make the economy to stretch out for a long time in an unsustainable situation．
63.目前，我们正处于一个关键时刻，需要将我们的关系推向未来，共同迎接面临的机遇和挑战。形势的变化不断赋予中美关系新的内涵。
At present, we are at a crucial juncture of carrying our relationship into the future where we face both opportunities and challenges. The changing situation has continued to add new substance to our relations．
64.四分之一个世纪以前，我们两国领导人做出了建立外交关系的战略决定，开创了中美关系的新时代。
A quarter of a century ago，leaders of our two countries made the strategic decision to establish diplomatic relations，thus opening a new era in China—U．S relations．
65.当然，如果现在民工潮不加以疏导的话，也会造成一些社会问题，造成一些混乱。
If we fail to manage the rural—urban migration, some social problems and chaos will arise.
66.不久我将去印度访问，着重在三个问题上达成共识。第一，要充分从战略和全局上认识中印友好的重大意义。
I will pay a visit to India. The focus of my visit will be to achieve agreement on three important issues. One is to come to grips with the importance of friendship between China and India from a strategic and comprehensive perspective．
67.我虽然很少就股市发表意见，但我却每天关心着股市的行情。我可以向大家讲的是中国将坚持发展资本市场，扩大直接融资。
Although I seldom speak on the stock market, I am watching it every day. Let me say here, China will continue the policy of developing the capital market and increasing direct financing.
68.我们在诸如反恐怖主义、经济、贸易和国际及区域性问题等广泛的领域进行台作，已有效地保障了我们的共同利益．促进了亚太地区和全世界的和平、稳定与繁荣。
Our cooperation in a wide range of areas ,such as countering terrorism, economy, trade and international and regional issues，has effectively safeguarded our mutual interests and promoted peace, stability and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region and the world at large.
69.两个国家的人口加在一起25亿，超过世界人口的40％。中印友好在亚洲以至世界产生的意义不可估量。
Because our combined population is 2.5 billion, more than 40 percent of the world total，the importance of friendship between China and India is immeasurable for Asian countries as well as for the world.
70.双方还将根据双边关系互动小组的建议，加强在科学、技术、教育、文化和环保领域的合作。
The two sides will also increase cooperation in the areas of science, technology, education, culture and environmental protection in line with the Task Forces’ proposals.
二、英译汉
I．经济商贸专题
1.As reform deepens and China opens up even more to the outside world，the country is showing increasing overall economic strength．It is no longer a mere recipient of foreign capital，instead，it is encouraging Chinese enterprises to go international
随着改革开放的深入，中国对外开放程度加深，总体经济实力增强，不再仅仅只吸收国外货币，相反，鼓励更多的中国企业走向国际化。
2.Shares on the London Stock Exchange traded sharply lower than Friday，undermined by turmoil on bond and currency markets．
受债券和货币市场波动的影响，伦敦证券交易所交易量与星期五相比大幅下降。
3.The state will increase investment in basic research to such a level that the money used for basic sciences accounts for 20 percent of the state’s total research and development expenditure．
国家将大大增加在基础研究方面的资金投入，用于基础科学上的经费将占国家研究和发展总经费的20％。
4.Some Asian economies now face the danger of overheating as labor and other costs rise，trade balances get worse and inflation climbs．
有些亚洲国家的经济正面临过热的危险，劳动力和其他成本上涨，贸易顺差加剧，通货膨胀攀升。
5.About 1，300 billion yuan(US $157 billion)is needed for future environmental protection，an environment official predicted yesterday．
昨日一位环境官员预测，未来环境保护将需要约13 000亿人民币(1 570亿美元)的投入。
6.True individual freedom cannot exist without economic security and independence，and necessitous men are not free men．
真正的个人自由在没有经济安全和独立的情况下，是不存在的，贫者无自由。
7.Two—way trade has risen sharply in a few short years．The United States is now China’s third largest trading partner．Our bilateral trade and economic cooperation show great promise for the future．
美中双边贸易在短短的几年中大幅度增长。美国已成为中国的第三大贸易伙伴。我们的双边贸易和经济合作前景广阔。
8.The US economy is going to enjoy steady growth for the remainder of the year with unemployment rate lowered and inflation kept under control．
在今年剩下的这段时间里，美国经济将有稳定的发展，失业率下降，通货膨胀得到控制。
9.China’s GDP was estimated to grow by about 9．2％in 2004 while tax revenues grew at a much higher rate of 25．7％．
据估计，2004年中国国内生产总值增长9.2％，税收收入以一个更快的速度增长——25．7％。
10.Branches of Chinese banks have at times appeared to behave more like subsidiaries than branches，as if they had their own capital and balance sheet，and this，consequently，complicates the internal risk management of institutions．
中国的银行其下属分行常常表现得更像子公司而不像分行，它们似乎有自己的资本和资产负债表，这使得机构内部风险管理复杂化了。
Ⅱ．外交政治专题
1.We place a high value on the bilateral human rights dialogue and will continue this exchange on the basis of equality and mutual respect．
我们高度重视中英人权对话，将继续在平等和相互尊重的基础上开展这一交流。
2.China would view two things threatening to China regarding Taiwan：one would be Taiwan declaring independence；the other would be the intervention by foreign force．
在台湾问题上中国认为有两件事情对中国具有威胁性：第一是台湾宣布独立，第二是外国势力的干涉。
3.So it is the policy of the United States to seek and support the growth of democratic movements and institutions in every nation and culture，with the ultimate goal of ending tyranny in our world
有鉴于此，美国的政策是寻求并支持世界各国和各种文化背景下成长的民主运动，寻求并支持民主的制度化，最终的目标是终结世间的任何集权制度。
4.Not because we consider ourselves a chosen nation；God moves and chooses as He wills．We have confidence because freedom is the permanent hope of mankind，the hunger in dark places，the longing of the soul。
我们并不认为我们国家就是上帝的选民。上帝自有他的意志和选择。我们坚信是因为自由是人类永恒的希望，是黑暗中的渴望，是灵魂的渴望。
5.President Hu and I have had a very constructive dialogue．We talked about a 10t of important issues．We talked about the issue of trade．We talked about the need to make sure that trade is open and that both countries benefit from trade．I congratulated China on its recent space launch．
我和胡主席进行了非常具有建设性的对话。我们讨论了很多重要问题。我们讨论了贸易问题。我们谈到了必须保证贸易开放，保证两国都从贸易中受益。我对中国最近进行的航天飞行表示祝贺。
6.The UK reaffirms its consistent position on the question of Taiwan as set out in the China／UK Joint Communiqué of 1972，in which the UK acknowledged the Chinese position that Taiwan is a province of the People’s Republic of China and recognized the Government of the People’s Republic of China as the sole legal government of China．
英国重申1972年中英互换大使联合公报中关于台湾问题的一贯立场，即：承认中国政府关于台湾是中国一个省的立场，承认中华人民共和国政府是中国的惟一合法政府。
7.The United States and China have made great progress in building a relationship that can address the challenges of our time，encourage global prosperity and advance the cause of peace．It is my hope that your visit will further that progress．
美国和中国在建设一个有利于迎接我们这个时代的挑战，促进全球繁荣并推动和平事业的关系上已取得重大进展，我希望您的访问能进一步推动这一进展。
8.Our countries will increase coordination in the UN to promote reforms in the UN to meet the challenges of the 21st century and to ensure greater respect for the UN Charter and international law.
两国将加强在联合国的协调，推动联合国改革，使其能够应对21世纪的挑战，并确保《联合国宪章》和国际法进一步得到尊重。
9.America has need of idealism and courage，because we have essential work at home--the unfinished work of American freedom．In a world moving toward liberty，we are determined to show the meaning and promise of liberty．
美国需要理想主义和勇气，因为我们要完成国内的任务——美国自由的未竞之业，在一个走向自由的世界里，我们要展示自由的真义和自由的承诺。
10.The Foreign Minister said that the two countries reached consensus on many international and regional issues，and that they would continue to exchange notes on these issues．
外长表示，两国就许多国际性和地区性的问题达成了共识，并将继续就这些问题磋商。
Ⅲ．能源环境专题
1.We can discourage the use of cars by putting higher taxes oil petrol，and on cars themselves--especially the larger ones that use a lot of petrol.
我们可以提高汽油以及汽车的税率，尤其是对耗油量大的大型汽车，可以征收高额税，以此来抑制人们用车的积极性。
2.Towards the end of the 1990s，there was a significant shift in China’s energy supply and demand．We said goodbye to overall energy shortages．
到20世纪90年代末，中国能源供需的总体形势发生了重大变化，能源总量短缺的局面基本结束。
3.A devastating attack will hit the Internet or the country’s electrical grid in the next decade，a majority of experts predicted in a new report．
一些专家日前在一份报告中警告说，未来10年内，美国的互联网或者电网可能会遭受大面积的攻击。
4.Energy cooperation between China and Russia is an important component to the overall friendly relationship between the two countries·
中俄的能源合作是中俄两国友好合作关系的重要组成部分。
5.Part of the petrol—air mixture is not completely burned up，and so the exhaust gases from the engine contain some very dangerous chemical，such as carbon monoxide，nitrogen oxides，lead and hydrocarbons．
由于汽油加空气的混合物未能全部燃烧干净，因此引擎排出的各种废气中含有一些十分有害的化学物质，例如一氧化碳、氧化氮、铅、碳氢化合物等。
6.In the first two months of this year，power generation has increased by12 percent．Yet 25 provinces，autonomous regions and municipalities experienced blackouts．In the economy，thesupplychainisoverstretched．
一二月份电力增长12％，但是却有25个省市区发生拉闸限电的现象，这就反映经济生活这根弦绷得还很紧。
7.The two sides also agree to share scientific and economic experience to take forward the China's and UK’s efforts to achieve a low carbon economy and sustainable development，and to accelerate and develop the global market for climate friendly technologies，including through the renewable energy and energy efficiency Partnership．
双方同意分享科学和经济方面的经验，以利于双方共同努力实现低碳经济和可持续发展，通过“可再生能源和有效利用能源伙伴关系”等，加速开发对气候有益技术的全球市场。
8.China's forested area increased by 1 6 million hectares from 2000 to 2003．The rate of forest coverage rose 1．7percentage points，from 1 6．6 percent，in the period．The data come from the nation’s first complete survey of forest coverage in five years．
2000年到2003年间，中国森林覆盖面积增长了1 600万公顷。在此期间，森林覆盖率从16．6％又增长了1．7个百分点。这一数据来源于中国五年来第一个全面的森林覆盖率调查。
9.In terms of energy，Asia is a mix．Asia includes big oil importers like Japan，China．Republic of Korea and India，while it also boasts oil．rich countries in middle east and middle Asia．It is essential for off importers and suppliers to closely collaborate．
亚洲有石油进口大户如日本、中国、韩国和印度，另一方面中东、中亚地区又有很多石油大国。石油进口国和供应国之间进行密切合作是很重要的。
10.The two sides reaffirm their wish to strengthen exchanges on environmental issues including climate change，sustainable management of natural resources，and measures to address forest law enforcement(including illegal logging)，conservation of water resources，improving air quality and pollution control，and to learn from each other on environment-related legislation，supervision and personnel training．
双方重申愿意就包括气候变化、自然资源可持续管理、森林执法(制止非法采伐)、水资源保护、空气质量改善和污染控制等环境问题所采取的措施加强交流，在环境立法、监督和人员培训方面互相学习。
IV．体育旅游专题
1.We wish the Olympic Flame to blaze forever! We hope to meet in 2008 in Beijing! May the Olympic torch be handed down from generation to generation! May the Olympic spirit be promoted in the whole world!
我们祝愿奥运圣火永燃不熄!我们相约2008．北京!让奥运圣火世代相传!让奥林匹克精神弘扬世界!
2.The United States today may be more accurately described as a multicultural society in which acculturation is defined more in terms of” integration”than“assimilation”．
较确切的说法应该是，今日美国是一个多元化的社会，在这个社会，文化融合的定义应该是“结合”而非“同化”。
3.The Olympic Game is the international arena viewed by billions on the spot or on the TV where the athlete’s spirit，mind and body endeavor to excel, fulfilling the Olympic Motto“Citius,Altius，Fortius，”which means swifter，higher and stronger.
奥运会是亿万人民在现场或通过电视观看的国际竞技场。运动健儿们全力以赴、顽强拼搏，以实现奥林匹克的格言：更快、更高、更强。
4.Australia is a land of exceptional beauty；it is the world’s smallest continent and largest island，and a relatively young nation established in all ancient land．
澳大利亚是一个异常美丽的国家，这是世界上最小的洲，也是最大的岛，是最古老的土地上建立起来的较为年轻的国家。
5.As Canada’s third—largest metropolitan city after Toronto and Montreal，Vancouver is the principal commercial, industrial，shipping，financial，tourist，and cultural center for western Canada．
温哥华是仅次于多伦多和蒙特利尔的加拿大第三大城市，是加拿大西部的主要商业、工业、海运、金融、旅游和文化中心。
6.January 7th，2005“Passion for the Olympics：My Courtesy and Charm”is the title of an education campaign launched this week in Beijing．
2005年1月7日，主题为“情系奥运，文明礼仪伴我行”的首都青少年宣传教育实践活动在北京启动。
7.Olympic champion Zhang Guozheng，joined some 900 school students at the Jingshan School in Beijing to launch this campaign on promoting politeness and good manners amongst young people．
奥运会冠军张国政与900名学生在北京景山学校启动了这项旨在提高青少年文明礼貌礼仪的活动。
8.London is a major repository of the greatest Western art and a creative center for contemporary artists．
伦敦是西方艺术精华的一个主要陈列馆，也是当代画家的创作中心。
V.文化教育专题
1.I think cultural exchange is by no means a process of losing one's own culture to a foreign culture，but a process of enriching each other’s national cultures．
我认为，文化交流不是让外来文化吞没自己的文化，而是为了丰富各民族的文化。
2.China yesterday was a big ancient country that created a splendid civilization．
昨天的中国是一个古老、并创造了灿烂文明的大国。
3.The civilizations of different nations are all fruits of human wisdom and contribution to human progress；they call for mutual respect．
各民族的文明都是人类智慧的成果，对于人类进步做出了贡献，应该彼此尊重。
4.China since ancient times has had a fine tradition of sincerity，benevolence，kindness and trust towards the neighbors．
中国自古就有亲仁善邻、崇信修睦的优良传统。
5.Tsinghua undergraduates are fortunate in that more and more your university is encouraging teamwork in your case work．stimulating the transition from“me”to“we”．
清华大学的学生很幸运，因为贵校越来越提倡学生在案例学习中进行集体活动，促使“我”思维模式向“我们”思维模式的转变。
6.Education is provided from primary school to university，and is compulsory between the ages of six to fifteen．
国家的教育体制是从小学到大学均实行免费教育，并且对6～15岁的青少年实行义务教育。
7.The ascendance of work teams in large U．S．organizations puts a new premium on the relationship of team members．
在美国大机构中工作小组占据着重要的位置，这要求我们高度重视一个集体中各成员之间的相互关系。
8.The Chinese civilization，thanks to its strong cohesive power and inexhaustible appeal，has survived many vicissitudes intact．The 5，000一year-long civilization is the source of pride of every Chinese．
中华文明以其顽强的凝聚力和隽永的魅力历经沧桑，而完整地延续下来。拥有5 000年的文明史，这是我们中国人的骄傲。
9.On this day，prescribed by law and marked by ceremony，we celebrate the durable wisdom of our Constitution，and recall the deep commitments that unite Our country．
今天，按照宪法规定我们举行这个仪式，我们在此欢庆我国宪法常青的智慧，追寻我们团结全国的深切责任感。
10.Consequently，there’s not enough excitement in the classroom for children to get interested in the subject.
因此，教室里没有充分的热烈气氛来激发孩子们对所学课程的兴趣。
VI·笔记法英译汉练习
1.It's staying cloudy tonight with a 60％ chance of rain or drizzle，and tomorrow it's going to start dry with bright spells．
今晚天气多云，下雨或小雨的概率为60％，明天天气转晴，有时有阳光。
2.Our nation has gone through so many disasters and hardships in history that we are now blessed with the essence of urgency，determination for survival and aspirations for peace and development．
我们这个民族在历史上灾难太深重了，这就培育了他忧患的意识、生存的意志和追求和平与发展的愿望。
3.Today about 20％of American children live with only one parent．One of the reasons for this is the increasing number of women who have children without being married．
如今大约百分之二十的美国儿童与单亲一起生活。究其原因主要是未婚生育的妇女数量与日俱增。
4.From Olympia to the Great Wall，the blazing Olympic torch brought the Olympic spirit to Beijing．
从奥林匹亚到万里长城，熊熊燃烧的奥运火炬，把伟大的奥林匹克精神带到北京。
5.We will far more widely mid deeply realize the ideals of the“Green，Hi—tech，People’S Olympics”．
我们将更加全面、深入地实施“绿色奥运、科技奥运、人文奥运”的理念。
6.The taking of oath by a competitor from the host country file athlete swears on the Olympic Flag：“In the name of all competitors I promise that we shall take part, in these Olympic Games，respecting mid abiding by the rules which govern them，committing ourselves to a sport without doping and without drugs．in the true spirit of sportsmanship，for the glory of sport, and the honor of our teams．”
主办国的一名运动员面对奥林匹克旗宣读以下誓言：“我以全体运动员的名义，保证为了体育的光荣和我们运动队的荣誉，拒绝毒品和兴奋剂，尊重并遵守指导运动会的各项规则，以真正的体育道德精神参加本届奥林匹克运动会。”
7.The boys and girls，representing all school students in the city，received new books entitled ‘‘School Students’ Manual of Amenity’’ and ‘‘New Children’s Rhymes’’ from BOCOG Executive Vice—President Jiang Xiaoyu．
北京奥组委(BOCOG)执行副主席蒋效愚在仪式上向学生代表赠送了《小学生文明礼仪读本》、《新童谣》等书籍。
8.London is the capital of the United Kingdom and chief city of the British Commonwealth．With a population of about 7 million and an area of 1,580 sq km．this cast metropolis is by far the largest city in Europe．
伦敦是联合王国的首都．也是英联邦的首府。这个有着约700万人口、l 580平方公里土地的大都市是欧洲最大的城市。
9.If consumption remained high, gas supplies would not meet tile demands of the coming Spring Festival and the annual sessions of the National People’s Congress and the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference．These sessions，in Match，are among the most important political events in China．
如果持续高消耗水平，那么天然气的供应将无法满足即将到来的春节、全国人民代表大会和中国人民政治协商会议年度会议的需要。而三月的这些会议是中国最重要的政治活动之一。
10.As a result．Beijing has had to draw up all emergency plan for natural gas supplies，halting or reducing supply for industrial use and replacing more than l，300 natural gas powered buses with oil-fuelled ones．
因此，北京不得不就天然气供应制订了一个紧急计划，停止或减少工业用途天然气的供应，并把1300多辆以天然气为燃料的公共汽车换成以石油为燃料的公共汽车。
11.The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC)chief underlined the adherence of OPEC member states in supplying the market with its crude needs for price stabilization
石油输出国组织首脑强调该组织各成员国都坚持以稳定价格向市场供应原油。
12.The winner of this year’S Nobel Peace Prize，Kenyan environmentalist，Wangari Maathai，is in New York to call attention to her message linking environmental protection and peace．
今年的诺贝尔和平奖得主、肯尼亚的环境保护人士旺加里·马塔伊在纽约宣传把环保与和平相联系的主张。
13.Demands for OPEC’s oil during the first quarter of 2005 would increase by 500，000barrels per day(bpd)，higher than the anticipated 28．6 million bpd production ceiling of the cartel，an OPEC analysis showed.
石油输出国组织的一项分析表明，2005年第一季度对石油输出国组织的石油需求将增加50万桶，需求总量将高于该组织预计最高产量2 860万桶。
14.But the analysis predicted that even if the consumption increase is similar to the level observed in 2004，the producers are going to meet the challenge．
但该分析预言，即使石油消耗增长率与2004年增长率相接近，石油输出国组织一样能够接受挑战。
15.First，the foundation for macro regulation needs to be consolidated further．We face considerable difficulty in further raising grain output and increasing farmers’income．In particular，because of price rises in capital goods，it is more difficult for us to achieve these goals in terms of increasing grain output and farmers’incomes．
第一，宏观调控的基础还不巩固，粮食增产、农民增收的困难加大，特别是生产资料价格上涨的幅度大了。
16.Moreover，investment growth fixed assets may pick up again．Coal，electricity，oil and transportation are in short supply．
固定资产投资的规模极有可能反弹，煤、电、油、交通运输依然紧张。
17.In order to ease the pressure of economic growth on energy supply, the Chinese government，over the years．has formulated a series of encouraging policies in energy investment，energy development and application，in pricing，and in the credit system.
中国是世界上最大的能源生产国和消费国之一。为缓解经济快速增长和能源供给之间的矛盾，多年来，中国政府在能源投资、开发利用、价格、信贷等方面制定了一系列鼓励政策。
18.My country certainly has its share of problems and faults：like most nations we're on a long journey toward achieving our own ideals of equality and justice．
我的国家毫无疑问确实有自己的一些问题和缺陷．像大部分的国家一样，我们为了追求平等和公平，正走在一条漫长的道路上。
19.We reiterate our determination to combat terrorism．Our governments will launch a China-UK anti—terrorism dialogue and intensify exchanges and cooperation in this area．
我们重申打击恐怖主义的决心。两国政府将启动中英反恐对话机制，加强在反恐领域的交流与合作。
20.I want to thank the President for leading the Beijing talks．We talked about how to advance the Beijing talks．We talked about how to advance them to achieving a mutual goal，which is a weapons—free Peninsula，as well as addressing the security concerns of North Korea within
the context of the six一party talks．
我感谢胡主席在北京会谈中发挥了主导作用。我们讨论了如何推进北京会谈。我们讨论了如何推进会谈，实现使朝鲜半岛无武器化的共同目标，同时以六方会谈为框架消除朝鲜对安全的担忧。
21.Despite the absence of chemical，biological，or nuclear weapons in Iraq，White House spokesman Scott McClellan says it was still the right thing to topple Saddam Hussein because he had the capability to restart illegal weapons programs．
白宫发言人麦克莱伦说，虽然伊拉克没有生化武器或者核武器，然而推翻萨达姆政权依然是正确之举，因为萨达姆有能力重新启动非法武器计划。
22.Both sides will work together to help developing countries in addressing poverty and other development--related problems so as to better manage challenges posed by globalization．
双方将共同努力帮助发展中国家解决贫困和其他与发展有关的问题，更好地应对全球化带来的挑战。
23.There is only one force of history that can break the reign of hatred and resentment, and expose the pretensions of tyrants, and reward the hopes of the decent and tolerant, and that is the force of human freedom.
这个世界只存在一种力量可以冲决仇恨，揭露君的虚伪、扶植容忍、培育尊严，那就是人类的自由。
24.We have an obligation to do what Americans have always done, and that is to build a bet ter tomorrow for our children and our grand-children.
我们有义务去做美国人民一直在做的事，那就是为我们的子孙后代创造一个更美好的明天。
25.I thanked the President for his work on the recent Security Council resolution for Iraq. We talked about our mutual desire to wage and win the fight against terror. We spent time, of course, talking about North Korea. We have a mutual goal, and that is that the Peninsula be free of nuclear weapons.
我感谢胡主席为安理会最近通过的伊拉克问题决议所做的努力。我们谈到了进行反恐怖战争并赢得胜利的共同愿望。我们当然也用一部分时间讨论了北朝鲜问题。我们有一个共同目标，即要求朝鲜半岛无核武器。
26.China is on a rising path, and America wel comes the emergence of a strong, peaceful, and prosperous China.
中国正走在一条兴起的道路上，而美国欢迎一个强大、和平与繁荣的中国的出现。
27.We have a Constitution, now two centuries old, which limits and balances the powers of the three branches of our government: judicial, legislative and executive, of which I am a part.
我们有一部宪法,已经有两百年的历史，它限制并且平衡三个部门之间的权利,这三个部门就是司法、立法和行政机构，而我也是其中的一员。
28.America's influence is not unlimited, but fortunately for the oppressed, America's influence is considerable, and we will use it confidently in freedom's cause.
美国的影响有限；但值得庆幸的是，美国的影响也是有力的，我们将充满信心地在追求自由的道路上帮助你们。
29.We agree to increase the exchange of high-level visits. Government leaders and foreign ministers of the two countries will exchange visits annually to reinforce and extend bila teral political cooperation in fields such as strategic security and non-proliferation.
我们同意增加高层互访。两国政府领导人和外长将进行年度互访，以加强并扩大双方在战略安全、防扩散等领域的双边政治合作。
30.In the appreciation of a work of art of art form, consideration of the receiver never proves fruitful.
去欣赏一件艺术作品或者一种艺术形式时，如果考虑接受者,将永远不会有所收获。
31.The two sides place particular emphasis on peace and security, the fight against HIV/AIDS and sustainable development in Africa and give their full support to African countries in their efforts to reach the Millennium Development Goals.
双方特别强调和平与安全以及非洲防治艾滋病和实现可持续发展问題,并将尽全力支持非洲国家为实现“千年发展目标”所做的努力。
32.We reaffirmed our commitments to work together to combat illegal immigration. The two Governments signed a Memorandum of Understanding on the Facilitation of Legitimate Travel and Cooperation to Combat Ille gal Immigration.
我们重申将合作打击非法移民。两国政府签署了《关于便利人员合法往来和打击非法移民活动谅解备忘录》。
33.As a founding member of the UN and a permanent member of the Security Council, China has regularly taken a cooperative, prudent and responsible attitude.
作为联合国创建国的一员作为安理会常任理事国的一员，中国一贯采取一种合作谨慎和负责任的态度。
34.The two sides also endorse closer police cooperation. They agree, in accordance with international legal instruments such as the UN Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime, to enhance information ex change and law enforcement cooperation and work closely to crack down upon trans national crime.
双方决定密切警务合作,同意根据《联合国打击跨国组织犯罪公约》等国际法律文书，加强信息交流和执法合作，共同合作打击跨国犯罪。
35.Lately we expended our scope of business to better serve our Far East Asian customers in particular, China is such an enormous market that nobody can afford to neglect.
我们最近扩大了业务范围以便更好地为我们的远东亚洲客户服务，尤其是为中国客户服务。中国是一个无人敢忽视的大市场。
36.Local and foreign investors identify soft ware, telecom, materials technology, bio technology and health care as core technolo gy strengths in China.
中外投资者都认为，软件、电信、材料技术、生物工艺和保健技术是中国强有力的核心技术。
37.China's development is blessed with a rare period of strategic opportunities. And if we don't grasp it, it will slip away.
中国的发展正面临非常难得的机遇期，这种大的机遇期不多,稍纵即逝。
38.The emergence of electronic business has created enormous and exciting challenges for business managers. Internet commerce im mediately opens global and more efficient markets.
电子商务的出现给公司经理人员带来了巨大而又激动人心的挑战。因特网商务即刻旨了全球性的更有效率的市场。
39.A successful knowledge-based economy re quires large public investments in education, infrastructure, and research and develop ment.
成功的知识经济要求政府在教育、基础设施和研发等领域投入巨资。
40.Both sides recognize the importance of effective protection of Intellectual Property Rights and the vital role that protection of IPRs plays in fostering foreign investment and creating a positive business environment.
双方都认识到有效保护知识产权的重要性，以及保护知识产权在促进外国投资和营造良好商业环境方面的重要作用。
41.Both sides speak highly of the positive achievements of the ASEM in promoting equal partnership between Asia and Europe, and expresstheir readiness to further strengthen co-operation in the ASEM.
双方高度评价亚欧会议在促进亚欧平等伙伴关系方面取得的积极成就,表示愿进一 步加强在亚欧会议上的合作。
42.We agree to intensify cooperation in broad areas of trade and investment, which we will promote through the Joint Economic and Trade Commission, in line with the recommendations of the Task Forces which are set out in the Annex.
两国同意根据双边关系互动小组的有关建议，通过经贸联委会加强在贸易和投资领域的广泛合作。
43.The two sides will also increase cooperation in the areas of science, technology, education, culture and environmental protection in line with the Task Forces' proposals.
双方还将根据双边关系互动小组的建议，加强在科学、技术、教育、文化和环保领域的合作。
44.Mr. Premier, member of the delegation, It in my honor to welcome you to the White House. Your visit reflects the increasing ties of cooperation and commerce between our two nations.
总理先生及各位代表团成员，我荣幸地欢迎各位来到白宫。你们的来访反映了我们两国的合作和商贸关系正在发展。
45.You've outlined some of the difficult, ambitious reform programs in state-owned enterprises and in the banking system, which will take three year.
您已经描述了难度较大但却是雄心勃勃的一些改革计划，他涉及国有企业和银行系统，您说要用3年时间来完成这些改革。
46.The automobile industry's most fierce competition has been staged in China, the biggest virgin auto market in the world.
汽车行业最激烈的竞争已降临到中国这个世界上最大的尚未开发的市场上。
47.WWEC (World Wind Energy Conference) is organized by the world Wind Energy Associ ation and it was held in Germany in 2002 and in South Africa in 2003.
世界风能大会由世界风能协会发起于2002年，首届大会在德国举办,2003年在南非举办。
48.India and China will see the 55th anniversary of their establishment of a diplomatic relationship next month. How do you see the prospects of this bilateral relationship? Can we be good friends and good neighbors?
下个月印度和中国就要庆祝两国建交55周年了。您如何看待双边关系的前景？ 印度和中国是不是能够成为好朋友、好邻居？
49.A pioneer in social welfare, New Zealand has a comprehensive social security scheme for the aged, disabled, sick and unemployed.
新西兰作为最早实行社会福利的国家之一,为老年人、残疾人、病人和失业者制定了综合社会保险计划。
50.America and China share many common in terests. We are working together in the war on terror. We are fighting to defeat a ruth less enemy of order and civilization. We are partners in diplomacy working to meet the dangers of the 21st century.
美国和中国有诸多共同利益。我们正共同努力进行反恐怖战争。为击败破坏秩序与文明的凶残敌人，正在进行战斗。为了战胜21世纪的威胁,我们正合作进行外交努力。
51.I am grateful for the honor of this hour, mindful of the consequential times in which we live, and determined to fulfill the oath that I have sworn and you have witnessed.
我感谢这个时刻带来的荣耀，意识到我们时代的期盼并期待着完成我的誓言,请你们作证。
52.The United States and China have a historic opportunity: there is much we can share. I think progress in these areas is particularly promising, that is, trade, technology, in vestment, and exchanges of scientific and managerial expertise.
美中两国面临着历史性的机会：我们能够合作的范围很广泛。我认为，我们在贸易、技术、投资和交流科学管理技术这几个方面特别有望取得进展。
53.As our two nations work constructively across areas of common interest, we are candid about our disagreements. The grow ing strength and maturity of our relationship allows us to discuss our differences in a spir it of mutual understanding and respect.
我们两国在拥有共同利益的各个领域进行建设性合作，与此同时也对我们之间的分歧开诚布公。我们两国关系日益牢固和成熟，有助于我们本着相互理解和相互尊重的精神，讨论我们之间的分歧。
54.Two-way trade has risen sharply in a few short years. The United States is now China's third largest trading partner. Our bilateral trade and economic cooperation show great promise for the future.
美中双边贸易在短短的几年中大幅度增长。美国已成为中国的第三大贸易伙伴。我们的双边贸易和经济合作前景广阔。
55.The US economy is going to enjoy steady growth for the remainder of the year with unemployment rate lowered and inflation kept under control.
在今年剩下的这段时间里, 美国经济将有稳定的发展, 失业率下降，通货膨胀得到控制。
56.About the North Korean nuclear issue, I said to the President that China will continue to strengthen our communication and consulta tions with various parties concerned, and we will continue to work to promote the Beijing six-party talks process, so as to strive for a peaceful resolution of this issue.
关于朝鲜核问題，我向总统表示，中国将继续同有关个各方加强沟通和磋商，我们将继续努力推进北京六方会谈进程，以寻求和平解决这个问题。
57.In the history of Iraq, a dark and painful is over. A hopeful day has arrived. All Iraqis can now come together and reject violence and build a new Iraq.
伊拉克历史上一个黑暗、痛苦的时代结束，希望已经来临。所有伊拉克人现在可以团结起来反对暴力，共同建设一个全新的国家。
58.As they left the airport that day, Premier Zhou Enlai said to President Nixon, "Your handshake came over the vastest ocean in the world twenty-five yeans of no communication.
那天他们离开机场的时候，周恩来总理对尼克松总统说了这样一番话，他说你与我的握手越过了世界上最为辽阔的海洋，这个海洋就是互不交往的25年。
59.Your government has repeatedly said that Taiwan should, Taiwan authorities should prove with deeds, not only with words, that they are willing to return to the principle of "one China, one country".
中国政府多次讲，台湾当局不仅应该在口头上，而且更重要的是在行动上回到一个中国的原则上来。
60.Ladies and gentlemen, China is an Asian country. China's development is closely related to Asia's prosperity. China has, and will continue to make a positive impact on Asia in the area of development.
女士们、先生们!中国是亚洲的一员。中国的发展与亚洲的繁荣息息相关。中国已经并将继续给亚洲的发展带来积极影响。
61.According to statistics from the Ministry of Commerce, in the first ten months, China's direct non-financial investment overseas was USD 1.8 billion, 93% of which was currency investment. Foreign project contracting brought in USD 14. 48 billion in revenue in the same period, up about 30% year over year.
根据中国商务部数据，在前十个月中国的海外非金融直接投资达18亿美元,其中有93%是货币投资。同一时期国外签约项目创144,8亿美元税收,每年増长约30%。
62.Last week I had a chance to observe village elections in Jilin and Liaoning provinces, which generally enabled villagers to elect or throw out their leaders.
上周我曾有机会观摩吉林省和辽宁省的村民委员会的选举，这种选举通常使村民能选出他们的村长，或者是罢免村长。
63.China, a major country of invention in the world, finds itself in the awkward situation of being unable to get many of its inventions out of the laboratories. A lot comes down to a simple problem of funding.
中国是世界上的发明大国， 但是很多发明无法走出实验室,归根结底是资金问题。
64.Our country Is so big, problems so numerous and complicated. And we, as a nation, must have courage to overcome difficulty, confidence to win and dauntless spirit to work hard and prevail.
我们这个国家太大，问题太多、太复杂,这就要求我们这个民族不畏艰险、百折不挠、坚定信心、永远奋斗。
65.In the past few years, with the support of the fellow Asian countries and the larger international community, the Boao Forum for Asia has developed steadily, playing an increasingly prominent role in regional cooperation and demonstrating to the rest of the world the fervent desire of the Asian people for a win-win scenario through closer coop eration.
几年来，在亚洲各国以及国际社会的支持下，博整亚洲论坛不断发展，在区域合作进程中发挥着日渐显著的作用，向世界展示了亚洲人民寻求合作共赢的热切愿望。
66.The problems we face in China's economy can all boil down to structural problems,growth patterns and institutional problems. All these deep-rooted and underlying problems will take time to be addressed.
中国经济发生的问题，说到底是结构性的问题、经济增长方式问题和体制问题。而解决这些深层次的问题需要时间。
67.House Democratic leader Nancy Pelosi says the president needs to explain to Americanswhy he was so wrong for so long about the reasons for war.
国会众议院民主党领袖佩洛西指出布什总统需要向美国人民解释,为什么在有关战争理由的问题上他会出现这么大的失误，而且持续这么长的时间。
68.Some Asian economies now face the danger of overheating as labor and other costs rise, trade balances get worse and inflation climbs.
有些亚洲国家的经济正面临过热的危险，劳动力和其他成本上涨，贸易顺差加剧,通货膨胀攀升。
69.During the 30 years since, America and China have exchanged many handshakes of friendship and commerce.
从那时以来的三十年间，美国和中国已经握过多次的友谊之手和商业之手。
70.As an important foreign trade and interna tional exchange port in China, Shenzhen has made the brilliant achievements in the urban construction and boasts the city with a fine environment for both investment and tourism.
作为中国主要的对外贸易和国际交往口岸，深圳城市建设取得了辉煌成就,不仅造就了一个良好的资环境，同时也取得了一个优美的旅游环境。
段落汉英、英汉互译笔记法练习
一、汉译英
I. 经济商贸专题
1. 经贸关系是两国关系的经济基础。互利共赢的中美经贸关系，不仅给两国人民带来了实实在在的经济利益，而且成为中美关系发展的重要基础和强大动力。至于中美经贸合作的迅速发展,对于周边地区经济繁荣乃至世界经济增长所起的促进作用,更是有目共睹。
Trade links form the economic foun dation of bilateral relations. Pursuing mutual benefits and win-win situa tions, the China-US trade ties have produced tangible economic benefits for the two peoples, but also under- pinned the two countries' overall re lationship , giving it a strong impetus for expansion. The rapid develop ment of the economic partnership between China and the US have also contributed to the economic well be ing of their surrounding areas and to the global economic growth, which is therefore the world to see.
2. 能源是国民经济和社会发展的重要基础和保证。中国是世界上最大的能源生产国和消费国之一。为缓解经济快速增长和能源供给之间的矛盾，多年来，中国政府在能源投资、开发利用、价格、信贷等方面制定了一系列鼓励政策。
Energy is an important basis as well as a safeguard for economic and so cial development. China is one of the largest energy producers and consumers in the world. In order to ease the pressure of economic growth on energy supply, the Chi nese government, over the years, has formulated a series of encoura ging policies in energy investment, energy development and application, in pricing, and in the credit system.
3. 当今世界，所有国家和地区的经济都是相互关联的,没有哪一个国家和地区能够在自我封闭的状态下得到发展。中国也是如此。所以，在自力更生的基础上，我们把进一步对外开放作为我们的一项基本国策。有中国特色的社会主义市场经济
是一个以开放经济为核心的开放体制。我们要继续改善投资环境，使海外投资者能够获取利润。我们将吸收和利用对我们有用的发达国家的科学技术和管理经验。
In the world today, as the economies of all countries and regions are closely interrelated, no country or region can develop in self-seclusion. The same is true with China. There fore, we have taken it as a basic state policy to open wider to the out side world on the basis of self-reli ance. A socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics is an open system with an open economy as its core. We will continue to im prove the investment environment so that overseas investors will make profits. We are ready to assimilate and draw upon the science and tech nology and managerial experience that are useful to us.
4. 中美贸易之所以能迅速发展，根本原因在于两国经济具有极大的互补性。这种互补性，很大程度上来自两国经济资源条件、经济结构以及消费水平存在着很大的差异。中国是最大的发展中国家，市|场广阔，发展迅速，劳动力成本低，但资金短缺、科技和管理相对落后。
The strong growth in China-US trade is fundamentally attributed to the highly complementary nature of the two economics, which, to a large extent, stems from the big differ ences in their natural resources, eco nomic structures and consumption levels. Being the world's largest de veloping country, China has a huge market offering plenty of business opportunities and low labor costs, but it is lacking capital funding, so phisticated technology and advanced managerial expertise.
5. 在中国，把发展、改革和稳定三者结合起来具有极端的重要性和艰巨性。百闻不如一见,只要朋友们到中国实地看一看, 对改革开放以来中国的人权的进步和中国政府为保障人权所做的艰苦努力，就会有个客观的理解和认识。
It is extremely important and difficult in China to combine development, reform and stability. Seeing is be lieving. If our friends come to China and see for themselves, they will be able to judge objectively and appreci ate the progress made there in hu man rights and the Chinese government's hard work in upholding human rights since the beginning of reform and opening-up.
6. 谢谢你。我想起了诺贝奖金获得者，一位经济学家舒尔茨的话,他说世界大多数是贫困人口 ，如果你懂得了穷人的经济学，那么你就会懂得经济学当中许多重要的原理。世^夹多数贫穷人豸中，又主要躉以农业为生计的。如果你懂得了农业,那你就真正懂得了穷人的经济学。我不是经济学家，但我深知农业、农民和农村问题在中国的极端重要性。
Thank you. Your question has remin ded me of remarks made by Nobel laureate economist Theodore Schultz. He said most of the people in the world are poor. So if we knew the economics of the poor, we would know much of the economics that really matter. Most of the world's poor people earn their living from agriculture. So if we knew the economics of agriculture, we would know much of the economics of the poor. I am no economist, but I am deeply aware of the paramount importance of agriculture, rural areas and farmers in China.
7. 要全方位开拓国际市场，市场多元化是立于之地的关鍵。俗话说：“不能在一棵树上吊死。”在选择新辟市场时要权衡其风险与机会,并且要反应迅速；要随时跟踪市场变化情况，以便选择利时机和地点抓紧出口。只有那些富有活力、洞察力和应变力的企业才能在市场景气时大显身手,而在市场萧条时也能站稳脚跟。当某些市场疲软时,总还有另一些市场坚挺,所以能够做到"东方不亮西方亮"。
It is important to tap the market po tential around the world. And geo graphical market diversification is the key to surviving the unsteady world market. In common parlance, it is unwise to " put all our eggs in one basket". The selection of new markets should be done by evalua ting both their risks and opportuni ties—simultaneouslyand quickly. Monitor all markets constantly so that we can export to the right coun tries or regions at the right times. Only a dynamic, forward-looking and viable export company is capa ble of weathering over the bad times and making a good killing in good times. When some markets slump, there are always other markets remai ning buoyant. Thus, we can stand chance to gain on the swings what might be lost on the roundabouts.
8. 另一方面，美国是最大的发达国家,经济总量大，资本充足，科技发达,但劳动力成本高。这种差异性和互补性，将在今后长期存在，在经济全球化的大背景下显得更加突出。这就是中美贸易能够持续发展的客观基础。
On the other hand, the United States, as the world's largest developed country, has a large economic size and abundant capital funds, as well as advanced science and tech nology. But the costs of labor in the US are high. Such differences and complementarities will continue to ex ist for a long time, and are likely to be standing out in the process of economic globalization. This has provided a solid basis for the sus tained and rapid expansion of China-US trade.
9. 自从全年国务院发布推进资本市场改革和发展的决定，就是我们所说的"国九条"以来,虽然有关部门采取了很多有力的措施，但是市场反应比较冷淡，股价下跌得比较厉害，很多股民被套其中。请问：我们政府将能够采取有力的措施，改变目前股市的现状吗？您认为广大股民对今年的股市应该有什么样的期待？
The State Council has issued a" nine-point guideline" on reform, opening-up and stable development of the capital market. Despite this issue, the stock market has been haunted and the prices of stocks have conti nued plummeting. Many investors have been trapped in the stock mar ket. Will the government take strong measures to revert such a situation? What expectations do you think in vestors can have of the stock mar ket?
10. 国际商会已具有78年的悠久历史，在140 个国家和地区拥有会员，是一个重要的世界性经贸组织。它在推动国际贸易、经济合作、资本流通方面发挥着重要作用，以及它所具有的广泛性和务实性受到国际社会的髙度评价。选择上海这座充满生机和活力的城市举行年会，充分表达了国际商会对中国经济发展的重视,也说明具有远见卓识的国际商界对发展前景广阔的中国充满了巨大兴趣。
The ICC has a long history of 78 years, and has membership in 140 countries and regions. It is an impor tant world business organization. Its function in promoting international trade, economic cooperation and capital flow, its broad representation and pragmatism are highly appraised by the international community. The ICC has chosen Shanghai—a city full of vigor and vitality—as the venue for its current congress. This choice in itself demonstrates that the ICC attaches great importance to China's economic development and the far-sighted world business community has great interest in China.
II.外交政治专题
1. 中国的发展为亚洲区域合作注人了新的活力。中国全面参与亚洲各种区域合作机制,注重同各方的协调配合,积极推进区域经济一体化进程。中国和亚洲国家正在商谈建立自由贸易区，开展形式多样的安全对话，在亚洲区域合作进程中不断加强同各国的合作。
China's development injects fresh vigor to regional cooperation in Asia. China has been extensively involved in the various mechanisms of Asia-based regional cooperation, empha sizing its cooperation and coordina tion with all the parties and promo ting regional economic integration. China has joined the fellow Asian countries in discussing the possibility of free trade areas, conducting various forms of security dialogues and cementing cooperation on the bilat eral level while promoting regional cooperation.
2. 第一,增进睦邻友和政治互信。中国将在联合国宪章、和平共处五项原则的基础上，同亚洲国家发展伙伴关系。坚持大小国家一律平等，坚持通过对话解决彼此间存在的问题。中国希望同亚洲各国加强高层往来和各层次的交流，适时就重大国际和地区问题进行磋商和协调。
First, enhancing friendship and polit ical trust and good-neighborliness. China will develop partnerships with other Asian countries on the basis of the UN Charter and the Five Princi ples of Peaceful Coexistence, trea ting all countries as equals irrespec tive of size and committing to settling whatever disputes there might be through dialogue. China hopes to see stronger high-level ties and interac tions at other levels with other fellow Asian countries, and more timely consultations and coordination on major international and regional is sues.
3.第四,促进文化交流人员交流。中国将致力于促进亚洲文化交流，鼓励现代传媒合作，共同建设亚洲文化市场。中国支持亚洲不同文化和宗教的对话，提倡理解和宽容，中国愿同亚洲国家一起推动青少年交流，为公务人员、商务人员、旅游者往来提供更多便利。
Fourth, promoting cultural interac tion and personnel exchanges. China is committed to stronger cultural ex changes in Asia, and encourages media cooperation to jointly build an Asia-wide cultural market. China supports inter-culture and inter-reli gion dialogues in Asia, and advo cates greater understanding and tol erance. China is ready to work with other Asian countries in promoting youth exchanges, and providing greater convenience for people's travel on public, business and tourist purposes.
4. 在这一年里，我们高举和平、发展、合作的旗帜,坚持奉行独立自主的和平外交政策,坚持走和平发展道路，努力维护世界和平、促进共同发展，在一系列涉及世界和地区安全和发展的重大问题上发挥了建设性作用，推进了中国同世界各国的友好交往和务实合作。
In the past year, we held high the banner of promoting peace, develop ment and cooperation, adhered to the independent foreign policy of peace, and adhered to peaceful de velopment. We made great efforts to safeguard world peace and promote common development by playing a constructive role in a series of im portant issues concerning world peace and regional development. And we have also promoted friendly exchanges and cooperation between China and many other countries around the world.
5. 请记者先生告诉伟大的印度人民，中印两国不是竞争的对手，而是朋友。我想用一段印度的古诗来结束我的话，三千年前， 印度有一篇著名的古诗叫《奥义书》，可能是梵文，意思是：愿我们同受庇佑，愿我们同受保护,愿我们共同努力，愿我们文化辉煌。不要仇恨，永远和平、和平、和平。
I wish to ask this reporter to send my message back to the Indian people that China and India are not competi tors but friends. I wish to conclude by quoting from an ancient Indian scripture, probably written more than 3,000 years ago in Sanskrit, which is in the title of "Upanishad. " It is to the effect: "May He protect us both together. May He nourish us both together. May we work con jointly with great energy. May our study be vigorous and effective. May we not hate anyone. Let there be peace, let there be peace, let there be peace."
6. 首先,我们的外交是全中国人民的外交。有着全国各族人民的支持，包括港澳台同胞和海外侨胞的支持，外交工作才取得这么大的成就。从本质上说，中国和平发展，13亿中国人不断富裕起来，这本身就是对人类进步事业的最大贡献。事实上， 外交工作就是服务，首先是服务于全国人民全面建设小康社会的崇高目标，为国内经济建设创造一个好的国际和周边环境。此外,外交就是交朋友。我们的朋友越多越好，去年中国一共接待了18位国家元首、22位政府首脑、31位外交部长。
First, China's diplomatic work is di plomacy of and for all the Chinese people. The great achievements in our diplomatic work cannot be made without the support from people from all ethnic groups in China, in cluding compatriots from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan as well as the overseas Chinese. In the final analysis, peace and development in China, as well as the growing pros perity of the 1.3 billion Chinese peo ple are in itself the biggest contribu tion to the progress of humanity. In fact, diplomatic work is to serve, and primarily to serve the lofty cause of the nation, that is to build a mo derately prosperous society in an all-round way and to create a favorable international and neighboring envi ronment for China's economic deve lopment. Secondly, diplomatic work is to make friends, and the more the better. Last year, China received 18 heads of state, 22 heads of govern ment and 31 foreign ministers.
7. 新时期的中国外交也贯彻了以人为本、执政为民这一宗旨。去年我们和有关部门、有关地方以及有关国家配合，妥善地处理了日军在华遗留的化学武器泄露事件、俄罗斯友谊大学火灾造成我人员伤亡事件、新西兰语言学院倒闭导致中国留学生失学事件、伊拉克战前和利比里亚内乱期间协助安排中国公民安全撤离等问题。今后，我们将继续急人民之所急，想人民之所想,在国际上为维护我国法入和公民的合法权益多做实事。
China's diplomatic work in the new era has carried out the principle of putting people first and adminis tration for the people. Last year, we coordinated with relevant agencies, regions, and countries to properly handle the incidents such as the lea king of abandoned Japanese chemi cal weapons in China, the fire in the Russian Friendship University that caused some Chinese casualties, the bankruptcy of a language school in New Zealand, which left some Chinese students stranded, and the evacuations of Chinese nationals on the eve of the Iraqi War and during turmoil in Liberia. In the future, we will continue to care for the interest of our people, address the people's concerns and try our best to do con crete deeds to safeguard the legiti mate rights and interests of Chinese legal persons and citizens in the in ternational arena.
8. 第二,拓展和深化双边经济合作。中国将发展同亚洲各国全面的经济合作关系，加强贸易投资、资源、信息、医药卫生、环保、交通、科技、农业、扶贫、人力资源开发等领域的合作。中国将继续采取实际措施和优惠政策，帮助亚洲发展中国家的经济建设。中国将把亚洲作为鼓励企业"走出去"的主要方向，努力把西部大开发、振兴东北老工业基地等发展战略同加强周边经济合作结合起来。
Second, expanding and deepening bilateral economic cooperation. Chi na is ready to develop all-round eco nomic cooperation with fellow Asian countries with emphasis on trade in vestment, natural resources, infor mation, pharmaceuticals, health service, environmental protection, transportation, science and technol ogy, agriculture, poverty alleviation, and development of human re sources. China will continue taking practical steps to help other develo ping Asian countries with their eco nomic development through prefer ential policies. China will encourage its enterprises to take Asia as their principal destination for "going glob al" strategy, and combine its west ern development strategy and the Northeast rejuvenation strategy with strengthened economic cooperation with the neighboring countries.
9.第三,加速区域经济一体化进程。中国希望同亚洲国家探讨建立不同形式的自由贸易安排，最终形成亚洲自由贸易合作网络。中国愿同亚洲各国加强宏观经济、金融政策的协调，探索建立区域性投资实体、债券市场、金融合作体系。中国将积极推动各类经济合作组织的机制化建设,整合资源，突出重点,开展务实合作。
Third, accelerating regional economic integration. China hopes to study with fellow Asian countries on possible free trade arrangements of various forms consistent with prospective coopera tion network of free trade areas in Asia. China is ready to step up its co ordination with other Asian partners on macro-economic and financial policies and probe into the establishment of re gional cooperation regime of investors, securities market, and financial institu tions. China will work actively to pro mote the institutional building of all kinds of economic cooperation organi zations with a view to consolidating re sources, prioritizing the key areas and conducting performance-oriented co operation.
10. 第五，推进安全对话和军事交流。中国将坚持互信、互利、平等、协作的新安全观， 希望同各国建立不结盟、不对抗、不针对第三方的安全合作关系。中国将同亚洲国家加强在地区反恐、打击跨国犯罪、海上安全、防扩散等安全领域的对话和合作，充分发挥多边安全机制的积极作用。中国愿同各国建立军事安全对话机制，积极推动军事领域信任合作措施。
Fifth, facilitating security dialogue and military-to-military exchanges. China will stick to its new security concept featuring mutual trust, mutu al benefit, equality and cooperation, and hopes to establish a security rela tionship and cooperation featuring non-alignment, non-confrontation, and non-targeting at any third party. Chi na will step up its cooperation and di alogue with other Asian countries in such security areas as regional count er-terrorism, combating transnational crimes, maritime security, and non-proliferation, giving full play to exist ing multilateral security mechanisms. China is ready to set up a military se curity dialogue mechanism with other Asian countries and actively promote confidence-building cooperation in the military field.
III.其他
1.中华人民共和国位于亚洲东'部，太平洋西岸。960万平方公里的国土面积相当于整个欧洲大陆。国家陆界长达2万公里， 大陆海岸线长18 000余公里。辽阔的海域有岛屿5 000多个，最大的是台湾，其次是海南岛。最南端的是南海诸岛。
The People's Republic of China lies in East Asia on the western Pacific coast. Its area of 96 million square kilometers is almost as large as the entire European continent. The na tional inland boundaries, total over 20,000 kilometers, with over 18,000 kilometers of coastline. There are more than 5,000 islands in its vast territorial waters, the largest being Taiwan and the second largest, Hainan. In the extreme south are the South China Sea Islands.
2. 国际旅游是促进各国人民相互了解的有效途径。有着五千年文明史的中国是各国人民向往的旅游目的地。中国人民创造了世界上无与伦比的灿烂文化，名胜古迹比比皆是，如北京的长城和故宫、杭州的西湖、桂林的山水。
International travel is an effective way of promoting mutual understanding among the people of the world. China, with its history of five thousand years' civilization, is an at tractive tourist destination for people of various countries. In its long his tory of development, China has crea ted a splendid national culture in comparable elsewhere in the world, with numerous scenic spots and his toric sites all over the country, such as the Great Wall and the Palace Mu seum of Beijing, the West Lake of Hangzhou, and the Natural Scenery of Guilin.
3. 中医认为人体内的系列运动贯穿于人的一生，这种系列运动在西医上叫做"新陈代谢"。如果这种运动受阻，就会出现异常情况，人就会得病。这是中医关于疾病防治的一个指导思想。
Traditional Chinese medicine be lieves that a series of movements, called the superseding of the old by the new, or metabolism in western medicine, exist within the human body throughout its life. If such movements are obstructed, abnor mal circumstances will occur and people will fall ill. This is an impor tant guiding concept of traditional Chinese medicine regarding disease prevention and treatment.
4.泰山将自然景观与文化景观完美地融合为一体，山上有不计其数的奇石、清瀑、古松、石桥、庙宇、亭阁、古塔、殿堂。名胜古迹数不胜数，尤其是历代文人雅士书法家所留下的石刻碑文，令游客目不暇接，叹为观止。
Mount Tai is a perfect example of the kind of mountain resort that embod ies natural scenery and cultural herit age, boasting numerous grotesque rock formations, clear waterfalls, age-old pine trees, stone bridges, temples, pavilions, pagodas, halls. And in particular, tourists will invariantly marvel at the vast number of stone inscriptions left by famous ancient writers, scholars and calligraphers of various dynasties.
5. 有些展品是美中合资企业的产品，请各位与我们一起分享这种自豪和快乐。虽然这些展品数量微不足道，仅占所有展品的5%，却表明了我们广阔的合作前景。我们始终认为，"良好的开端是成功的一半。"我预祝美国朋友们在参观期间取得丰硕的成果。
Please share with us the pride and joy we have that some of exhibits are the products from some US-Chinese joint ventures. Although display of these exhibits is proportionally a mere fraction, only 5% of all the ex hibits , it is nevertheless a promising sign of our future cooperation. "A good beginning is half the battle," as we always believe it. I wish my American friends a most rewarding visit.
6.2004年6月8日至9日一历史将永远铭记这一刻。奥运圣火带着人类对和平、友谊、文明、进步的追求，带着希腊人民对中国人民的友谊，来到中华大地。从奥林匹亚到万里长城，熊熊燃烧的奥运火炬，把伟大的奥林匹克精神带到北京，融入中国人民对和平的企望、对参与的渴求、对奥运精神的崇尚。
June 8th to 9th, 2004, the history shall forever remember the date. The Olympic Flame came down to China's divine land, with mankind's yearning for peace, friendship, civi lization and progress and with the Greek people's friendship for the Chinese people. From Olympia to the Great Wall, the blazing Olympic torch brought the Olympic spirit to Beijing and compromised the Chi nese people's expectation for peace, their aspiration for participation and their appreciation for the Olympic spirit.
7. 8月29日，北京将从雅典接过会旗,从那一刻起，全世界的目光将聚焦北京。2008 年北京奥运会的筹办工作将进入新的阶段。我扪将以最高的标准、质量和水平做好2008年奥运会的各项筹备工作，更加全面、深入地实施"绿色奥运、科技奥运、人文奥运”的理念。
On August 29th, Beijing shall take hold of the Olympic flag from Ath ens. From that moment onward, the attention of the whole world shall be focused on Beijing and its preparato ry work shall be arranged in a new schedule. ,We will make all the preparations proceed forward to the highest standard, in the highest qual ity and with the highest level. We will far more widely and deeply real ize the ideals of the "Green, Hi-tech, People's Olympics"
8. 中国的体育运动经历了几千年的发展，但直到1949年中华人民共和国成立之后才成为国家的事业。目前，一个全国范围的体育运动网络已经建立起来，其经费开支已被列人国家预算之中。中国发展体育运动的目的是在人民中普及体育运动,增強他们的体质，提高整个民族的体育水平，创造新纪录，以促进经济、道德和文化的发展。
China's sports have undergone sever al thousand years of development. But they had not been regarded as undertaking of the state until 1949, when the People' Republic of China was founded. Now, a nationwide network for physical culture and sports has been set up and expendi ture on this field has been included in the state budget. The purpose of developing physical culture and sports in China is to spread sports among the people, enhance their physique, improve the sporting level of the country as a whole and chalk up new record, thus helping to pro-mote the country's economic as well as moral and cultural development.
9. 我国的教育体系分为四个种类，即：基础教育、中等职业技术教育、普通高等教育和成人教育。基础教育指学前教育和初等、中等教育，即幼儿园、小学和中学。根据国家颁布的义务教育法，所有16岁以前的孩子都有接受教育的义务。
China's education system falls into four categories, namely: elementary education, secondary vocational and technical education, higher educa tion and adult education. Elementary education refers to pre-school and primary and secondary education, in other words, education at kindergar tens, primary school and high school levels. Under the law on Compulsory Education promulgated by the state all children below 16 are entitled to education.
10. 中华民族的传统文化博大精深，源远流长。早在2000多年前，就产生了以孔孟为代表的儒家学说,和以老庄为代表的道家学说，以及其他许多也在中国思想史上有地位的学说和学派。这就是有名的"诸子百家"。
The traditional Chinese culture, both extensive and profound, starts far back and runs a long, long course. More than 2,000 years ago there emerged in China Confucianism re presented by Confucius and Mencius, Taoism, represented by Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi, and many other theo ries and doctrines that figured prominently in the history of Chinese thought, all being covered by the fa mous term, "the masters' hundred schools. "
IV.笔记法汉英练习
1.在前进道路上我们还面临不少通待解决的矛盾和问题， 也会遇到各种风险和挑战， 伹中国人民有信心、有能力战胜各种艰难险阻，实现国家的现代化和中华民族的伟大复兴。
On our road to progress, we are still en countering the multitude of contradictions and problems, and the various risks and challenges. However, the Chinese people have the confidence and the capability to overcome all kinds of hardships and diffi culties and make China's modernization and great rejuvenation reality.
2．现在中韩关系很好，双方交流也非常频繁且富有成效。我们的经贸合作关系发展很快，文化交流发展也很快。现在北京盛行"韩流"，中国文化在韩国也深受欢迎。世界，足球赛期间,韩国球迷为中国男子足球队喝彩。我们也感谢韩国支持北京申办2008年奥运会，欢迎韩国运动员来参赛，并取得好成绩。我们也感谢韩国支持中国最大的城市上海举办2010世博会。
The relations between China and the ROK are very good. There are frequent and productive exchanges between the two sides. There is also a rapid growth in the economic and trade cooperation, and in the cultural exchanges. In Beijing, the Korean culture is in vogue, and the Chinese culture is also popular in the ROK. ROK football fans cheered for the Chi nese men's football team during the World Cup. We would like to thank the ROK for supporting Beijing's bid for the 2008 Olympics.We welcome the ROK sportsmen to come and compete in the games and wish them good luck. We also thank the ROK for its support to Shang hai, the biggest city in China, in its bid for the 2010 World Expo.
3. 艺术家对自然科学望而生畏，敬而远之，原因之一是里面有一大堆高深的数学公式。其实，撇开数学,绕过那一大堆公式，一门学科的基本思想还是可以被我们理解和欣赏的。
One of the reasons why artists stand in awe before science or keep a respectful distance from it is that science involves a huge stack of abstruse mathematical formulas. But leav ing aside mathematics and bypassing that huge stack, we are still able to understand and appreciate the basic principles underlying a certain discipline of science.
4. 谢谢你的问题。首先我还是想说明这是一部什么样的法律。这不是针对台湾人民的一部法律，而是反对和遏制"台独"势力的法#；这不是一部战争的法律，而是和平统一国家的法律;这不是一部改变两岸同属一个中国现状的法律，而是有利于台海地区和平和稳定的法律。
Thank you for your question. First of all, let me explain again what kind of law the Anti-Secession Law is. It is by no means promulgated against the people in Taiwan. It is to oppose and check Taiwan Independ ence forces. It is by no means a war bill; it is for peaceful reunification of the country. It is not aimed at changing the status in the Taiwan Straits, which both sides belong to one China. It is conducive to peace and stability in the Taiwan Straits.
5. 记者先生，你可以翻开1861年贵国制定的两部反分裂法，不也是同样的内容吗？而且随后就发生了南北战争。我们不愿意出现这种情况。中国有一句古话，"一尺布，尚可缝；一斗粟，尚可舂。同胞兄弟何不容?"
If you care to read two anti-secession reso lutions adopted in the United States around 1861 , you will find that they are very simi lar to each other. In the United States, the civil war broke out soon after. But we here do not wish to see such a situation. In Chi na, there is an ancient saying: "Even a foot of cloth can be stitched up; even a kilo of millet can be ground. How can two blood brothers not make up?
6. 中国政府是根据国内法、国际法和人道主义精神来处理有关问题的。值得注意的是,有少数人把问题政治化，把非法入境者和所谓难民混为一谈,甚至打着人权的旗号,纵容一些非法入境者制造政治事件，比如说闯入一些国家驻中国的大使馆、总领事馆。这是不能接受的。我们要依法办事、以人为本, 在国内如此，在处理国际事务中也是如此。
The Chinese Government has been handling this issue in accordance with the Chinese law, the international law and the humanitar ian principles. It is worth noting that a small number of people try to politicize this issueand confuse the two concepts of illegal border-crossers and refugees. They even use the pretext of human rights to encourage those il legal border-crossers to create political inci dents, for example, to force their ways into the foreign embassies or consulates general in China. It is not acceptable. We must act in accordance with the law and put people first. That is our principle in domestic affairs as well as international affairs.
7. 随着中国经济的稳步增长，中国从美国迸口的商品数量也在逐年增加。这再一次说明了中国是一个具有巨大潜力的市场，也是向世界广为开放的市场。我相信中国经济的持续增长及其宏伟的经济发展计划将会为美国企业创造更多的贸易和投资机会。
Along with the constant growth of the Chi nese economy, imports from the United States have increased annually. This once again shows that China is a market with tremendous potential and is a market open wide to the outside world. I believe that the sustained growth of China's economy and the country's grand economic develop ment plan will create even more favorable trade and investment opportunities for American enterprises.
8. 女士们、先生们！纵观历史，放眼世界,能否顺应时代潮流、把握发展机遇，依靠人民的智慧和力量，走出一条适合自己国情的发展道路，是一个国家在日趋激烈的国际竞争中赢得主动、加快发展的关键。
Ladies and gentlemen, both in history and the present-day world, a country can emerge victoriously from tough internation al competition and enjoy faster develop ment only when it gets along with the tide of the times, seizes the opportunities for development, blazes a trail suited to its na tional conditions and relies on wisdom and resourcefulness of its own people.
9. 我国今后20年太空探索远期发展战略是：使空间技术和空间应用实现产业化和市场化；建成多种功能和多种轨道的、由多种卫星系统组成的空间基础设施；建立中国的载人航天体系和开展有特色的深空探测和研究。
China's long-term strategies for space exploration in the next 20 years are to realize the industrialization and marketization of space technology and space applications, install a multi-function and multi-orbit space infrastructure composed of various satellite systems, set up China's own sys tem of manned space voyages, and imple ment the China-specific program of explo ration and research into the remote outer space.
10. 1972年尼克松总统第一次访问中国时说，对美国人民来说，远隔太平洋的中国是一个遥远神秘的国度，将近30年后的今天，这种神秘感显然是减少了，但两国之间的了解比应该达到的程度仍相差很远。人民之间的了解和友谊是两国关系的基石，“2000年中国文化美国行”就是为铺筑这样的基石而努力的。
During his first visit to China in 1972, Pres ident Nixon said that to the American peo ple China was remote and mysterious coun try on the other side of the Pacific Ocean. Nearly 30 years later, this sense of mystery had reduced remarkably, but the level of mutual understanding between the two countries is still very far from where it should have been. Understanding and friendship of the two peoples are founda tion stone of bilateral relationship. China Cultural Exchange 2000 is designed pre cisely to lay such a foundation stone.
11. 中日关系是最重要的双边关系，我们高兴地看到，中日邦交正常化以来，中日关系有了很大的发展，去年双边贸易额接近1700亿美元。双方的人员往来超过400万人。正如你们所讲的，中日关系也存在着障碍，这种障碍主要是在政治方面，其根本问题是日本方面如何正确对待历史问题。
The relationship with Japan is one of the most important bilateral relationships for China. We are pleased to see that after normalization of ties, the relationship between China and Japan has enjoyed tre mendous development. Last year, our trade approached US $ 170 billion. People traveling back and forth between the two countries exceeded 4 million. But as you said, there are obstacles to this relation ship, especially in the political field. The fundamental problem is that Japan should correctly view history.
12. 至于人民币的完全可自由兑换，也就是说在资本市场上也自由兑换，这个按照我们预定的改革进程是要推后，需要一定的时间。到什么时候呢？也就是说中国的中央银行的监管能力力能够达到的时候，我们就会施行。
As for the full convertibility of RMB, that is, the full convertibility of RMB under the capital account, it should be postponed un til some time later, according to our reform schedule. This may take some time. When? When the supervision of the Central Bank of China is good enough, we will achieve this goal.
13. 科教工作的根本详务是提高全民族的思想道德水 准、科学文化水平和创新能力。大力发展教育和科技事业是我国现代化事业进一步发展的需要，同时也是适应世界科技革命和全球经济竞争新形势的需要。
The fundamental task of our work in sci ence and education is to raise the ideolog ical and ethical standards, the scientific and cultural lever of the entire nation and creativity. The mission of vigorously deve loping education and science and technolo gy is dictated by China's need to further its modernization drive and, in the meantime, to meet the requirements of the new situa tion of the world's scientific and technolo gical revolution and global economic com petition.
14. 女士们、先生们！中国的发展离不开亚洲，亚洲的繁荣也需要中国。中国将坚持和平发展的道路，高举和平、发展、合作的旗帜，同亚洲各国共创亚洲振兴的新局面，努力为人类和平与发展的崇高事业做出更大的贡献。
Ladies and Gentlemen!China's development cannot be achieved in isolation of Asia, and Asia's prosperity also needs China. China will follow a peaceful development path holding high the banners of peace, development and cooperation, join the other Asian countries in bringing about Asian rejuvenation, and making greater contribution to the lofty cause of peace and development in the world.
15. 1995年初，墨西哥遭受了金融危机，但它在仅一年左右的衰退后，经济就强劲地回升。出了问题的亚洲各经济体也能做到这样吗？答案可能是否定的。尽管东亚和墨西哥的问题都是由高额经常性项目下的赤字和推迟短期美元债务引起的，它们的根本原因却不同。
In early 1995, Mexico witnessed its finan cial crisis, but the country had only about one year of recession before growth re-bounded strongly. Can the ailing Asian economies do the same? The answer is probably no. Although the trouble in both East Asia and Mexico was triggered by large current-account deficits and difficul ties in rolling over short-term dollar debts, the underlying causes were different.
16. 中国有一句描写泰山感受的古诗："会当凌绝顶，― 览众山小。"我们对待中美贸易问题，要有这种高瞻远瞩的战略眼光，诸如美中贸易逆差问题，人民币汇率问题，知识产权保护问题，贵国社会各界甚为关注。所有这些问题，是在中美贸易发展中出现的问题,是可以取得共识，也是可以逐步得到解决的， 本应该也不可能影响中美经贸发展大局。随着中美经贸合作规模的扩大，有点摩擦在所难免。只要双方有诚意，这类问题完全可以通过平等协商和扩大合作来加以妥善解决。
Depicting this exhilaration of climbing Mt. Tai, an ancient Chinese poet once wrote, "I will ascend the mountain's dominant peak to have a commanding view all in a sweep.'When approaching problems in China-US trade f we also need to see things in a panoramic and strategic perspective. Problems such as US trade deficit with Chi na, the RMB exchange rate, and the IPR protection, are all understandably of con cern to various circles of American society. However,those problems are growing pains accompanying the growth of China-US trade, and they can be ironed out gra dually since common understanding can be reachedthroughbilateral approaches. They should not, and will not, impede the general trend of development of China-US trade.With the expansion of two-way trade and economic ties, certain frictions are bound to be cropping up. So long as the two sides act in good faith, such prob lems can be properly resolved through con sultations on equal terms and the expan sion of bilateral cooperation.
17. 我们高兴地看到，亚洲形势总体稳定，和平、发展、合作已成为亚洲前进的主流。经过共同努力，亚洲有关国家摆脱了金融危机的阴影，战胜了非典和禽流感疫情的冲击，经济结构调整取得成效，产业升级换代步伐加快，区域合作方兴未艾，抗御风险能力不断增强。亚洲继续是全球最具发展活力的地区之一，也继续是全球贸易的重要增长点之一。我们对亚洲的发展前景充满信心。
We are glad to see that Asia has, on the whole, enjoyed stability, with peace, de velopment and cooperation becoming the mainstream of an advancing Asia. With concerted efforts, Asian countries have freed themselves from the shadow of the fi nancial crisis, overcome the impact of SARS and bird flu, succeeded in domestic economic restructuring, and quickened the tempo of industrial upgrading and transfor mation, promoted a robust regional co operation, and increased the capacity to tide over potential risks. Asia retains its position as one of the world's most dynam ic regions and a key growth point in global trade. All this gives us much confidence in Asia's future.
18. 进入新世纪，世界多极化和经济全球化的趋势在曲折中发展，科技进步日新月异，我们既面临着必须紧紧抓住的发展机遇，也面临着必须认真应对的严峻挑战。尽管当今世界还存在着这样那样的矛盾和冲突，不确定、不稳定因素有所增加，但和平与发展仍是当今时代的主题，世界要和平、国家要发展、人民要合作是不可阻挡的历史潮流。
Coming into the 21st century, the international situation has continued to undergo profound and complicated changes. World multipolarization and economic globalization are progressing amid twists and turns. Science and technology are advancing with each passing day. We have before us both development opportunities that we must seize and grave challenges that we must deal with. Despite the widespread con flicts and clashes of interest and increasing numbers of factors of uncertainty and instability, peace and development remain the overriding themes of the times. The world needs peace, countries desire development and people want cooperation. This has become an irresis tible trend of history.
19. 至于你谈到的中国军事力量的加强，我想在这里多讲两句。中国实行的是自卫的国防方针，中国的军事力量如果和贵国比起来，特别是与军费比起来，那简直相差很远，这里不需要我列举数字。我只想说明一个事实，就是近百年来，中国人总是受人欺辱的，至今中国没有派过一兵一卒去占领任何国家一寸土地。解决台湾的问题纯属中国的内政，不容外国千涉。我们不希望外国干涉，但是也不怕外国干涉！
You also asked about the increase in China's military strength. Let me spend a few mi nutes on this. China pursues a defensive na tional defense policy. China's military strength, if compared to that of your coun try , especially in terms of military expendi ture, is left far behind. I don't think I still have to cite any figures here. In the recent hundred of years, China was subjected to bullying and humiliation. Yet till now our country has never sent a single soldier abroad to occupy an inch of foreign land. Taiwan is completely China's internal af fairs. It brooks no interference from any foreign country. We do not want foreign in terference. Yet we are not afraid of any.
20. 环顾全球，多极化趋势正在加速发展。科学技术突飞猛进，世界经济持续增长，国际贸易和投资不断扩大，世界各国国联系更加紧密,区城性的合作势头更加强劲，成为世界经济新的增长点。这都是令人高兴的亊。同时我们也应该看到，世界仍然充满矛盾,经济发展很不平衡，贫當差距仍在扩大，不等价交换还在损害广大发展中国家的利益。
Around the world, multi-polarization tendency is strong; science and technology de velop very fast; world economy, interna tional trade and investment keep increasing; the economic relations among countries have become closer and regional economic cooperation develops rapidly and has be come a new growth area for the world. All these are very inspiring, but at the same time, we should be aware that the world is still full of contradictions, that the economic development is uneven, the gap in wealth keeps widening, and the inequitable ex-change of goods and services are damaging the interests of many developing countries.
21. 国际商会把"全球经济中的亚洲"作为这次会议的主题，具有重要的现实意义。我希通过这次大会，能够加深大家对中国的了解，对亚洲的了解，对世界的了解。中国愿意在平等互利的原则基础上，进一步加强同亚洲各国，同世界各国的合作与交流，为促进世界和平与发展的崇高事业,做出新的贡献。
It is significant for the ICC to have "Asia in the World Economy" as the theme of this congress. I hope that this congress will en hance people's understanding of China, Asia, and the world. Based on the principle of equality and mutual benefit, China is will ing to further strengthen its cooperation and exchange with other countries in Asia and in the world, to make new contribution to the promotion of the world peace and develop ment.
22. 为了实现这—目标，我们将坚持以邓小平理论和"三个代表"重要思想为指导,认真贯彻落实以人为本，全面、协调、可持续的发展观。这个科学发展观,总结了 25年来中国改革开放和现代化建设的成功经验，吸取了世界上其他国家在发展进程中的经验教训，反映了中国政府和人民对发展问题的新认识。我们将以经济建设为中心，以实现人的全面发展为目的，统筹城乡发展,统筹区域发展，统筹经济社会发展，统筹人与自然的和谐发,,统筹国内发展和对外开放,坚持走生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的
发展道路。
To achieve this goal, we will continue to follow the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theo ry and the important thoughts of the "Three Represents" and conscientiously act, in an all-round way, on the concept of people-ori ented,comprehensive,coordinated and sustainable development. This scientific concept of development crystallizes the suc cessful experience of China's reform, opening-up and modernization drive in the past 25 years and that of the other countries in their course of development, and reflects a new understanding of the issue of develop ment by the Chinese Government and peo ple. We will take economic development as our top priority, aim ourselves to the all-round development of man, and follow a development path characterized by high pro ductivity, affluent life and sound ecosystem by properly balancing urban and rural deve lopment, development among regions, eco nomic and social development, development of man and nature, and domestic develop ment and opening to the outside world.
23.中国虽然取得了很大的发
Though China has achieved impressive results in its development, there are still many acute problems, such as overpopulation, weak economic foundation, underdeveloped productivity, highly uneven development, and a fairly sharp contradiction between the country's ecological environment and natu ral resources on the one hand and its eco nomic and social development on the other. China's per capita GDP, though reaching the record high of 1,000 US dollars last year, still ranks behind the 100th place in the world. To make China's modernization pro gram a success and deliver a prosperous life for all the Chinese people still requires a long and uphill battle.
24. 我们已经明确了本世纪头20年的奋斗目标，这就是全面建设惠及十几亿人口的更高水平的小康社会，到2020年实现国内生产总值比2000年翻两番,达到4万亿美元,人均国内生产总值达到3 000美元，使经济更加发展、民主更加健全、科教更加进歩、文化更加繁荣、社会更加和谐、人民生活更加殷实。
We have already set a clear goal for the first 20 years of this century. Namely, in build ing a well-off society of a higher standard in an all-round way for the benefit of well over one billion Chinese people, we will quad ruple the 2000 GDP to 4 trillion US dollars with a per capita GDP of 3,000 US dollars, further develop the economy, improve de mocracy, advance science and education, enrich culture, foster greater social harmo ny and upgrade the texture of life for the people.
25. 外国人看到我们的敦煌壁画，看了以敦煌壁画为基础
创作出来的"丝路花雨"，非常赞赏。那里边就有许多是吸收了外国文化的东西, 南亚文化，西亚文化很多东西都被我们吸收进来了。我们的文明，也曾经广泛地影响过世界各国，各个民族。
Many foreigners appreciate very much our Dunhuang grotto murals and . Along the Silk Road", a Chinese dance drama based on the murals. These forms of art have taken in many alien cultural ingredients. Including those of South Asia and West Asia. Mean while, Chinese civilization has had exten sive influences on countries and the peoples worldwide.
26. 亚洲这块饱经沧桑的古老大陆，经济的发展已经取得
了举世瞩目的成就。特别是东亚经济增长速度持续多年保持领先地位,成为亚太乃至世界经济增长的动力。亚洲人民正努力把一个和平、稳定、繁荣、进步的亚洲带入21世纪。亚洲发展的潜力是巨大的,亚洲的前途是光明的。
Asia is an ancient land that has gonethrough many hardships. Asia's economic development and achievements today attract worldwide attention. For many years, East Asia has been leading the world in economic growth, which has become a driving force behind the economic development of Asia-Pacific region and the world. The Asianpeople are working hard to bring a peaceful, stable, prosperous and progressing Asia into the 21st century. The potential of Asia is great and the future of Asia is bright.
27. 世界上只有一个中国，大陆和台湾同属于一个中国,中国的主权和领土完整,不容分割。中国对台湾拥有主权,在《开罗宣言》和《波坦公告》中已经有明确的规定，也为国际社会所公认。台湾当局的某些人假借民主，搞旨在"台独"的公投, 实际上是破坏世界公认的一个中国的原则，也威胁台海地区的稳定。在这种情况下，世界上一切负责任的国家，会理所当然地表明他们自己的态度。
There is but one China in the world .Both the mainland and Taiwan are part of China. The sovereignty and territorial integrity of China allow no division. China's sovereignty over Taiwan has been explicitly recognized by the Cairo Declaration and the Potsdam Proclamation and is universally recognized by the international community. However, some people in the Taiwan authorities have been trying to push for a referendum aimed at Taiwan Independence under the pretext of promoting democracy. As a matter of fact, what they have been doing has under mined the "One China" principle which is universally recognized by the whole world and posed a threat to the Taiwan Straits area. Under such circumstances, it is only natural that all responsible countries in the world would make clear their positions on this question.
28. 中美就中国加入世界贸易组织达成双边协议，这是一个具有重大现实和深远历史意义的事件。这一协议的签署将有利于我国面向21世纪进一步推进改革开放和社会主义现代化建设事业,有利于中美关系的稳定和发展 ，并将为世界经济的发展与繁荣注入新的动力。
China and the United States reached a bila teral agreement on China's accession to the World Trade Organization (WTO), This is an event of immediate and far-reaching his torical significance. The signing of the agreement will help further push forward China's reform and opening-up and socialist modernization drive geared toward the 21st century. It will also contribute to the stability and development of Sino-US relations and bring about a new impetus to the development and prosperity of the world economy.
29. 中国的发展给亚洲的发展带来了重要机遇。中国是世界上最大的潜在市场。25年来,中国的市场不断发育,年均进口增速达到15% 以上，已成为世界第三大进口市场和亚洲第一大进口市场。2003年,中国从亚洲国家和地区进口的商品总额达到2729亿美元，同比增长42.4%，从东盟、日本、韩国、印度的进口增长均在35%以上。近年来,中国对亚洲国家和地区的直接投资以年均20%的速度增长。2003年,中国出境人数突破2 000万，大量中国游客把亚洲国家和地区作为出游的首选地。
A developing China generates important opportunities for Asia, As the world's biggest potential market, China has presided over in the past 25 years a steadily expanding and maturing market with import growing at an average annual rate of over 15 percent, which has made China the third largest importer globally and the largest importer in Asia. In 2003, China imported from the rest
of Asia a total of 272. 9 billion US dollars worth of merchandise, up by 42.4 Percent, with imports from ASEAN, Japan, ROK andincreasing by over 35 percent. Direct investment in the rest of Asia by China has risen at an average annual rate of 20 percentin recent years. In 2003, more than 20 million outbound visits were made by Chinese nationals, as more and more Chinese tour ists made Asian countries and regions their choice destinations.
30. 21年来;中国坚定不移地推进改革开政，社会主义市场经济体制初步建立，开放型经济已经形成，社会生产力和综合国力不断增强，各项社会事业全面发展，人民生活总体上实现了由温饱到小康的历史性跨越。从1978年至2003年的25年间，中国经济年均增长9.4%。 25年前，中国年国
内生产总值为1 473亿美元，去年已达到14 000多亿美元。25年前，中国年进出口贸易总额为206亿美元，去年已达到8 512亿美元。25年前，中国外汇储备为1.67亿美元，去年已达到4 638亿美元。目前，经济总量居世界第六，进出口贸易总额居世界第四。中国之所以能够发生这样巨大的变化,最关键的原因是我们始终坚持走中国特色社会主义道路,始终坚持改革开放,这样激发了全体人民的积级性、主动性、创造性。
In the past 25 years, while pressing ahead with reform and opening up, China has put initially in place a socialist market econo my, an economy that is open to the outside world. China's productive forces and overall national strength have been constantly en hanced. With various social undertakings developing in full swing, the Chinese people as a whole have made the historical leap from subsistence to modest prosperity. In the course of 25 years between 1978 and 2003, China's economy grew by an average annual rate of 9. 4 percent, with its GDP, foreign trade and foreign exchange reserves jumping from 147.3 billion US dollars, 20.6 billion US dollars and 167 million US dollars to over 1.4 trillion US dollars, 851.2 billion US dollars and 403. 3 billion US dollars re spectively. China now is the world's sixth largest economy and the fourth largest trad er. The reason why China has produced such tremendous changes is because we have adhered to the road of building social ism with Chinese characteristics and perse vered in reform and opening-up, thus galvanizing the Chinese people's initiative, enthu siasm and creativity.
31. 中国的发展促进了亚洲的和平与稳定。中国的稳繁荣,本身就是亚洲和平稳定的重要贡献,中国自古就有亲仁善邻、崇信修睦的优良传统。中国外交政策策的宗旨是维护世界和平、促进共同发展。中国不仅是这样说的，也是这样做的。我们坚持与邻为善、以邻为伴的周边外交方针，奉行睦邻、安邻、富邻的周边外交政策，着力加强同亚洲各国互信合作，积极推动缓解热点问题，努力维护亚洲的和平与安宁。
China's development contributes to peace and stability In Asia. A stable and prosperous China is in itself an important contribution to peace and stability in Asia. China since ancient times has had a fine tradition of sincerity, benevolence , kindness and trust towards the neighbors. The very purpose of China's foreign policy is to maintain world peace and promote common development. China always practices what it preaches. Persisting in building good-neighborly relationships and Partnership with the neigh-boring countries, we pursue a policy of brining harmony, security and prosperity to neighbors and dedicate ourselves to strengthening mutual trust and cooperation with the fellow Asian countries, easing up hot spot tensions, and striving to maintain peace and tranquility in Asia.
32. 中国有5000年的文明史，有过辉煌的过去，也有过屈辱的往事。中国的崛起是多少代中人的梦想。中国和平崛起的要义是:第一，中国的崛起就是要充分利用世界和平的大好时机,努力发展和壮大自已。时又以自己的发展维护世界和平。第二，中国的崛起应把基点主要放在自己的力量上,独立自主、自力更生，依靠广阔的国内市场、充足的劳动力资源和雄厚的资金积累，以及改革带来的机制创新。第三，中国的崛起离不开世界。中国必须坚持对外开放的政策,在平等互利的基础上,同世界一切友好国家发展经贸关系。第四，中国的崛起需要很长的时间,恐怕要多少代人的努力奋斗。第五，中国的崛起不会妨碍任何人也不会威胁任何人中国现在不称霸,将来即使强大了也永远不会称霸。
China has a history of 5,000 years. We had a glorious past, but we also suffered humiliation and subjugation. The rise of China and its rejuvenation are the dreams of the Chinese people for many generations. What are the connotations of China's peaceful rise? Let me make the following points .Firstly, in promoting China's peaceful rise, we must take full advantage of the very good opportunity of world peace to endeavor to develop and strengthen ourselves, and at thesame time safeguard world peace withour own development. Secondly, therise of China can only be based on ourown strength and on our independent,self-reliant and hard efforts. It also has to be based on the broad market of China, the abundant human resources andcapital reserves as well as the innovationof our systems as a result of reformThirdly, China's rise could not beachieved without the rest of the world.We must always maintain the opening-up policy and develop economic and trade exchanges with all friendly countries on the basis of equality and mutual benefit. Fourthly, China's rise will require a long period of time and probably the hard work of many generations of Chinese people. Fifthly, the rise of China will not stand in the way of any other coun try or pose a threat to any other coun try , or be achieved at the expense of any particular nation. China does not seek hegemony now. Nor will we ever seek hegemony even after China becomes more powerful.
二、英译汉
I.经济商贸专题
1.Due to reform of the currency sys tem, high inflation and major finan cial frauds, most people had little confidence in domestic commercial banks and even doubted the financial policies for the Central Bank and the government. The government and the rubber industrial companies are in se vere dispute over settlement of the latter's tax bill.
由于货币制度改革，通货膨胀及重大金融失误，绝大多数老百姓对国内商业银行很少有信心,甚至怀疑央行和政府的金融政策。政府和橡胶工业公司就解决后者的税收问题进行了激烈争论。
2.China's reform and opening-up have spread from rural areas to the cities, from the economic field to the politi cal, cultural, and social arenas. Each and every step forward is de signed in the final analysis to release the gushing vitality of labor, know ledge, technology, managerial ex pertise and capital, and allow all sources of social wealth to flow to the fullest extent.
中国的改革开放从农村到城市，从经济领域到政治、文化、社会领域，它的每一步深入说到底都是为了放手让一切劳动、知识、技术、管理和资本的活力竞相迸发，让—切创造社会财富的源泉充分涌流。
3. China's reform and opening-up is ex actly aimed at promoting human rights in China. The two are mutual ly dependent and reinforcing. Re form and opening-up creates condi tions for the advancement of human rights, and the advancement of human rights invigorates the former. If one separates the two and thinks that China only goes after economic growth and ignores the protection of human rights, such a view does not square with the facts. Just as Presi dent FDR said, true individual free dom cannot exist without economic security and independence, and ne cessitous men are not free men.
中国改革开放的目的是提髙中国的人权。两者是相互依存，相互促进的。改革开放为人权进步创造了条件,人权进步为改革开放增添了动力，如果把两者割裂开来， 认为中国只注意发展经济而忽视人权保护,这种看法不符合实际，正如贵国前总统罗斯福曾经指出的，真正的个人自由在没有经济安全和独立的情况下，是不存在的,贫者无自由。
4. You've outlined some of the difficult ambitious reform programs in state-owned enterprises and in the banking system, which will take three years. Will the difficulty of these reforms postpone China's expected entry into the WTO? And will the world have to wait until China has reformed its banking systems before more bank ing licenses for foreign banks can be given?
您已经描述了难度较大但却是雄心勃勃的一些改革计划，它涉及国有企业和银行系统,您说要用三年时间来完成这些改革。那么，改革中的困难会不会推迟中国加入世界贸易组织的进程？世界是不是要等到中国改革了它的银行系统后才能看到中国向更多的外国银行发营业执照？
5. For an ambitious business such as Motorola, it is just not enough to be come a household name. Our com pany wants to shape your entire home entertainment network in the coming age of broadband, and as a result become just as important as other well-known business like Intel and Microsoft.
对一个雄心勃勃的公司来来说，仅仅成为一个家喻户晓的品牌是不够的6摩托罗拉希望能在即将来到的宽带时代为你打造整个家庭娱乐网，并成为像英特尔和微软一样的重要企业。
6. On the other hand, the massive as sets owned by the state can now be revitalized. A private capital pool in the amount of trillions of yuan can take shape, and more than 500 bil lion U. S. dollars' worth of overseas capital can flow in. This combina tion of capital and labor results in a drama of industrialization and urba nization of a size rarely seen in hu man history being staged on 9.6 mil lion square kilometers of land called China. Here lies the secret of the 9.4 percent annual growth rate that Chi nese economy has been able to main tain in the past 25 years.
另一方面，规模庞大的国有资产得以盘活，数万亿元的民间资本得以形成，5 000 亿美元的境外资本得以流入，这种资本和劳动的结合就在中国960万平方公里的国土上，演进着人类历史上规模极为宏大的工业化和城市化。过去25年间，中国经济之所以按年均9. 4%的速度迅速增长，其奥秘就在于此。
7. Generating a team of high compati bility requires excellent public rela tion expertise. Some people never get out of the individual " me-thinking" mode because they have limited expertise with the interpersonal skills required for team-building. But the highly effective people of success are those who move from child-like de pendence to independence, and then onto interdependence, or win-win, " we-thinking".
营造一个默契配合的团队霈要高超的公共关系技巧，有些人因缺乏这方面的知识而从从未跳出那种独来独往，以自我为中心的思维模式。而工作效率高的成功人士往往已由孩童式的依赖阶段发展到独立阶段，然后再进入互相依赖阶段，即进入一个双赢阶段，一个具有“我们”思雄模式的阶段。
8. Both sides recognize the importance of effective protection of Intellectual Property Rights and the vital role that protection of IPRs plays in foste ring foreign investment and creating a positive business environment. Both sides agree to enhance mutual cooperation on protection of IPRs. China will comply with its commit ments under relevant international IPRs conventions or agreements it has entered and protect the interests of IPRs holders according to its do mestic laws.
双方都认识到有效保护知识产权的重要性，以及保护知识产权在促进外国投资和营造良好商业环境方面的重要作用。双方同意在保护知识产权方面加强双边合作。中国将遵守加入的国际知识产权公约或协议的承诺，并根据有关国内法保护知识产权所有者的权益。
9. Both sides will work together to help developing countries in addressing poverty and other development-relat ed problems so as to better manage challenges posed by globalization. The two sides place particular em phasis on peace and security, the fight against HIV/AIDS and sustain able development in Africa and give their full support to African countries in their efforts to reach the Millenni um Development Goals.
双方将共同努力帮助发展中国家解决贫困和其他与发展有关的问题，更好地应对全球化带来的挑战。双方特别强调和平与安全以及非洲防治艾滋病和实现可持续发展的问题，并将尽全力支持非洲国家为实现"千年发展目标"所做的努力。
10. The trade and economic relationship between China and the United States has developed during the 20-year pe riod, especially since the 1980s, due to the mutual efforts of both sides. Throughofficialand non-official channels a cooperative relationship has been establishedin various fields. Trade, economic and techno logical exchanges, loans and no-paid capital cooperation all have been es tablished smoothly.
20年间，中美经贸关系发展迅速，自20世纪80年代以来，在双方的共同努力下，发展尤为迅速。通过官方或非官方渠道，双方已在各个领域建立起合作关系。经济、贸易和技术交流，贷款和无息'资本合作均已平稳建立起来。
II. 外交政治专题
1. The direction China takes toward cooperation or conflict will pro foundly affect Asia, America, and the world for decades. The emer gence of a China as a power that is stable, open, and non-aggressive, that embraces free markets, and that works with us to build a secure inter national order is deeply in the inter ests of our people.
中国在合作与冲突问題上的走向，对亚洲、美洲乃至全球都将产生数十年的深远影响。一个稳定、开放、非侵略性的强大中国，一个选择了自由市场的中国,一个与我们携手共建安全的国际秩序的中国,是符合我国人民的根本利益的。
2. The question I would ask is about the Anti-Secession Law. In the legisla tion you stated that you would call China's right to use non-peaceful means against Taiwan. Could you clarify what those means could be? And if there is a conflict, a broader conflict with the United States, could China build an army that could win any war it has to fight, as you stated in your address to the NPC?
我想问一个关于反分裂国家法的问题。根据这部法律，中国有权采取非和平的方式,您能不能向我们解释一下什么样的方式就算是非和平的方式呢？如果中国遇到了一个范围更为广阔的冲突，美国也参加进来了，在这种情况下，中国是不是要建设一支能够打得赢的军队，就像您在政府工作报吿中所讲的那样。
3. The purposes of the United Nations include maintaining international peace and security and developing friendly relations among nations. Based on the sovereign equality of all its members, the United Nations re quires that all members fulfill in good faith their Charter obligations. In ad dition , the member states should set tle their international disputes by peaceful means and without endan gering peace, security and justice.
联合国的宗旨包括维护世界和平与安全, 发展各国之间的友好关系。联合国以各成员国主权平等为基础，要求所有成员国必须忠实履行联合国宪章所赋予的职责。此外，成员国应该通过和平手段并在不威胁和平、安全和正义的前提下解决国际争端。
4. There has been discussion about the death penalty during the last week. It is said that there has been heated debate within the government about the question of whether the death penalty makes any sense any longer. Is your government really planning to abolish the death penalty? And, if so, when? Possibly before the Olym pics?
在上周人大开会时曾经就死刑问题进行过讨论，据说在贵政府内对这个问题的争论也是很激烈的，大家在问死刑是不是还有用？请问您的政府是不是有计划取消死刑？如果是的话，打算在什么时候取消？会是在奥运会召开之前吗？
5. When he was a young man, Zhou Enlai wrote a poem for a schoolmate who was leaving to study abroad. Zhou appreciated the responsibilities that separated them, but he also re membered fondly the qualities that made them friends. His poem ends: Promise, I pray, that someday when task done, we go back farming, we'll surely rent a plot of ground and as paring neighbors let us live.
当周恩来年轻的时候，他为即将出国留学的同学写了一首诗。周恩来明白是某种责任将他们分开，但也牢记促使他们成为朋友的原因。他的诗结尾写道:待得归农功满日， 他年预卜买邻钱。
6. All Americans have witnessed this idealism, and some for the first time. I ask our youngest citizens to believe the evidence of your eyes. You have seen duty and allegiance in the determined faces of our soldiers. You have seen that life is fragile ，and evil is real, and courage triumphs. Make the choice to serve in a cause larger than your wants, larger than yourself, and in your days you will add not just to the wealth of our country, but to its character.
所有的美国人都见证了这理想主义，有些人是第一次看到。我要求我们的青年相信自己的观察。你们看到了我们士兵们充满责任和忠诚的坚毅面孔。你们也看到了生命的脆弱和魔鬼的真实,你们更看到了战胜的勇气。请选择参加这―进程， 它比起个人需要重要得多，比个人大得多。 一旦轮到你们，你们不但增加加了我们国家的财富，将更为它增添光彩。
7. As America learns more about Chi na, I am concerned that the Chinese people do not always see a clear pic ture of my country. This happens for many reasons, some of them of our own making. Our movies and televi sion shows often do not portray the values of the real America I know. Our successful businesses show the strength of American commerce, but the community spirit and contributions of those businesses are not always as visible as their monetary success.
我作为美国人在更进一步了解中国的同时，也担心中国人不一定能够很清楚地看到我的国家的真实面貌，这里面有多种原因，其中有一些是我们自己造成的。我们的电影，还有电视节目，往往并没有全面反映出美国。我们成功的企业显示了美国商业的力量。但是我们的精神、我们的社区精神，还有我们相对彼此的贡献往往并不像我们金钱方面的成功那样地显而易见。
8. When the Declaration of Independ ence was first read in public and the Liberty Bell was sounded in celebra tion, a witness said, "It rang as if it meant something. " In our time it means something still. America, in this young century, proclaims liberty throughout all the world, and to all the inhabitants thereof. Renewed in our strength—tested, but not wea ry—we are ready for the greatest achievements in the history of free dom.
当《独立宣言》第一次对公众宣读时，自由的钟声敲响。一个亲眼目睹的人这样说道：“它在鸣响着，似乎意味深长。”在我们的时代，这钟声依然意味深长。美国在这年轻的世纪里向世界、向它所有的居民传播着自由。我们充满活力,我们经历过艰难的斗争,但并没有疲倦一我们巳做好准备去完成自由史上最伟大的功绩。
9. In America's ideal of freedom, citi zens find the dignity and security of economic independence, instead of laboring on the edge of subsistence. This is the broader definition of liberty that motivated the Homestead Act, the Social Security Act, and the G. I. Bill of Rights And now we will extend this vision by reforming great institutions to serve the needs of our time and to give every American a stake in the promise and future of our country.
在美国自由的信念里，公民享有尊严和经济上的独立，不是生活在潦倒的边缘。这是更广义自由的定义，它促生了《房屋法案》、《社会安全法案》和《人权法案》。现在，我们将改革伟大的制度来服务于我们的时代，并扩展这一定义。每个美国人将分享国家的承诺和未来。
10. Sixteen years earlier, nearly four billion people in 74 countries had turned into witness the marriage of Prince Charles, heir to the British throne, to Lady Dania. a young English school teacher. Married in a grand ceremony at St Paul's Cathedral in the presence of 2,650 guests, the couple's romance was for the moment the envy of the world. However, before long the fairy tale couple grew apart, an experience that was particular painful under the ubiquitous eyes of the world's tabloid media.
16年前,在74个国家有近40 亿人在电视上目瞻英国王位的继承人査尔斯亲王与年轻的英国女教师黛安娜的婚礼。他们俩在圣保罗教堂举行了盛大的仪式，有2 650人出席，当时他们俩的浪漫故事使世人羡慕。但是不久,这童话般的一对恋人的感情就破裂了世界各地的小报密切跟踪，使得这段经历更加令人痛苦。
III. 其 他
1. Many of the values that guide our life in America are first shaped in our families, just as they are in your country. American Moms and Dads love their children and work hard and sacrifice for them, because we believe life can always be better for the next generation. In our families, we find love and learn responsibility and character.
指导我们很多的价值观是在家庭中陶冶形成的，就像在中国一样，美国的妈妈们、爸爸们疼爱他们的孩子，为他们辛勤地劳动,做出牺牲，因为我们相信，下一代的生活总会更好，在我们的家庭中，我们可以找到关爱,可以学习如何负起责任，如何陶冶情操。
2. Consequently, there's not enough ex citement in the classroom for children to get interested in the subject I think there's too much theoretical teaching given and not enough prac tical education and knowledge, with the result that students are too busy studying for examinations to have time to learn about life itself and how to live in the world.
因此,教室里没有充分的热烈气氛来激发孩子们对所学课程的兴趣。我认为理论教得太多，有实用价值的教育和知识不足，结果学生忙于应付考试,没有时间去理解生活本身以及学会如何生活。
3. If you travel across America, you will find people of many different ethic backgrounds and many differ ent faiths. We are a varied country. We are home to 2.3 million Ameri cans of Chinese ancestry, who can be found working in the offices of our biggest companies, serving in my own Cabinet, and skating for Ameri ca at the Olympics.
如果你去美国旅行的话，你会见到来自不同种族背景，有着不同信仰的人。我们是一个多元化、多姿多彩的国家,在这里有230万华人，华人们在这里繁衍生息。在我们大公司的办公室里有华人工作，在美国政府中有华人工作，在奥林匹克比赛中代表美国参加滑冰比赛的也有华人。
4. Mr.President, ladies and gentle men, I would like to begin by sincerely thanking President Sum mers for his kind invitation. Harvard is a world famous institution of high er learning, attracting the best minds and bringing them up generation af ter generation. In its 367 years of history, Harvard has produced seven American presidents and more than 40 Nobel Laureates. You have reason to be proud of your university. It is my great pleasure today to stand on your rostrum and have this face-to-face exchange with you.
校长先生,女士们,先生们,首先我要非常感谢哈佛校长的邀请。哈佛是一所国际著名的学府，它培养了一代又一代的学者
和伟人，在360多年的历史里，哈佛已经产生了 7名总统及40多名诺贝尔奖获得者，你们应该相当的骄傲。今天，我非常荣幸地能站在你们的讲台上和你们面对面的交流。
5. We Americans are rediscovering the family and social significance of the dinner table. We regard dining with family, relatives and friends as a special way of enjoying and sharing. While we still rush through lunch at a fast restaurant, we prefer to take time to relax and enjoy the finer tastes of home style dinner with our family after work.
我们美国人正在重新认识餐饮的家庭和社会寓意，与家人和亲朋好友共进晚餐已
被视为一种享乐与交流的极好机会。虽然我们仍然会在快餐店里匆匆打发自己的午餐,但是我们下班后都希望同家人围在餐桌旁共进晚餐，从容不迫地共享家宴的美味。
6. Once, America knew China only by its history as a great and enduring civilization. Today, we see a China that is still defined by noble tradi tions of family, scholarship, and honor. And we see a China that is becoming one of the most dynamic and creative societies in the world as demonstrated by all the knowledge and potential right here in this room.
曾经,美国人只知道中国是历史悠久、又具有非常古老文明的国家。今天我们仍然看到中国奉行着重视家庭、学业和荣誉的良好传统。同时,我们看到中国正日益成为世界上最富有活力和创造力的国家之—。这一点最佳的验证便是在座诸位所具备的知识和潜力。
7. January 7th 2005, " Passion for the Olympics: My Courtesy and Charm" is the title of an education campaign launched this week in Beijing. The boys andgirls, representing all school students in the city, received new books entitled " School Students* Manual of Amenity"and " New Children's Rhymes" from BOCOG Executive Vice-President Jiang Xiaoyu. The campaign is jointly spon sored by the Culture and Ceremonies Department of BOCOG and the Edu cation Committee of Beijing Munici pal Government.
2005年1月7日，主题为"情系奥运，文明礼仪伴我行"的首都靑少年宜传教育实践活动在北京启动,北京奥组委（BOCOG)执行副主席蒋效愚在仪式上向学生代表赠送了《小学生文明礼仪读本》、《新童谣》等书籍。这一实践活动由北京奥组委文化活动部和北京市教委共同主办。
8. The workteam system plays an increasingly important roe in large US organizations. It places a new pre mium on the relationship of team members. In fact, emphasis on teamwork has long become the most frequently valued managerial compe tence. About half the Fortune 500 companies say they are using self-managed workteams and expect to expand their use in coming years.
团队形式在美国大机构中发挥着越来越重要的作用，这要求重新高度重视团队中各成员之间的相互关系。事实上，对协同工作的重视早已成为最看重的一种管理
能力。《财富》500强中约有半数的公司都表明它们使用了能自我管理的团队,并期望在来年扩种做法。
9. And many Americans voluntarily de vote part of their lives to serving oth ers. An amazing number, nearly half of all adults in America volunteer time every week to make their communities better by mentoring chil dren, visiting the sick, caring for the elderly and helping with a thousand other needs and causes. This is one of the great strengths of my country. People take responsibility for helping others without being told, motivated by their good hearts and often by their faith.
很多美国人都主动地抽出时间为其他人提供服务，有很多人每周都抽出时间为社区服务，他们辅导儿童、探访病人、照顾老人,并且帮助做许许多多的事情。这就是我的国家的一大优点。人们主动地承担起责任，帮助他人，他们的原动力就是善良的心，还有他们的信仰。
10. Entering the 21st century, mankind is confronted with more complicated economic and social problems. The cultural element will have a more im portant role to play in the new centu ry. Different nations may speak dif ferent languages, but the people's hearts and feelings are interlinked. Different cultures may present mani fold features, yet they often share the same rational core elements that can always be passed on by people. The civilizations of different nations are all fruits of human wisdom and contribution to human progress; they call for mutual respect. Conflicts triggered by ignorance or prejudice are sometimes more dreadful than those caused by contradictory inter ests. We propose to seek common in a spirit of equality and tolerance, and carry on extensive inter-civiliza tion dialogue and closer cultural ex changes.
进入21世纪,人类面临的经济和社会问更加复杂，文化因素将在新的世纪里发挥更加重要的作用，不同民族的语言各相同，而心灵、情感是相通的，不同民族的文化千姿百态，其合理的内核往往是相同的，总能为人类所传承。各民族的文明都是人类智慧的成果，对于人类进步做出的贡献，应该彼此尊重。人类因无知或偏见^起的冲突，有时比因利益引起的冲突更可怕。我们主张以平等和包容的态度努力寻找双方的共同点，开展广泛的文明对话和深入的文化交流。
IV.笔记法英译汉练习
1. According to Long Xinmin from the mu nicipal government, the campaign is de signed to help develop good manners and habits among school children, such as taking the initiative to say " Hello" to people, being more understanding and tolerant of others, showing respect for elders and teachers and also showing pride in singing the National Anthem aloud in public. The campaign will go on for the next three years till 2008.
北京市委副书记龙新民出席并讲话，他认为从2005 ~2008年，宣传教育实践活动的主题应以培养礼仪为重点。希望经过三年努力，让青少年学生自觉养成“主动问好”、“友善宽容”、“尊敬师长”、“唱响国歌”等文明习惯。
2. We've come to this moment through pa tience and resolve and focused action. And that is our strategy moving forward. The war on terror is a different kind of war, waged capture by capture, cell by cell, and victory by victory.
耐心、决心和有目的性的行动让我们迎来了这一时刻,我们取得了战略性的进展。反恐战争是一种特殊的战争，通过一次又一次的抓捕，一点一滴的努力，我们从一个胜利走向又一个胜利。
3.China and the UK reiterate their support for the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change and urge parties that have not yet done so to ratify the Kyoto Protocol as soon as possible. The two sides also urge all countries to make the most efficient use of energy resources that they can, and call on all Annex 1 countries to lead the way by making con certed efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions so as to move towards the goals defined by the convention.
中英重申支持《联合国气候变化框架公约》，敦促尚未批准《京都议定书》的各方尽早批准该议定书。双方同吋敦促所有国家最有效地利能源，呼吁所有签署公约附 件一的国家带头采取一致行动，减少温室气体的排放，实现该公约制定的目标。
4. Beijing, the city built more than 3,000 years ago is always radiating its charm which exists along the wide streets and narrow lanes. Its primitive simplicity and latest modernity is showing Beijing's wide opening-up scope, relating how they live actively and optimistically, en joy their life styles and yearn for the Olympics, and presenting the Chinese people's passion of how they are longing and preparing for the 2008 Beijing Olym pic Games.
北京这座具有3 000多年建城史的城市,大街小巷间到处散发着迷人的魅力,其古朴与现代展示着北京开放的胸怀；示着中华民族的乐观向上、热爱生活的奥运情怀;展示着中国人民期盼奥运、积极筹办2008 年奥运会的精神风貌。
5. A hotel is a temporary home for people who are traveling. In a hotel, the travel er can rest and has access to food and drink, either on the premises or nearby. The hotel may also offer facilities for rec reation , such as a swimming pool, a golf course, or a beach. In many cases, the hotel also provides free space for the traveler's means of transportation, which nowadays is the automobile. All of these services are designed to accommodate the traveler, so the hotel business is of ten referred to as the accommodations industry.
旅馆是旅行者的临时住所。在旅馆里，旅客可以休息并从旅馆或附近的地方买到食物和饮料。旅馆还可以提供娱乐设施，如游泳池，高尔夫球场或海滩。在许多情况下，旅馆还为旅客免费提供停放交通工具一如今主要是汽车的场所。所有这些服务,旨在为旅客提供舒适的食宿环境，所以，旅馆业经常被称为食宿产业。
6. China, a major country of invention in the world, finds itself in the awkward situation of being unable to get many of its inventions out of the laboratories. A lot comes down to a simple problem of funding. We hope venture investors and private equity investors will join us in solving the problem of capital shortage. They can structure their investments in a way that leaves them more protected than other direct investors.
中国是世界上的发明大国，但是很多发明无法走出实验窒，归根结底是资金问题。我们希望风险投资机构和私人权益投资者能参与解决 资金匮乏的问题。这些机构的投资方式能使它们得到的保护大于其他直接投资商。
7. Our American food styles have under gone many changes over the last decade. More and more Americans have shown particular interest in the natural food that requires the least possible amount of processing; most of them prefer to get their essential proteins from beans, cheese and eggs. We Americans are re discovering the family and social signifi cance of the dinner table. We regard dining with family, relatives and friends as a special way of enjoying and sharing.
在过去10年中我们美国人的饮食习惯已发生了诸多变化。越来越多的美国人钟情于那种尽可能免于加工的天然食物，他们大多喜欢从豆类、奶酪和鸡蛋等食物中,人体所需要的蛋白质。我们美国人正在重新认识餐饮的家庭和社会寓意，与家人和亲朋好友共进晚餐已被视为一种享乐与交流的极好机会。
8. The two sides will work together for the attainment of the UN Millennium Development Goals- the elimination of poverty, hunger disease, environmental degradation, illiteracy ,discrimination against women, and delivering the commitments of made at the World Summit on Sustainable Development at all levels, interalia, through the Commission for Sustainable Development CSD).
双方将共同努力实现“联合国千年发展目标”，包括消除贫困、饥饿、疾病、环恶化、文盲和歧视妇女。通过可持续发展委员会，在各层次实现联合国可持续发展世界首脑会议所做的承诺。
9.And this afternoon, I have a message for the Iraqi people: You will not have to fear the rule of Saddam Hussein ever again. All Iraqis who take the side of freedom have taken the winning side. The goals of our coalition are the same as your goals—sovereignty for your country, dignity for your great culture, and for every Iraqi citizen, the opportunity for a better life.
此时此刻，我想向伊拉克人民传达一个信息：你们将再也不必害怕受到萨达姆的统治了。所有爱好自由的伊拉克人都取得了胜利。联军的目标和你们的目标是一致的——为了你们国家的主权、为了你们伟大文明的尊严、为了所有伊拉克人能够过上幸福的生活。
10. You, the students at Fudan University, and the scholars at all the universities in China and America, play a great role in both our countries' futures. From your ranks will come the understanding and skill the world will require in decades to come. Today's leaders can pave the way of the future. That is our responsibility, But it is always the younger generation who will make the future. It is you who will decide if a continuing personal friendship can span the generations and the differences that divide us. In such friendship lies the hope of the world.
复旦大学的学生们，中美两国各大学的学者们，你们对于两国的未来发挥着重要的作用。在未来的几十年中，这个世界所需要的理解和技能来自你， 今天的领导者可以为将来铺平道路，这便是我们这―辈人的责任。但是缔造来来的终归是年轻的ー代。持续的个人友谊是否能跨越代沟和分歧，这取决于你们。正是这种友谊孕育着世界的希望。
11. Modern economics has emphasized the importance of the financial system. It serves as the brain of the economy, ensuring that scarce capital is allocated to wherever it is most productive, and ensuring that funds are used in the way that the firm promised. Well-functioning financial markets enable risks to be transferred and diversified.
现代经济学强调金融制度的重要性。它相当于经济活动的大脑，确保不足的资本配置到最具生产力的地方，确保公司以它们许诺的方式使用资金，运转良好的金融市场能够转移和分散风险。
12. Both sides are committed to international trade liberalization and they will continue to advance the Doha Development Agenda negotiations. Both sides agree that realization of the development objectives is of fundamental importance for the suc cess of the round. They agree that it is in the interests of all WTO members to reach a balanced conclusion of the Doha round as soon as possible, and that they will work towards reaching a framework agreement in 2004. The UK and China agree to maintain their dialogue on this.
双方都致力于国际贸易自由化，将继续推动多哈发展议程的谈判。双方一致认为，能否实现发展目标是"多哈回合"谈判成功与否的关键。双方同意，"多哈回合"早日结束并取得均衡结果符合世界贸易组织所有成员的利益。双方将努力争取在2004年达成框架协议。中英同意就此保持对话。
13. A successful knowledge-based economy requires large public investments in edu cation, infrastructure, and research and development. Some countries are willing to invest in research and development; others are not. For countries or compa nies technological leadership is not the same thing as research and development spending.
成功的知识经济要求政府，在教育、基础设施和研究与开发等领域里投入巨；资。有些国家愿意在研究；开发方面投资，也有些国家不愿意这么做。对国家和公司来说，技术上的领先地位与研究开发投入是两码事。
14. Our countries will increase coordination in the UN to promote reforms in the UN to meet the challenges of the 21st centu ry and to ensure greater respect for the UN Charter and international law. The two sides are committed to expanding cooperation within the framework of UN peacekeeping. China would like to strengthen consultations with the UK, on the Middle East and Iraq.
两国将加强在联合国的协调，推动联合国改革，使其能够应对21世纪的挑战， 并确保《联合国宪章》和国际法进一步得到尊重。双方将扩大在联合国维和框架内的合作。中国愿与英国就中东和伊拉克等问题加强磋商。
15. The typical secondary school is the co educational comprehensive or multi-pur pose high school, offering a wide range of subjects. Some states have separate high schools and colleges specializing in technical, agricultural, commercial and other fields. Their curriculums include general academic subjects and practical training.
典型的中学属男女同校、接受综合性或复合性教育的学校，这类学校所设置的科目较多。有些州还设有专门学习技术、农业、商业或其他知识的中学和专科院校。这类学校的课程设置包括普通科目，同时也向学生提供实习的机会。
16. One of the oldest surviving structures in the world, the Great Pyramid in Egypt, was built about 4,500 years ago. It seems to have been lined up with the po sition of one or more bright stars in the sky. About 500 years later, Stonehenge in England could have been used to indi cate the midsummer sunrise position.
世界上现存最古老的建筑之一,埃及大金字塔大约建于4 500年前。它似乎和天空中一颗或更多颗的发光的星排成一条直线。大约500年后，英格兰出现的巨石阵，可能是用于指示仲夏日出的位置。
17. Australia is an exceptionally beautiful country. This is the world's smallest continent and yet the largest island. Here the tourist will witness with admi ration a variety of astonishing environ ments, from tropical beaches to white snow-covered fields, from vast deserts to rain forests. The tourist will also ad mire a wide array of unique and intrigu ing animals and plants, and a sunny and comfortable climate, and meet an inter esting, cosmopolitan and friendly peo ple.
澳大利亚是一个异常美丽的国家。这是世界上最小的大陆，但也是世界大的岛屿。游客在这可以观赏到各种地形风貌，从热带海滩到白雪覆盖的田野，从大沙漠到热带雨林，景观各异，令人叹为观止。游客还可以欣赏澳大利亚境内的各种珍禽奇兽、奇花异草，享受这里充足的阳光和宜人的气候。结识富有情趣、和蔼友善、胸襟宽广的澳洲人。
18. In an era dominated by electronics and telecommunications, we can never em phasize too much the importance of change. Motorola defines "change" as both challenge and opportunity. The past decade has seen Motorola seize the opportunities opened up by changes in China and build itself into one of the most successful American investor in the country.
在一个电子与电信占主导地位的时代，我们无论怎样强调变化的重要意义都不会过分。摩托罗拉公司对"变化"所下的定义是，变化既是挑战又是机会。摩托罗拉公司在过去十年中抓住了中国的变化带来的机遇，把公司建设成美国在华投资中最成功的公司之一。
19. Since the late 1970s, township enterpri ses in China have become the mainstay of the rural economy. Township indus try, with its value-added output in 1996 totaling 1,700 billion yuan, accounted for 60 percent of the rural value-added output and 30 percent of the country's GDP. Township enterprises are inde pendent accounting units responsible for their own profits and losses; they are highly motivated and have a sense of ur gency.
从20世纪70年代末期开始，乡镇企业就成为农村经济的主要支柱。1996年乡镇产业增加值总共为17 000亿元，是农村增加值的60% ，占中国国内生产总值的30%。乡镇企业是自负盈亏的独立核算单位，它们具有非常高的积极性和强烈的紧迫感。
20. Peterson University Library has over 524,000 book volumes, 79,000 bound periodicals, 2,700 periodical subscrip tions, and 23,000 media holdings. A wide range of service is available to sup port teaching and research. Records of holdings in the library are accessible through the voyager online catalog which may be accessed through the University Intranet.
彼得森大学图书馆有藏52万4千余册，装订成册的期刊杂志7万9千多套， 定购的期刊2千7百份，音像资料2万3千份。品种繁多的服务为教学和科研提供了方便。图书馆所拥有的资料记录可以通过大学的校园网从电脑在线浏览目录上查询。
21. Liberty gives our citizens many rights, yet expects them to exercise important responsibilities.We are a Nation of laws. Our courts are honest and inde pendent. The President, me, I can't tell the courts how to rule and neither can any other member of the executive or legislative branch, Under our law, everyone stands equal. No one is above the law, and no one is beneath it.
自由赋予我们自己国民许多的权利，同样也要求他们有重大的责任。美国是—个法制的国家，我们的法院是诚实而又独立的。我是总统，哪怕是我也不能告诉法院要如何来判案,行政部门、立法部门，任何一个成员都不可以。根据我们的法律，每个人都是自由平等的，没有任何人可以凌驾于法律之上。
22. The success of yesterday's mission is a tribute to our men and women now ser ving in Iraq. The operation was based on the superb work of intelligence analysts who found the dictator's footprints in a vast country. The operation was carried out with skill and precision by a brave fighting force. Our servicemen and women and our coalition allies have faced many dangers in the hunt for mem bers of the fallen regime, and in their ef fort to bring hope and freedom to the Ira qi people. Their work continues, and so do the risks.
昨天行动的成功归功于所有驻伊美军。卓越的情报工作是行动圆满成功的基础,我们的分析专家们在偌大的一个国家找到了独裁者的蛛丝马迹。英勇的
美军士兵在行动过程中表现出了专业素质和一丝不苟的态度。在追捕伊拉克前政权成员、为伊拉克人民谋求希望和自由的事业中，我们的士兵和盟国都经历了许多危险。尽管冒着很大的风险，他们的工作仍在继续。
23. The United States and China have a historic opportunity, there is much we can share. I think progress in these areas isparticularly promising, that is, trade, technology, investment, and exchanges of scientific and managerial expertise. In a few short years, two-way trade has ris en sharply. The United States is now China's third largest trading partner. Our bilateral trade and economic cooperation show great promise for the future. We intend to strengthen these trends. We have begun to write a new chapter for peace and progress in our histories, and I believe, together, we can make tomor row a better day.
中美两国面临着历史性的机会:我们能够合作的范围很广泛。我认为，我们在贸、技术、投资和交流科学管理技术这几个方面特别有望取得进展。美中双边贸易在短短的几年中大幅度增长。美国已成为中国的第三大贸易伙伴。我们的双边贸易和经济合作前景广阔。我们打箅促迸这种趋势的发展。我们已经开始为我们的历史撰写和平与迸步的新篇章。我相信,只要我们携手合作,就能够而且一定能够建设一个更加美好的未来。
24.We reiterate our determination to pro mote non-proliferation.The UK wel comes China's commitment to non-proli feration and the actions it has taken to that end, and in particular welcomes the steps taken by China to strengthen its re lationships with the non-proliferation ex port control regimes. China appreciates the efforts of the UK in promoting the resolution of the implementation of the NPT Safeguards Agreement in Iran within the framework of IAEA, and in persuadingLibyatoabandonWMD programmes. The UK also welcomes Chinas leading role In the Six Party Talks on the nuclear issues on the Korean peninsula. The two sides will intensify exchanges and cooperation in security, arms control, disarmament and non-proliferation areas.
申在推动防扩散问题上的决心。英国欢迎中国在防扩散问题上所做的承诺和为此采取的行动， 特别欢迎中国为加强与防扩散出口控制机制的关系所采取的措施。中国赞赏英国在国际原子能机构框架内为推动伊朗执行《不扩散核武器条约》保障监督协议，以及说服利比亚放弃大规模杀伤性武器计划所做的努力。英国欢迎中国在朝鲜半岛核问题六方会谈中发挥的领导作用。双方将加强在安全、军控、裁军和防扩散领域的交流与合作。
25. Economic and technological cooperation and trade and investment liberalization are closely linked and mutually reinforcing. The rapid and dynamic advance of science and technology today has become the decisive factor behind the development of productive forces and exerted a profound impact on world economy and social life. We warmly welcome the convocation of the ninth informal APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting in Shanghai.
经济技术合作和贸易投资自由化是紧密结合的，应该相互促进。当代科学技术迅猛发展，已经成为推动生产发展最有决定意义的因素，对世界经济和社会生活产生了深刻的影响。我们热情欢迎亚太经合组织第九次领导人非正式会议在上海召开。
26. We place a high value on the bilateral human rights dialogue and will continue this exchange on the basis of equality belief that all states should respect and protect human rights. The UK side welcomes the recent addition of respect and protection for human rights to the Chinese Constitution. The next round of the dialogue will take place in May 2004 and provides a genuine opportunity for concrete cooperation between our two countries.
我们高度重视中英人权对话，将继续在平等和相互尊重的基础上开展这一交流。双方一致认为，所有国家都应尊重和保护人权。英方欢迎中方最近将尊重和保护人权写入宪法。下一轮中英人权对话将于2004年5月举行，这将为两国开展人权领域的具体合作提供良机。
27. The purposes of the United Nations in clude maintaining international peace and security and developing friendly rela tions among nations. Based on the sovereign equality of all its members, the United Nations requires that all members fulfill in good faith their Charter obliga tions. In addition, the member states should settle their international disputes by peaceful means and without endange ring peace, security and justice.
联合国的宗旨包括维护世界和平与安全，发展各国之间的友好关系。联合国以各成员国主权平等为基础，要求所有成员国必须忠实履行联合国宪章所赋予的职责。此外，成员国应该通过和平手段并在不威胁和平、安全和正义的前提下解决国际争端。
28. The Chinese government and people are confident enough to overcome all the dif ficulties and achieve our ambitious goals through our vigorous efforts. This is be cause the overriding trend of the present-day world is towards peace and develop ment. China's development is blessed with a rare period of strategic opportuni ties, And if we don't grasp it, it will slip away. We are determined to secure a international environment and a stable domestic environment in which to concentrate on our own development, and with it to help promote world peace and development.
中国政府和中国人民有足够的信心励精图治,艰苦奋斗，排除万难，实现我们的雄心壮志，这是因为当今世界的潮流是要和平、要发展。中国的发展正面临非常难得的机遇期，这种大的机遇期不多，稍纵即逝。我们已经下定决心，争取和平的国际环境和稳定的国内环境，集中精力发展自已，又以自己的发展促进世界和平与发展，那是因为中国坚持的是充满生机和活力的社会主义。
29. The Diasporas are not only investing, they are contributing to hospitals, uni versities and their native villages. They are returning home to sweep their ancestors' graves. They are the entrepre neurial heart of a Greater China that seems to become an economic, cultural and perhaps military superpower in the next century.
海外华人不仅在大陆投资,他们还捐资兴建医院、大学，建设他们的故乡,并回乡扫墓。他们是大中华富有创业精神的核心力量，而大中华似乎注定在下世纪会成为经济、文化、或许乃至军事超级大国。
30. Over the years since the establishment of diplomatic relations between our two countries, we have carried out sin cere and rewarding cooperation in po litical, economic, trade, cultural, edu cational, scientific and technological, public health and other fields. We are very satisfied with the development in these areas, and we are willing to make further efforts with your govern ment and people to push these cooper ative relations to a new high.
我们两国建交以来的这些里，在政治、经济、贸易、文化、教育、科技、卫生等领域里进行了真诚、卓有成效的合作。我们对在这些领域里所取得的成就深感满意，并愿意与贵国政府和人民一起努力，将我们的合作推向一个新的高度。
VI.篇章汉英互译笔记法练习
篇章一 汉译英
江泽民在以色列总统举行的欢迎宴会上的话
(1）在20世纪里，人类创造了前所未有的巨大物质和精神财富，同时也惨遭战争劫难和战争威胁之苦。中东地区,多年的民族冲突、领土纠纷和战火不断，使中东地区各国无数生灵涂炭，多少家庭流离失所,严重影响了地区经济和社会的发展,也影响着世界的和平与稳定。当两千多年前《圣经·旧约》在这片沃土上形成之时，中国的先人就提出了"和为贵"的思想,并曾出现过许多"化干戈为玉帛"的历史佳话。经过漫长的岁月，人们更能感受到这一思想的重要，深知和平之弥足珍贵。
(2）现在，中东正在发生历史性的转折。要和平、求稳定、谋发展,已成为该地区各国人民强烈的共同愿望。由于历史和现实的原因，中东问题缠绕着各种复杂矛盾，解决起来难度不小。但尽早解决中东问题，是中东地区各国人民以及世界上一切爱好和平与进步的人民责无旁贷的历史责任。解决中东问题，需要和谈而不是武力，需要合作而不是对抗，需要相互理解而不是相互排斥。这是大家从以往的经验教训中得到的越来越一致的共识。现在，由于各方的共同努力，中东和平进程巳经取得不少进展，联合国的有关决议和"土地换和平"的原则已成为各方谈判的基础。中东各国领导人正以政治家的远见和胆识，站在历史的高度，着平与发展的大局，推动中东问题早日得到解决,这是令人高兴和鼓舞的。
〈3〉中国坚持奉行独立自主的和平外交政策。中国人民对中东地区各国人民始终怀有深切的同情和友好的感情。中国政府为推进中东地区的和平事^ 业，促进这一地区各民域和睦相处，做出了不懈的努力。；在此，我衷心希望在中东地区能够早日结束对抗，了结争端,消除敌意,携手合作,让中东地区各国都能集中精力发展经济文化事业，各国人民都能享受和平生活的美好。
(4)和平与发展是当今时代的潮流。在世界政治多极化和经济全球化趋势加快发展，科拔进步日新月异的形势下，人类面临着难得的发展机遇,,也面临着严峻挑战。总的看来，机遇大于挑战，希望多于困难。只要各国人民共同努力，就ー定能不断推进世界和平与发展的崇高事业。但是也必须看到天下仍很不太平。所以,维护世界持久和平还需付出更大努力,实现各国共同发展仍将任重道远。
(1) Mankind has created hitherto unknown material and spiritu al wealth in the 20th century, but has also been subjected to the scourge of wars and the threat of war. In the Middle East, ethnic conflicts, territorial disputes and endless flames of war have over the years taken countless lives and displaced numerous people. That has severely dampened the economic and social development of the region and affected world peace and stability. At the time when the Old Testament was written over 2 000 years ago on this fertile land, our forefathers in China advanced the doctrine that " harmony is the best option". Many stories of " burying hatchet" have been handed down in the Chinese history. Haying gone through the long years, people have come to understand more than ever before how impor tant this doctrine is and how precious peace can be.
(2) At present, the Middle East is at a historic turning point. Peace, stability and development have become a strong and common aspiration of all the peoples in the region. Due to reasons of history and the realities, there is no easy solution to the Middle East ques tion which involves complicated contradictions. Nevertheless, to settle the question at an early date is the unshirkable historical re sponsibility of the people of all countries in the region as well as all the peace-loving and progressive people in the world. The settle ment lies in peaceful negotiations rather than force, in cooperation rather than confrontation, and in mutual understanding rather than mutual exclusion. This has increasingly become a consensus drawn from past experience and lessons. Now thanks to the joint efforts of all the parties concerned, much progress has been made in the Mid dle East peace process. The relevant UN resolutions and the " land-for-peace" principle have become the basis for negotiations among the parties. It is gratifying and encouraging to note that leaders of the Middle East countries, with the vision and courage of statesmen, in a historical perspective and bearing in mind the greater interests of peace and development, are working hard for an early settlement of the Middle East question.
(3) China consistently pursues an independent foreign policy of peace. The Chinese people have always cherished deep sympathy and friendly sentiments towards the people of all the Middle East countries. The Chinese Government has made unremitting efforts to help advance peace in the Middle East and facilitate amicable coexis tence of all the peoples in the region. It is my sincere hope that con frontation will come to an end, disputes be settled and hostilities be removed in the Middle East and that concerted efforts will be made so that all the countries in this region will be able to concentrate on economic and cultural undertakings and all the peoples there will en joy a peaceful and better life.
(4) Today, peace and development represent the trend of the times. With the accelerated political multi-polarization and economic globalization and the dynamic advances in science and technology, humanity is faced with not only rare opportunities for development but also grave challenges. All in all, opportunities outnumber chal lenges and hope outweighs difficulties. As long as the people of all countries work together, they will keep advancing the lofty cause of world peace and development. However, we must not fail to see that the world is still far from being tranquil. For this reason, the maintenance of lasting world peace requires greater efforts and that there is still a long way to go before the objective of common deve lopment for all countries is attained.
篇章二 英译汉
(1) Next week I will meet Vladimir Putin, the Acting President of theRussian Federation here in London.
(2) When I was growing up, like many of you, the Cold War was at its height. Our relations with Russia and the old Soviet Union were characterised by hostility and mutual suspicion. Since then, we have witnessed a transformation which few people would have believed possible.
(3) President Putin arrives here as the democratically-elected leader of a country in the midst of a massive transformation. He was the overwhelm ing choice last month of the people of Russia in free and fair elections。
(4) And while much has changed, Russia remains a great and powerful country—and an increasingly important partner for us in business. It's a country with which we share a continent and many common concerns and interests. Russia is the European Union's largest trading partner. Many British firms are already playing their part in rebuilding and modernising its economy and many more firms want to follow their example.
(5) (Russia has the potential to make a huge contribution for good in the world.) Its soldiers serve alongside ours in Bosnia and Kosovo, and we work closely with Russia in the United Nations Security Council where we are both Permanent Members. All of this explains why the decision to continue building a strong relationship with the new democratic Russia must be the right one.
(6) And it is a relationship that Russia is keen to foster as well. Britain is here seen as having something of a pivotal role, because of our place in Europe, the close relationship with our European partners but also the fact that we’ve got a close partnership with the United States of America.
(7) However I understand why there is some controversy about Presi dent Putin's visit, just as there was over my decision to accept his invita tion to meet him in St. Petersburg last month.
(8) Of course there is real concern over what is happening in Chechnya.
(9)Last month when I met President Putin, we talked this over in de tail together. I can understand Russia's need to respond to the threat of force from extremists and terrorists. But I am also clear that the measures taken should be proportionate and consistent with its international obliga tions. Russia should allow full access to international organisations which have a role to play in Chechnya and I hope that Russia will act on the clear lesson from similar such conflicts around the world: that there are no pure ly military solutions. Political dialogue is essential.
(10) So of course I will take the opportunity of the visit to London to repeat our concerns, clearly and frankly to President Putin.
（1）下周我将在伦敦会见俄罗斯联邦代总统弗拉基米尔·普京。
（2）像你们中的许多人一样，我也是在全面冷战时期长大的。我们与俄罗斯和前苏联处在敌对和相互怀疑的关系中。那以后，我们见证了一场很少人会相信的变革。
（3）普京总统在巨大的变革中经过民主选举成为国家领导人，他现已抵达伦敦。在上个月自由、公正的选举中，他是俄罗斯绝大多数人民选举的对象。
（4）经历了很多变化之后，俄罗斯仍然是一个强大的国家,成为我们越来越重要的商业伙伴。俄罗斯与我们同在一个洲，有共同关心的问题和共同的利益。俄罗斯是欧盟最大的贸易伙伴。很多英国公司已经在俄罗斯重建和发展现代化经济过程中发挥了作用,更多的公司愿意參与其中。
（5）俄罗斯的士兵和我们的士兵一道坚守在波斯尼亚和科索沃。同为常任理事国,我们和俄罗斯在联合国安理会密切合作。所有这些均表明同新的民主俄罗斯建立牢固关系的决定是正确的决定。
（6）而且俄罗斯也热切希望加强这种关系。英国被视为具有枢纽作用, 不仅因为我们在欧洲的地理位置和我们与欧洲盟国的密切关系，还因为我舰
与美国有着密切的伙伴关系。
(7)然而,我理解为什么对于普京总统的访问会有一些分歧,正如上个月接到他要我去彼得堡会面的邀请时我也拿不定主意一样。
(8)当然我们很关注车臣问题。
(9)上个月我与普京总统会见，我们一起谈论了细节问题。我可以理解罗斯须对于极端主义分子和恐怖分子的武装威胁做出的反应，但我也清楚采取行动应当适度并遵循国际法。俄罗斯应当允许国际组织在车臣发挥应有的作用，我希望俄罗斯采取行动前能从世界其他类似的冲突中汲取教训，即单凭武力是不能解决问题的，政治对话是很重要的。
(10)因此我要借普京总统访问伦敦的机会清楚地、坦率地重复我们所关心的问题。
第四章 习语、谚语、俗语、诗句的翻译及口译分类词汇
一、习语、谚语、俗语、诗句的翻译
每种语言的背后都有深厚的文化积淀，各国各族人们在长期实践和使用过程中不断提炼出一些习语，反映本国、本民族的社会历史、文化、风土人情，用简练、优美的语言体现出深厚的文化底蕴和丰富的意义。这些习语是语言的精华，是人类智慧的结晶。汉语和英语均是使用广泛的语言，都有十分丰富的习语，人们在交往过程中往往使用习语来表达深刻的道理，增加语言美以达到更好的交际效果．在国际交往中也是如此。另外，人们也常引用一些经典诗句来表情达意。因此，在进行口译时经常会遇到需要快速传译习语、诗句的情况。例如温家宝总理在纽约演讲时就引用了一句古诗“会当凌绝顶，一览众山小”(I will ascend 1the mountain's dominant peak—to have a commanding view all in a sweep)；在哈佛大学的演讲中引用了“天下兴亡，匹夫有责”(Everybody is responsible for the rise or fall of the country)、“衙斋卧听萧萧竹，疑是人间疾苦声”(The rustling of bamboo outside my door sounds like the moaning of the needy poor)；迎接外宾时人们常会说“有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎”(It is such a delight to have friends coming from afar)。在这些情况下，若口译员平常没有训练过习语、诗句的口译，没有熟记一些常用的习语、经典诗句，而是临场翻译，势必难译其妙，甚至会语塞卡壳。习语、诗句的转译对口译人员来说是艰难而又必须跨越的障碍，因此，了解和掌握一些耳熟能详的习语和经典诗句对提高口译质量将大有益处。
1．百花齐放，百家争鸣。
Let a hundred flowers blossom and a hundred schools of thought contend．
2．搬石头砸自己的脚。
Lifting a rock only to have his own toes squashed．
3．宾至如归。
When the visitor arrives，it is as if returning home．
4．不到黄河心不死。
Until all is over ambition never dies．
5．不管三七二十一。
No matter what you may say．
6．不入虎穴，焉得虎子。
How can one get tiger cubs even without entering the tiger's lair?
7．趁热打铁。
Strike while the iron is hot．
8．没有不带刺的玫瑰。
There’s no rose without a thorn．
9．成则公侯败则寇。
People may become princes or thieves，depending on whether they’re successful or not.
10．大智若愚。
He knows most who speaks least．
11．但愿人长久，千里共婵娟。
We wish each other a long life so as to share the beauty of this graceful moonlight，even though miles apart．
12．独立自主，自力更生。
To maintain independence and keep the initiative in our hands and rely on our own efforts．
13．独木不成林。
One person cannot accomplish much．
14．二人同心，其力断金。
If two people ale of the same mind，their sharpness can cut through metal．
15．各人自扫门前雪，哪管他家瓦上霜。
Sweep the snow from your own front door，leave the frost on the other man’s roof to thaw．
16．水能载舟，亦能覆舟。
The water that bears the boat is the same that swallows it up． ．
17．狗咬吕洞宾，不识好人心。
Like the dog that bit Lu Tungbin--you bit the hand that feeds you．
18．海内存知己，天涯若比邻。
A bosom friend afar brings distance near．
19．葫芦里卖的什么药?
What’s at the back of it?
20．既来之，则安之。
Take things as they come．
21．己所不欲，勿施于人。
Do not do to others what you would not have others do to you．
22．捡了芝麻，丢了西瓜。
To concentrate on minor matters to the neglect of maior ones．
23．见贤思齐。
When you see men of worth，you should think of equaling them．
24．酒香不怕巷子深。
Good wine needs no bush．
25．居安思危。
In time of peace prepare for war．
26．君子之交淡如水。
A hedge between keeps friendship green．
27．路遥知马力，日久见人心。
A long road tests a horse’s strength and a long task proves a man's heart．
28.人言可畏。
The tongue is not steel, yet it cuts.
29．民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻。
The people are the most important element in a state；next al'e the gods of land and grain；least is the ruler himself．
30．谋事在人，成事在天。
Man proposes，God disposes．
31．木已成舟。
The wood is already made into a boat--what’s done is done．
32．能者多劳。
All lay loads on a willing horse．
33．宁为玉碎，不为瓦全。
Better die with honor than live with shame．
34．否极泰来。
The extreme of adversity is the beginning of prosperity．
35．拼着一身剐，敢把皇帝拉下马。
One who will risk being sliced to pieces dare unsaddle the Emperor.
36．青出于蓝而胜于蓝。
The pupil outdoes the master．
37．清官难断家务事。
Not even good officials can settle family troubles．
38．人怕出名猪怕壮。
Great honors are great burdens．
39．塞翁失马，焉知非福。
Nothing so bad，as not to be good for anything．
40．三个和尚没水喝。
Everybody’s business is nobody’s business
41．少数服从多数。
The minority is subordinate to the majority．
42.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
A young idler, an old beggar.
43.身正不怕影子斜。
A straight foot is not afraid of a crooked shoe.
44.盛名之下，其实难副。
Common fame is a liar.
45.盛筵必散。
Even the grandest feast must have an end．
46．生于忧患，死于安乐。
Life springs from sorrow and calamity，and death from ease and pleasure.
47．失之东隅，收之桑蚕。
What we lose in hake we shall have in herring．
48．十年树木，百年树人。
It takes ten years to grow trees but a hundred years to rear people
49．识时务者为俊杰。
Whosoever understands the times is a great man．
50．逝者如斯乎!不舍昼夜。
The passage of time is just like the flow of water，which goes on day night．
51．顺其自然。
Let the nature take care of it．
52．天生万物，唯人为贵。
Man is the most valuable among all the things that heaven fosters.
53．天涯何处无芳草。
There are plenty of fish in the sea．
54．为人不做亏心事，半夜不怕鬼敲门。
A clear conscience is a sure card．
55．温故而知新，可以为师矣。
He who by reviewing the old can gain knowledge of the new and is fit to be a teacher．
56．闻过则喜。
One rejoices when he is told to have a fault.
57．无风不起浪。
No smoke without fire．
58．无可奈何花落去。
Flowers fall off, do what one may.
59．小巫见大巫。
The moon is not seen when the sun shines.
60．星星之火．可以燎原。
Little chips light great fire.
61. 学如逆水行舟．不进则退。
Learning is like rowing upstream：not to advance is to drop back.
62．雅俗共赏。
Highbrows and lowbrows alike can enjoy.
63．眼高手低。
To have grandiose aims but puny abilities.
64.．眼见为实。
Seeing is believing．
65．燕雀安知鸿鹄之志。
A sparrow cannot understand the ambition of a swan.
66．心有余而力不足。
The spirit is willing but the flesh is weak.
67．一寸光阴一寸金。
An inch of time is an inch of gold.
68．一个巴掌拍不响。
It takes two to make a quarrel．
69．一回生，二回熟。
First time strangers，second time friends.
70．一乡之善士斯友一乡之善士，天下之善士斯友天下之善士。
A good citizen in one community will befriend the other citizens of the community；a good citizen of the world will befriend the other citizens of the world.
71．一招不慎满盘皆输。
0ne careless move loses the whole game.
72．有朋自远方来，不亦乐乎。
It is such a delight to have friends coming from afar.
73．鹬蚌相争，渔翁得利。
Two dogs strive for a bone，and a third runs away with it．
74．与君一席话，胜读十年书。
0ne evening’s conversation with a gentleman is worth more than ten years'
study.
75．欲穷千里目，更上一层楼。
We widen our views three hundred miles by ascending one flight of stairs．
76．欲速则不达。
More haste，less speed．
77．这山望着那山高。
The grass is greener on the other side．
78．真金不怕火炼。
True blue will never stain．
79．智者千虑，必有一失。
The best horse stumbles． ．
80．众人拾柴火焰高。
Many hands make light work．
英译汉
l. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush．
双鸟在林，不如一鸟在手。
2.A bird is known by its note and a man by his talk．
闻啼知鸟，闻言知人。
3.A fall into the pit，a gain in your wit．
吃一堑长一智。
4．A good beginning is half the battle．
一个良好的开端是成功的一半。
5．A rolling stone gathers no moss．
滚石不生苔。
6.A small leak will sink a great ship．
小洞不堵要沉大船。
7．A wise man tightens his tongue, speaking less than thinking．
智者慎育,多思少说。
8．Absence makes the heart grow fonder．
离得越久想得越甚。
9．Actions speak louder than words．
事实胜于雄辩。
1O．All is not gold that glitters.
发光的并不都是金子。
11．All the rivers run into the sea；yet the sea is not full．
百川归海而海不盈。
12．Barking dogs do not bite.
吠犬不咬人。
13．Beggars cannot be choosers.
只好给什么就要什么。
14．Be slow to promise and quick to perform．
慢许诺，快履行。
15．Birds of a feather flock together．
物以类聚，人以群分。
16．Can not see the wood for the trees．
一叶障目，不见泰山。
17．Can the leopard change his spots!
江山易改，本性难移。
18．Care kills a cat．
忧能伤身。
l9．Catch not at the shadow and lose the substance．
勿因小失大，舍本逐末。
20．Caution is the parent of safety．
小心驶得万年船。
21．Constant dropping wears away a stone.
滴水穿石。
22．Content is better than riches．
知足胜于财富(知足常乐)。
23．Diamond cut diamond．
强中自有强中手。
24．Do in Rome as Romans do．
人乡随俗。
25．Don’t put the cart before the horse．
切勿本末倒置。
26．Easy come，easy go．
来得容易去得快。
27．Empty vessels make the most noise．
无知的人爱自吹。
28．Every dog has his day．
凡人皆有得意日。
29．Every man has his faults．
金无足赤，人无完人。
30．The style is the man．
文如其人。
31．Fine feathers make fine birds．
人靠衣装，佛靠金装。
32．Fortune knocks once at least at every man’S，gate．
风水轮流转。
33．Four eyes see more than two．
集思广益。
34．Great minds think alike．
英雄所见略同。
35．Great oaks from little acorns grow．
合抱之木，生于毫末。
36．Half a loaf is better than no bread．
有半块面包总比没有好。
37．He who keeps company with the wolf will learn to howl.
近朱者赤，近墨者黑。
38．He who laughs last laughs best．
谁笑到最后．谁就笑得最好。
39．If you cannot stand the heat．get out of the kitchen．
怕苦就别干。
40．If you will．you shall be taught．
处处留心皆学问。
41．Ill news comes apace．
好事不出门，坏事传千里。
42．Ill workmen often blame their tools．
拙工咎器。
43．In a calm sea，every man is a pilot．
海面平静，人人都可当舵手。
44．In the end things will mend．
车到山前必有路。
45．It’s a long lane that has no turning．
路必有弯。
46．It never rains but it pours．
不鸣则已，一鸣惊人。
47．Jack of all trades，and master of none．
门门精通，样样稀松。
48．Justice has long arms．
天网恢恢，疏而不漏。
49．Kill two birds with one stone．
一箭双雕。
50．Let sleeping dog lie．
勿打草惊蛇。
51．Let's put all the cards on the table．
让我们打开天窗说亮话吧。
52．Like father，like son．
有其父，必有其子。
53．Like knows like.
英雄识英雄。
54.Look before you leap．
三思而后行。
55.Lookers-on see more than players．
当事者迷，旁观者清。
56．Make hay while the sun shines．
趁晴晒草。
57．Many hands make light work．
众人拾柴火焰高。
58．Many kiss the baby for the nurse’s sake．
醉翁之意不在酒。
59．No smoke without fire．
无火不起烟(无风不起浪)。
60．One false move may lose the game．
一招不慎满盘皆输。
61．One is never too late to learn．
活到老，学到老。
62．One swallow does not make a summer．
一燕不成夏。
63．Out of sight，out of mind．
眼不见为净(眼不见，心不烦)。
64．Practice makes perfect．
熟能生巧。
65．Put the cart before the horse．
本末倒置。
66．Reading makes a full man，conference a ready man，and writing all exact man．
读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人准确。
67．Rome was not built in a day．
冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。
68． Speak of the devil and he will appear．
说曹操，曹操到。
69．Still waters run deep．
静水流深。
70．The early bird catches the worm．
捷足先登，笨鸟先飞。
71．The finest diamond must be cut．
玉不琢，不成器。
72．The higher up，the greater the fall．
爬得愈高，跌得愈惨。
73．The longest day must have an end．
苦难终有尽头。
74．The parent's life is the child's copy—book．
父母所为，子女之师。
75．The pot calls the kettle black．
五十步笑百步。
76．Things done cannot be undone．
木已成舟o
77．Time and tide wait for no man．
时不我待。
78．Too many cooks spoil the broth．
厨师多坏一锅汤。
79．To save time is to lengthen life.
节约时间就等于延长生命。
80．Two heads are better than one．
一人不及两人智。
二、口译分类词汇
政治
A
absentee ballot缺席选票
absentee voter缺席投票者
abstain from放弃，弃权
acceptance总统候选人接受政党提名时所作的演讲
activism激进主义
activist激进主义分子
adjourn to休会，推迟
administration统治，政府
administrative行政的，管理的
advisory committee顾问委员会
affirm批准，确认
afoot在准备中，进行中
aftermath余波，结果
agenda议事日程
aide助手，副官
air raid siren空袭报警
aircraft carrier航空母舰
ambassador大使，特使，使节
ambush伏击
amity友好关系，亲善
amnesty特赦
announcement发表，声明
anthrax炭疽
anti-war demonstrafion反战游行示威
Apache helicopter“阿帕奇”直升机
apartheid种族隔离
Arab league阿拉伯联盟(阿盟)
aristocracy贵族政治
artillery barrage炮火网
assembly．集会，会议
atypical pneumonia非典型性肺炎
autocracy专制政治，独裁
autonomous body自治体
B
B一52 bomberB一52轰炸机
backbencher后座议员
backstage后台的，秘密的
Baghdad巴格达
Basra巴士拉
big stick大棒政策；政治(军事、经济的)威胁
big tent大帐篷政策(包含各种不同政治和社会观点的政策)
blue book蓝皮书
board of elections选举委员会
bolter脱党者；对自己的党(或其候选人)拒不支持者
botulin toxin肉毒杆菌毒素
boycott 抵制，拒绝参加
bracket (用以抵消竞选对手影响的)反宣传
brain trust(政府的)智囊团
briefing简报
brinkmanship紧急政策；边缘政策(指冒险把危急局势推到极限)
buffer state缓冲国
bureaucracy官僚主义
by-election(英下议院的)特别选举
C
cabinet内阁
call for an early end to the war呼吁早日结束战争
camp(政治的)阵营
campaign运动；选举
candidate候选人
canvass向…游说；征求，请求
carte blanche全权，自由处理权
cascade讯息由上级层层向下级传达(的会议)
casting vote决定票，关键的一票
casualties伤亡
cavalry division装甲师
cemetery vote死人票(指竞选舞弊，将死人充数)
character名誉，名声
chemical and biological weapons生化武器
cloakroom议会休息室．
clout(政治方面的)影响力，神通
club law暴力统治，暴力
cluster bombs集束炸弹
coalition force联军
coattails提携能力
cohabitation共处，合作(尤指不同党派人士之间的和谐共处或合作)
commentator(广播、电视中的)时事评论员
Commonwealth of Independent States独联体
compromise妥协 ’
concession让步，承认，认可，(政府、当局、公司的)特许权
conciliation和好，和解，调解
conclave秘密会议，秘密集会
conclusion缔结，议定
confrontation对挽．冲突
conservative保守的
D
deadly virus致命病毒
demilitarized zone非军事区
E
Euphrates River幼发拉底河
F
friendly fire incident友军火力误伤事件
G
Geneva Convention日内瓦公约
global positioning satellite全球卫星定位
H
humanitarian aid人道主义援助
human shields人体盾牌
I
infantry division机步师
Iraqi civilians伊拉克平民
K
Kirkuk基尔库克
Kurdish Democratic Party库尔德民主党
Kurds 库尔德人
L
laser-guided bomb激光制导炸弹
M
Medina Division“麦地那"师
missile attack导弹袭击
mortar迫击炮
Mosul摩苏尔
N
Najaf纳杰夫
Nasiriyah纳西里耶
O
oil—for—food—program石油换食品计划
open a northern front开辟一条北方战线
P
paratrooper伞兵
Patriot missile“爱国者"导弹
Patriotic Union of Kurdistan库尔德斯坦爱国联盟
Persian Gulf波斯湾
precision—guided bomb精确制导炸弹
preemptive strategy先发制人战略
prison of way(POW)战俘
R
reinforcements增援部队
reject the use or threat of force in international affairs
反对在国际事务中使用武力或以武力相威胁
respect for Iraq’s sovereignty and territorial integrity尊重伊拉克的主权和领土完整
S
Saddam Hussein萨达姆·侯赛因
Samoud missile“萨默德”导弹
satellite．guided bomb卫星制导炸弹
Scud missile“飞毛腿”导弹
settle international disputes by political means用政治手段解决国际争端
Shiite Muslim穆斯林什叶教徒
Special Republican Guard特别共和国卫队
spy s8tellite间谍卫星
stealth fighter隐形战斗机
suicide attack自杀性攻击
Sunni Muslim穆斯林逊尼派教徒
supply problem补给问题
surface-to-air—missile地对空导弹
T
tanks and armored vehicles坦克和装甲车辆
the 101st Airborne Division第101空降师
Tigris River底格里斯河
Tomahawk cruise missile“战斧”航导弹
U
ultimatum最后通牒
Umm QaSr乌姆盖斯尔
UN Secretary：general Kofi Annan联合国秘书长科菲·安南
UN Security Council Resolutions联合国安理会决议
UN weapons inspector联合国武器核查人员
US；Defense Secretary Donald Rurndeld关国国防部长唐纳德·拉姆菲尔德
USMine Expeditionary Unit美国海军陆战队远征部队
W
weapons of mass destruction大规模杀伤武器
经济
A
accounting会计
accounting cost会计成本
accounting profit会计利润
adverse selection逆向选择
allocation配置
allocation of resources资源配置
allocative efficiency配置效率
antitrust legislation反托拉斯法
arc elasticity弧弹性
Arrow's impossibility theorem阿罗不可能定
assumption假设
asymmetric information非对称性信息
average平均
average cost平均成本
average cost pricing平均成本定价法
average fixed cost平均固定成本
average product of capital资本平均产量
average product of labour劳动平均产量
average revenue平均收益
average total cost平均总成本
average variable cost平均可变成本
B
barriers to entry进入壁垒
base year基年
bilateral monopoly双边垄断
benefit收益
black market黑市
bliss point极乐点
boundary point边界点
break even point收支相抵点
budget预算
budget constraint预算约
budget line预算线
budget set预算集
C
capital资本
capital stock资本存量
capital output ratio资本产出比率
capitalism 资本主义
cardinal utility theory 基数效用论
cartel卡特尔
ceteris paribus assumption“其他条件不变”的假设
ceteris paribus demand curve其他因素不变的需求曲线
Chamberlin model张伯伦模型
change in demand需求变化
change in quantity demanded需求量变化
change in quantity supplied供给量变化
change in supply供给变化
choice选择
closed set闭集
Coase theorem科斯定理
Cobb-Douglas production function 柯布·道格拉斯生产函数
cobweb model蛛网模型
collective bargaining集体协议工资
collusion合谋
command economy指令经济
commodity商品
commodity combination商品组合
commodity market商品市场
commodity space商品空间
common property公用财产
comparative static analysis比较静态分析
compensated budget line补偿预算线
compensated demand function补偿需求函数
compensation principles补偿原则
compensating variation in income收入补偿变量
competition竞争
competitive market竞争性市场
complement goods互补品
complete information完全信息
completeness完备性
condition for efficiency in exchange交换的最优条件
condition for eminency in production生产的最优条件
concave凹
concave function凹函数
concave preference凹偏好
consistence一致性
constant cost industry成本不变产业
constant returns to scale规模报酬不变
constraints约束
consumer消费者
consumer behavior消费者行为
consumer choice消费者选择
consumer equilibrium消费者均衡
consumer optimization消费者优化
consumer preference消费者偏好
consumer surplus消费者剩余
consumer theory消费者理论
consumption消费
consumption bundle消费束
consumption combination消费组合
consumption possibility curve消费可能曲线
consumption possibility frontier消费可能性前沿
consumption set消费集
consumption space消费空间
continuity连续性
continuous function连续函数
contract curve契约曲线
convex凸
convex function凸函数
convex preference凸偏好
convex set凸集
corporation公司
cost成本
cost benefit analysis成本收益分析
cost function成本函数
cost minimization 成本极小化
Cournot equilibrium古诺均衡
Cournot model古诺模型
cross-price elasticity交叉价格弹性
D
dead—weights loss重负损失
decreasing cost industry成本递减产业
decreasing returns to scale规模报酬递减
deduction演绎法
demand需求
demand curve需求曲线
demand elasticity需求弹性
demand function需求函数
demand price需求价格
demand schedule需求表
depreciation折旧
derivative导数
derive demand派生需求
difference equation差分方程
differential equation微分方程
differentiated goods差异商品
diminishing marginal substitution边际替代率递减
diminishing marginal return收益递减
diminishing marginal utility边际效用递减
direct approach直接法
direct taxes直接税
discounting贴税、折扣
diseconomies of scale规模不经济
disequilibrium非均衡
distribution分配
division of labour劳动分工
distribution theory of marginal productivity边际生产率分配论
duopoly双头垄断、双寡
duality对偶 。
durable goods耐用品
dynamic analysis动态分析
dynamic models动态模型
E
economic agents经济行为者
economic cost经济成本
economic efficiency经济效率
economic goods经济物品
economic man经济人
economic mode经济模式
economic profit经济利润
economic region of production生产的经济区域
economic regulation经济调节
economic rent经济租金
exchange交换
economics经济学
exchange efficiency交换效率
economy经济
exchange contract curve交换契约曲线
economy of scale规模经济
exclusion排斥性，排他性
Edgeworth contract curve埃奇沃思契约线
Edgeworth model埃奇沃思模型
efficiency效率，效益
efficiency parameter效率参数
elasticity弹性
elasticity of substitution替代弹性
endogenous variable内生变量
endowment禀赋
endowment of resources资源禀赋
Engel curve恩格尔曲线
entrepreneur企业家
entrepreneurship企业家才能
entry barriers进入壁垒
entry／exit decision进出决策
envelope curve包络线
equilibrium均衡
equilibrium condition均衡条件
equilibrium price均衡价格
equilibrium quantity均衡产量
equity公平
equivalent variation in income收人等价变量
excess—capacity theorem过度生产能力定理
excess supply过度供给
exchange交换
exchange contract curve交换契约曲线
exclusion principle排他性原则
existence存在性
existence of general equilibrium总体均衡的存在性
exogenous variables外生变量
expansion paths扩展径
expectation期望
expected utility期望效用
expected value期望值
expenditure支出
explicit cost显性成本
external benefit外部收益
external coat外部成本
external economy外部经济
external diseconomy外部不经济
externalities外部性
F
factor要素
factor demand要素需求
factor market要素市场
factors of production生产要素
factor substitution要素替代
factor supply要素供给
fallacy of composi tion合成谬误
final goods最终产品
firm企业
firms’demand curve for labor企业劳动需求曲线
firm supply curve企业供给曲线
first—degree price discrimination第一级价格歧视
first—order condition一阶条件
fixed costs固定成本
fixed input固定投入
fixed proportions production function固定比例的生产函数
flow流量
fluctuation波动
for whom to produce为谁生产
free entry自由进人
free goods自由品，免费品
free mobility of resources资源自由流动
free rider搭便车，免费搭车
function函数
future value未来值
G
game theory对策论、博弈论
general equilibrium总体均衡
general goods一般商品
Giffen goods吉芬晶收入补偿需求曲线
Giffen's Paradox吉芬之谜
Gini coefficient基尼系数
golden rule黄金规则
goods货物
government failure政府失败
government regulation政府调控
grand utility possibility curve总效用可能曲线
grand utility possibility frontier总效用可能前沿
H
heterogeneous product异质产品
Hicks-Kaldor welfare criterion希克斯一卡尔多福利标准
homogeneity齐次性；同种
homogeneous demand function齐次需求函数
homogeneous product同质产品
homogeneous production function齐次生产函数
horizontal summation水平和
household家庭
how to produce如何生产
human capital人力资本
hypothesis假说
I
identity恒等式
imperfect competition不完全竞争
implicit cost隐性成本
income收入
income compensated demand curve收益补偿需求曲线
income constraint收人约束
income consumption curve收入消费曲线
income distribution收入分配
income effect收入效应
income elasticity of demand需求收入弹性
increasing cost industry成本递增产业
increasing returns to scale规模报酬递增
inefficiency缺乏效率
index number指数
indifference无差异
indifference curve无差异曲线
indifference map无差异族
indifference relation无差异关系
indifference set无差异集
indirect approach间接法
individual analysis个量分析
individual demand curve个人需求曲线
individual demand function个人需求函数
induced variable引致变量
induction归纳法
industry产业
industry equilibrium产业均衡
industry supply curve产业供给曲线
inelastic缺乏弹性的
inferior goods劣品
inflection point拐点
information信息
information cost信息成本
initial condition初始条件
initial endowment初始禀赋
innovation创新
input投人
input-output投入一产出
institution制度
institutional economics制度经济学
insurance 保险
intercept截距
interest利息
interest rate利息率
intermediate goods中间产品
internalization of externalities外部性内部化
invention发明
inverse demand function逆需求函数
investment投资
invisible hand看不见的手
isocost line等成本线
isoprofit curve等利润曲线
isoquant curve等产量曲线
isoquant map等产量族
K
kinded—demand curve弯折的需求曲线
L
labour劳动
labour demand劳动需求
labour supply劳动供给
labour theory of value劳动价值论
labour unions工会
laissez hire自由放任
Lagrangian function拉格朗日函数
Lagrangian multiplier拉格朗日乘数
land土地
1aw法则
law of demand and supply供需法
law of diminishing marshal utility边际效用递减法则
law of diminishing marginal rate of substitution边际替代率递减法则
law of diminishing marginal rate of teehnical substitution边际技术替代率
law of incrcasing cost成本递增法则
law of one price单一价格法则
leader-follower model领导者一跟随者模型
least-cost combination of inputs最低成本的投入组合
leisure闲暇
Leontief production function列昂节夫生产函数
licenses许可证
linear demand function线性需求函数
linear homogeneity线性齐次性
linear homogeneous production function线性齐次生产函数
long run长期
long run average cost长期平均成本
long run equilibrium长期均衡
long run industry supply curve长期产业供给曲线
long run marginal cost长期边际成本
long run total cost长期总成本
Lorenz curve洛伦兹曲线
loss minimization损失极小化
luxury奢侈品
M
macroeconomics宏观经济学
marginal边际的
marginal benefit边际收益
marginal cost边际成本
marginal cost pricing边际成本定价
marginal cost of factor边际要素成本
marginal period市场期
marginal physical productivity实际实物生产率
marginal product边际产量
marginal product of capital资本的边际产量
marginal product of labour劳动的边际产量
marginal productivity边际生产率
marginal rate of substitution边际替代率
marginal rate of transformation边际转换率
marginal returns边际回报
marginnal revenue边际收益
marginal revenue product边际收益产品
marginal revolution边际革命
marginal social benefit社会边际收益
marginal social cost社会边际成本
marginal utility边际效用
marginal value products边际价值产品
market市场
market clearance市场结清，市场洗清
market demand市场需求
market economy市场经济
market equilibrium市场均衡
market failure市场失败
market mechanism市场机制
market structure市场结构
market separation市场分割
market regulation市场调节
market share市场份额
markup pricing加减定价法
Marshallian demand function马歇尔需求函数
maximization极大化
microeconomics微观经济学
minimum wage最低工资
misallocation of resources资源误置
mixed economy混合经济
model模型
money货币
monopolistic competition垄断竞争
monotmlistic exploitation垄断剥削
monopoly垄断，卖方垄断
monopoly equilibrium垄断均衡
monopoly pricing垄断定价
monopoly regulation垄断调控
monopoly rents垄断租金
monopsony买方垄断
N
Nash equilibrium纳什均衡
natural monopoly自然垄断
natural resources自然资源
necessary condition必要条件
necessities必需品
net demand净需求
nonconvex preference非凸性偏好
nonconvexity非凸性
nonexclusion非排斥性
nonlinear pricing非线性定价
nonrivalry非对抗性
nonprice competition非价格竞争
nonsatiation非饱和性
non-zero—sum game非零和对策
normal goods正常品
normal profit正常利润
normative economics规范经济学
O
objective fimction目标函数
oligopoly寡头垄断
oligopoly market寡头市场
oligopoly model寡头模型
opportunity cost机会成本
optimal choice最佳选择
optimal consumption bundle消费束
perpect elasticity完全有弹性
optimal resource allocation最佳资源配置
optinlal scale最佳规模
optimal solution最优解
optimization优化
ordering of optimization(social)preference(社会)偏好排序
ordinal utility序数效用
ordinary goods一般品
output产量、产出
output elasticity产出弹性
output maximization产出极大化
P
parameter参数
Pareto criterion帕累托标准
Pareto efficiency帕累托效率
Pareto improvement帕累托改进
Pareto optimality帕累托优化
Pareto set帕累托集
partial derivative偏导数
partial equilibrium局部均衡
patent专利
pay off matrix收益矩阵、支付矩阵
perceived demand curve感觉到的需求曲线
perfect competition完全竞争
perfect complement完全互补品
perfect monopoly完全垄断
perfect price discrimination完全价格歧视
perfect substitution完全替代品
perfect inelasticity完全无弹性
perfectly elastic完全有弹性
perfectly inelastic完全无弹性
plant size工厂规模
point elasticity点弹性
positive economics实证经济学
prediction预测
preference偏好
preference relation偏好关系
present value现值
price价格
price adjustment model价格调整模型
price ceiling最高限价
price consumption curve价格费曲线
price control价格管制
price difference价格差别
price discrimination价格歧视
price elasticity of demand需求价格弹性
price elasticity of supply供给价格弹性
price floor最低限价
price maker价格制定者
price rigidity价格刚性
price seeker价格搜求者
price taker价格接受者
price tax从价税
private benefit私人收益
principal-agent issues委托一代理问题
pfivatc cost私人成本
privale goods私人用晶
pfivate propeay私人财产
producer equilibrium生产者均衡
producer theory生产者理论
pinduct产品
product transformation curve产品转换曲线
product differentiation产品差异
product group产品集团
production生产
production contract curve生产契约曲线
producfion efficiency生产效率
production function生产函数
production possibility curve生产可能性曲线
productivity生产率
productivity of capital资本生产率
productivity of labor劳动生产率
profit利润
profit function利润函数
profit maximization利润极大化
property rights产权
property rights economics产权经济学
proposition定理
proportional demand curve成比例的需求曲线
public benefits公共收益
public choice公共选择
public goods公共商品
pure competition纯粹竞争
pure monopoly纯粹垄断
Q
quantity-adjustment model数量调整模型
quantity tax从量税
quasi—rent准租金
R
rate of product transformation产品转换率
rationality理性
reaction function反应函数
regulation调节，调控
relative price相对价格
rent租金
rent control规模报酬
rent seeking寻租
rent seeking economics寻租经济学
resource资源
resource allocation资源配置
returns报酬，回报
returns to scale规模报酬
revealed preference显示性偏好
revenue收益
revenue curve收益曲线
revenue function收益函数
revenue maximization收益极大化
ridge line脊线
risk风险
rivalry对抗性，竞争
S
satiation饱和．满足
saving储蓄
scarcity稀缺性
law of scarcity稀缺法则
second-degree price discrimination二级价格歧视
second derivative二阶导数
second-order condition二阶条件
service劳务
set集
shadow prices影子价格
short—run短期
short-run cost curve短期成本曲线
short-run equihbrium短期均衡
short—run supply curve短期供给曲线
shut down decision关闭决策
shortage短缺
shut down point关闭点
single price monopoly单一定价垄断
slope斜率
social benefit社会收益
social cost社会成本
social indifference curve社会无差异曲线
social preference社会偏好
social security社会保障
social welfare function社会福利函数
socialism社会主义
solution解决，解答
space空间
stability稳定性
stable equilibrium稳定的均衡
Stacckelberg model斯塔克尔贝格模型
static analysis静态分析
stock存量
stock market股票市场
strategy策略
subsidy津贴
substitutes替代品
substitution effect替代效应
substitution parameter替代参数
sufficient condition充分条件
supply供给
supply curve供给曲线
supply function供给函数
supply schedule供给表
Sweezy model斯威齐模型
symmetry对称性
symmetry of information信息对称
T
tangency相切
taste兴致
technical efficiency技术效率
technological constraints技术约束
technological progress技术进步
technology技术
third-degree price discrimination第三级价格歧视
total cost总成本
total effect总效应
total expenditure总支出
total fixed cost总固定成本
total product总产量
total revenue 总收益
total utility总效用
total variable cost总可变成本
traditional economy传统经济
transtivity传递性
transaction cost交易费用
U
uncertainty不确定性
uniqueness惟一性
unit elasticity单位弹性
unstable equilibrium不稳定均衡
utility效用
utilitv function效用函数
utility index效用指数
utility maximization效用极大化
utility possibility curve效用可能性曲线
utility possibility frontier效用可能性前沿
V
value价值
value judge价值判断
value of marginal product边际产量价值
variable cost可变成本
variable input可变投入
variables变量
vector向量
visible hand看得见的手
vulgar economics庸俗经济学产
W
wage工资
wage rate工资率
Walras general equilibrium瓦尔拉斯总体均衡
Walras's law瓦尔拉斯法则
wants需要
welfare criterion福利标准
welfare economics福利经学
welfare loss triangle福利损失三角形
welfare maximization福利极大化
Z
zero cost零成本
zero elasticity零弹性
zero homogeneity零阶齐次性
zero economic profit零利润
教育
A
abroad student留学生
academic activities学术活动
academic dean教务长
academic year学年
assistant dean副院长
associate professor副教授
auditor旁听生(美)
B
bachelor学士
boarder寄宿生
C
classmate同班同学
class班级
commissary in charge of entertainnment文娱委员
commissary in charge of organization组织委员
commissary in charge of physical labor劳动委员
commissary in charge of publicity宣传委员
commissary in charge of sports体育委员
commissary in charge of studies学习委员
commoner自费生
courses completed所学课程
courrses taken所学课程
curriculum included课程包括
curriculum课程
D
day—student走读生
dean of students教导主任
dean of studies教务长
dean院长
degree学位
department chairman系主任
doctor(Ph．D)博士
E
educational background教育程度
educational highlights课程重点部分
educational history学历
educational system学制
education学历
examination考试
excellent leader优秀干部
excellent league member优秀团员
exlern走读生
exiracurricular activities课外活动
F
fail不及格
foreign student外国学生
freshman大学一年级学生
G
governess女家庭教师
government-supported student公费生
grades分数
grade年级
graduate student研究生
graduate毕业生
guest professor客座教授
guest student旁听生(英)
H
headmaster中学校长(英)
I
in-job training在职培训
intelligence quotient(IQ)智商
intern实习生
J
junior大学三年级学生；高中二年级学生
L
league branch secretary团支部书记
lecturer讲师
M
major主修
marks分数
master硕士，小学校长(美)
minor副修
monitor班长
O
off-job training脱产培训
P
part—time jobs业余工作 ．
Party branch secretary党支部书记
pass及格
physical activities体育活动
post doctorate博士后
president校长
principal中学校长(美)
prize fellow奖学金生
probation teacher代课教师
professor教授
R
recreational activities娱乐活动
refresher course进修课程
research assistant助理研究员
research fellow研究员
returned student回国留学生
rewards奖励
S
scholar学者
scholarship奖学金
schoolmate同校同学
scores分数
semester学期(美)
senior大学四年级学生；高中三年级学生
social activities社会活动
social practice社会实践
sophomore大学二年级学生；高中一年级学生
special training 特别训练
specialized courses专门课程
student council学生会
summer jobs暑期工作
supervisor论文导师
T
teaching assistant助教
term学期(英)
tutor家庭教师
U
undergradtuae大学肄业生
V
vacation job假期工作
vice-monitor副班长
vice-president副校长
体育
A
appeal play申诉行为
artificial waves人工海浪
assist助杀；协助
B
back court后场
back up策应
back后卫
backstroke仰式
bag垒垫，垒包
balk(棒球)投手犯规
ball handling控制球
ball in play，live ball继续比赛，活球
ball not in play，dead ball死球
ball playing skill控球技术
bar arm with grapevine锁臂缠腿
base line垒间线
base on balls四球安全上垒
base running跑垒
base umpire司垒裁判员
base垒
baseball field，baseball ground棒球场
baseball player棒球运动员
baseline ball底线球
baseman守垒员
base—runner跑垒员
basketball篮球
bat球棒
batsman板球运动员
batter击球运动员
batter—runner击跑员
batter's box击球员区
batting order击球次序
batting,hitting击球
bench,dug—out队员席
bicycle kick，overhead kick倒钩球
bikini bottom比基尼式泳裤
bikini top比基尼乳罩
bikini比基尼泳衣
block tackle正面抢截
boat race赛艇
bobsleigh，bobsled雪橇
body check身体阻挡
boxing拳击
Brazilian formation巴西阵式，4-2-4阵式
breaststroke蛙式，蛙泳
bridge角力桥
bull—pen候补投手练习区
bunt触击球
bunting触击
butterfly(stroke)蝶泳
C
called game有效比赛
canoe划艇
car车类运动
catcher接手
catcher's box接手区
catching接球
centre forward,centre中锋
centre half back巾卫
centre kick中线发球
centre mark中点
changing room更衣室
chase追逐赛
chest protector护胸
chest-high bail平胸球
chesting胸部挡球
clean catching(守门员)跳球抓好
clearance kick解除危险的球
close pass，short pass短传
close-range shot近射
coacher跑垒指导员
coacher's box跑垒指导员区
consecutive passes连续传球
corner ball，comer角球
court网球场
cover补位
crawl stroke爬泳
cricket板球
cross-country race越野跑
crosscourt斜线球
cut削球
cut-off拦接
D
decathlon十项全能运动
deceptive movement假动作
deep balI深球
defensive team守队
designated hitter(DH)指名击球员，
deuce局末平分，盘末平局
diving competition跳水
diving header鱼跃顶球
diving platform跳台
diving pool跳水池
dolphin butterfly stroke海豚式蝶泳
double fauIt双误，两次发球失误
double leg lock抱单腿拦腿摔
double play，double kill双杀
downhill race速降滑雪赛，滑降
down-the-1ine shot边线直线球
dribbling盘球，运球
E
earned run投手责任失分
F
fair ball界内球
fair charge合理冲撞
fair territory界内地区
fence障碍
fencing击剑
field，pitch足球场
fielder守场员 ．
fielding average防守率
fielding防守
fifteen all一平
figure skating花样滑冰
finger-tip save(守门员)托救球
first base一垒
first baseman一垒手
five-meter platform5米跳台
flank pass边线传球
flat drive平抽球
flat stroke平击球
fluke,set—up，easy机会球
fly ball腾空球
flying header跳起顶球
football player足球运动员
football,leven足球队
football,soccer，association football足球
force out封杀
fore court前场
forfeited game比赛弃权
forty all三平
forward前锋
foul ball界外球
foul line边线
foul territory界外地区
foul tip擦棒球，界外球
four backs System四后卫制
four—three—three formation4-3-3阵式
four—two—four formation4-2-4阵式
free kick罚任意球
free style wrestling自由式摔跤
freestyle自由式
G
game局
glove手套，分指手套
goal kick球门发球
goalkeeper球门员
goalkeeper，goahender，goalie守门员
golf高尔夫球
grass court草地网球场
grazing shot贴地射门
Greece—Roman wrestling古典式摔跤
Greek—Roman wrestling古典式摔跤
ground ball，grounder地滚球；地面球
ground stroke击触地球
ground，field场地
gut，string(球拍的)弦
gymnastic apparatus体操器械
gymnastics体操
H
half back前卫
half-way line中线
hand ball手触球
handball手球
header头球
heavy ball重球
helmet护帽
high ball，lob高球
high jump跳高
high lobbing pass高吊传球
hit，safety hit安全打
hockey曲棍球
home base本垒
home plate本垒板
home team后攻队
horizontai bar单杠
I
ice hockey冰球
ice skating滑冰
illegal，gal pitch不合法投球
illegally batted ball不合法击球
in the mixed doubles混合双打
infield diamond内场
infielder内场手
inning局次，回合
inside left forward，inside left左内锋
inside right forward inside right右内锋
J
jockey，polo马球
judo柔道
jump smash跃起抽球
jump跳跃
jumping跳跃运动
K
kayak皮船
kick-off circle中圈
kick-off开球
L
land drill砧上练习
lawn tennis草地网球运动
left half back左前卫
left full back左后卫
leg protector护腿
Iet重发球
lifesaver，lifeguard救生员
line ball触线球
liner，line drive平直球
long drive远射
long jump跳远(美作：broad jump)
long shot长球
long—distance runner长跑运动员
love game一方得零分的一局
low ball低球
low drive抽低球
low volley低截球
M
manager总教练
marathon马拉松
mask护面
medley relay混合泳
men’s singles单打运动员
middle—distance race中长跑
midfield中场
mishit未射中
motorcycle，motorbike摩托车
N
net落网球
not up两跳,还击前球着地两次
non-swimmer's pool浅水池
O
offensive team攻队
off-side trap越位战术
offside越位
0lympic Games，Olympics奥林匹克运动会
on deck circle击球员准备区
one base hit一垒打
one—meter springboardl米跳板
on—the—ground wrestling跪撑摔
open football拉开的足球战术
out，down，away出局
outboard boat船外马达
outfield外场
outfielder外场手
outside left forward．outside left左边锋
outside right forward，outside right右边锋
overhead smash．overhand smash高球扣杀
P
parallel bars双杠
passed ball接手漏接球
penalty kick点球
pick—off(投手)牵制跑垒员的传球
pitch(足球、橄榄球)场地
pitcher投手
pitcher's circle(垒球)投手圈
pitcher's mound(棒球)投手土墩
pitcher's plate投手板
pitching投手投球
plate umpire司球裁判员
play deep后撤防守
play shallow近迫防守
pole vault撑杆跳
put—out接杀
putting the shot推铅球
R
race 计时赛，跑
racccourse，racetrack跑马场，赛马场
racing car赛车
racing driver赛车驶驶员
racket press球拍夹
rackct球拍
rally汽车拉力赛
receiver接球员
red card红牌(表示判罚出场)
relief pitcher后援投手
rider马球运动员
riding骑马
fight back右后卫
fight half back右前卫
ring圈
rings吊环
road race公路赛
roller skating滑旱冰
wring pass．ground pus滚地传球
rope with cork floats水线
rowing削船
rugby橄榄球
run and hit,hit and run击跑配合战术
run down夹杀
run score得分
S
sacrifice bunt牺牲触击
sacrifice fly牺牲腾空球
sacrifice hit牺牲打
safe安全上垒
sailing帆船运动
scissor pass交叉传球
second base二垒
second baseman二垒手
server发球员
service line发球线
set up position(棒球投手)侧身投球法
set盘
shoot—on-sight tactics积极的抢射战术
short shot短球
shortstop游击手
show jumping competition跳跃赛
shower淋浴
side horse，pommelled horse鞍马
side stroke侧泳
sideline ball边线球
ski jump跳高滑雪
ski jumping competition跳高滑雪比赛
ski滑雪板
skiing滑雪
slalom障碍滑雪赛
slide tackle铲球
sliding滑垒
slillg shot(垒球投手)后摆投球法
snlash抽球
softball field，softball ground垒球场
softball player垒球运动员
spin旋转球
spot kick罚点球
spot pass球传到位
sprint短跑(美作：dash)
squeeze bunt抢分触击
stadium运动场
standing wrestling站立摔
starting block出发台
starting dive出发起跳
stealing偷垒
steeplechase障碍赛
straight ball直线球
strike zone好球区
struck-out三击出局
supporter护裆
surfboard冲浪板
surfing冲浪
swimmeFs pool深水池
swimming cap泳帽
swimming lane泳道
swimming pool with artificial waves人工海浪泳池
swmaming pool游泳池
swimming trunks泳裤
swimsuit，swimming suit泳衣
swing挥击
T
team．side队
ten-meter platform10米跳台
tennis网球，网球运动
the 400 metre hurdles 400米栏
third base三垒
third baseman三垒手
thirty all二平
daree base hit三垒打
three—meter springboard3米跳板
throw in，fine-out边线发球
throw投掷
throw—in掷界外球
throwing the discus掷铁饼
throwing the hammer掷链锤
throwing the javelin掷标枪
throwing传球
throwing投掷运动
time wasting tactics拖延战术
timekeeper计时员
break loose摆脱
break through，to beat带球过人
break up an attack破坏一次攻势
control the midfield控制中场
convert a try对方球门线后触地得分
disorganize the defence破坏防守
fall back退回
intercept截球
pass the ball传球
score a goal射门得分
set a wall筑人墙
set the pace掌握进攻节奏
shoot射门
take a pass接球
trap脚底停球
ward off an assault击退一次攻势
total football全攻全守足球战术
touch out触杀
touching the finishing line终点触线
track跑道
trapeze秋千，吊杠
treading water踩水
t[iangular pass三角传球
triple jump，hop step and jump三级跳
triple play,triple kill三杀
trotter快跑的马
two base hit二垒打
U
underwater swimming潜泳
V
velodrome，cyeling stadium自行车赛车场
visiting team先攻队
volley pass凌空传球
volley截击空中球
volleyball排球
W
walk竞走
wall bars肋木
water polo水球
water ski滑水橇
water skiing水橇
weight．lifting举重
weights重量级
wide打出边线的球
wild pitch(投手)暴投
wild throw野传球
wind mill(垒球投手)绕环投球法
windup position(棒球投手)正面投球法
wing play边锋战术
Winter Olympics冬季奥林匹克运动会
winter sports冬季运动
wrestler摔跤运动员
Y
yacht游艇
yellow card黄牌(表示警告)